1
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Maccio U, Mihic A, Lenggenhager D, Kolm I, Mittmann C, Heikenwälder M, Lorentzen A, Mihic-Probst D. Hypoxia and Ezrin Expression in Primary Melanoma Have High Prognostic Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810745. [PMID: 36142656 PMCID: PMC9502792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia affects tumor aggressiveness and activates pathways associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) which are crucial for tumor progress. In this study, the correlation of hypoxia and EMT with sentinel lymph node status and tumor-specific survival was investigated in primary melanomas. CD34 for capillary count and Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) as hypoxia indicators as well as Ezrin and L1-Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM), both critical proteins contributing to EMT, were analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 49 melanoma patients with long follow-up (F/U, mean 110 months; range 12−263 months). We found a significant correlation between Breslow tumor thickness and Ezrin expression (p = 0.018). L1CAM expression in primary melanoma was significantly associated with HIF-1α expression (p < 0.0001) and sentinel lymph node metastasis (p = 0.011). Furthermore, low capillary count, reflecting hypoxic condition, was significantly associated with Ezrin expression (p = 0.047) and decreased tumor-specific survival (p = 0.035). In addition, patients with high Ezrin expression in their primary melanoma had a dramatic loss of life early in their F/U period (mean survival time 29 months; range 15−44 month). Our results highlight the relevance of Ezrin, L1CAM and HIF-1α as prognostic markers in melanoma patients. Additionally, we demonstrate that hypoxia in primary melanoma affects EMT and is at least partly responsible for early metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Maccio
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alanna Mihic
- Bavarian State Office for Health and Food Safety, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Lenggenhager
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Kolm
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Mittmann
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- German Cancer Research Center, Division Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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2
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Xu J, Li L, Shi P, Cui H, Yang L. The Crucial Roles of Bmi-1 in Cancer: Implications in Pathogenesis, Metastasis, Drug Resistance, and Targeted Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158231. [PMID: 35897796 PMCID: PMC9367737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration region 1 (Bmi-1, also known as RNF51 or PCGF4) is one of the important members of the PcG gene family, and is involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and senescence, and maintaining the self-renewal of stem cells. Many studies in recent years have emphasized the role of Bmi-1 in the occurrence and development of tumors. In fact, Bmi-1 has multiple functions in cancer biology and is closely related to many classical molecules, including Akt, c-MYC, Pten, etc. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of Bmi-1 in multiple pathways, and the interaction of Bmi-1 with noncoding RNAs. In particular, we focus on the pathological processes of Bmi-1 in cancer, and explore the clinical relevance of Bmi-1 in cancer biomarkers and prognosis, as well as its implications for chemoresistance and radioresistance. In conclusion, we summarize the role of Bmi-1 in tumor progression, reveal the pathophysiological process and molecular mechanism of Bmi-1 in tumors, and provide useful information for tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.X.); (L.L.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.X.); (L.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Pengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.X.); (L.L.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.X.); (L.L.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (J.X.); (L.L.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (L.Y.)
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3
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Huang JL, Chen SY, Lin CS. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells through Epigenetic Modulation of Interferon Response. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040556. [PMID: 35455671 PMCID: PMC9027081 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells and are thought to play a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of tumor mass. CSCs exhibit similar hallmarks to normal stem cells, such as self-renewal, differentiation, and homeostasis. In addition, CSCs are equipped with several features so as to evade anticancer mechanisms. Therefore, it is hard to eliminate CSCs by conventional anticancer therapeutics that are effective at clearing bulk cancer cells. Interferons are innate cytokines and are the key players in immune surveillance to respond to invaded pathogens. Interferons are also crucial for adaptive immunity for the killing of specific aliens including cancer cells. However, CSCs usually evolve to escape from interferon-mediated immune surveillance and to shape the niche as a “cold” tumor microenvironment (TME). These CSC characteristics are related to their unique epigenetic regulations that are different from those of normal and bulk cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the roles of epigenetic modifiers, focusing on LSD1, BMI1, G9a, and SETDB1, in contributing to CSC characteristics and discussing the interplay between CSCs and interferon response. We also discuss the emerging strategy for eradicating CSCs by targeting these epigenetic modifiers, which can elevate cytosolic nuclei acids, trigger interferon response, and reshape a “hot” TME for improving cancer immunotherapy. The key epigenetic and immune genes involved in this crosstalk can be used as biomarkers for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Ling Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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4
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Weidle UH, AuslÄnder S, Brinkmann U. Micro RNAs Promoting Growth and Metastasis in Preclinical In Vivo Models of Subcutaneous Melanoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:651-667. [PMID: 33099468 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years a considerable therapeutic progress in melanoma patients with the RAF V600E mutation via RAF/MEK pathway inhibition and immuno-therapeutic modalities has been witnessed. However, the majority of patients relapse after therapy. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the pathways driving oncogenicity and metastasis of melanoma is of paramount importance. In this review, we summarize microRNAs modulating tumor growth, metastasis, or both, in preclinical melanoma-related in vivo models and possible clinical impact in melanoma patients as modalities and targets for treatment of melanoma. We have identified miR-199a (ApoE, DNAJ4), miR-7-5p (RelA), miR-98a (IL6), miR-219-5p (BCL2) and miR-365 (NRP1) as possible targets to be scrutinized in further target validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Simon AuslÄnder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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5
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Guo J, Deng N, Xu Y, Li L, Kuang D, Li M, Li X, Xu Z, Xiang M, Xu C. Bmi1 drives the formation and development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma independent of Ink4A/Arf repression. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105365. [PMID: 33307220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are the most prevalent types of primary liver cancer. Compared with HCC, for which several drugs have been approved, ICC is associated with shorter survival, and no drug has been approved for this type. Previously, we reported that Bmi1 drives HCC and is required for HCC development and growth. However, whether Bmi1 plays a critical role in ICC is not clear, although it reportedly is highly expressed in ICC. Therefore, we investigated its role in ICC. Here, we report that Bmi1 promotes ICC initiation and progression independent of the Ink4A/Arf pathway, a canonical downstream pathway of Bmi1. We found that Bmi1 is overexpressed in human ICC. Co-expression of Bmi1 and NRas induced ICC formation in mice. Knockdown or inactivation of Bmi1 inhibited ICC growth in vitro. Liver-specific knockout or inactivation of Bmi1 remarkably suppressed ICC tumor formation and development in vivo. Mechanistically, no correlation between Bmi1 and Ink4A/Arf levels was found in mouse and human ICC tissues. Together, our data indicate that Bmi1 functions as an oncogene independent of repression of the Ink4A/Arf locus in ICC and that it can serve as a target for ICC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Nan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dong Kuang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022. China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuanrui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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6
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dos Santos HT, de Souza do Nascimento J, Meireles F, Scarini JF, Egal ES, Montalli VA, Fonseca FP, Mariano FV, Altemani A. Evaluation of the expression of Bmi-1 stem cell marker in sinonasal melanomas and its correlation with the expression of cell cycle proteins. SURGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42047-019-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sinonasal melanomas (SNM) are aggressive neoplasms, which present distinct clinicopathological and molecular aspects when compared to cutaneous melanomas (CM). B-cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site-1 (Bmi-1) is a stem cell marker involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and has been found to be expressed in 70% of CM and 100% of benign nevi. Regarding the cell cycle, Bmi-1 is known to be an upstream repressor of p16, which is a tumor suppressor encoded by the INK4a/Arf locus. Considering this, the aim of this study is to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Bmi-1 in a series of SNM and its correlation with the expression of cell cycle proteins (p16 and Ki-67, a nuclear antigen of proliferating cells).
Methods
In 16 cases of SNM, nuclear expression of Bmi-1 and nuclear and cytoplasmic of p16 was classified as: absent, low (> 5 to < 50% of cells) and high (≥50%). Ki-67 proliferation index was represented by the ratio positive cells/ total cells.
Results
Histologically, all cases presented varying amount of necrosis and 75% contained undifferentiated cells. Bmi-1 was detected in 6 cases (37.5%) with high level of expression in 2; p16 expression was seen in 10 cases (62.5%) with high level in 7. The frequency of p16 expression did not differ significantly between tumors with or without Bmi-1 expression. Ki-67 index ranged from 8 to 22%. Neither Bmi-1 nor p16 expression showed correlation with Ki-67 index. Bmi-1 negative tumors presented more extensive necrosis (71.4%); no association between Bmi-1 expression and undifferentiated phenotype was observed.
Conclusions
In our SNM series, low immunohistochemical expression of Bmi-1 was a common phenomenon favoring the hypothesis that mucosal melanoma possibly presents molecular pathways different from the cutaneous counterpart. In SNM, Bmi-1 and p16 expression levels did not correlate with each other or with the cell proliferative index.
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7
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Li W, Yu X, Xia Z, Yu X, Xie L, Ma X, Zhou H, Liu L, Wang J, Yang Y, Liu H. Repression of Noxa by Bmi1 contributes to deguelin-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6213-6227. [PMID: 30255595 PMCID: PMC6237602 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deguelin, a natural rotenoid isolated from several plants, has been reported to exert anti‐tumour effects in various cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of this regulation remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that deguelin inhibited the growth of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells both in vitro and in vivo by downregulation of Bmi1 expression. Our data showed that Bmi1 is highly expressed in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of Bmi1 significantly suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and colony formation. Deguelin treatment attenuated the binding activity of Bmi1 to the Noxa promoter, thus resulting in Noxa transcription and apoptosis activation. Knockdown of Bmi1 promoted Noxa expression and enhanced deguelin‐induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Bmi1 down‐regulated Noxa protein level and deguelin‐induced apoptosis. Overall, our study demonstrated a novel apoptotic mechanism for deguelin to exert its anti‐tumour activity in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyou Yu
- Shangdong Lvdu Bio-Industry Co., Ltd., Binzhou, Shangdong, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yifeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haidan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Bartucci M, Hussein MS, Huselid E, Flaherty K, Patrizii M, Laddha SV, Kui C, Bigos RA, Gilleran JA, El Ansary MMS, Awad MAM, Kimball SD, Augeri DJ, Sabaawy HE. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel BMI1 Inhibitors Targeting Cellular Self-Renewal in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Target Oncol 2018; 12:449-462. [PMID: 28589491 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to therapy resistance and disease recurrence. Tumor relapse following treatment could be driven by the persistence of liver cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). The protein BMI1 is a member of the polycomb epigenetic factors governing cellular self-renewal, proliferation, and stemness maintenance. BMI1 expression also correlates with poor patient survival in various cancer types. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the extent to which BMI1 can be used as a potential therapeutic target for CSC eradication in HCC. METHODS We have recently participated in characterizing the first known pharmacological small molecule inhibitor of BMI1. Here, we synthesized a panel of novel BMI1 inhibitors and examined their ability to alter cellular growth and eliminate cancer progenitor/stem-like cells in HCC with different p53 backgrounds. RESULTS Among various molecules examined, RU-A1 particularly downregulated BMI1 expression, impaired cell viability, reduced cell migration, and sensitized HCC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro. Notably, long-term analysis of HCC survival showed that, unlike chemotherapy, RU-A1 effectively reduced CSC content, even as monotherapy. BMI1 inhibition with RU-A1 diminished the number of stem-like cells in vitro more efficiently than the model compound C-209, as demonstrated by clonogenic assays and impairment of CSC marker expression. Furthermore, xenograft assays in zebrafish showed that RU-A1 abrogated tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the ability to identify agents with the propensity for targeting CSCs in HCC that could be explored as novel treatments in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bartucci
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Mohamed S Hussein
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eric Huselid
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kathleen Flaherty
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Michele Patrizii
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Saurabh V Laddha
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Graduate Program in Quantitative Biomedicine, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Cindy Kui
- Molecular Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, EMSOP, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Rachel A Bigos
- Molecular Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, EMSOP, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - John A Gilleran
- Molecular Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, EMSOP, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mervat M S El Ansary
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A M Awad
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S David Kimball
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Molecular Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, EMSOP, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David J Augeri
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Molecular Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, EMSOP, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hatem E Sabaawy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA. .,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA. .,Department of Medicine, RBHS-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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9
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Koren A, Rijavec M, Sodja E, Kern I, Sadikov A, Kovac V, Korosec P, Cufer T. High BMI1 mRNA expression in peripheral whole blood is associated with favorable prognosis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25384-25394. [PMID: 28445986 PMCID: PMC5421938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group member protein BMI1 is involved in maintaining cell identity, proliferation, differentiation and human oncogenesis. In the present study, we determined BMI1 mRNA expression in whole blood and evaluated the impact of the expression level on the treatment response and survival of 96 advanced NSCLC patients treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. We also determined BMI1 mRNA expression in primary tumors from 22 operable NSCLC patients treated with radical surgery. We found that compared with control subjects, BMI1 mRNA expression in whole blood of advanced NSCLC patients was decreased (P<0.001). Similarly, we observed decreased BMI1 mRNA expression in primary tumors compared to normal lungs from operable NSCLC patients (P=0.001). We found high BMI1 mRNA expression in blood was associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) (P=0.049) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.012) in advanced NSCLC patients treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. However, no association between the BMI1 mRNA level and response to chemotherapy was found (P=0.21). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed elevated BMI1 mRNA level in whole blood was an independent prognostic factor for longer PFS (P=0.012) and OS (P<0.001). In conclusion, BMI1 mRNA expression in whole blood might represent a new biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Koren
- University Clinic Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Eva Sodja
- University Clinic Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Aleksander Sadikov
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Viljem Kovac
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Gong XF, Yu AL, Tang J, Wang CL, He JR, Chen GQ, Zhao Q, He M, Zhou CX. MicroRNA-630 inhibits breast cancer progression by directly targeting BMI1. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:378-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Sheikh BN, Metcalf D, Voss AK, Thomas T. MOZ and BMI1 act synergistically to maintain hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2017; 47:83-97.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Liu Y, Chu Z, Li Q, Peng B, Xu S, Lian CG, Geng S. Downregulation of Bmi-1 suppresses epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in melanoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:139-146. [PMID: 27878257 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the invasion and metastasis of numerous malignant cancers, including melanoma. A significant higher expression of B-lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1 (Bmi-1) has been reported in cell lines from metastatic melanoma compared to cell lines from primary melanoma. There are studies that show that knockdown of Bmi-1 could induce E-cadherin expression in melanoma cells. However, the role of Bmi-1 in mediating EMT-like changes in melanoma has not yet been fully studied. In the present study, knockdown of Bmi-1 by shRNA transduction decreased the invasion properties of the cultured human melanoma cells A375 by a Matrigel invasion assay, along with alterations in EMT-related markers E-cadherin, α-catenin, vimentin and N-cadherin. The aforementioned altered expression of EMT markers was verified in BALB/c-nude mouse xenografts. Furthermore, to explore the underlying regulatory mechanism of EMT, we detected the significant downregulation of p-Akt/p‑NF-κB/MMP-2 and the upregulation of PTEN in Bmi-1-silenced A375 cells. The present study demonstrated that knockdown of Bmi-1 significantly inhibited the aggressive behavior of melanoma by reversing EMT-like changes via the PTEN/p-Akt/p‑NF-κB/MMP-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Suyun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Vand-Rajabpour F, Sadeghipour N, Saee-Rad S, Fathi H, Noormohammadpour P, Yaseri M, Hesari KK, Bagherpour Z, Tabrizi M. Differential BMI1, TWIST1, SNAI2 mRNA expression pattern correlation with malignancy type in a spectrum of common cutaneous malignancies: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 19:489-497. [PMID: 27718152 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can be used as a unique model to identify molecular mechanisms to distinguish rarely metastatic (BCC), often metastatic (SCC) and most metastatic (melanoma) cancer. It is known that epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness transcription factors (TWIST1, SNAI2/SLUG, and BMI1) play an important role in metastasis and their dysregulation has been demonstrated in metastatic cancers. We hypothesized that this spectrum of cutaneous cancers (BCC, SCC, and melanoma) would be a unique cancer model system to elucidate steps toward cancer invasion and metastasis. METHODS We evaluated the mRNA expression level of BMI1, TWIST1, and SNAI2/SLUG and studied clinicopathological features in 170 skin cancers along with normal tissue samples. RESULTS We demonstrate downregulation of BMI1 mRNA expression in BCC samples compared with controls (p = 0.0001), SCC (p = 0.001), and melanoma (p = 0.0001) samples. Downregulation of TWIST1 mRNA expression is seen in only BCC samples compared with controls (p = 0.031). High SNAI2 mRNA expression is represented in melanoma samples compared with controls (p = 0.022) and SCC samples (p = 0.031). High mRNA expression of TWIST1 is seen in patients with positive history of cancers. Extremely low mRNA expression of BMI1 is detected in patients with positive history of cancers other than skin cancer. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the spectrum of cutaneous cancers could be better understood as a series of gene dosage-dependent entities with distinct molecular events. Oncogene-induced senescence, mechanism of which is still unclear, could be one explanation for these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vand-Rajabpour
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6447, Tehran, 14176-13151, Iran
| | - N Sadeghipour
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6447, Tehran, 14176-13151, Iran
| | - S Saee-Rad
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - H Fathi
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tumor Clinic, Pathology Department and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Dermatology Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - P Noormohammadpour
- Tumor Clinic, Pathology Department and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Dermatology Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Yaseri
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - K K Hesari
- Tumor Clinic, Pathology Department and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Dermatology Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Bagherpour
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6447, Tehran, 14176-13151, Iran
| | - M Tabrizi
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6447, Tehran, 14176-13151, Iran.
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14
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Yi C, Li BB, Zhou CX. Bmi-1 expression predicts prognosis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma and correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition–related factors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 22:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Ren H, Du P, Ge Z, Jin Y, Ding D, Liu X, Zou Q. TWIST1 and BMI1 in Cancer Metastasis and Chemoresistance. J Cancer 2016; 7:1074-80. [PMID: 27326250 PMCID: PMC4911874 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increasing evidences revealed that cancer cells with the characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or cancer stem cells (CSC) have high ability of progression, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. TWIST1 and BMI1 are crucial transcription factors required for EMT and CSC. Both TWIST1 and BMI1 are up-regulated in various cancers and have a positive correlation with poor prognosis. Although recent results showed that the two molecules function in promoting cancer metastasis and chemoresistance respectively, the correlation of TWIST1 and BMI1 is not well understood. Methods In this review, we summarize recent advance in cancer research focus on TWIST1 and BMI1 in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance, and emphasize the possible link between EMT and CSC. Results Further investigation of TWIST1 and BMI1 cooperately promote CSC proliferation due to EMT-associated effect will help to understand the mechanism of tumor cells metastasis and chemoresistance. Conclusions TWIST1 and BMI1 in cancer cells will be effective targets for treating chemoresistant metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- 1. Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Peizhun Du
- 1. Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zongyu Ge
- 2. Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Jin
- 1. Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Di Ding
- 3. Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- 4. Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zou
- 1. Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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16
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Ferretti R, Bhutkar A, McNamara MC, Lees JA. BMI1 induces an invasive signature in melanoma that promotes metastasis and chemoresistance. Genes Dev 2016; 30:18-33. [PMID: 26679841 PMCID: PMC4701976 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267757.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma can switch between proliferative and invasive states, which have identifying gene expression signatures that correlate with good and poor prognosis, respectively. However, the mechanisms controlling these signatures are poorly understood. In this study, we identify BMI1 as a key determinant of melanoma metastasis by which its overexpression enhanced and its deletion impaired dissemination. Remarkably, in this tumor type, BMI1 had no effect on proliferation or primary tumor growth but enhanced every step of the metastatic cascade. Consistent with the broad spectrum of effects, BMI1 activated widespread gene expression changes, which are characteristic of melanoma progression and also chemoresistance. Accordingly, we showed that up-regulation or down-regulation of BMI1 induced resistance or sensitivity to BRAF inhibitor treatment and that induction of noncanonical Wnt by BMI1 is required for this resistance. Finally, we showed that our BMI1-induced gene signature encompasses all of the hallmarks of the previously described melanoma invasive signature. Moreover, our signature is predictive of poor prognosis in human melanoma and is able to identify primary tumors that are likely to become metastatic. These data yield key insights into melanoma biology and establish BMI1 as a compelling drug target whose inhibition would suppress both metastasis and chemoresistance of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferretti
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Molly C McNamara
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Zhang Y, Han L, Pang J, Wang Y, Feng F, Jiang Q. Expression of microRNA-452 via adenoviral vector inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cells proliferation and metastasis. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8259-70. [PMID: 26718215 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA miR-452 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor. However, the cellular mechanism and potential application of miR-452-mediated cancer suppression remain great unknown. This study aims to identify how miR-452 acts in regulating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proliferation and metastasis. Expression of miR-452 via adenoviral (Ad) vector inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of NSCLC cells A549 or H460. Our data also shows that miR-452 down-regulates the expression of Bmi-1 as well as pro-survival or anti-apoptosis regulators Survivin, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. By such gene interference, miR-452 modulates NSCLC cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and further disrupts their migration and invasion. Moreover, miR-452 blocks the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, which is also required for EMT process. These data reveal that miR-452 treatment could be a novel target or strategy for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Han
- Unit II, Department of Medical Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Pang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, 110042, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- Center of Technical and Service, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
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Yang F, Lv LZ, Cai QC, Jiang Y. Potential roles of EZH2, Bmi-1 and miR-203 in cell proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:13268-13276. [PMID: 26715809 PMCID: PMC4679758 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i47.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the potential roles of enhancer of zeste homolog2 (EZH2), Bmi-1 and miR-203 in cell proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line Hep3B.
METHODS: A total of 73 patients who underwent surgical resection at Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University were enrolled in this study. Hep3B cells were cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 °C. Vectors that containing cDNA of the EZH2 gene or miR-203 targeted shRNA plasmid were constructed, and then transfected into Hep3B cells. The mRNA expression of miR-203, EZH2, and Bmi-1 was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the protein levels of EZH2 and Bmi-1 were detected by Western blot analysis. Effect of EZH2 or miR-203 on cell proliferation was observed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Besides, effect of EZH2 or miR-203 on tumor cell invasion was detected using Transwell assay.
RESULTS: The mRNA levels of EZH2 and Bmi-1 in HCC tissues and in Hep3B cells were significantly higher compared with those in normal samples (P < 0.01), while miR-203 level was significantly lower in HCC tissues (P < 0.01). Hep3B cells transfected with EZH2-shRNA or miR-203-shRNA showed lower expression levels of EZH2 and Bmi-1 (P < 0.05). Compared with controls, Hep3B cells transfected with EZH2-shRNA had relative slow cell proliferation, indicating that low expression of EZH2 and Bmi-1 and overexpression of miR-203 could inhibit Hep3B cell proliferation (P < 0.05). The average apoptosis rate of Hep3B cells transfected with EZH2-shRNA vector was about 18.631%, while that of Hep3B cells transfected with shRNA vector was about 5.33%, suggesting that EZH2 was down-regulated by transfecting with EZH2-shRNA, and the down-regulated EZH2 contributed to the cell apoptosis. Low expression of EZH2 and Bmi-1 and overexpression of miR-203 could reduce Hep3B cell invasion (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that EZH2 and Bmi-1 are up-regulated while miR-203 is down-regulated in Hep3B cells. MiR-203 may contribute to the metastasis and enhance apoptosis of HCC cells by regulating EZH2 and Bmi-1. Our study may provide a theoretical basis for metastasis of HCC and targeted therapy of HCC.
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Thies S, Friess M, Frischknecht L, Korol D, Felley-Bosco E, Stahel R, Vrugt B, Weder W, Opitz I, Soltermann A. Expression of the Stem Cell Factor Nestin in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Is Associated with Poor Prognosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139312. [PMID: 26421614 PMCID: PMC4589394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelioid and sarcomatoid histologic variants of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) can be considered as E- and M-parts of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) axis; the biphasic being an intermediate. EMT is associated with an increase of stem cell (SC) traits. We correlated the neural crest SC marker nestin and the EMT marker periostin with histology, type of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and overall survival (OS) of MPM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor tissues of a historic cohort 1 (320 patients) and an intended induction chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) cohort 2 (145 patients) were immunohistochemically H-scored (intensity of immunoreactivity multiplied by frequency of stained cells). Paired chemo-naïve biopsies and -treated surgical specimens were available for 105/145 patients. CT included platinum/gemcitabine (Pla/Gem) or platinum/pemetrexed (Pla/Pem). RESULTS Expression of any cytosolic nestin progressively increased from epithelioid to biphasic to sarcomatoid MPM in cohort 1, whereas the diagnostic markers calretinin and podoplanin decreased. In cohort 2, Pla/Pem CT increased the expression level of nestin in comparison to Pla/Gem, whereas the opposite was found for periostin. In Pla/Pem treated patients, nestin was higher in biphasic MPM compared to epithelioid. In addition to non-epithelioid histology, any expression of nestin in chemo-naïve biopsies (median overall survival: 22 vs. 17 months) and chemo-treated surgical specimens (18 vs. 12 months) as well as high periostin in biopsies (23 vs. 15 months) were associated with poor prognosis. In the multivariate survival analysis, any nestin expression in chemo-naïve biopsies proved to be an independent prognosticator against histology. In both pre- and post-CT situations, the combination of nestin or periostin expression with non-epithelioid histology was particularly/ dismal (all p-values <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The SC marker nestin and the EMT marker periostin allow for further prognostic stratification among histologic variants of MPM. Their expression level is influenced by neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Thies
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Friess
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frischknecht
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Korol
- Cancer Registry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rolf Stahel
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Vrugt
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Weder
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wei XL, Dou XW, Bai JW, Luo XR, Qiu SQ, Xi DD, Huang WH, Du CW, Man K, Zhang GJ. ERα inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing Bmi1 in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:21704-17. [PMID: 26023734 PMCID: PMC4673297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In human breast cancer, estrogen receptor-α (ERα) suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness, two crucial parameters for tumor metastasis; however, the underlying mechanism by which ERα regulates these two processes remains largely unknown. Bmi1, the polycomb group protein B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog, regulates EMT transition, maintains the self-renewal capacity of stem cells, and is frequently overexpressed in human cancers. In the present study, ERα upregulated the expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, in breast cancer cells through the transcriptional down-regulation of Bmi1. Furthermore, ERα overexpression suppressed the migration, invasion, and EMT of breast cancer cells. Notably, overexpression of ERα significantly decreased the CD44high/CD24low cell population and inhibited the capacity for mammosphere formation in ERα-negative breast cancer cells. In addition, overexpression of Bmi1 attenuated the ERα-mediated suppression of EMT and cell stemness. Immunohistochemistry revealed an inverse association of ERα and Bmi1 expression in human breast cancer tissue. Taken together, our findings suggest that ERα inhibits EMT and stemness through the downregulation of Bmi1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Wei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory and Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dou
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory and Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Jing-Wen Bai
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory and Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Luo
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory and Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Si-Qi Qiu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Di-Di Xi
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory and Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Wen-He Huang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Cai-Wen Du
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory and Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
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21
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Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in the RB/E2F Pathway in Astrocytic Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137259. [PMID: 26317630 PMCID: PMC4552853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas, which are derived from glial cells, are considered the most common primary neoplasias of the central nervous system (CNS) and are histologically classified as low grade (I and II) or high grade (III and IV). Recent studies have shown that astrocytoma formation is the result of the deregulation of several pathways, including the RB/E2F pathway, which is commonly deregulated in various human cancers via genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. On the basis of the assumption that the study of the mechanisms controlling the INK4/ARF locus can help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of astrocytic tumors, identify diagnostic and prognostic markers, and help select appropriate clinical treatments, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing PCR and evaluate the gene expression profile using real-time PCR in the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDC6, Bmi-1, CCND1, and RB1 in astrocytic tumors. Our results indicate that all the evaluated genes are not methylated independent of the tumor grade. However, the real-time PCR results indicate that these genes undergo progressive deregulation as a function of the tumor grade. In addition, the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and RB1 were underexpressed, whereas CDC6, Bmi-1, and CCND1 were overexpressed; the increase in gene expression was significantly associated with decreased patient survival. Therefore, we propose that the evaluation of the expression levels of the genes involved in the RB/E2F pathway can be used in the monitoring of patients with astrocytomas in clinical practice and for the prognostic indication of disease progression.
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22
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Liu S, Tetzlaff MT, Wang T, Yang R, Xie L, Zhang G, Krepler C, Xiao M, Beqiri M, Xu W, Karakousis G, Schuchter L, Amaravadi RK, Xu W, Wei Z, Herlyn M, Yao Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xu X. miR-200c/Bmi1 axis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition contribute to acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:431-41. [PMID: 25903073 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is one of the major challenges for targeted therapies for BRAF-mutant melanomas. However, little is known about the role of microRNAs in conferring BRAFi resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that miR-200c expression is significantly reduced whereas miR-200c target genes including Bmi1, Zeb2, Tubb3, ABCG5, and MDR1 are significantly increased in melanomas that acquired BRAFi resistance compared to pretreatment tumor biopsies. Similar changes were observed in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cell lines. Overexpression of miR-200c or knock-down of Bmi1 in resistant melanoma cells restores their sensitivities to BRAFi, leading to deactivation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling cascades, and acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotypes, including upregulation of E-cadherin, downregulation of N-cadherin, and ABCG5 and MDR1 expression. Conversely, knock-down of miR-200c or overexpression of Bmi1 in BRAFi-sensitive melanoma cells activates the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, upregulates N-cadherin, ABCG5, and MDR1 expression, and downregulates E-cadherin expression, leading to BRAFi resistance. Together, our data identify miR-200c as a critical signaling node in BRAFi-resistant melanomas impacting the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, suggesting miR-200c as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming acquired BRAFi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Min Xiao
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giorgos Karakousis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn Schuchter
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weiting Xu
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Shakhova O, Cheng P, Mishra PJ, Zingg D, Schaefer SM, Debbache J, Häusel J, Matter C, Guo T, Davis S, Meltzer P, Mihic-Probst D, Moch H, Wegner M, Merlino G, Levesque MP, Dummer R, Santoro R, Cinelli P, Sommer L. Antagonistic cross-regulation between Sox9 and Sox10 controls an anti-tumorigenic program in melanoma. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004877. [PMID: 25629959 PMCID: PMC4309598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most fatal skin cancer, but the etiology of this devastating disease is still poorly understood. Recently, the transcription factor Sox10 has been shown to promote both melanoma initiation and progression. Reducing SOX10 expression levels in human melanoma cells and in a genetic melanoma mouse model, efficiently abolishes tumorigenesis by inducing cell cycle exit and apoptosis. Here, we show that this anti-tumorigenic effect functionally involves SOX9, a factor related to SOX10 and upregulated in melanoma cells upon loss of SOX10. Unlike SOX10, SOX9 is not required for normal melanocyte stem cell function, the formation of hyperplastic lesions, and melanoma initiation. To the contrary, SOX9 overexpression results in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and a gene expression profile shared by melanoma cells with reduced SOX10 expression. Moreover, SOX9 binds to the SOX10 promoter and induces downregulation of SOX10 expression, revealing a feedback loop reinforcing the SOX10 low/SOX9 high ant,m/ii-tumorigenic program. Finally, SOX9 is required in vitro and in vivo for the anti-tumorigenic effect achieved by reducing SOX10 expression. Thus, SOX10 and SOX9 are functionally antagonistic regulators of melanoma development. For the development of future cancer therapies it is imperative to understand the molecular processes underlying tumor initiation and expansion. Many key factors involved in these processes have been identified based on cell culture and transplantation experiments, but their relevance for tumor formation and disease progression in the living organism is often unclear. Therefore, genetically modified mice spontaneously developing tumors present indispensable models for cancer research. Here, we address this issue by studying the formation of melanoma, the most fatal skin tumor in industrialized countries. To this end, we use a transgenic mouse model to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating congenital nevus and melanoma initiation. We show that a transcription factor called SOX10 promotes melanoma formation by repressing an anti-tumorigenic program involving the activity of a related factor, SOX9. When SOX10 is inactivated, SOX9 becomes upregulated and induces cell cycle arrest and death in melanoma cells. Furthermore, upon experimental elevation of SOX9 levels, SOX10 activity is suppressed, revealing an antagonistic relationship between SOX9 and SOX10 in melanoma initiation. Knowledge of how an anti-tumorigenic program can be stimulated by modulating the activities of these key factors might help to design novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shakhova
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pravin J. Mishra
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Zingg
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Schaefer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Debbache
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Häusel
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Matter
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Guo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean Davis
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, FAU University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Rajabpour FV, Raoofian R, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Shahshahani MM, Fathi H, Noormohammadpour P, Hesari KK, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Tabrizi M. BMI1 and TWIST1 downregulated mRNA expression in basal cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3797-800. [PMID: 24870796 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.8.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMI1, TWIST1 and SNAI2/SLUG have been implicated in aggressive behavior of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma and BMI1 expression could identify subtypes of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). However, BMI1, TWIST1 and SNAI2 expression levels in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) have not been elucidated. We hypothesized BCC could be a good model system to decipher mechanisms which inhibit processes that drive tumor metastasis. The aim of this study was to examine the mRNA expression level of BMI1, TWIST1, and SNAI2 in BCCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five fresh non-metastatic BCC tissue samples and seven fresh normal skin tissue samples were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS BMI1 and TWIST1 demonstrated marked down-regulation (p<0.00l, p=0.00l respectively), but SNAI2 showed no significant change (p=0.12). CONCLUSIONS Previous literature has clearly demonstrated a positive association between BMI1 and TWIST1 expression and metastatic BCC, aggressive SCC and melanoma. Here, we demonstrated a negative association between BMI1 and TWIST1 mRNA expression level and BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vand Rajabpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran E-mail :
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Zhang F, Song X, Li L, Wang J, Lin L, Li C, Li H, Lv Y, Jin Y, Liu Y, Hu Y, Xin T. Polygala tenuifolia polysaccharide (PTP) inhibits cell proliferation by repressing Bmi-1 expression and downregulating telomerase activity. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2907-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Zhang H, Patel A, Ma SL, Li XJ, Zhang YK, Yang PQ, Kathawala RJ, Wang YJ, Anreddy N, Fu LW, Chen ZS. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo characterization of ibrutinib: a potent inhibitor of the efflux function of the transporter MRP1. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5845-57. [PMID: 25164592 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The transporter, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1), plays a critical role in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Ibrutinib is an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Here we investigated the reversal effect of ibrutinib on MRP1-mediated MDR. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. The expression of protein was detected by Western blot. RT-PCR and Q-PCR were performed to detect the expression of MRP1 mRNA. The intracellular accumulation and efflux of substrates for MRP1 were measured by scintillation counter and flow cytometry. HEK293/MRP1 cell xenografts in nude mice were established to study the effects of ibrutinib in vivo. KEY RESULTS Ibrutinib significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of MRP1 substrates in HEK293/MRP1 and HL60/Adr cells overexpressing MRP1. Furthermore, ibrutinib increased the accumulation of substrates in these MRP1-overexpressing cells by inhibiting the drug efflux function of MRP1. However, mRNA and protein expression of MRP1 remained unaltered after treatment with ibrutinib in MRP1-overexpressing cells. In vivo, ibrutinib enhanced the efficacy of vincristine to inhibit the growth of HEK293/MRP1 tumour xenografts in nude mice. Importantly, ibrutinib also enhances the cytotoxicity of vincristine in primary cultures of leukaemia blasts, derived from patients. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicated that ibrutinib significantly increased the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents which were MRP1 substrates, in MRP1-overexpressing cells, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. These findings will lead to further studies on the effects of a combination of ibrutinib with chemotherapeutic agents in cancer patients overexpressing MRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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CD133⁺ melanoma subpopulation acquired resistance to caffeic acid phenethyl ester-induced apoptosis is attributed to the elevated expression of ABCB5: significance for melanoma treatment. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:83-104. [PMID: 25449786 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the cancer stem-like cell (CSC) hypothesis, neoplastic clones are maintained by a small fraction of cells with stem cell properties. Also, melanoma resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy is thought to be attributed to melanoma stem-like cells (MSCs). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a bioactive molecule, whose antitumor activity is approved in different tumor types. CAPE induced both apoptosis and E2F1 expression in CD133(-), but not in CD133(+) melanoma subpopulations. The resistance of CD133(+) melanoma subpopulation is attributed to the enhanced drug efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 5 (ABCB5), since the knockdown of ABCB5 was found to sensitize CD133(+) cells to CAPE. CAPE-induced apoptosis is mediated by E2F1 as evidenced by the abrogation of apoptosis induced in response to the knockdown of E2F1. The functional analysis of E2F1 in CD133(+) melanoma subpopulation demonstrated the ability of E2F1 gene transfer to trigger apoptosis of CD133(+) cells and to enhance the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, and the DNA-binding activities of the transcription factors AP-1 and p53. Also, the induction of E2F1 expression was found to enhance the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Noxa and Puma, and to suppress the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Using specific pharmacological inhibitors we could demonstrate that E2F1 overcomes the chemo-resistance of MSCs/CD133(+) cells by a mechanism mediated by both mitochondrial dysregulation and ER-stress-dependent pathways. In conclusion, our data addresses the mechanisms of CAPE/E2F1-induced apoptosis of chemo-resistant CD133(+) melanoma subpopulation.
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miR-200c inhibits invasion, migration and proliferation of bladder cancer cells through down-regulation of BMI-1 and E2F3. J Transl Med 2014; 12:305. [PMID: 25367080 PMCID: PMC4226852 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-200c (miR-200c) is one of the short noncoding RNAs that play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. It also acts as considerable modulator in the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cell development regulating process that affects tumor development and metastasis. However, the role of miR-200c in bladder cancer cells and its mechanism has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential role of miR-200c in regulating EMT and how it contributed to bladder cancer cells in invasion, migration and proliferation. Methods Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to identify and validate the differential expression of MiR-200c involved in EMT in 4 bladder cancer cell lines and clinical specimens. A list of potential miR-200 direct targets was identified through the TargetScan database. The precursor of miR-200c was over-expressed in UMUC-3 and T24 cells using a lentivirus construct, respectively. Protein expression and signaling pathway modulation were validated through Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy, whereas BMI-1 and E2F3, direct target of miR-200c, were validated by using the wild-type and mutant 3′-untranslated region BMI-1/E2F3 luciferase reporters. Results We demonstrate that MiR-200c is down-regulated in bladder cancer specimens compared with adjacent ones in the same patient. Luciferase assays showed that the direct down-regulation of BMI-1 and E2F3 were miR-200c-dependent because mutations in the two putative miR-200c-binding sites have rescued the inhibitory effect. Over-expression of miR-200c in bladder cancer cells resulted in significantly decreased the capacities of cell invasion, migration and proliferation. miR-200c over-expression resulted in conspicuous down-regulation of BMI-1and E2F3 expression and in a concomitant increase in E-cadherin levels. Conclusions miR-200c appears to control the EMT process through BMI-1 in bladder cancer cells, and it inhibits their proliferation through down-regulating E2F3. The targets of miR-200c include BMI-1 and E2F3, which are a novel regulator of EMT and a regulator of proliferation, respectively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0305-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gjerstorff MF, Relster MM, Greve KBV, Moeller JB, Elias D, Lindgreen JN, Schmidt S, Mollenhauer J, Voldborg B, Pedersen CB, Brückmann NH, Møllegaard NE, Ditzel HJ. SSX2 is a novel DNA-binding protein that antagonizes polycomb group body formation and gene repression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11433-46. [PMID: 25249625 PMCID: PMC4191419 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) complexes regulate cellular identity through epigenetic programming of chromatin. Here, we show that SSX2, a germline-specific protein ectopically expressed in melanoma and other types of human cancers, is a chromatin-associated protein that antagonizes BMI1 and EZH2 PcG body formation and derepresses PcG target genes. SSX2 further negatively regulates the level of the PcG-associated histone mark H3K27me3 in melanoma cells, and there is a clear inverse correlation between SSX2/3 expression and H3K27me3 in spermatogenesis. However, SSX2 does not affect the overall composition and stability of PcG complexes, and there is no direct concordance between SSX2 and BMI1/H3K27me3 presence at regulated genes. This suggests that SSX2 antagonizes PcG function through an indirect mechanism, such as modulation of chromatin structure. SSX2 binds double-stranded DNA in a sequence non-specific manner in agreement with the observed widespread association with chromatin. Our results implicate SSX2 in regulation of chromatin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Frier Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Relster
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Katrine Buch Viden Greve
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Elias
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jonas Nørrelund Lindgreen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Steffen Schmidt
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Voldborg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Christina Bøg Pedersen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Nadine Heidi Brückmann
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Møllegaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jørn Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark The Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
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Yang T, Li B, Qi S, Liu Y, Gai Y, Ye P, Yang G, Zhang W, Zhang P, He X, Li W, Zhang Z, Xiang G, Xu C. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bmi1 siRNA by folate receptor targeted liposomes exhibits enhanced anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:1096-111. [PMID: 25285163 PMCID: PMC4173760 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmi1 gene overexpression is found in various human tumors and has been shown as a potential target for gene treatment. However, siRNA-based treatments targeting Bmi1 gene have been restricted to limited delivery, low bioavailability and hence relatively reduced efficacy. To overcome these barriers, we developed a folate receptor targeted co-delivery system folate-doxorubicin/Bmi1 siRNA liposome (FA-DOX/siRNA-L). The FA-DOX/siRNA-L was prepared through electrostatic interaction between folate doxorubicin liposome (FA-DOX-L) and Bmi1 siRNA. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that FA-DOX/siRNA-L inhibited tumor growth by combinatory role of Bmi1 siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX). Co-delivery of Bmi1 siRNA and DOX by FA-DOX/siRNA-L showed significantly higher efficacy than sole delivery of either DOX or Bmi1 siRNA. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that FA-DOX/siRNA-L silenced the expression of Bmi1 gene. In addition, higher accumulation of the siRNA and DOX in tumor cells indicated that folate ligand displayed tumor targeting effect. These results suggest that Bmi1 is an effective therapeutic target for siRNA based cancer treatment that can be further improved by co-delivery of DOX through targeted liposomes.
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Chang B, Li S, He Q, Liu Z, Zhao L, Zhao T, Wang A. Deregulation of Bmi-1 is associated with enhanced migration, invasion and poor prognosis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3285-91. [PMID: 25151043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bmi-1 had been found to involve in self renewal of stem cells and tumorigenesis in various malignancies. In this study, we investigated the role of Bmi-1 in the development of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). METHODS At first, we confirmed that the deregulation of Bmi-1 was a frequent event in SACC; up-regulation of Bmi-1 was correlated with clinical stages, vital status and distant metastasis and associated with reduced overall survival and disease free survival. SACC-LM cells, higher migration and invasion abilities, elevated the expression of Bmi-1 protein, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related proteins (Snail, Slug and Vimentin) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) related proteins (ABCG2, Notch, ALDH-1, Oct-4, Nanog and Epcam) compared to the SACC-83 cells (lower migration and invasion abilities). The migration and invasion abilities were inhibited in SACC-LM cells upon Bmi-1 knockdown. Meanwhile, Bmi-1 knockdown resulted in simultaneous loss of stem cell markers and EMT markers in SACC-LM cells. CONCLUSION Our studies confirm that Bmi-1 deregulation plays an important role in the development of SACC and contributes to the migration and the invasion abilities of SACC, which is involved in EMT and CSCs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first study revealing that Bmi-1 deregulation is associated with enhanced migration, invasion and poor prognosis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qianting He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Luodan Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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Zhou L, Zhang WG, Wang DS, Tao KS, Song WJ, Dou KF. MicroRNA-183 is involved in cell proliferation, survival and poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by regulating Bmi-1. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1734-40. [PMID: 25109303 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly aggressive malignant disease, the prognosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is poor. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the progression of PDAC remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in various human cancers as cancer suppressors or oncogenes. MicroRNA-183 (miR-183) was recently reported to be dysregulated in various types of cancer and to play an important role in the processes of cancer. However, the effects and potential mechanisms of action of miR-183 in PDAC have not been explored. In the present study, low expression of miR-183 was observed in PDAC tissues and cell lines. Low expression of miR-183 in PDAC was significantly associated with tumor grade, metastasis and TNM stage. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients harboring low expression of miR-183 had a significantly reduced overall survival than patients with a high level of miR-183 expression. The present study revealed that B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion site 1 (Bmi-1) expression was inversely correlated with miR-183. Our findings also demonstrated that a low level of miR-183 expression effectively suppressed the growth of PDAC cells via regulation of Bmi-1. Following Bmi-1 silencing or upregulation of miR-183, the expression levels of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2 and CDK4 were decreased. It is reasonable to conclude that alteration of miR-183 expression may regulate the function of PDAC cells by the downregulation of Bmi-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The 155 Central Hospital of PLA, Kaifeng, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 155 Central Hospital of PLA, Kaifeng, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - De-Sheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Shan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Feng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
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Lenggenhager D, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Storz M, Shakhova O, Sommer L, Widmer DS, Seifert B, Moch H, Dummer R, Mihic-Probst D. An Aggressive Hypoxia Related Subpopulation of Melanoma Cells is TRP-2 Negative. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:206-12. [PMID: 24746711 PMCID: PMC4101291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite existing vaccination strategies targeting TRP-2, its function is not yet fully understood. TRP-2 is an enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis and therefore discussed as a differentiation antigen. However, in mice Trp-2 was shown to be expressed in melanocyte stem cells of the hair follicle and therefore also considered as an indicator of stemness. A proper understanding of the TRP-2 function is crucial, considering a vaccination targeting cells with stemness properties would be highly effective in contrast to a therapy targeting differentiated melanoma cells. Analysing over 200 melanomas including primaries, partly matched metastases and patients' cell cultures we show that TRP-2 is correlated with Melan A expression and decreases with tumor progression. In mice it is expressed in differentiated melanocytes as well as in stem cells. Furthermore, we identify a TRP-2 negative, proliferative, hypoxia related cell subpopulation which is significantly associated with tumor thickness and diseases progression. Patients with a higher percentage of those cells have a less favourable tumor specific survival. Our findings underline that TRP-2 is a differentiation antigen, highlighting the importance to combine TRP-2 vaccination with other strategies targeting the aggressive undifferentiated hypoxia related subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Storz
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olga Shakhova
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Widmer
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wouters J, Vankelecom H, van den Oord J. Cancer stem cells in cutaneous melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Saha K, Hornyak TJ, Eckert RL. Epigenetic cancer prevention mechanisms in skin cancer. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:1064-71. [PMID: 23904153 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is an important emerging area for study of mechanisms of cancer prevention. In recent years, it has been realized that cancer prevention agents, derived from natural dietary sources, impact cancer cell survival by modulating epigenetic processes. In the present manuscript, we review key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and examine the impact of sulforaphane and green tea polyphenols on these processes. We also discuss available information on the epigenetics in the context of skin cancer. These studies indicate that diet-derived chemopreventive agents modulate DNA methylation status and histone modification via multiple processes and point to additional areas for study of epigenetic mechanisms in skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika Saha
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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Li X, Yang Z, Song W, Zhou L, Li Q, Tao K, Zhou J, Wang X, Zheng Z, You N, Dou K, Li H. Overexpression of Bmi-1 contributes to the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by increasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:793-802. [PMID: 23807724 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumours and it carries a poor prognosis due to a high rate of recurrence or metastasis after surgery. Bmi-1 plays a significant role in the growth and metastasis of many solid tumours. However, the exact mechanisms underlying Bmi-1-mediated cell invasion and metastasis, especially in HCC, are not yet known. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the expression of Bmi-1 in HCC samples and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value, we also investigated related mechanisms underlying Bmi-1-mediated cell invasion in HCC. Our results showed that Bmi-1 is upregulated in HCC tissues compared to matched non-cancer liver tissues; and its expression is positively associated with tumour size, metastasis, venous invasion and AJCC TNM stage, respectively; multivariate analysis showed that high expression of Bmi-1 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. In addition, the shRNA-mediated inhibition of Bmi-1 reduced the invasiveness of two HCC cell lines in vitro by upregulating phosphatase and the tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression, inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway and downregulating the expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These data demonstrate that Bmi-1 plays a vital role in HCC invasion and that Bmi-1 is a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, P.R. China
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AKIYAMA MICHIKO, MATSUDA YOKO, ISHIWATA TOSHIYUKI, NAITO ZENYA, KAWANA SEIJI. Nestin is highly expressed in advanced-stage melanomas and neurotized nevi. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1595-9. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Prominin-1 (CD133) and Metastatic Melanoma: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 777:197-211. [PMID: 23161084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innovative approaches to specifically target the melanoma subpopulation responsible for local invasion and metastatic dissemination are needed. Prominin-1 (CD133) expression has been observed in many melanoma cell lines, as well as in primary and metastatic melanomas from patients. Although its function(s) in melanoma is presently unknown, prominin-1 may represent a molecular target, due to its association with melanoma stem cells and with the metastatic phenotype.
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Kouzmina M, Häyry V, Leikola J, Haglund C, Böhling T, Koljonen V, Hagström J. BMI1 expression identifies subtypes of Merkel cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:647-53. [PMID: 23064620 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of the transcription factors B-lymphoma Moloney murine leukaemia virus insertion (BMI1), myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homologue (c-Myc) and Snail in MCC tumour specimens and to examine the relationship of these markers to Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCV). The study comprised of 133 patients with primary MCC. The expression of BMI1, Snail and c-Myc protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry and compared with clinical parameters, MCV status and patient survival. The presence of MCV was inversely correlated with the expression of BMI1 protein. Tumours expressing BMI1 protein more often presented with lymph node metastases. Snail protein expression was decreased in cases with metastatic dissemination. This study identified two subgroups of MCC: tumours expressing BMI1 but negative for MCV DNA and tumours negative for BMI1 expression but positive for MCV. Importantly, BMI1-positive cases often presented with lymph node metastases. Combined, these results suggest that subtypes of this malignancy exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kouzmina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Kasarminkatu 11-13, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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Yoshikawa R, Tsujimura T, Tao L, Kamikonya N, Fujiwara Y. The oncoprotein and stem cell renewal factor BMI1 associates with poor clinical outcome in oesophageal cancer patients undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:461. [PMID: 23046527 PMCID: PMC3519675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The polycomb group (PcG) family BMI1, acting downstream of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway, plays an essential role in the self-renewal of haematopoietic, neural, and intestinal stem cells, and is dysregulated in many types of cancer. Our recent report has demonstrated that Hh signalling activation can predict very earlier relapse of oesophageal cancers. As data were not available on the clinical role of BMI1 expression in oesophageal cancers after chemoradiotherapy (CRT), we analysed whether it could be also used to predict disease progression and prognosis in oesophageal cancer patients undergoing trimodality therapy of preoperative CRT and oesophagectomy. Methods Expressions of BMI1 and p16INK4A, a downstream target of PcG, were analysed in 78 patients with histologically confirmed oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after preoperative CRT by immunohistochemical staining. The association of BMI1 and p16INK4A expression with clinicopathologic characteristics was analysed by χ2-test. Survival analysis was carried out by the log-rank test using Kaplan-Meier method. Results Among 78 ESCC patients, 24 patients (30.8%) showed BMI1 positivity, mainly localised in the nuclei of tumour cells. Patients harbouring BMI1-positive tumour cells showed significantly poorer prognoses than those without such cells or residual tumours (mean disease-free survival (DFS) time 16.8 vs 71.2 months; 3-yr DFS 13.3% vs 49.9%, P=0.002; mean OS time 21.8 vs 76.6 months; 3-yr OS 16.2% vs 54.9%, P=0.0005). There was no significant correlation between p16INK4A expression and BMI1 expression. Conclusions Our study shows that BMI1 expression is a predictor of early relapse and poor prognosis in ESCC after CRT. These findings suggest that BMI1 signal activation might be involved in promoting cancer regrowth and progression after CRT, and might be indicative of emergence of ‘more aggressive’ cancer progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reigetsu Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Kanzaki Hospital, 3-1-10, Hama, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 661-0967, Japan.
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Allegra E, Puzzo L, Zuccalà V, Trapasso S, Vasquez E, Garozzo A, Caltabiano R. Nuclear BMI-1 expression in laryngeal carcinoma correlates with lymph node pathological status. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:206. [PMID: 23031716 PMCID: PMC3500717 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main cause of treatment failure and death in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is metastasis to the regional lymph nodes. The current clinical staging criteria fail to differentiate patients with occult metastasis from patients without metastasis. Identifying molecular markers of the disease might improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and development of laryngeal carcinoma and may help improve clinical staging and treatment. METHODS Sixty-four previously untreated patients who underwent surgical excision of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with neck dissection were included in this study. The expression of B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI-1) was examined immunohistochemically on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tissue specimens. RESULTS Nuclear expression of BMI-1 (nBMI-1) was detected in 32 of the 64 tumors (50%), cytoplasmic expression of BMI-1 (cBMI-1) was detected in 22 (34.4%), and 10 tumors (15.6%) showed no BMI-1 immunoreactivity. High nBMI-1 expression levels (≥ 10) were detected in 28 of the 32 (87.5%) nBMI-1-positive patients. Multivariate analysis including age at diagnosis, grade, tumor location, TNM status, and nBMI-1 expression showed that a high nBMI-1 expression level was an independent prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION The expression of BMI-1 in patients with laryngeal carcinoma seems to correlate with lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Allegra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lidia Puzzo
- Department of Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Department of Pathology, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Serena Trapasso
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Vasquez
- Department of Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo Garozzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Fan L, Xu C, Wang C, Tao J, Ho C, Jiang L, Gui B, Huang S, Evert M, Calvisi DF, Chen X. Bmi1 is required for hepatic progenitor cell expansion and liver tumor development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46472. [PMID: 23029524 PMCID: PMC3460872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmi1 is a polycomb group transcriptional repressor and it has been implicated in regulating self-renewal and proliferation of many types of stem or progenitor cells. In addition, Bmi1 has been shown to function as an oncogene in multiple tumor types. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of Bmi1 in regulating hepatic oval cells, the major type of bipotential progenitor cells in adult liver, as well as the role of Bmi1 during hepatocarcinogenesis using Bmi1 knockout mice. We found that loss of Bmi1 significantly restricted chemically induced oval cell expansion in the mouse liver. Concomitant deletion of Ink4a/Arf in Bmi1 deficient mice completely rescued the oval cell expansion phenotype. Furthermore, ablation of Bmi1 delayed hepatocarcinogenesis induced by AKT and Ras co-expression. This antineoplastic effect was accompanied by the loss of hepatic oval cell marker expression in the liver tumor samples. In summary, our data demonstrated that Bmi1 is required for hepatic oval cell expansion via deregulating the Ink4a/Arf locus in mice. Our study also provides the evidence, for the first time, that Bmi1 expression is required for liver cancer development in vivo, thus representing a promising target for innovative treatments against human liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanrui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Junyan Tao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Coral Ho
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Gui
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shiang Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
This chapter describes how skin immune system (SIS) is specifically involved in the development of cutaneous melanoma. Local immune surveillance is presented as a complex process that comprises markers to be monitored in disease's evolution and in therapy. The ranking of tissue or soluble immune markers in a future panel of diagnostic/prognostic panel are evaluated. Taking into account the difficulties of cutaneous melanoma patients' management, this chapter shows the immune surveillance at the skin level, the conditions that favor the tumor escape from the immunological arm, the immune pattern of skin melanoma with diagnostic/prognostic relevance, the circulatory immune markers, and, last but not least, how immune markers are used in immune-therapy monitoring. The chapter cannot be exhaustive but will give the reader a glimpse of the complex immune network that lies within tumor escape and where to search for immune-therapeutical targets in skin melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
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Shahi MH, Rey JA, Castresana JS. The sonic hedgehog-GLI1 signaling pathway in brain tumor development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1227-38. [PMID: 22992192 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.720975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is a regulatory network involved in development and cancer. Proteins like Ptch, SMO, and Gli are central to the Shh pathway. Other proteins like HHIP, SUFU, Bmi-1, Cyclin D2, Plakoglobin, PAX6, Nkx2.2, and SFRP1 are not so well understood in Shh regulation as Gli-1 downstream target genes. AREAS COVERED In this review we try to explain the Shh pathway components and their role in development and cancer, mainly of the brain. A summary of each of the proteins is presented together with an overview of their involvement in cancer. EXPERT OPINION Genetic alterations of the Shh pathway have been detected in cancer stem cells, a subgroup of tumor cells implicated in the origin and maintenance of tumors, being responsible for cancer recurrence and chemotherapy resistance. Cancer stem cells constitute a novel target for biomedical researchers. Specifically, the Shh pathway is being explored as a new opportunity for targeted therapies against tumors. Therefore, a better knowledge of every of the regulators of the Shh pathway is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi H Shahi
- University of California, Department of Pharmacology, Davis, CA, USA
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Liu S, Tetzlaff MT, Cui R, Xu X. miR-200c inhibits melanoma progression and drug resistance through down-regulation of BMI-1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1823-35. [PMID: 22982443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer that is resistant or rapidly develops resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. The role of miRNAs in melanoma progression and drug resistance has not been well studied. Herein, we demonstrate that miR-200c is down-regulated in melanomas (primary and metastatic) compared with melanocytic nevi. Overexpression of miR-200c in melanoma cells resulted in significantly decreased cell proliferation and migratory capacity as well as drug resistance. miR-200c overexpression resulted in significant down-regulation of BMI-1, ABCG2, ABCG5, and MDR1 expression and in a concomitant increase in E-cadherin levels. Knockdown of BMI-1 showed similar effects as miR-200c overexpression in melanoma cells. In addition, miR-200c overexpression significantly inhibited melanoma xenograft growth and metastasis in vivo, and this correlated with diminished expression of BMI-1 and reduced levels of E-cadherin in these tumors. The effects of miR-200c on melanoma cell proliferation and migratory capacity and on self-renewal were rescued by overexpression of Bmi-1, and the reversal of these phenotypes correlated with a reduction in E-cadherin expression and increased levels of ABCG2, ABCG5, and MDR1. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a key role for miR-200c in melanoma progression and drug resistance. These results suggest that miR-200c may represent a critical target for increasing melanoma sensitivity to clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Sox10 promotes the formation and maintenance of giant congenital naevi and melanoma. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:882-90. [PMID: 22772081 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Giant congenital naevi are pigmented childhood lesions that frequently lead to melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer. The mechanisms underlying this malignancy are largely unknown, and there are no effective therapies. Here we describe a mouse model for giant congenital naevi and show that naevi and melanoma prominently express Sox10, a transcription factor crucial for the formation of melanocytes from the neural crest. Strikingly, Sox10 haploinsufficiency counteracts Nras(Q61K)-driven congenital naevus and melanoma formation without affecting the physiological functions of neural crest derivatives in the skin. Moreover, Sox10 is also crucial for the maintenance of neoplastic cells in vivo. In human patients, virtually all congenital naevi and melanomas are SOX10 positive. Furthermore, SOX10 silencing in human melanoma cells suppresses neural crest stem cell properties, counteracts proliferation and cell survival, and completely abolishes in vivo tumour formation. Thus, SOX10 represents a promising target for the treatment of congenital naevi and melanoma in human patients.
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Meng X, Wang Y, Zheng X, Liu C, Su B, Nie H, Zhao B, Zhao X, Yang H. shRNA-mediated knockdown of Bmi-1 inhibit lung adenocarcinoma cell migration and metastasis. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Allegra E, Caltabiano R, Amorosi A, Vasquez E, Garozzo A, Puzzo L. Expression of BMI1 and p16 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:847-51. [PMID: 22730165 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical evolution of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is undetectable with the current staging criteria. To more completely understand the biology of laryngeal SCC, we assessed the expression of the proteins B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1) and p16. METHODS We assessed immunohistochemically the expression of BMI1 and p16 in 25 laryngeal SCCs at different stages. RESULTS High BMI1 expression was detected in 11.7% of glottic tumors and in 50% of supraglottic tumors. No significant differences were observed in the patients' clinical data after they were stratified by the tumor expression of p16. The expression of nuclear BMI1 in the absence of p16 immunoreactivity correlated significantly with the pN status of the primary tumors. CONCLUSION Nuclear BMI1 expression in the absence of p16 expression seems to characterize a subset of patients with a high risk of developing lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Allegra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Siddique HR, Saleem M. Role of BMI1, a stem cell factor, in cancer recurrence and chemoresistance: preclinical and clinical evidences. Stem Cells 2012; 30:372-8. [PMID: 22252887 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that a variety of cancers arise from transformation of normal stem cells to cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are thought to sustain cancer progression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence after therapy. Reports suggest that CSCs are highly resistant to conventional therapy. Emerging evidences show that the chemoresistance of CSCs are in part due to the activation of B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1), a stem cell factor, and a polycomb group family member. BMI1 is reported to regulate the proliferation activity of normal, stem, and progenitor cells. BMI1 plays a role in cell cycle, cell immortalization, and senescence. Numerous studies demonstrate that BMI1, which is upregulated in a variety of cancers, has a positive correlation with clinical grade/stage and poor prognosis. Although evidences are in support of the role of BMI1 as a factor in chemoresistance displayed by CSCs, its mechanism of action is not fully understood. In this review, we provide summary of evidences (with mechanism of action established) suggesting the significance of BMI1 in chemoresistance and recurrence of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur Rahman Siddique
- Department of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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Bmi1 marks intermediate precursors during differentiation of human brain tumor initiating cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:141-53. [PMID: 22265735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The master regulatory gene Bmi1 modulates key stem cell properties in neural precursor cells (NPCs), and has been implicated in brain tumorigenesis. We previously identified a population of CD133+ brain tumor cells possessing stem cell properties, known as brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs). Here, we characterize the expression and role of Bmi1 in primary minimally cultured human glioblastoma (GBM) patient isolates in CD133+ and CD133- sorted populations. We find that Bmi1 expression is increased in CD133- cells, and Bmi1 protein and transcript expression are highest during intermediate stages of differentiation as CD133+ BTICs lose their CD133 expression. Furthermore, in vitro stem cell assays and Bmi1 knockdown show that Bmi1 contributes to self-renewal in CD133+ populations, but regulates proliferation and cell fate determination in CD133- populations. Finally, we test if our in vitro stem cell assays and Bmi1 expression in BTIC patient isolates are predictive of clinical outcome for GBM patients. Bmi1 expression profiles show a marked elevation in the proneural GBM subtype, and stem cell frequency as assessed by tumor sphere assays correlates with patient outcome.
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