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Genetic Study of Early Onset Parkinson's Disease in Cyprus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315369. [PMID: 36499697 PMCID: PMC9739936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The etiology of PD remains unclear. However, several studies have demonstrated the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors in PD. Early-onset PD (EOPD) is a subgroup of PD diagnosed between the ages of 21 and 50. Population genetic studies have demonstrated great genetic variability amongst EOPD patients. Hence, this study aimed to obtain a genetic landscape of EOPD in the Cypriot population. Greek-Cypriot EOPD patients (n = 48) were screened for variants in the six most common EOPD-associated genes (PINK1, PRKN, FBXO7, SNCA, PLA2G6, and DJ-1). This included DNA sequencing and Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). One previously described frameshift variant in PINK1 (NM_032409.3:c.889del) was detected in five patients (10.4%)-the largest number to be detected to date. Copy number variations in the PRKN gene were identified in one homozygous and 3 compound heterozygous patients (8.3%). To date, the pathogenic variants identified in this study have explained the PD phenotype for 18.8% of the EOPD cases. The results of this study may contribute to the genetic screening of EOPD in Cyprus.
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Siddique Y. Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Current State, Pathophysiology, and Management of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:574-595. [PMID: 34477534 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210903101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, major knowledge has been gained about pathophysiological aspects and molecular pathways behind Parkinson's Disease (PD). Based on neurotoxicological studies and postmortem investigations, there is a general concept of how environmental toxicants (neurotoxins, pesticides, insecticides) and genetic factors (genetic mutations in PD-associated proteins) cause depletion of dopamine from substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain and modulate cellular processes leading to the pathogenesis of PD. α-Synuclein, a neuronal protein accumulation in oligomeric form, called protofibrils, is associated with cellular dysfunction and neuronal death, thus possibly contributing to PD propagation. With advances made in identifying loci that contribute to PD, molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis are now clear, and introducing therapeutic strategy at the right time may delay the progression. Biomarkers for PD have helped monitor PD progression; therefore, personalized therapeutic strategies can be facilitated. In order to further improve PD diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, independent validation of biomarkers is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Kremling KAG, Romay MC, Bukowski R, Sun Q, Gao S, Buckler ES, Lu F. Genome-wide analysis of deletions in maize population reveals abundant genetic diversity and functional impact. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:273-290. [PMID: 34661697 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two read depth methods were jointly used in next-generation sequencing data to identify deletions in maize population. GWAS by deletions were analyzed for gene expression pattern and classical traits, respectively. Many studies have confirmed that structural variation (SV) is pervasive throughout the maize genome. Deletion is one type of SV that may impact gene expression and cause phenotypic changes in quantitative traits. In this study, two read count approaches were used to analyze the deletions in the whole-genome sequencing data of 270 maize inbred lines. A total of 19,754 deletion windows overlapped 12,751 genes, which were unevenly distributed across the genome. The deletions explained population structure well and correlated with genomic features. The deletion proportion of genes was determined to be negatively correlated with its expression. The detection of gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) indicated that local eQTL were fewer but had larger effects than distant ones. The common associated genes were related to basic metabolic processes, whereas unique associated genes with eQTL played a role in the stress or stimulus responses in multiple tissues. Compared with the eQTL detected by SNPs derived from the same sequencing data, 89.4% of the associated genes could be detected by both markers. The effect of top eQTL detected by SNPs was usually larger than that detected by deletions for the same gene. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) on flowering time and plant height illustrated that only a few loci could be consistently captured by SNPs, suggesting that combining deletion and SNP for GWAS was an excellent strategy to dissect trait architecture. Our findings will provide insights into characteristic and biological function of genome-wide deletions in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, 175 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Yonghui Zhu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Karl A G Kremling
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, 175 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Cinta Romay
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, 175 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert Bukowski
- Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shibin Gao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Edward S Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, 175 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, USA
- USDA-ARS, R. W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Fei Lu
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, 175 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Mitchell SD, Albin RL, Dauer WT, Goudreau JL, Sidiropoulos C. Heterozygous VPS13A and PARK2 Mutations in a Patient with Parkinsonism and Seizures. Case Rep Neurol 2021; 13:341-346. [PMID: 34248567 PMCID: PMC8255736 DOI: 10.1159/000515805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroacanthocytosis (NA) is a diverse group of disorders in which nervous system abnormalities co-occur with irregularly shaped red blood cells called acanthocytes. Chorea-acanthocytosis is the most common of these syndromes and is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the vacuolar protein sorting 13A (VPS13A) gene. We report a case of early onset parkinsonism and seizures in a 43-year-old male with a family history of NA. Neurologic examinations showed cognitive impairment and marked parkinsonian signs. MRI showed bilateral basal ganglia gliosis. He was found to have a novel heterozygous mutation in the VPS13A gene, in addition a heterozygous mutation in the PARK2 gene. His clinical picture was atypical for typical chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc). The compound heterozygous mutations of VPS13A and PARK2 provide the most plausible explanation for this patient's clinical symptoms. This case adds to the phenotypic diversity of ChAc. More research is needed to fully understand the roles of epistatic interactions on phenotypic expression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Mitchell
- Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,VAAAHS GRECC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, O'Donnell Brain Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John L Goudreau
- Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Mitochondrial LonP1 protease is implicated in the degradation of unstable Parkinson's disease-associated DJ-1/PARK 7 missense mutants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7320. [PMID: 33795807 PMCID: PMC8016953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DJ-1/PARK7 mutations are linked with familial forms of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). We have studied the degradation of untagged DJ-1 wild type (WT) and missense mutants in mouse embryonic fibroblasts obtained from DJ-1-null mice, an approach closer to the situation in patients carrying homozygous mutations. The results showed that the mutants L10P, M26I, A107P, P158Δ, L166P, E163K, and L172Q are unstable proteins, while A39S, E64D, R98Q, A104T, D149A, A171S, K175E, and A179T are as stable as DJ-1 WT. Inhibition of proteasomal and autophagic-lysosomal pathways had little effect on their degradation. Immunofluorescence and biochemical fractionation studies indicated that M26I, A107P, P158Δ, L166P, E163K, and L172Q mutants associate with mitochondria. Silencing of mitochondrial matrix protease LonP1 produced a strong reduction of the degradation of the mitochondrial-associated DJ-1 mutants A107P, P158Δ, L166P, E163K, and L172Q but not of mutant L10P. These results demonstrated a mitochondrial pathway of degradation of those DJ-1 missense mutants implicated in PD pathogenesis.
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Smolders S, Van Broeckhoven C. Reply: Segregation of ATP10B variants in families with autosomal recessive Parkinsonism. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:787-789. [PMID: 32892228 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Smolders
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Campus CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Campus CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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7
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Hall A, Bandres-Ciga S, Diez-Fairen M, Quinn JP, Billingsley KJ. Genetic Risk Profiling in Parkinson's Disease and Utilizing Genetics to Gain Insight into Disease-Related Biological Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7332. [PMID: 33020390 PMCID: PMC7584037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disorder underpinned by both environmental and genetic factors. The latter only began to be understood around two decades ago, but since then great inroads have rapidly been made into deconvoluting the genetic component of PD. In particular, recent large-scale projects such as genome-wide association (GWA) studies have provided insight into the genetic risk factors associated with genetically ''complex'' PD (PD that cannot readily be attributed to single deleterious mutations). Here, we discuss the plethora of genetic information provided by PD GWA studies and how this may be utilized to generate polygenic risk scores (PRS), which may be used in the prediction of risk and trajectory of PD. We also comment on how pathway-specific genetic profiling can be used to gain insight into PD-related biological pathways, and how this may be further utilized to nominate causal PD genes and potentially druggable therapeutic targets. Finally, we outline the current limits of our understanding of PD genetics and the potential contribution of variation currently uncaptured in genetic studies, focusing here on uncatalogued structural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; (A.H.); (J.P.Q.)
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Neurogenetics Group, University Hospital MutuaTerrassa, Sant Antoni 19, 08221 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; (A.H.); (J.P.Q.)
| | - Kimberley J. Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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8
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Mutated ATP10B increases Parkinson's disease risk by compromising lysosomal glucosylceramide export. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:1001-1024. [PMID: 32172343 PMCID: PMC7244618 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disease presenting with a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms, loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the occurrence of α-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies in surviving neurons. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing in 52 early-onset PD patients and identified 3 carriers of compound heterozygous mutations in the ATP10B P4-type ATPase gene. Genetic screening of a Belgian PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cohort identified 4 additional compound heterozygous mutation carriers (6/617 PD patients, 0.97%; 1/226 DLB patients, 0.44%). We established that ATP10B encodes a late endo-lysosomal lipid flippase that translocates the lipids glucosylceramide (GluCer) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) towards the cytosolic membrane leaflet. The PD associated ATP10B mutants are catalytically inactive and fail to provide cellular protection against the environmental PD risk factors rotenone and manganese. In isolated cortical neurons, loss of ATP10B leads to general lysosomal dysfunction and cell death. Impaired lysosomal functionality and integrity is well known to be implicated in PD pathology and linked to multiple causal PD genes and genetic risk factors. Our results indicate that recessive loss of function mutations in ATP10B increase risk for PD by disturbed lysosomal export of GluCer and PC. Both ATP10B and glucocerebrosidase 1, encoded by the PD risk gene GBA1, reduce lysosomal GluCer levels, emerging lysosomal GluCer accumulation as a potential PD driver.
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9
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Tan MMX, Malek N, Lawton MA, Hubbard L, Pittman AM, Joseph T, Hehir J, Swallow DMA, Grosset KA, Marrinan SL, Bajaj N, Barker RA, Burn DJ, Bresner C, Foltynie T, Hardy J, Wood N, Ben-Shlomo Y, Grosset DG, Williams NM, Morris HR. Genetic analysis of Mendelian mutations in a large UK population-based Parkinson's disease study. Brain 2020; 142:2828-2844. [PMID: 31324919 PMCID: PMC6735928 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to define the prevalence and clinical features of genetic Parkinson’s disease in a large UK population-based cohort, the largest multicentre prospective clinico-genetic incident study in the world. We collected demographic data, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. We analysed mutations in PRKN (parkin), PINK1, LRRK2 and SNCA in relation to age at symptom onset, family history and clinical features. Of the 2262 participants recruited to the Tracking Parkinson’s study, 424 had young-onset Parkinson’s disease (age at onset ≤ 50) and 1799 had late onset Parkinson’s disease. A range of methods were used to genotype 2005 patients: 302 young-onset patients were fully genotyped with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and either Sanger and/or exome sequencing; and 1701 late-onset patients were genotyped with the LRRK2 ‘Kompetitive’ allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay and/or exome sequencing (two patients had missing age at onset). We identified 29 (1.4%) patients carrying pathogenic mutations. Eighteen patients carried the G2019S or R1441C mutations in LRRK2, and one patient carried a heterozygous duplication in SNCA. In PRKN, we identified patients carrying deletions of exons 1, 4 and 5, and P113Xfs, R275W, G430D and R33X. In PINK1, two patients carried deletions in exon 1 and 5, and the W90Xfs point mutation. Eighteen per cent of patients with age at onset ≤30 and 7.4% of patients from large dominant families carried pathogenic Mendelian gene mutations. Of all young-onset patients, 10 (3.3%) carried biallelic mutations in PRKN or PINK1. Across the whole cohort, 18 patients (0.9%) carried pathogenic LRRK2 mutations and one (0.05%) carried an SNCA duplication. There is a significant burden of LRRK2 G2019S in patients with both apparently sporadic and familial disease. In young-onset patients, dominant and recessive mutations were equally common. There were no differences in clinical features between LRRK2 carriers and non-carriers. However, we did find that PRKN and PINK1 mutation carriers have distinctive clinical features compared to young-onset non-carriers, with more postural symptoms at diagnosis and less cognitive impairment, after adjusting for age and disease duration. This supports the idea that there is a distinct clinical profile of PRKN and PINK1-related Parkinson’s disease. We estimate that there are approaching 1000 patients with a known genetic aetiology in the UK Parkinson’s disease population. A small but significant number of patients carry causal variants in LRRK2, SNCA, PRKN and PINK1 that could potentially be targeted by new therapies, such as LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveed Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Leon Hubbard
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Theresita Joseph
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jason Hehir
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Diane M A Swallow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine A Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah L Marrinan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Bresner
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
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Smolders S, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic perspective on the synergistic connection between vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways associated with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32375870 PMCID: PMC7201634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) are symptomatically characterized by parkinsonism, with the latter presenting additionally a distinctive range of atypical features. Although the majority of patients with PD and APS appear to be sporadic, genetic causes of several rare monogenic disease variants were identified. The knowledge acquired from these genetic factors indicated that defects in vesicular transport pathways, endo-lysosomal dysfunction, impaired autophagy-lysosomal protein and organelle degradation pathways, α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction play key roles in PD pathogenesis. Moreover, membrane dynamics are increasingly recognized as a key player in the disease pathogenesis due lipid homeostasis alterations, associated with lysosomal dysfunction, caused by mutations in several PD and APS genes. The importance of lysosomal dysfunction and lipid homeostasis is strengthened by both genetic discoveries and clinical epidemiology of the association between parkinsonism and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), caused by the disruption of lysosomal biogenesis or function. A synergistic coordination between vesicular trafficking, lysosomal and mitochondria defects exist whereby mutations in PD and APS genes encoding proteins primarily involved one PD pathway are frequently associated with defects in other PD pathways as a secondary effect. Moreover, accumulating clinical and genetic observations suggest more complex inheritance patters of familial PD exist, including oligogenic and polygenic inheritance of genes in the same or interconnected PD pathways, further strengthening their synergistic connection.Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of PD and APS genes with functions in vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways, and highlight functional and genetic evidence of the synergistic connection between these PD associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Smolders
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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11
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Kaiyrzhanov R, Aitkulova A, Shashkin C, Zharkinbekova N, Rizig M, Zholdybayeva E, Jarmukhanov Z, Akhmetzhanov V, Kaishibayeva G, Khaibullin T, Karimova A, Akshulakov S, Bralov A, Kissamedenov N, Seidinova Z, Taskinbayeva A, Muratbaikyzy A, Houlden H. LRRK2 Mutations and Asian Disease-Associated Variants in the First Parkinson's Disease Cohort from Kazakhstan. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 2020:2763838. [PMID: 32148752 PMCID: PMC7049866 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2763838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LRRK2 mutations have emerged as the most prevalent and potentially treatable determinants of Parkinson's disease (PD). Peculiar geographic distribution of these mutations has triggered an interest in genotyping PD cohorts of different ethnic backgrounds for LRRK. OBJECTIVE Here, we report on the results of LRRK2 screening in the first Central Asian PD cohort. METHODS 246 PD patients were consecutively recruited by movement disorder specialists from four medical centers in Kazakhstan, and clinicodemographic data and genomic DNA from blood were systematically obtained and shipped to the Institute of Neurology University College London together with DNAs from 200 healthy controls. The cohort was genotyped for five LRRK2 mutations (p.Gly2019Ser, p.Arg1441His, p.Tyr1699Cys, p.Ile2020Thr, and p.Asn1437His) and three East Asian disease-associated variants (p.Gly2385Arg, p.Ala419Val, and p.Arg1628Pro) via Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay analysis. RESULTS None of the study subjects carried LRRK2 mutations, whereas the following Asian variants were found with insignificant odds ratios (OR): p.Gly2385Arg (1.2%, minor allele frequency (MAF) 0.007, OR 1.25, p=0.8), p.Ala419Val (3.7%, MAF 0.02, OR 1.5, p=0.8), p.Ala419Val (3.7%, MAF 0.02, OR 1.5. CONCLUSIONS We showed that East Asian LRRK variants could be found in Central Asian populations but their pathogenicity remains to be elucidated in larger PD cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Akbota Aitkulova
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Genetics, 13/5 Korgalzhyn Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Chingiz Shashkin
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazira Zharkinbekova
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Mie Rizig
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Elena Zholdybayeva
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Genetics, 13/5 Korgalzhyn Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkyn Jarmukhanov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Genetics, 13/5 Korgalzhyn Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Vadim Akhmetzhanov
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnaz Kaishibayeva
- Institute of Neurology Named After S. K. Kaishibayev, 9a Mamur 4 Micro-district, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Talgat Khaibullin
- Semey Medical University, Department of Neurology, 103 Abai Street, 071400 Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Altynay Karimova
- Institute of Neurology Named After S. K. Kaishibayev, 9a Mamur 4 Micro-district, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Akshulakov
- National Center for Neurosurgery, 34/1 Turan Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Askhat Bralov
- National Center for Neurosurgery, 34/1 Turan Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlan Kissamedenov
- National Center for Neurosurgery, 34/1 Turan Avenue, 01000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanar Seidinova
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Anjela Taskinbayeva
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Muratbaikyzy
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, 1/1Al-Farabi Avenue, 160019 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Henry Houlden
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
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Kuriakose B, K S, Rs AH, S V, A A, Kumar S, Murugesan R, V R, Ahmed SS. Association of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene rs10878307 polymorphism and Parkinson's disease risk in South India-A meta-analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:5544-5552. [PMID: 31790336 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1699860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Kuriakose
- Genetics Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Subramaniyan K
- Department of Neurology, Chettinad Super Specialty Hospital, Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Akram Husain Rs
- Genetics Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Velusamy S
- Department of Neurology, Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Arunan A
- Department of Neurology, Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Sree Balajee Medical College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chennai, India
| | - Ram Murugesan
- Drug Discovery Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Ramakrishnan V
- Genetics Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Shiek Ssj Ahmed
- Drug Discovery Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
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Puschmann A, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Lundblad-Andersson E, Mårtensson E, Hansson O, Odin P, Widner H, Brolin K, Mzezewa R, Kristensen J, Soller M, Rödström EY, Ross OA, Toft M, Breedveld GJ, Bonifati V, Brodin L, Zettergren A, Sydow O, Linder J, Wirdefeldt K, Svenningsson P, Nissbrandt H, Belin AC, Forsgren L, Swanberg M. Low prevalence of known pathogenic mutations in dominant PD genes: A Swedish multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 66:158-165. [PMID: 31422003 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of mutations known to cause autosomal dominant Parkinson disease (PD) in a series with more than 10% of Sweden's estimated number of PD patients. METHODS The Swedish Parkinson Disease Genetics Network was formed as a national multicenter consortium of clinical researchers who together have access to DNA from a total of 2,206 PD patients; 85.4% were from population-based studies. Samples were analyzed centrally for known pathogenic mutations in SNCA (duplications/triplications, p.Ala30Pro, p.Ala53Thr) and LRRK2 (p.Asn1437His, p.Arg1441His, p.Tyr1699Cys, p.Gly2019Ser, p.Ile2020Thr). We compared the frequency of these mutations in Swedish patients with published PD series and the gnomAD database. RESULTS A family history of PD in first- and/or second-degree relatives was reported by 21.6% of participants. Twelve patients (0.54%) carried LRRK2 p.(Gly2019Ser) mutations, one patient (0.045%) an SNCA duplication. The frequency of LRRK2 p.(Gly2019Ser) carriers was 0.11% in a matched Swedish control cohort and a similar 0.098% in total gnomAD, but there was a marked difference between ethnicities in gnomAD, with 42-fold higher frequency among Ashkenazi Jews than all others combined. CONCLUSIONS In relative terms, the LRRK2 p.(Gly2019Ser) variant is the most frequent mutation among Swedish or international PD patients, and in gnomAD. SNCA duplications were the second most common of the mutations examined. In absolute terms, however, these known pathogenic variants in dominant PD genes are generally very rare and can only explain a minute fraction of familial aggregation of PD. Additional genetic and environmental mechanisms may explain the frequent co-occurrence of PD in close relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Elin Lundblad-Andersson
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Emma Mårtensson
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Odin
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Widner
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Brolin
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ropafadzo Mzezewa
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Emil Ygland Rödström
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lovisa Brodin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Sydow
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
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Shi Y, Kawakami H, Zang W, Li G, Zhang J, Xu C. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the PARK2 gene identified in a Chinese pedigree with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00901. [PMID: 29568695 PMCID: PMC5853629 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTS To capture point mutations and short insertions/deletions in 49 previously reported genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a Chinese pedigree with early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD)-affected individuals. METHODS Clinical examinations and genomic analysis were performed on 21 subjects belonging to three generations of a Chinese family. Target region capture and high-throughput sequencing were used for screening 49 genes, which were previously reported to be associated with PD. The direct Sanger sequencing method in all subjects further verified the abnormal DNA fragments in the PARK2 gene. RESULTS Four family members, including a mother (I-1) and her three children (II-2, II-3, and II-7), were diagnosed with PD by clinical manifestations and/or PET/CT imaging analyses. Novel compound heterozygous mutations, consisting of a fragment deletion in exon 1 to 2 (EX 1-2 del) and a splicing point mutation c.619-1 (G > C) in the 6th intron of the PARK2 gene, were identified in II-2, II-3, and II-7. Individual EX 1-2 del or c.619-1 (G > C) mutations were detected in I-1 and the third generation (III-2, 3, 5, 10, and 11).Other mutations were not detected in the 49 known PD-associated genes. CONCLUSION Novel compound heterozygous mutations were identified in a Chinese pedigree and might represent a cause of familial EOPD with autosomal dominant inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Hideshi Kawakami
- Department of Epidemiology Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Weizhou Zang
- Department of Neurology Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Neurology Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou China
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15
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Kessler C, Atasu B, Hanagasi H, Simón-Sánchez J, Hauser AK, Pak M, Bilgic B, Erginel-Unaltuna N, Gurvit H, Gasser T, Lohmann E. Role of LRRK2 and SNCA in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease in Turkey. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 48:34-39. [PMID: 29248340 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein (SNCA) genes are well-established causes of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). However, their frequency differs widely between ethnic groups. Only three studies have screened all coding regions of LRRK2 and SNCA in European samples so far. In Turkey, the role of LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease has been studied fragmentarily, and the incidence of SNCA copy number variations is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of LRRK2 and SNCA mutations in autosomal dominant PD in Turkey. METHODS We performed Sanger sequencing of all coding LRRK2 and SNCA exons in a sample of 91 patients with Parkinsonism. Copy number variations in SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ1 and ATP13A2 were assessed using the MLPA method. All patients had a positive family history compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. RESULTS Known mutations in LRRK2 and SNCA were found in 3.3% of cases: one patient harbored the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, and two patients carried a SNCA gene duplication. Furthermore, we found a heterozygous deletion of PRKN exon 2 in one patient, and four rare coding variants of unknown significance (LRRK2: A211V, R1067Q, T2494I; SNCA: T72T). Genetic testing in one affected family identified the LRRK2 R1067Q variant as a possibly pathogenic substitution. CONCLUSION Point mutations in LRRK2 and SNCA are a rare cause of autosomal dominant PD in Turkey. However, copy number variations should be considered. The unclassified variants, especially LRRK2 R1067Q, demand further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kessler
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Burcu Atasu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ann-Kathrin Hauser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meltem Pak
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Bilgic
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Hakan Gurvit
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Petrucci S, Ferrazzano G, Ginevrino M, Tolve M, Berardelli I, Berardelli A, Fabbrini G, Valente EM. Genetic Paradoxes in an Italian Family with PARK2 Multiexon Duplication. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:889-892. [PMID: 30713982 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Petrucci
- Neurogenetics Unit Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Neuromed Institute Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Pozzilli Italy
| | - Monia Ginevrino
- Neurogenetics Unit Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Manuela Tolve
- Department of Experimental Medicine "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Isabella Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy.,Neuromed Institute Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Pozzilli Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy.,Neuromed Institute Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Pozzilli Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Copy number variability in Parkinson's disease: assembling the puzzle through a systems biology approach. Hum Genet 2016; 136:13-37. [PMID: 27896429 PMCID: PMC5214768 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging, was long believed to be a non-genetic sporadic origin syndrome. The proof that several genetic loci are responsible for rare Mendelian forms has represented a revolutionary breakthrough, enabling to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating still incurable condition. While single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small indels constitute the most commonly investigated DNA variations accounting for only a limited number of PD cases, larger genomic molecular rearrangements have emerged as significant PD-causing mutations, including submicroscopic Copy Number Variations (CNVs). CNVs constitute a prevalent source of genomic variations and substantially participate in each individual’s genomic makeup and phenotypic outcome. However, the majority of genetic studies have focused their attention on single candidate-gene mutations or on common variants reaching a significant statistical level of acceptance. This gene-centric approach is insufficient to uncover the genetic background of polygenic multifactorial disorders like PD, and potentially masks rare individual CNVs that all together might contribute to disease development or progression. In this review, we will discuss literature and bioinformatic data describing the involvement of CNVs on PD pathobiology. We will analyze the most frequent copy number changes in familiar PD genes and provide a “systems biology” overview of rare individual rearrangements that could functionally act on commonly deregulated molecular pathways. Assessing the global genome-wide burden of CNVs in PD patients may reveal new disease-related molecular mechanisms, and open the window to a new possible genetic scenario in the unsolved PD puzzle.
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19
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Shulskaya MV, Shadrina MI, Fedotova EY, Abramycheva NY, Limborska SA, Illarioshkin SN, Slominsky PA. Second mutation in PARK2 is absent in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease and heterozygous exonic deletions/duplications in parkin gene. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:781-784. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1255612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Shulskaya
- Department of Molecular Basics of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria I. Shadrina
- Department of Molecular Basics of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Fedotova
- Department of Neurogenetics, Federal State Scientific Institution ‘Scientific Center of Neurology’, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya Yu. Abramycheva
- Department of Neurogenetics, Federal State Scientific Institution ‘Scientific Center of Neurology’, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Limborska
- Department of Molecular Basics of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Illarioshkin
- Department of Neurogenetics, Federal State Scientific Institution ‘Scientific Center of Neurology’, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr A. Slominsky
- Department of Molecular Basics of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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20
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van der Merwe C, Carr J, Glanzmann B, Bardien S. Exonic rearrangements in the known Parkinson's disease-causing genes are a rare cause of the disease in South African patients. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:168-71. [PMID: 27001088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. To date, a number of PD-causing genes have been found, including SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, PARK2, PINK1, DJ-1, ATP13A2, and most recently CHCHD2. Mutations in these genes range from point mutations to larger exonic rearrangements including deletions and duplications. This study aimed to detect possible copy number variation (CNV) in the known PD-causing genes in a cohort of South African patients with PD. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed on a total of 210 South African PD patients, and possible CNVs were verified using quantitative real time PCR. No homozygous or compound heterozygous exon rearrangements in the genes analysed were found in the patient group. A heterozygous PARK2 exon 4 deletion was found in a sporadic patient with an age at onset of 51 years. Sanger sequencing did not reveal any additional mutations in PARK2 in this patient. Combining our results with that of previous studies in a South African cohort, the frequency of exonic rearrangements in the known PD-causing genes is only 1.8% (8/439 patients). In conclusion, CNV in the known PD-causing genes are a rare cause of PD in a South African cohort, and there may be as yet unknown genetic causes of PD that are specific to patients of African ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Glanzmann
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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21
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Deng S, Deng X, Yuan L, Song Z, Yang Z, Xiong W, Deng H. Genetic analysis of SNCA coding mutation in Chinese Han patients with Parkinson disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:267-71. [PMID: 25092551 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by selective loss of dopamine-producing neurons and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (SNCA) in neurons of particular brain regions. At least 20 loci and 15 disease-causing genes have been identified. Rare missense or multiplication mutations in the SNCA gene have been reported to be involved in some familial and sporadic cases of PD. More recently, two novel pathogenic missense mutations (p.H50Q and p.G51D) were identified in the SNCA gene. To evaluate whether mutation(s) in the coding region of SNCA gene is related to PD in Chinese population, we investigated the SNCA gene in 502 PD patients of Chinese Han ethnicity from Mainland China. No pathogenic mutation was identified in the coding region of the gene. A known G to A transition (c.306 + 66G>A, rs10005233) in the intron 4, which does not potentially change splicing, was identified. Our data indicate that mutations in the coding region of the SNCA gene are not likely to be a common cause of PD in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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22
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Huttenlocher J, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Helgadottir HT, Sveinbjörnsdóttir S, Riess O, Bauer P, Stefansson K. Heterozygote carriers for CNVs in PARK2 are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5637-43. [PMID: 26188007 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with point mutations, homozygous deletions or duplications in PARK2 are responsible for the majority of autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism. It is debated, however, whether heterozygous carriers of these mutations are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our goal was to determine whether heterozygous carriers of copy number variants (CNVs) affecting exons of the PARK2 gene are at risk of PD that is greater than that of non-carriers. We searched for CNVs affecting exons of PARK2 in a sample of 105 749 genotyped Icelanders. In total, 989 carriers, including 24 diagnosed with PD, were identified. The heterozygous carriers were tested for association in a sample of 1415 PD patients and 40 474 controls ≥65 years of age. PD patients were more often heterozygous carriers of PARK2 CNVs than controls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, P = 0.03] and compound heterozygous PD patients for a CNV and a missense mutation were not found. Furthermore, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting on case-control samples screened for heterozygous PARK2 CNVs. Ten studies were included in the final analysis, with 4538 cases and 4213 controls. The pooled OR and P-value for the published and Icelandic results showed significant association between PARK2 CNVs and risk of PD (OR = 2.11, P = 2.54 × 10(-6)). Our analysis shows that heterozygous carriers of CNVs affecting exons of PARK2 have greater risk of PD than non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttenlocher
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sigurlaug Sveinbjörnsdóttir
- Department of Neurology, National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland, Department of Neurology, MEHT, Broomfield Hospital, Court Road, Essex CM1 7ET, UK, Neuroscience Department, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK and
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
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23
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Li K, Tang BS, Liu ZH, Kang JF, Zhang Y, Shen L, Li N, Yan XX, Xia K, Guo JF. LRRK2 A419V variant is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in Asian population. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2908.e11-5. [PMID: 26234753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, LRRK2 A419V (rs34594498) was reported associating with Parkinson's disease (PD) in Asian population; yet the conclusion is still unobvious. We conducted a case-control study to determine the potential associations between A419V and PD in Chinese population. Five hundred PD patients and 574 health controls were genotyped. Our results showed, A419V has a significantly higher frequency among PD patients than the controls (p = 0.025, odds ratio [OR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.13-5.86]), especially in early-onset PD (p = 0.027, OR = 10.40, 95% CI [1.31-82.89]). And PD patients who carried A419V have a lower Minimum-Mental State Examination scores than PD patients who did not (p = 0.04). We also conducted a meta-analysis on A419V. In Asian population, A419V was detected at a significantly higher frequency among PD patients in contrast to controls: Z = 2.47, p = 0.01, OR = 2.11, 95% CI [1.17-3.82]. When only considering the Chinese population, the difference was more obvious with Z = 3.41, p = 0.0007, OR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.36-3.14]. The results suggest LRRK2 A419V appears to be a risk factor for PD in Asian, especially in early-onset patients. Finally, larger sample with centering on young or cognitive impairment PD patients in Asian would be preferable for further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-feng Kang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Splicing: is there an alternative contribution to Parkinson's disease? Neurogenetics 2015; 16:245-63. [PMID: 25980689 PMCID: PMC4573652 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism of gene expression regulation that enormously increases the coding potential of our genome and represents an intermediate step between messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and protein posttranslational modifications. Alternative splicing occupies a central position in the development and functions of the nervous system. Therefore, its deregulation frequently leads to several neurological human disorders. In the present review, we provide an updated overview on the impact of alternative splicing in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. We will describe the alternative splicing of major PD-linked genes by collecting the current evidences about this intricate and not carefully explored aspect. Assessing the role of this mechanism on PD pathobiology may represent a central step toward an improved understanding of this complex disease.
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Verstraeten A, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C. Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era. Trends Genet 2015; 31:140-9. [PMID: 25703649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) and Parkinson-plus syndromes are genetically heterogeneous neurological diseases. Initial studies into the genetic causes of PD relied on classical molecular genetic approaches in well-documented case families. More recently, these approaches have been combined with exome sequencing and together have identified 15 causal genes. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered over 25 genetic risk factors. Elucidation of the genetic architecture of sporadic and familial parkinsonism, however, has lagged behind that of simple Mendelian conditions, suggesting the existence of features confounding genetic data interpretation. Here we discuss the successes and potential pitfalls of gene discovery in PD and related disorders in the post-genomic era. With an estimated 30% of trait variance currently unexplained, tackling current limitations will further expedite gene discovery and lead to increased application of these genetic insights in molecular diagnostics using gene panel and exome sequencing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Verstraeten
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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La Cognata V, Iemmolo R, D'Agata V, Scuderi S, Drago F, Zappia M, Cavallaro S. Increasing the Coding Potential of Genomes Through Alternative Splicing: The Case of PARK2 Gene. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:203-16. [PMID: 24955028 PMCID: PMC4064560 DOI: 10.2174/1389202915666140426003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The completion of the Human Genome Project aroused renewed interest in alternative splicing, an efficient and widespread mechanism that generates multiple protein isoforms from individual genes. Although our knowledge about alternative splicing is growing exponentially, its real impact on cellular life is still to be clarified. Connecting all splicing features (genes, splice transcripts, isoforms, and relative functions) may be useful to resolve this tangle. Herein, we will start from the case of a single gene, Parkinson protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2), one of the largest in our genome. This gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism and it has been recently linked to cancer, leprosy, autism, type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. PARK2 primary transcript undergoes an extensive alternative splicing, which enhances transcriptomic diversification and protein diversity in tissues and cells. This review will provide an update of all human PARK2 alternative splice transcripts and isoforms presently known, and correlate them to those in rat and mouse, two common animal models for studying human disease genes. Alternative splicing relies upon a complex process that could be easily altered by both cis and trans-acting mutations. Although the contribution of PARK2 splicing in human disease remains to be fully explored, some evidences show disruption of this versatile form of genetic regulation may have pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina La Cognata
- 1Functional Genomics Center, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Iemmolo
- 1Functional Genomics Center, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- 2Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Soraya Scuderi
- 2Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- 3Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- 4Department "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- 1Functional Genomics Center, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: an overview from neurobiology to treatment. J Neurol 2014; 262:7-20. [PMID: 24824224 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative brain disorder and is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. A majority of the patients also develop non-motor symptoms. Impulse control disorders (ICD) are behavioural changes that often fail to be detected in clinical practice. The prevalence of ICD in PD varies widely from 6.1 to 31.2 % and treatment with dopaminergic medication is considered to be the greatest risk factor. Management consists mainly of reducing dopaminergic medication. In our experience, ICD has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of the patients and their families and should therefore not be disregarded. Studies addressing the role of ICD in PD caregiver strain are imperative. We attempt to give a comprehensive overview of the literature on the complicated neurobiology of ICD and discuss risk factors, genetic susceptibility, screening modalities and management.
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Deng H, Yuan L. Genetic variants and animal models in SNCA and Parkinson disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:161-76. [PMID: 24768741 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD; MIM 168600) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variety of motor and non-motor features. To date, at least 20 loci and 15 disease-causing genes for parkinsonism have been identified. Among them, the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene was associated with PARK1/PARK4. Point mutations, duplications and triplications in the SNCA gene cause a rare dominant form of PD in familial and sporadic PD cases. The α-synuclein protein, a member of the synuclein family, is abundantly expressed in the brain. The protein is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in dopaminergic neurons in PD. Further understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of PD through various genetic techniques and animal models will likely provide new insights into our understanding, therapy and prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
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Chai C, Lim KL. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:486-501. [PMID: 24532982 PMCID: PMC3924245 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research over the last 15 years has led to the identification of several autosomal recessive and dominant
genes that cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Importantly, the functional characterization of these genes has
shed considerable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Collectively;
these studies implicate aberrant protein and mitochondrial homeostasis as key contributors to the development of PD, with
oxidative stress likely acting as an important nexus between the two pathogenic events. Interestingly, recent genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have revealed variations in at least two of the identified familial PD genes (i.e. α-synuclein
and LRRK2) as significant risk factors for the development of sporadic PD. At the same time, the studies also uncovered
variability in novel alleles that is associated with increased risk for the disease. Additionally, in-silico meta-analyses of
GWAS data have allowed major steps into the investigation of the roles of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
in sporadic PD. The emergent picture from the progress made thus far is that the etiology of sporadic PD is multi-factorial
and presumably involves a complex interplay between a multitude of gene networks and the environment. Nonetheless,
the biochemical pathways underlying familial and sporadic forms of PD are likely to be shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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Genetic analysis of PARK2 and PINK1 genes in Brazilian patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:181-5. [PMID: 24167364 PMCID: PMC3774967 DOI: 10.1155/2013/597158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the world, affecting 1-2% of individuals over the age of 65. The etiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, with the involvement of gene-environment interactions. Although it is considered a disease of late manifestation, early-onset forms of parkinsonism contribute to 5-10% of all cases. In the present study, we screened mutations in coding regions of PARK2 and PINK1 genes in 136 unrelated Brazilian patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease through automatic sequencing. We identified six missense variants in PARK2 gene: one known pathogenic mutation, two variants of uncertain role, and three nonpathogenic changes. No pathogenic mutation was identified in PINK1 gene, only benign polymorphisms. All putative pathogenic variants found in this study were in heterozygous state. Our data show that PARK2 point mutations are more common in Brazilian early-onset Parkinson's disease patients (2.9%) than PINK1 missense variants (0%), corroborating other studies worldwide.
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Wang L, Nuytemans K, Bademci G, Jauregui C, Martin ER, Scott WK, Vance JM, Zuchner S. High-resolution survey in familial Parkinson disease genes reveals multiple independent copy number variation events in PARK2. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1071-4. [PMID: 23616242 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A high density comparative genomic hybridization array was designed to evaluate CNVs in the genomic region of six familial PD genes in 181 PD cases and 67 controls. No CNV was found in PARK7, ATP13A2, PINK1, and LRRK2. Intronic-only CNVs were found in SNCA and PARK2 but were not associated with PD risk. A whole-gene duplication of SNCA was found in one case. The allele frequency of PARK2 exonic CNV is significantly higher in cases than in controls (P = 0.02), higher in early-onset (AAO ≤ 40) than in late-onset cases (P = 0.001), and higher in familial than in sporadic cases (P = 0.005). Except for single exon 2 duplications, all PARK2 exonic CNVs have different breakpoints, even when the same exon(s) were involved. In conclusion, except for SNCA and PARK2, CNVs are not a major contributing mechanism for the familial PD genes examined. The majority of PARK2 exonic CNVs are not recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Wang
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Kiely AP, Asi YT, Kara E, Limousin P, Ling H, Lewis P, Proukakis C, Quinn N, Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T, Houlden H, Holton JL. α-Synucleinopathy associated with G51D SNCA mutation: a link between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy? Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:753-69. [PMID: 23404372 PMCID: PMC3681325 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a British family with young-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and a G51D SNCA mutation that segregates with the disease. Family history was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance as both the father and sister of the proband developed levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with onset in their late thirties. Clinical features show similarity to those seen in families with SNCA triplication and to cases of A53T SNCA mutation. Post-mortem brain examination of the proband revealed atrophy affecting frontal and temporal lobes in addition to the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and amygdala. There was severe loss of pigmentation in the substantia nigra and pallor of the locus coeruleus. Neuronal loss was most marked in frontal and temporal cortices, hippocampal CA2/3 subregions, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The cellular pathology included widespread and frequent neuronal α-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions of variable morphology and oligodendroglial inclusions similar to the glial cytoplasmic inclusions of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Both inclusion types were ubiquitin and p62 positive and were labelled with phosphorylation-dependent anti-α-synuclein antibodies In addition, TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions were observed in limbic regions and in the striatum. Together the data show clinical and neuropathological similarities to both the A53T SNCA mutation and multiplication cases. The cellular neuropathological features of this case share some characteristics of both PD and MSA with additional unique striatal and neocortical pathology. Greater understanding of the disease mechanism underlying the G51D mutation could aid in understanding of α-synuclein biology and its impact on disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife P. Kiely
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Yasmine T. Asi
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Eleanna Kara
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Ling
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Patrick Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Niall Quinn
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice L. Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Abstract
In 2004 it was first shown that mutations in LRRK2 can cause Parkinson's disease. This initial discovery was quickly followed by the observation that a single particular mutation is a relatively common cause of Parkinson's disease across varied populations. Further genetic investigation has revealed a variety of genetic ties to Parkinson's disease across this gene. These include common alleles with quite broad effects on risk, likely through both alterations at the protein sequence level, and in the context of expression. A great deal of functional characterization of LRRK2 and disease-causing mutations in this protein has occurred over the last 9 years, and considerable progress has been made. Particular attention has been paid to the kinase activity of LRRK2 as a therapeutic target, and while it is no means certain that this is viable target it is likely that this hypothesis will be tested in clinical trials sooner rather than later. We believe that the future goals for LRRK2 research are, while challenging, relatively clear and that the next 10 years of research promises to be perhaps more exciting than the last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain and Mindich Child Health and Development Institutes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, NY, USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Theuns J, Crosiers D, Debaene L, Nuytemans K, Meeus B, Sleegers K, Goossens D, Corsmit E, Elinck E, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, Pickut B, Del-Favero J, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Cras P, Van Broeckhoven C. Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 promoter deletion causes dopa-responsive dystonia. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1451-6. [PMID: 22976901 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia (AD-DRD) is caused by a biochemical defect primarily resulting from guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 gene (GCH1) mutations. Few families have been reported without mutations in GCH1. METHODS Genome-wide linkage analysis and positional cloning to identify the genetic defect in a Belgian AD-DRD family was carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this study, we report on the identification and characterization of a novel 24-kb deletion spanning exon 1 and the 5' regulatory region of GCH1 causing a wide spectrum of motor and nonmotor symptoms in a large Belgian AD-DRD family. This large-scale deletion of regulatory sequences leads to decreased GCH1 activity in all carriers, most probably resulting from allelic loss of transcription. We mapped the breakpoints of this deletion to the nucleotide level, allowing the development of a straightforward polymerase chain reaction assay for fast, efficient detection of this large deletion, which will prove valuable for preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Recent Advances in α-Synuclein Functions, Advanced Glycation, and Toxicity: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:525-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Sun HM. Meta-analysis of the influence of Parkin p.Asp394Asn variant on the susceptibility of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:60-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Quantitative assessment of the effect of LRRK2 exonic variants on the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:722-30. [PMID: 22575234 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) gene has attracted considerable attention since the variants in this gene are recognized as the most common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) so far. A number of association studies concerning variants of LRRK2 gene and PD susceptibility have been conducted in various populations. However, some results were inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between LRRK2 and genetic risk of PD, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis which included 27,363 cases and 29,741 controls from 61 published case-control studies. Totally, the effect of five LRRK2 variants all within the coding regions, i.e. G2019S, G2385R, R1628P, P755L and A419V, were evaluated in the meta-analysis using fixed effect model or random effects model if heterogeneity existed. There were genetic associations between four variants (G2019S, G2385R, R1628P and A419V) and increased PD risk, while there was no evidence of statistically significant association between P755L and PD. Publication bias and heterogeneity were absent in most analyses. Within its limitations, this meta-analysis demonstrated that the G2019S, G2385R, R1628P and A419V variations are risk factors associated with increased PD susceptibility. However, these associations vary in different ethnicities.
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Rubio JP, Topp S, Warren L, St Jean PL, Wegmann D, Kessner D, Novembre J, Shen J, Fraser D, Aponte J, Nangle K, Cardon LR, Ehm MG, Chissoe SL, Whittaker JC, Nelson MR, Mooser VE. Deep sequencing of the LRRK2 gene in 14,002 individuals reveals evidence of purifying selection and independent origin of the p.Arg1628Pro mutation in Europe. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1087-98. [PMID: 22415848 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in LRRK2 predisposes to Parkinson disease (PD), which underpins its development as a therapeutic target. Here, we aimed to identify novel genotype-phenotype associations that might support developing LRRK2 therapies for other conditions. We sequenced the 51 exons of LRRK2 in cases comprising 12 common diseases (n = 9,582), and in 4,420 population controls. We identified 739 single-nucleotide variants, 62% of which were observed in only one person, including 316 novel exonic variants. We found evidence of purifying selection for the LRRK2 gene and a trend suggesting that this is more pronounced in the central (ROC-COR-kinase) core protein domains of LRRK2 than the flanking domains. Population genetic analyses revealed that LRRK2 is not especially polymorphic or differentiated in comparison to 201 other drug target genes. Among Europeans, we identified 17 carriers (0.13%) of pathogenic LRRK2 mutations that were not significantly enriched within any disease or in those reporting a family history of PD. Analysis of pathogenic mutations within Europe reveals that the p.Arg1628Pro (c4883G>C) mutation arose independently in Europe and Asia. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how targeted deep sequencing can help to reveal fundamental characteristics of clinically important loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Rubio
- Quantitative Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom.
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Expression, purification and preliminary biochemical and structural characterization of the leucine rich repeat namesake domain of leucine rich repeat kinase 2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:450-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Corti O, Lesage S, Brice A. What genetics tells us about the causes and mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1161-218. [PMID: 22013209 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
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Meeus B, Verstraeten A, Crosiers D, Engelborghs S, Van den Broeck M, Mattheijssens M, Peeters K, Corsmit E, Elinck E, Pickut B, Vandenberghe R, Cras P, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Theuns J. DLB and PDD: a role for mutations in dementia and Parkinson disease genes? Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:629.e5-629.e18. [PMID: 22118943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the substantial overlap in clinical and pathological characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD) with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) we hypothesized that these disorders might share underlying genetic factors. The contribution of both sequence and copy number variants (CNVs) in known AD and PD genes to the genetic etiology of DLB and PDD however is currently unclear. Therefore, we performed a gene-based mutation analysis of all major AD and PD genes in 99 DLB and 75 PDD patients, including familial and sporadic forms, from Flanders, Belgium. Also, copy number variants in APP, SNCA, and PARK2 were determined. In the AD genes we detected proven pathogenic missense mutations in PSEN1 and PSEN2, and 2 novel missense variants in PSEN2 and MAPT. In the PD genes we identified 1 SNCA duplication, the LRRK2 R1441C founder mutation and 4 novel heterozygous missense variants with unknown pathogenicity. Our results suggest a contribution of established AD and PD genes to the genetic etiology of DLB and PDD though to a limited extent. They do support the hypothesis of a genetic overlap between members of the Lewy body disease spectrum, but additional genes still have to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Meeus
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Mills JD, Janitz M. Alternative splicing of mRNA in the molecular pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1012.e11-24. [PMID: 22118946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional process that occurs in multiexon genes, and errors in this process have been implicated in many human diseases. Until recently, technological limitations prevented AS from being examined at the genome-wide scale. With the advent of new technologies, including exon arrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques (e.g., RNA-Seq), a higher resolution view of the human transcriptome is now available. This is particularly applicable in the study of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBDs), such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, because the brain has the greatest amount of alternative splicing of all human tissues. Although many of the AS events associated with these disorders were initially identified using low-throughput methodologies, genome-wide analysis allows for more in-depth studies, marking a new chapter in transcript exploration. In this review, the latest technologies used to study the transcriptome and the AS genes that have been associated with a number of neurodegenerative brain diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dominic Mills
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes some key findings of the past few years on the genetics of the two common movement disorders Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. RECENT FINDINGS Within the last two years, genome-wide association (GWA) analyses have revealed a number of novel low-risk susceptibility variants for Parkinson's disease, among them HLA-DRB5, BST1, ACMSD, STK39, MCCC1/LAMP3, SYT11, and CCDC62/HIP1R) and have confirmed LINGO1 as risk factor for essential tremor. The identification of copy number variations in the Parkin gene in healthy control individuals suggests no major role of these variations in late onset Parkinson's disease. Drosophila studies on Parkin and Pink1 have uncovered a role in the mitochondrial quality control pathway in the pathogenesis of the disease. LRRK2 has been found to interact with the microRNAs processing protein Argonaut, thereby affecting protein translation. Notably, despite the high familial risk for essential tremor no high-risk gene has been found to date. The possibility of a nonmendelian transmission in some cases is discussed. SUMMARY GWA studies and positional cloning approaches have led to the identification of a number of risk genes for Parkinson's disease, which give novel insights into pathogenic pathways of the disease. In contrast, our knowledge of the genetics of essential tremor is scarce. Except for LINGO1, no other risk gene has so far been identified. New technologies such as next generation high throughput sequencing might help to identify more risk genes.
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Crosiers D, Theuns J, Cras P, Van Broeckhoven C. Parkinson disease: Insights in clinical, genetic and pathological features of monogenic disease subtypes. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Association of LRRK2 exonic variants with susceptibility to Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:898-908. [PMID: 21885347 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Background The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) harbours highly penetrant mutations that are linked to familial parkinsonism. However, the extent of its polymorphic variability in relation to risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been assessed systematically. We therefore assessed the frequency of LRRK2 exonic variants in individuals with and without PD, to investigate the role of the variants in PD susceptibility. METHODS LRRK2 was genotyped in patients with PD and controls from three series (white, Asian, and Arab-Berber) from sites participating in the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease Consortium. Genotyping was done for exonic variants of LRRK2 that were identified through searches of literature and the personal communications of consortium members. Associations with PD were assessed by use of logistic regression models. For variants that had a minor allele frequency of 0·5% or greater, single variant associations were assessed, whereas for rarer variants information was collapsed across variants. FINDINGS 121 exonic LRRK2 variants were assessed in 15 540 individuals: 6995 white patients with PD and 5595 controls, 1376 Asian patients and 962 controls, and 240 Arab-Berber patients and 372 controls. After exclusion of carriers of known pathogenic mutations, new independent risk associations were identified for polymorphic variants in white individuals (M1646T, odds ratio 1·43, 95% CI 1·15-1·78; p=0·0012) and Asian individuals (A419V, 2·27, 1·35-3·83; p=0·0011). A protective haplotype (N551K-R1398H-K1423K) was noted at a frequency greater than 5% in the white and Asian series, with a similar finding in the Arab-Berber series (combined odds ratio 0·82, 0·72-0·94; p=0·0043). Of the two previously reported Asian risk variants, G2385R was associated with disease (1·73, 1·20-2·49; p=0·0026), but no association was noted for R1628P (0·62, 0·36-1·07; p=0·087). In the Arab-Berber series, Y2189C showed potential evidence of risk association with PD (4·48, 1·33-15·09; p=0·012). INTERPRETATION The results for LRRK2 show that several rare and common genetic variants in the same gene can have independent effects on disease risk. LRRK2, and the pathway in which it functions, is important in the cause and pathogenesis of PD in a greater proportion of patients with this disease than previously believed. These results will help discriminate those patients who will benefit most from therapies targeted at LRRK2 pathogenic activity. FUNDING Michael J Fox Foundation and National Institutes of Health.
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Abstract
Over the last decade remarkable advances in genotyping and sequencing technology have resulted in hundreds of novel gene associations with disease. These have typically involved high frequency alleles in common diseases and with the advent of next generation sequencing, disease causing recessive mutations in rare inherited syndromes. Here we discuss the impact of these advances and other gene discovery methods in the prion diseases. Several quantitative trait loci in mouse have been mapped and their human counterparts analysed (HECTD2, CPNE8); other candidate genes regions have been chosen for functional reasons (SPRN, CTSD). Human genome wide association has been done in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and are ongoing in larger collections of sporadic CJD with findings around, but not clearly beyond, the levels of statistical significance required in these studies (THRB-RARB, STMN2). Future work will include closer integration of animal and human genetic studies, larger and combined genome wide association, analysis of structural genetic variantion and next generation sequencing studies involving the entire coding exome or genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lukic
- National Prion Clinic, UCLH NHS Trust, London, UK
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Marder KS, Tang MX, Mejia-Santana H, Rosado L, Louis ED, Comella CL, Colcher A, Siderowf AD, Jennings D, Nance MA, Bressman S, Scott WK, Tanner CM, Mickel SF, Andrews HF, Waters C, Fahn S, Ross BM, Cote LJ, Frucht S, Ford B, Alcalay RN, Rezak M, Novak K, Friedman JH, Pfeiffer RF, Marsh L, Hiner B, Neils GD, Verbitsky M, Kisselev S, Caccappolo E, Ottman R, Clark LN. Predictors of parkin mutations in early-onset Parkinson disease: the consortium on risk for early-onset Parkinson disease study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:731-8. [PMID: 20558392 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the parkin gene are the most common genetic cause of early-onset Parkinson disease (PD). Results from a multicenter study of patients with PD systematically sampled by age at onset have not been reported to date. OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors associated with carrying parkin mutations. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING Thirteen movement disorders centers. PARTICIPANTS A total of 956 patients with early-onset PD, defined as age at onset younger than 51 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presence of heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous parkin mutations. RESULTS Using a previously validated interview, 14.7% of patients reported a family history of PD in a first-degree relative. Sixty-four patients (6.7%) had parkin mutations (3.9% heterozygous, 0.6% homozygous, and 2.2% compound heterozygous). Copy number variation was present in 52.3% of mutation carriers (31.6% of heterozygous, 83.3% of homozygous, and 81.0% of compound heterozygous). Deletions in exons 3 and 4 and 255delA were common among Hispanics (specifically Puerto Ricans). Younger age at onset (<40 years) (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8-8.8; P = .001), Hispanic race/ethnicity (OR compared with white non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.7; P = .009), and family history of PD in a first-degree relative (OR compared with noncarriers, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5-5.3; P = .002) were associated with carrying any parkin mutation (heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous). Hispanic race/ethnicity was associated with carrying a heterozygous mutation (OR compared with white non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.2; P = .03) after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Age at onset, Hispanic race/ethnicity, and family history of PD are associated with carrying any parkin mutation (heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous) and heterozygous mutations alone. The increased odds of carrying a parkin mutation among Hispanics warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Marder
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, Unit 16, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Nuytemans K, Theuns J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: a mutation update. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:763-80. [PMID: 20506312 PMCID: PMC3056147 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, molecular genetic analyses have identified over 500 distinct DNA variants in five disease genes associated with familial Parkinson disease; alpha-synuclein (SNCA), parkin (PARK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). These genetic variants include approximately 82% simple mutations and approximately 18% copy number variations. Some mutation subtypes are likely underestimated because only few studies reported extensive mutation analyses of all five genes, by both exonic sequencing and dosage analyses. Here we present an update of all mutations published to date in the literature, systematically organized in a novel mutation database (http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/PDmutDB). In addition, we address the biological relevance of putative pathogenic mutations. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive genetic screening of Parkinson patients followed by an insightful study of the functional relevance of observed genetic variants. Moreover, while capturing existing data from the literature it became apparent that several of the five Parkinson genes were also contributing to the genetic etiology of other Lewy Body Diseases and Parkinson-plus syndromes, indicating that mutation screening is recommendable in these patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nuytemans
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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