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West G, Sedighi S, Agnetti G, Taimen P. Intermediate filaments in the heart: The dynamic duo of desmin and lamins orchestrates mechanical force transmission. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102280. [PMID: 37972529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton supports cellular structural integrity, particularly in response to mechanical stress. The most abundant IF proteins in mature cardiomyocytes are desmin and lamins. The desmin network tethers the contractile apparatus and organelles to the nuclear envelope and the sarcolemma, while lamins, as components of the nuclear lamina, provide structural stability to the nucleus and the genome. Mutations in desmin or A-type lamins typically result in cardiomyopathies and recent studies emphasized the synergistic roles of desmin and lamins in the maintenance of nuclear integrity in cardiac myocytes. Here we explore the emerging roles of the interdependent relationship between desmin and lamins in providing resilience to nuclear structure while transducing extracellular mechanical cues into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun West
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sogol Sedighi
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Giulio Agnetti
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA; DIBINEM - University of Bologna, 40123, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Gruber L, Jobst M, Kiss E, Karasová M, Englinger B, Berger W, Del Favero G. Intracellular remodeling associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress modifies biomechanical compliance of bladder cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:307. [PMID: 37904178 PMCID: PMC10614373 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cells face a challenging biophysical environment: mechanical cues originating from urine flow and regular contraction to enable the filling voiding of the organ. To ensure functional adaption, bladder cells rely on high biomechanical compliance, nevertheless aging or chronic pathological conditions can modify this plasticity. Obviously the cytoskeletal network plays an essential role, however the contribution of other, closely entangled, intracellular organelles is currently underappreciated. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lies at a crucial crossroads, connected to both nucleus and cytoskeleton. Yet, its role in the maintenance of cell mechanical stability is less investigated. To start exploring these aspects, T24 bladder cancer cells were treated with the ER stress inducers brefeldin A (10-40nM BFA, 24 h) and thapsigargin (0.1-100nM TG, 24 h). Without impairment of cell motility and viability, BFA and TG triggered a significant subcellular redistribution of the ER; this was associated with a rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. Additional inhibition of actin polymerization with cytochalasin D (100nM CytD) contributed to the spread of the ER toward cell periphery, and was accompanied by an increase of cellular stiffness (Young´s modulus) in the cytoplasmic compartment. Shrinking of the ER toward the nucleus (100nM TG, 2 h) was related to an increased stiffness in the nuclear and perinuclear areas. A similar short-term response profile was observed also in normal human primary bladder fibroblasts. In sum, the ER and its subcellular rearrangement seem to contribute to the mechanical properties of bladder cells opening new perspectives in the study of the related stress signaling cascades. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Gruber
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Maximilian Jobst
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währinger Str. 42, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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Thiene G, Basso C, Pilichou K, Bueno Marinas M. Desmosomal Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: The Story Telling of a Genetically Determined Heart Muscle Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2018. [PMID: 37509658 PMCID: PMC10377062 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) as a genetically determined desmosomal disease started since the original discovery by Lancisi in a four-generation family, published in 1728. Contemporary history at the University of Padua started with Dalla Volta, who haemodynamically investigated patients with "auricularization" of the right ventricle, and with Nava, who confirmed familiarity. The contemporary knowledge advances consisted of (a) AC as a heart muscle disease with peculiar electrical instability of the right ventricle; (b) the finding of pathological substrates, in keeping with a myocardial dystrophy; (c) the inclusion of AC in the cardiomyopathies classification; (d) AC as the main cause of sudden death in athletes; (e) the discovery of the culprit genes coding proteins of the intercalated disc (desmosome); (f) progression in clinical diagnosis with specific ECG abnormalities, angiocardiography, endomyocardial biopsy, 2D echocardiography, electron anatomic mapping and cardiac magnetic resonance; (g) the discovery of left ventricular AC; (h) prevention of SCD with the invention and application of the lifesaving implantable cardioverter defibrillator and external defibrillator scattered in public places and playgrounds as well as the ineligibility for competitive sport activity for AC patients; (i) genetic screening of the proband family to unmask asymptomatic carriers. Nondesmosomal ACs, with a phenotype overlapping desmosomal AC, are also treated, including genetics: Transmembrane protein 43, SCN5A, Desmin, Phospholamban, Lamin A/C, Filamin C, Cadherin 2, Tight junction protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Medical School, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Medical School, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Kalliopi Pilichou
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Medical School, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Bueno Marinas
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Medical School, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Cesar S, Campuzano O, Cruzalegui J, Fiol V, Moll I, Martínez-Barrios E, Zschaeck I, Natera-de Benito D, Ortez C, Carrera L, Expósito J, Berrueco R, Bautista-Rodriguez C, Dabaj I, Gómez García-de-la-Banda M, Quijano-Roy S, Brugada J, Nascimento A, Sarquella-Brugada G. Characterization of cardiac involvement in children with LMNA-related muscular dystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1142937. [PMID: 36968203 PMCID: PMC10036759 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1142937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: LMNA-related muscular dystrophy is a rare entity that produce "laminopathies" such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B), and LMNA-related congenital muscular dystrophy (L-CMD). Heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, and sudden death may occur. No consensus exists on cardiovascular management in pediatric laminopathies. The aim was to perform an exhaustive cardiologic follow-up in pediatric patients diagnosed with LMNA-related muscular dystrophy. Methods: Baseline cardiac work-up consisted of clinical assessment, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, 12-lead electrocardiogram, electrophysiological study, and implantation of a long-term implantable cardiac loop recorder (ILR). Results: We enrolled twenty-eight pediatric patients diagnosed with EDMD (13 patients), L-CMD (11 patients), LGMD1B (2 patients), and LMNA-related mild weakness (2 patients). Follow-up showed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in six patients and malignant arrhythmias in five (four concomitant with DCM) detected by the ILR that required implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. Malignant arrhythmias were detected in 20% of our cohort and early-onset EDMD showed worse cardiac prognosis. Discussion: Patients diagnosed with early-onset EDMD are at higher risk of DCM, while potentially life-threatening arrhythmias without DCM appear earlier in L-CMD patients. Early onset neurologic symptoms could be related with worse cardiac prognosis. Specific clinical guidelines for children are needed to prevent sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cesar
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Cruzalegui
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victori Fiol
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Isaac Moll
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Estefania Martínez-Barrios
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irene Zschaeck
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Neurociències, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Neurociències, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Neurociències, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Carrera
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Neurociències, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jessica Expósito
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Neurociències, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rubén Berrueco
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Bautista-Rodriguez
- Paediatric Cardiology Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Dabaj
- Neuromuscular Unit, Pediatric Neurology and ICU Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (UVSQ), AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Marta Gómez García-de-la-Banda
- Neuromuscular Unit, Pediatric Neurology and ICU Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (UVSQ), AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Susana Quijano-Roy
- Neuromuscular Unit, Pediatric Neurology and ICU Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (UVSQ), AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Josep Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Neurociències, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Biomédica de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Georgia Sarquella-Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies Pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Altered Expression of TMEM43 Causes Abnormal Cardiac Structure and Function in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179530. [PMID: 36076925 PMCID: PMC9455580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart muscle disease caused by heterozygous missense mutations within the gene encoding for the nuclear envelope protein transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43). The disease is characterized by myocyte loss and fibro-fatty replacement, leading to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, the role of TMEM43 in the pathogenesis of ACM remains poorly understood. In this study, we generated cardiomyocyte-restricted transgenic zebrafish lines that overexpress eGFP-linked full-length human wild-type (WT) TMEM43 and two genetic variants (c.1073C>T, p.S358L; c.332C>T, p.P111L) using the Tol2-system. Overexpression of WT and p.P111L-mutant TMEM43 was associated with transcriptional activation of the mTOR pathway and ribosome biogenesis, and resulted in enlarged hearts with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Intriguingly, mutant p.S358L TMEM43 was found to be unstable and partially redistributed into the cytoplasm in embryonic and adult hearts. Moreover, both TMEM43 variants displayed cardiac morphological defects at juvenile stages and ultrastructural changes within the myocardium, accompanied by dysregulated gene expression profiles in adulthood. Finally, CRISPR/Cas9 mutants demonstrated an age-dependent cardiac phenotype characterized by heart enlargement in adulthood. In conclusion, our findings suggest ultrastructural remodeling and transcriptomic alterations underlying the development of structural and functional cardiac defects in TMEM43-associated cardiomyopathy.
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Ding J, Chen Y, Zhao YJ, Chen F, Dong L, Zhang HL, Hu WR, Li SF, Zhou RP, Hu W. Acid-sensitive ion channel 1a mediates osteoarthritis chondrocyte senescence by promoting Lamin B1 degradation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115107. [PMID: 35643339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating chronic joint disease, which is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and the aging of chondrocytes. Acid-sensitive ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is a proton-activated cationic channel abundant in chondrocytes, which senses and regulates joint cavity pH. Our previous study demonstrated that ASIC1a was involved in acid-induced rat articular chondrocyte senescence, but the mechanistic basis remained unclear. In this study, we explored the mechanism of ASIC1a in chondrocyte senescence and OA. The results showed that senescence-related-β-galactosidase, senescence-related markers (p53 and p21) and the autophagy-related protein Beclin-1 were found to be increased, but Lamin B1 was found to be reduced with acid (pH 6.0) treatment. These effects were inhibited by ASIC1a-specific blocker psalmotoxin-1 or ASIC1a-short hairpin RNA respectively in chondrocytes. Moreover, Silencing of Lamin B1 enhanced ASIC1a-mediated chondrocyte senescence, this effect was reversed by overexpression of Lamin B1, indicating that Lamin B1 was involved in ASIC1a-mediated chondrocyte senescence. Further, blockade of ASIC1a inhibits acid-induced autophagosomes and Beclin-1 protein expression, suggesting that ASIC1a is involved in acid-induced chondrocyte autophagy. Blocking autophagy with chloroquine inhibited Beclin-1 and increased Lamin B1 in acid-induced chondrocyte senescence. We further demonstrated that ASIC1a-mediated reduction of Lamin B1 expression was caused by autophagy pathway-dependent protein degradation. Finally, blocking ASIC1a protected cartilage tissue, restored Lamin B1 levels and inhibited chondrocyte senescence in a rat OA model. In summary, these findings suggest that ASIC1a may promote Lamin B1 degradation to mediate osteoarthritis chondrocyte senescence through the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei-Rong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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Vermeire PJ, Stalmans G, Lilina AV, Fiala J, Novak P, Herrmann H, Strelkov SV. Molecular Interactions Driving Intermediate Filament Assembly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092457. [PMID: 34572105 PMCID: PMC8466517 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the role of intermediate filaments (IFs) in normal cell physiology and scores of IF-linked diseases, the importance of understanding their molecular structure is beyond doubt. Research into the IF structure was initiated more than 30 years ago, and some important advances have been made. Using crystallography and other methods, the central coiled-coil domain of the elementary dimer and also the structural basis of the soluble tetramer formation have been studied to atomic precision. However, the molecular interactions driving later stages of the filament assembly are still not fully understood. For cytoplasmic IFs, much of the currently available insight is due to chemical cross-linking experiments that date back to the 1990s. This technique has since been radically improved, and several groups have utilized it recently to obtain data on lamin filament assembly. Here, we will summarize these findings and reflect on the remaining open questions and challenges of IF structure. We argue that, in addition to X-ray crystallography, chemical cross-linking and cryoelectron microscopy are the techniques that should enable major new advances in the field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Vermeire
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Giel Stalmans
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Anastasia V. Lilina
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Jan Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novak
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Sergei V. Strelkov
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (P.-J.V.); (G.S.); (A.V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1633-0845
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Gerull B, Brodehl A. Insights Into Genetics and Pathophysiology of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2021; 18:378-390. [PMID: 34478111 PMCID: PMC8616880 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-021-00532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic disease characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in apparently healthy young adults. Mutations in genes encoding for cellular junctions can be found in about half of the patients. However, disease onset and severity, risk of arrhythmias, and outcome are highly variable and drug-targeted treatment is currently unavailable. Recent Findings This review focuses on advances in clinical risk stratification, genetic etiology, and pathophysiological concepts. The desmosome is the central part of the disease, but other intercalated disc and associated structural proteins not only broaden the genetic spectrum but also provide novel molecular and cellular insights into the pathogenesis of ACM. Signaling pathways and the role of inflammation will be discussed and targets for novel therapeutic approaches outlined. Summary Genetic discoveries and experimental-driven preclinical research contributed significantly to the understanding of ACM towards mutation- and pathway-specific personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Gerull
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), Department of Medicine I, University Clinic Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Brodehl
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Khudiakov A, Zaytseva A, Perepelina K, Smolina N, Pervunina T, Vasichkina E, Karpushev A, Tomilin A, Malashicheva A, Kostareva A. Sodium current abnormalities and deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes generated from patient with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy harboring compound genetic variants in plakophilin 2 gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165915. [PMID: 32768677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in desmosomal genes linked to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy are commonly associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling abnormalities and reduction of the sodium current density. Inhibitors of GSK3B were reported to restore sodium current and improve heart function in various arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy models, but mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. We hypothesized that there is a crosstalk between desmosomal proteins, signaling pathways, and cardiac sodium channels. METHODS AND RESULTS To reveal molecular mechanisms of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, we established human iPSC-based model of this pathology. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from patient carrying two genetic variants in PKP2 gene demonstrated that PKP2 haploinsufficiency due to frameshift variant, in combination with the missense variant expressed from the second allele, was associated with decreased Wnt/β-catenin activity and reduced sodium current. Different approaches were tested to restore impaired cardiomyocytes functions, including wild type PKP2 transduction, GSK3B inhibition and Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulation. Inhibition of GSK3B led to the restoration of both Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity and sodium current density in patient-specific cardiomyocytes while GSK3B activation led to the reduction of sodium current density. Moreover, we found that upon inhibition GSK3B sodium current was restored through Wnt/β-catenin-independent mechanism. CONCLUSION We propose that alterations in GSK3B-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways lead to regulation of sodium current implying its role in molecular pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Zaytseva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya Perepelina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Smolina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elena Vasichkina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Karpushev
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Lessel I, Chen MJ, Lüttgen S, Arndt F, Fuchs S, Meien S, Thiele H, Jones JR, Shaw BR, Crossman DK, Nürnberg P, Korf BR, Kubisch C, Lessel D. Two novel cases further expand the phenotype of TOR1AIP1-associated nuclear envelopathies. Hum Genet 2020; 139:483-498. [PMID: 32055997 PMCID: PMC7078146 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic variants in TOR1AIP1, encoding the integral nuclear membrane protein LAP1 (lamina-associated polypeptide 1) with two functional isoforms LAP1B and LAP1C, have initially been linked to muscular dystrophies with variable cardiac and neurological impairment. Furthermore, a recurrent homozygous nonsense alteration, resulting in loss of both LAP1 isoforms, was identified in seven likely related individuals affected by multisystem anomalies with progeroid-like appearance and lethality within the 1st decade of life. Here, we have identified compound heterozygosity in TOR1AIP1 affecting both LAP1 isoforms in two unrelated individuals affected by congenital bilateral hearing loss, ventricular septal defect, bilateral cataracts, mild to moderate developmental delay, microcephaly, mandibular hypoplasia, short stature, progressive muscular atrophy, joint contractures and severe chronic heart failure, with much longer survival. Cellular characterization of primary fibroblasts of one affected individual revealed absence of both LAP1B and LAP1C, constitutively low lamin A/C levels, aberrant nuclear morphology including nuclear cytoplasmic channels, and premature senescence, comparable to findings in other progeroid forms of nuclear envelopathies. We additionally observed an abnormal activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Ectopic expression of wild-type TOR1AIP1 mitigated these cellular phenotypes, providing further evidence for the causal role of identified genetic variants. Altogether, we thus further expand the TOR1AIP1-associated phenotype by identifying individuals with biallelic loss-of-function variants who survived beyond the 1st decade of life and reveal novel molecular consequences underlying the TOR1AIP1-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mei-Jan Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 36394, USA
| | - Sabine Lüttgen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Arndt
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meien
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julie R Jones
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Brandon R Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 36394, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 36394, USA
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 36394, USA
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
The nuclear lamina is a critical structural domain for the maintenance of genomic stability and whole-cell mechanics. Mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes nuclear A-type lamins lead to the disruption of these key cellular functions, resulting in a number of devastating diseases known as laminopathies. Cardiomyopathy is a common laminopathy and is highly penetrant with poor prognosis. To date, cell mechanical instability and dysregulation of gene expression have been proposed as the main mechanisms driving cardiac dysfunction, and indeed discoveries in these areas have provided some promising leads in terms of therapeutics. However, important questions remain unanswered regarding the role of lamin A dysfunction in the heart, including a potential role for the toxicity of lamin A precursors in LMNA cardiomyopathy, which has yet to be rigorously investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brayson
- a King's College London, The James Black Centre , London , United Kingdom
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12
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The effect of the lamin A and its mutants on nuclear structure, cell proliferation, protein stability, and mobility in embryonic cells. Chromosoma 2016; 126:501-517. [PMID: 27534416 PMCID: PMC5509783 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
LMNA gene encodes for nuclear intermediate filament proteins lamin A/C. Mutations in this gene lead to a spectrum of genetic disorders, collectively referred to as laminopathies. Lamin A/C are widely expressed in most differentiated somatic cells but not in early embryos and some undifferentiated cells. To investigate the role of lamin A/C in cell phenotype maintenance and differentiation, which could be a determinant of the pathogenesis of laminopathies, we examined the role played by exogenous lamin A and its mutants in differentiated cell lines (HeLa, NHDF) and less-differentiated HEK 293 cells. We introduced exogenous wild-type and mutated (H222P, L263P, E358K D446V, and ∆50) lamin A into different cell types and analyzed proteins’ impact on proliferation, protein mobility, and endogenous nuclear envelope protein distribution. The mutants give rise to a broad spectrum of nuclear phenotypes and relocate lamin C. The mutations ∆50 and D446V enhance proliferation in comparison to wild-type lamin A and control cells, but no changes in exogenous protein mobility measured by FRAP were observed. Interestingly, although transcripts for lamins A and C are at similar level in HEK 293 cells, only lamin C protein is detected in western blots. Also, exogenous lamin A and its mutants, when expressed in HEK 293 cells underwent posttranscriptional processing. Overall, our results provide new insight into the maintenance of lamin A in less-differentiated cells. Embryonic cells are very sensitive to lamin A imbalance, and its upregulation disturbs lamin C, which may influence gene expression and many regulatory pathways.
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13
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West G, Gullmets J, Virtanen L, Li SP, Keinänen A, Shimi T, Mauermann M, Heliö T, Kaartinen M, Ollila L, Kuusisto J, Eriksson JE, Goldman RD, Herrmann H, Taimen P. Deleterious assembly of the lamin A/C mutant p.S143P causes ER stress in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2732-43. [PMID: 27235420 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the LMNA gene, encoding nuclear lamin A and lamin C (hereafter lamin A/C), is a common cause of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Among Finnish DCM patients, the founder mutation c.427T>C (p.S143P) is the most frequently reported genetic variant. Here, we show that p.S143P lamin A/C is more nucleoplasmic and soluble than wild-type lamin A/C and accumulates into large intranuclear aggregates in a fraction of cultured patient fibroblasts as well as in cells ectopically expressing either FLAG- or GFP-tagged p.S143P lamin A. In fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) experiments, non-aggregated EGFP-tagged p.S143P lamin A was significantly more dynamic. In in vitro association studies, p.S143P lamin A failed to form appropriate filament structures but instead assembled into disorganized aggregates similar to those observed in patient cell nuclei. A whole-genome expression analysis revealed an elevated unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells expressing p.S143P lamin A/C. Additional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by tunicamycin reduced the viability of cells expressing mutant lamin further. In summary, p.S143P lamin A/C affects normal lamina structure and influences the cellular stress response, homeostasis and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun West
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland MediCity Research Laboratory, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Josef Gullmets
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland MediCity Research Laboratory, 20520 Turku, Finland Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Virtanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland MediCity Research Laboratory, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Song-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland MediCity Research Laboratory, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Keinänen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland MediCity Research Laboratory, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Takeshi Shimi
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Monika Mauermann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tiina Heliö
- Heart and Lung Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Kaartinen
- Heart and Lung Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Ollila
- Heart and Lung Center Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland MediCity Research Laboratory, 20520 Turku, Finland
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14
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Damiano JA, Afawi Z, Bahlo M, Mauermann M, Misk A, Arsov T, Oliver KL, Dahl HHM, Shearer AE, Smith RJH, Hall NE, Mahmood K, Leventer RJ, Scheffer IE, Muona M, Lehesjoki AE, Korczyn AD, Herrmann H, Berkovic SF, Hildebrand MS. Mutation of the nuclear lamin gene LMNB2 in progressive myoclonus epilepsy with early ataxia. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4483-90. [PMID: 25954030 PMCID: PMC6281347 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied a consanguineous Palestinian Arab family segregating an autosomal recessive progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) with early ataxia. PME is a rare, often fatal syndrome, initially responsive to antiepileptic drugs which over time becomes refractory and can be associated with cognitive decline. Linkage analysis was performed and the disease locus narrowed to chromosome 19p13.3. Fourteen candidate genes were screened by conventional Sanger sequencing and in one, LMNB2, a novel homozygous missense mutation was identified that segregated with the PME in the family. Whole exome sequencing excluded other likely pathogenic coding variants in the linked interval. The p.His157Tyr mutation is located in an evolutionarily highly conserved region of the alpha-helical rod of the lamin B2 protein. In vitro assembly analysis of mutant lamin B2 protein revealed a distinct defect in the assembly of the highly ordered fibrous arrays typically formed by wild-type lamin B2. Our data suggests that disruption of the organisation of the nuclear lamina in neurons, perhaps through abnormal neuronal migration, causes the epilepsy and early ataxia syndrome and extends the aetiology of PMEs to include dysfunction in nuclear lamin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Damiano
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zaid Afawi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monika Mauermann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adel Misk
- Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Todor Arsov
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen L Oliver
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hans-Henrik M Dahl
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Eliot Shearer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nathan E Hall
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, VLSCI, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, VLSCI, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mikko Muona
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Centre and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Folkhålsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Centre and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Folkhålsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
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