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Association of tumor-associated fibroblasts with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:593. [PMID: 23794251 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between tumor and stromal cells plays an important role in cancer progression. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of tumor-associated fibroblasts on regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Sixty-five cases of HCC and the corresponding normal liver tissues were recruited for immunohistochemical assessment of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, a biomarker for activated fibroblasts. Clinicopathological data were also collected from HCC patients for association with α-SMA expression. Primary cell culture of fibroblasts from HCC tissues was used to generate conditioned medium for testing the effect on regulation of HCC cell migration capacity in the transwell cell migration assay. α-SMA protein was expressed in 84.0 % (21 out 25 cases) of the fibroblasts from the metastatic HCCs, 45 % (18/40) from HCCs without metastasis, and 19.2 % (5/26) from normal liver tissues, difference of which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The expression of α-SMA protein in HCC tissues was associated with tumor thrombosis, poor pathology grade, advanced clinical stages, and lymph node metastasis. The conditioned medium from the primary cultured fibroblasts with α-SMA expression significantly promoted the migration capacity of HCC Hep3B cells compared to the heat-inactivated conditioned medium. The data from the current study demonstrated that expression of α-SMA protein in HCC fibroblasts associated with tumor metastasis and advanced clinical stages and that the conditioned medium from α-SMA-positive fibroblasts enhanced HCC cell migration. This study indicates that α-SMA protein might serve as a biomarker to predict HCC progression.
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Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes the proliferation of a lingual carcinoma cell line by secreting keratinocyte growth factor. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:597-602. [PMID: 21340484 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been confirmed to play an important role in the occurrence and development of many kinds of tumors. Regarding proliferation as one manifestation of malignance, the objective was to observe the effects of oral CAFs on the proliferation of oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCC) and to explore the role of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in this process. The results showed that oral CAFs secreted a higher level of KGF than oral normal fibroblasts (NFs), and the conditioned medium of CAFs could increase the viability of carcinoma cells and promote more of them into G2 and S phase. However, after blocking with KGF antibody, the viability and cell cycle of Tca8113 cultured with CAFs conditioned medium changed to be similar with NFs control groups. It was concluded that CAFs could promote the proliferation of OSCC through secreting high levels of KGF. These findings support the use of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts as a novel target in anticancer therapy.
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Lichen planopilaris and pseudopelade of Brocq involve distinct disease associated gene expression patterns by microarray. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 57:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Motrescu ER, Rio MC. Cancer cells, adipocytes and matrix metalloproteinase 11: a vicious tumor progression cycle. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1037-41. [PMID: 18979628 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This brief review focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP-11) in cancer progression. It has recently been shown that MMP-11 is induced in adipose tissue by cancer cells as they invade their surrounding environment. MMP-11 negatively regulates adipogenesis by reducing pre-adipocyte differentiation and reversing mature adipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte dedifferentiation in turn leads to the accumulation of nonmalignant peritumoral fibroblast-like cells, which favor cancer cell survival and tumor progression. This MMP-11-mediated bi-directional cross-talk between invading cancer cells and adjacent adipocytes/pre-adipocytes highlights the central role that MMP-11 plays during tumor desmoplasia and represents a molecular link between obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Roza Motrescu
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U596, ULP, C.U. de Strasbourg, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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Cancer cells, adipocytes and matrix metalloproteinase 11: a vicious tumor progression cycle. Biol Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.110_bchm.just-accepted] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kasper G, Reule M, Tschirschmann M, Dankert N, Stout-Weider K, Lauster R, Schrock E, Mennerich D, Duda GN, Lehmann KE. Stromelysin-3 over-expression enhances tumourigenesis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines: involvement of the IGF-1 signalling pathway. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:12. [PMID: 17233884 PMCID: PMC1783860 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromelysin-3 (ST-3) is over-expressed in the majority of human carcinomas including breast carcinoma. Due to its known effect in promoting tumour formation, but its impeding effect on metastasis, a dual role of ST-3 in tumour progression, depending on the cellular grade of dedifferentiation, was hypothesized. METHODS The present study was designed to investigate the influence of ST-3 in vivo and in vitro on the oestrogen-dependent, non-invasive MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as on the oestrogen-independent, invasive MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line. Therefore an orthotopic human xenograft tumour model in nude mice, as well as a 3D matrigel cell culture system, were employed. RESULTS Using both in vitro and in vivo techniques, we have demonstrated that over-expression of ST-3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells leads to both increased cell numbers and tumour volumes. This observation was dependent upon the presence of growth factors. In particular, the enhanced proliferative capacity was in MCF-7/ST-3 completely and in MDA-MB-231/ST-3 cells partially dependent on the IGF-1 signalling pathway. Microarray analysis of ST-3 over-expressing cells revealed that in addition to cell proliferation, further biological processes seemed to be affected, such as cell motility and stress response. The MAPK-pathway as well as the Wnt and PI3-kinase pathways, appear to also play a potential role. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that breast cancer cell lines of different differentiation status, as well as the non-tumourigenic cell line MCF-10A, have a comparable capability to induce endogenous ST-3 expression in fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These data reveal that ST-3 is capable of enhancing tumourigenesis in highly differentiated "early stage" breast cancer cell lines as well as in further progressed breast cancer cell lines that have already undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We propose that ST-3 induction in tumour fibroblasts leads to the stimulation of the IGF-1R pathway in carcinoma cells, thus enhancing their proliferative capacity. In addition, further different cellular processes seem to be activated by ST-3, possibly accounting for the dual role of ST-3 in tumour progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Kasper
- Musculoskeletal Research Center Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Niels Dankert
- Musculoskeletal Research Center Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Stout-Weider
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Evelin Schrock
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Georg N Duda
- Musculoskeletal Research Center Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin E Lehmann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cutroneo KR, White SL, Chiu JF, Ehrlich HP. Tissue fibrosis and carcinogenesis: divergent or successive pathways dictate multiple molecular therapeutic targets for oligo decoy therapies. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:1161-74. [PMID: 16408276 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of several families of macromolecular components: fibrous proteins such as collagens, type I collagen (COL1), type III collagen (COL3), fibronectin, elastin, and glycoconjugates such as proteoglycans and matrix glycoproteins. Their receptors on the cell membrane, most of which in the case of the ECM belong to the integrins, which are heterodimeric proteins composed of alpha and beta chains. COL1 is the major fibrous collagen of bone, tendon, and skin; while COL3 is the more pliable collagen of organs like liver. Focus will not only be given to the regulation of synthesis of several fibrogenic parameters but also modulation of their degradation during growth factor-induced tissue fibrosis and cancer development. Evidence will be provided that certain tissues, which undergo fibrosis, also become cancerous. Why does there exist a divergency between tissues, which undergo frank fibrosis as an endpoint, and those tissues that undergo fibrosis and subsequently are susceptible to carcinogenicity; resulting from the etiological factor(s) causing the initial injury? For example, why does a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge implant become encapsulated and filled with fibrous tissue then fibrosis tissue growth stops? Why does the subcutaneous injection of a fibrogenic growth factor cause a benign growth and incisional wounding results in fibrosis and ultimately scarring? There are many examples of tissues, which undergo fibrosis as a prerequisite to carcinogenesis. Is there a cause-effect relationship? If you block tissue fibrosis in these precancerous tissues, would you block cancer formation? What are the molecular targets for blocking fibrosis and ultimately carcinogenesis? How can oligo decoys may be used to attenuate carcinogenesis and which oligo decoys specifically attenuate fibrogenesis as a prelude to carcinogenesis? What are other molecular targets for oligo decoy therapy in carcinogenesis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Cutroneo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Liu Y, Hu T, Shen J, Li SF, Lin JW, Zheng XH, Gao QH, Zhou HM. Separation, cultivation and biological characteristics of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Oral Dis 2006; 12:375-80. [PMID: 16792722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been suggested to regulate the initiation and progression of many types of solid tumors. The aim of the study was to separate, cultivate, identify oral CAFs, and to investigate their biological characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) of the tongue were obtained by tissue culture. Then cells were dissociated by 0.25% trypsin and purified by curettage method combining with trypsinization. The cells were verified according to morphological observation and immunohistochemical staining of certain proteins. Multiple proliferation indexes and karyotype of the cells were assayed. RESULTS Third passage purified oral CAFs and NFs were attained successfully. The morphological characteristics of the CAFs changed significantly comparing to the NFs. The CAFs showed positive staining for vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and matrix metalloproteinases-2. The proliferation and mitosis ability of the CAFs were significantly increased compared with the NFs (P < 0.05). No karyotypic abnormalities were found in the CAFs. CONCLUSIONS There were obvious differences in the biological characteristics between oral CAFs and NFs. The results may provide us an experimental foundation for further studies on the roles of CAFs in the initiation and progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Andarawewa KL, Motrescu ER, Chenard MP, Gansmuller A, Stoll I, Tomasetto C, Rio MC. Stromelysin-3 is a potent negative regulator of adipogenesis participating to cancer cell-adipocyte interaction/crosstalk at the tumor invasive front. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10862-71. [PMID: 16322233 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The initial invasive processes during cancer development remain largely unknown. Stromelysin-3/matrix metalloproteinase 11 (ST3/MMP11) is associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis. We present novel evidence that adipocytes present at human breast tumor invasive front are induced by cancer cells to express ST3. Using mouse syngeneic model, light and electron microscopy showed that in ST3-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice, forced cancer cell-adipocyte interaction/crosstalk results in adipocyte membrane alteration, allowing cancer cell fat infiltration and death. Thus, adipocytes are involved in initial cancer cell survival into connective tissue, and this effect is ST3 mediated. This suggested that ST3 might play a role in adipocyte metabolism. Accordingly, ST3-deficient mice exhibited fat excess and increased mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) adipogenic markers, indicating that, in vivo, ST3 negatively regulates fat homeostasis. Moreover, ST3-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibited a dramatic enhanced potential to differentiate into adipocytes associated with increased PPARgamma and aP2 expression, and recombinant ST3 treatment reverted their differentiation. Thus, in vitro, ST3 reduces adipocyte differentiation in an autocrine manner. High fibroblasts/adipocytes ratio is a stroma feature, and peritumoral fibroblast origin remains debated. Our results support the concept that invading cancer cells aberrantly restore the negative ST3 function on adipogenesis into proximal adipocytes/preadipocytes, leading to the accumulation/maintenance of a particular peritumoral fibroblast subpopulation. Accordingly, in human breast tumors, we observed that ST3-expressing peritumoral fibroblasts are distinct from alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts. This constitutes the first report of implication of a MMP in cancer cell-adipocyte interaction/crosstalk during early steps of connective tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari L Andarawewa
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/U596 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch Cedex, Strasbourg, France
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Rio MC. From a unique cell to metastasis is a long way to go: clues to stromelysin-3 participation. Biochimie 2005; 87:299-306. [PMID: 15781316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stromelysin-3 (ST3) overexpression is associated with poor patient clinical outcome in numerous carcinomas. The ST3 is expressed by peritumoral fibroblast-like cells. Review of the literature shows that ST3 is an active partner of cancer cells along the whole natural cancer history, and is essential for optimal tumor development as it reduces death of cancer cells invading adjacent connective tissues at the primary tumor site. Paradoxically, ST3 lowers metastasis development in vivo in mice. However, this beneficial effect does not counterbalance the deleterious anti-apoptotic function of ST3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rio
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/Inserm U184/ULP BP 163, 67404 Illkirch cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France.
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Lottin S, Adriaenssens E, Berteaux N, Leprêtre A, Vilain MO, Denhez E, Coll J, Dugimont T, Curgy JJ. The human H19 gene is frequently overexpressed in myometrium and stroma during pathological endometrial proliferative events. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:168-77. [PMID: 15618002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the patterns of H19 expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human uterine tissues. H19 RNAs were detected by an in situ hybridisation technique (ISH). In both normal and pathological conditions, H19 was expressed in stromal and myometrial cells, but never in epithelial cells. 34/48 carcinomas overexpressed H19 compared with the expression in normal tissues. This high expression was frequently observed in the vicinity of malignant epithelial cells. This suggests that the level of H19 RNA synthesis could be the result of epithelium/stroma interactions. We also demonstrated that several cancerous or immortalised breast epithelial cells release factors into the culture medium, which in turn stimulate H19 expression in stromal cells. The level of H19 expression, estimated by ISH, was not significantly correlated with histological type when all types were considered together (P = 0.108), but was highly correlated to one type of cancer, i.e. carcinomas with an epidermoid component (P = 0.0015). The level of H19 expression was also strongly correlated with tumour invasion of the reproductive organs (P = 0.006) and significantly correlated with neoplastic cell invasion of the myometrium (P = 0.048). In conclusion, our results indicate that H19 overexpression is correlated with the progression of the disease and we propose that this frequent overexpression of the gene in the myometrium and in stroma is a reaction to pathological cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lottin
- INSERM ERI-8: Signalisation des Facteurs de Croissance dans le Cancer du Sein, Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (UPRES 1033), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Louis K, Guérineau N, Fromigué O, Defamie V, Collazos A, Anglard P, Shipp MA, Auberger P, Joubert D, Mari B. Tumor cell-mediated induction of the stromal factor stromelysin-3 requires heterotypic cell contact-dependent activation of specific protein kinase C isoforms. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1272-83. [PMID: 15509588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405482200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromelysin-3 (ST3, MMP-11) has been shown to be strongly overexpressed in stromal fibroblasts of most invasive human carcinomas. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to ST3 expression in nonmalignant fibroblasts remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling pathways activated in normal pulmonary fibroblasts after their interaction with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and leading to ST3 expression. The use of selective signaling pathway inhibitors showed that conventional and novel protein kinase Cs (PKC) were required for ST3 induction, whereas Src kinases exerted a negative control. We observed by both conventional and real time confocal microscopy that green fluorescent protein-tagged PKCalpha and PKCepsilon, but not PKCdelta, transfected in fibroblasts, accumulate selectively at the cell-cell contacts between fibroblasts and tumor cells. In agreement, RNAi-mediated depletion of PKCalpha and PKCepsilon, but not PKCdelta significantly decreased co-culture-dependent ST3 production. Finally, a tetracycline-inducible expression model allowed us to confirm the central role of these PKC isoforms and the negative regulatory function of c-Src in the control of ST3 expression. Altogether, our data emphasize signaling changes occurring in the tumor microenvironment that may define new stromal targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystel Louis
- INSERM U526, IFR50, Faculté de Médecine Pasteur, 06107 Nice, France
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Lacroix M, Leclercq G. Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: an update. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 83:249-89. [PMID: 14758095 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000014042.54925.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of available breast cancer cell (BCC) lines is small, and only a very few of them have been extensively studied. Whether they are representative of the tumours from which they originated remains a matter of debate. Whether their diversity mirrors the well-known inter-tumoural heterogeneity is another essential question. While numerous similarities have long been found between cell lines and tumours, recent technical advances, including the use of micro-arrays and comparative genetic analysis, have brought new data to the discussion. This paper presents most of the BCC lines that have been described in some detail to date. It evaluates the accuracy of the few of them widely used (MCF-7, T-47D, BT-474, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, Hs578T) as tumour models. It is concluded that BCC lines are likely to reflect, to a large extent, the features of cancer cells in vivo. The importance of oestrogen receptor-alpha (gene ESR1 ) and Her-2/ neu ( ERBB2 ) as classifiers for cell lines and tumours is underlined. The recourse to a larger set of cell lines is suggested since the exact origin of some of the widely used lines remains ambiguous. Investigations on additional specific lines are expected to improve our knowledge of BCC and of the dialogue that these maintain with their surrounding normal cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lacroix
- Laboratoire Jean-Claude Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Fromigué O, Louis K, Wu E, Belhacène N, Loubat A, Shipp M, Auberger P, Mari B. Active stromelysin-3 (MMP-11) increases MCF-7 survival in three-dimensional Matrigel culture via activation of p42/p44 MAP-kinase. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:355-63. [PMID: 12845673 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stromelysin-3 (ST3) has the characteristic structure of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), but its substrate specificity and pattern of expression differ markedly from that of other MMP family members. ST3 was originally isolated on the basis of its expression in primary breast cancers and has been shown to be overexpressed in virtually all primary carcinomas, suggesting that ST3 participates in the initial development of epithelial malignancies. Recent data using murine models reported that ST3 expression was able to increase tumor take by suppressing cell apoptosis. Our present goal was to set up an in vitro model in which we could study this new function. For this purpose, we analyzed survival of MCF-7 transfectants expressing either wild-type or catalytically inactive ST3 (ST3wt or ST3cat-) in three-dimensional (3-D) culture conditions by inclusion in Matrigel. In such conditions, that mimic the in vivo microenvironment, we found a marked decrease in the percentage of cell death when active ST3 was expressed (ST3wt transfectants vs. ST3cat- or vector only transfectants) as assessed by FACS and TUNEL analysis. The addition of batimastat, a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, reversed the increased cell survival in ST3wt transfectants, confirming that ST3 enzymatic activity was required for this effect. Finally, we analyzed the expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins as well as activation of cell survival pathways and we found that ST3-mediated cell survival was accompanied by activation of both p42/p44 MAPK and AKT. Our data confirm and extend the anti-apoptotic function of ST3 and provide a useful model to dissect this new role and identify new physiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Fromigué
- INSERM U526, Equipe labellisée LNC, Faculté de Médecine Pasteur, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
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