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Human-Engelbrecht Z, Meijboom R, Cronjé MJ. Apoptosis-inducing ability of silver(I) cyanide-phosphines useful for anti-cancer studies. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:591-600. [PMID: 28188415 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-based drugs have shown early promise as anticancer agents suggesting the potential application of silver(I) complexes as apoptosis-inducing agents. The ability of a silver(I) cyanide containing phosphine complex to induce cell death was evaluated in both a malignant (SNO esophageal cancer) and non-malignant (HDF-a skin and HEK293 kidney) cell lines. A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed in the SNO cells. Light microscopy revealed morphological features indicative of apoptotic cell death. The mode of cell death was confirmed as apoptosis by phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. Furthermore, both the non-malignant cell lines showed morphological features indicative of apoptosis when exposed to complex 1. We propose the use of this silver(I) cyanide phosphine complex as an highly effective positive apoptosis control for use in anticancer studies of phosphine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelinda Human-Engelbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Reinout Meijboom
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Marianne J Cronjé
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
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Lorusso D, Mainenti S, Pietragalla A, Ferrandina G, Foco G, Masciullo V, Scambia G. Brostallicin (PNU-166196), a new minor groove DNA binder: preclinical and clinical activity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:1939-46. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780903401284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Maffi SK, Rathinam ML, Cherian PP, Pate W, Hamby-Mason R, Schenker S, Henderson GI. Glutathione content as a potential mediator of the vulnerability of cultured fetal cortical neurons to ethanol-induced apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1064-76. [PMID: 18058941 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol ingestion during pregnancy elicits damage to the developing brain, some of which appears to result from enhanced apoptotic death of neurons. A consistent characteristic of this phenomenon is a highly differing sensitivity to ethanol within specific neuron populations. One possible explanation for this "selective vulnerability" could be cellular variations in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. Prior studies have illustrated that ethanol elicits apoptotic death of neurons in the developing brain, that oxidative stress may be an underlying mechanism, and that GSH can be neuroprotective. In the present study, both multiphoton microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrate a striking heterogeneity in GSH content within cortical neuron populations. Ethanol differentially elicits apoptotic death and oxidative stress in these neurons. When neuron GSH content is reduced by treatment with butathione sulfoxamine, the ethanol-mediated enhancement of reactive oxygen species is exacerbated. Sorting of cells into high- and low-GSH populations further exemplifies ethanol-mediated oxidative stress whereby apoptotic indices are preferentially elevated in the low-GSH population. Western blot analysis of the low-GSH subpopulations shows higher ethanol-mediated expression of active caspase 3 and 24-kDa PARP-1 fragments compared with the high-GSH subpopulation. In addition, neuronal content of 4-hydroxynonenal adducts is higher in low-GSH neurons in response to ethanol. These studies suggest that GSH content is an important predictor of neuronal sensitivity to ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and subsequent cell death. The data support the proposition that the differences in proapoptotic responses to ethanol within specific neuron populations reflect a heterogeneity of neuron GSH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kaushal Maffi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Fischer SJ, Benson LM, Fauq A, Naylor S, Windebank AJ. Cisplatin and dimethyl sulfoxide react to form an adducted compound with reduced cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:444-52. [PMID: 18439683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present work that demonstrates that cisplatin reacts rapidly with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in solution and identify the structure and reactivity of the resulting compound. METHODS Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and NMR were used to identify the chemical structure of compounds formed when DMSO reacts with cisplatin. We studied the reactivity of the identified compound with DNA. In vitro toxicity studies in neurons and cancer cells and in vivo toxicity studies in rats were used to determine both the cancer chemotherapeutic and toxic effects of the identified compound. RESULTS Cisplatin binds rapidly with DMSO to form a DMSO adduct. The resulting compound has reduced ability to bind to double-stranded DNA both in vitro and in cells. This compound has reduced toxicity for cancer cells and neurons in vitro. In vivo nephrotoxicity studies show that the adducted compound has different nephrotoxicity and elimination characteristics than cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS From this work, we conclude that dissolving cisplatin in DMSO results in formation of an adducted compound with different therapeutic and biological characteristics. Furthermore, future studies which propose using DMSO in combination with cisplatin for chemotherapeutic treatment in patients must be reconsidered. Due to the rapidity and nature of the reaction, DMSO and cisplatin should not be combined for patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Fischer
- Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Beria I, Baraldi PG, Cozzi P, Caldarelli M, Geroni C, Marchini S, Mongelli N, Romagnoli R. Cytotoxic α-Halogenoacrylic Derivatives of Distamycin A and Congeners. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2611-23. [PMID: 15115402 DOI: 10.1021/jm031051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of many antitumor agents involves DNA damage, either by direct binding of the drug to DNA or to DNA-binding proteins. However, most of the DNA-interacting agents have only a limited degree of sequence specificity, which implies that they may hit all the cellular genes. DNA minor groove binders, among which the derivatives of distamycin A play an important role, could provide significant improvement in cancer management, increasing gene specificity, due to high selectivity of interaction with thymine-adenine (TA) rich sequences. We now report and discuss the synthesis, the in vitro and in vivo activities, and some mechanistic features of alpha-halogenoacrylamido derivatives of distamycin A. The final result of this work was the selection of brostallicin 17 (PNU-166196). Brostallicin, presently in phase II clinical trials, shows a broad spectrum of antitumor activity and an apoptotic effect higher than distamycin derivative tallimustine. An important in vitro toxicological feature of brostallicin is the very good ratio between myelotoxicity on human haematopoietic progenitor cells and cytotoxicity on tumor cells, in comparison with clinically tested DNA minor groove binders. A peculiarity of brostallicin is its in vitro reactivity in the DNA alkylation assays only in the presence of glutathione. Moreover brostallicin's antitumor activity, both in in vitro and in vivo tumor models, is higher in the presence of increased levels of glutathione/glutathione-S-tranferases. These findings contribute to the definition of brostallicin as a novel anticancer agent that differs from other minor groove binders and alkylating agents for both the profile of activity and the mechanism of action and to classify the alpha-bromoacrylamido derivatives of distamycin as a new class of cytotoxics. Moreover, due to its interaction with glutathione, brostallicin may have a role for the tailored treatment of tumors characterized by constitutive or therapy-induced overexpression of glutathione/glutathione-S-tranferase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Beria
- Pharmacia Italia S.p.A., Discovery Research Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy.
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Broggini M, Marchini S, Fontana E, Moneta D, Fowst C, Geroni C. Brostallicin: a new concept in minor groove DNA binder development. Anticancer Drugs 2004; 15:1-6. [PMID: 15090736 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200401000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brostallicin is a bromoacryloyl derivative of distamycin A, which has shown very promising preclinical activity against a variety of human tumors both in vitro and in vivo. The drug has a limited toxicity towards bone marrow precursor cells in vitro resulting in a therapeutic index much higher than those achieved with other distamycin A derivatives. It retains activity against cancer cells resistant to alkylating agents, topoisomerase I inhibitors and cells with mismatch repair deficiency. Brostallicin has a peculiar mechanism of action involving activation upon binding to glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferase (GST). As a consequence, cells expressing relatively high GST/GSH levels are more susceptible to treatment with brostallicin. Considering that increased levels of GST/GSH are often found in human tumors, this could represent an advantage for the drug in the clinic. Initial clinical studies indicate the tolerability of the drug and allow the determination of the optimal dose for subsequent studies. Some partial response were obtained in these initial phase I studies. Altogether, the results suggest brostallicin to be a new promising anticancer agent with a new mechanism of action. It also raises the possibility to use it in combination with other anticancer drugs currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Furusawa S, Kimura E, Kisara S, Nakano S, Murata R, Tanaka Y, Sakaguchi S, Takayanagi M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K. Mechanism of resistance to oxidative stress in doxorubicin resistant cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:474-9. [PMID: 11379763 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline drug widely used in chemotherapy for cancer patients, but it often gives rise to multidrug resistance in cancer cells. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of hydrogen peroxide in DOX-sensitive mouse P388/S leukemia cells and in the DOX-resistant cell line. Hydrogen peroxide induced a significant increase in dose- and time-response cell death in cultured P388/S cells. The degree of cell death in P388/DOX cells induced by hydrogen peroxide was less than that in P388/S cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. Parent cells exposed to 3 mM of hydrogen peroxide showed a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential correlated with cell death. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration greater than 0.3 mM increased the intracellular Ca2+ of P388/S cells dose-dependently; however, no change following addition of hydrogen peroxide (0.3-1 mM) was observed in the resistant cells. Hydrogen peroxide (0.1 and 1 mM) treatment also induced the production of intracellular ROS in P388/S cells, while no such increase was produced by this substance in P388/DOX cells. Resistant cells also showed a significant level of glutathione (GSH) compared with the parent cells. In addition, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced GSH antioxidants abolished death of P388/S cells caused by hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, it is believed that the reduced effect of oxidative stress towards the resistant cells may be related to an increase in intracellular GSH level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Furusawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Research Institute, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
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D'Incalci M, Bonfanti M, Pifferi A, Mascellani E, Tagliabue G, Berger D, Fiebig HH. The antitumour activity of alkylating agents is not correlated with the levels of glutathione, glutathione transferase and O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase of human tumour xenografts. EORTC SPG and PAMM Groups. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:1749-55. [PMID: 9893664 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-three human xenografts, including five colon, five gastric, nine lung (three small cell lung cancer) and four breast carcinomas, were investigated for their sensitivity to nitrosoureas, dacarbazine (DTIC), cyclophosphamide (CTX) and cisplatin (DDP). In 12 cases, at least one of the drugs produced complete or partial remission, in 2, a minor regression was observed and in the other 9, treatment was ineffective. The level of sensitivity to each drug, using a score from 1 to 5, was correlated to three biochemical parameters reported to be involved in resistance to alkylating agents: glutathione (GSH), glutathione transferase (GST) and O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (AGT). A wide variability was found in these parameters in the xenografts investigated. No correlation was found between any of the three parameters and sensitivity to the drugs used or between sensitivity to one drug and to any of the other drugs tested. These results illustrate the complexity of the question of resistance to alkylating agents and indicate that, at least in xenografts, the biochemical parameters examined are not predictive of response to alkylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Ciomei M, Pastori W, Capolongo L, Geroni C, Melegaro G, Pennella G, Grandi M. Decreased tyrosine phosphorylation in tumour cells resistant to FCE 24517 (tallimustine). Br J Cancer 1995; 72:1504-8. [PMID: 8519667 PMCID: PMC2034097 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to FCE 24517 is not related to the emergence of any of the most frequently observed phenotypes. We have found that two resistant cell lines (L1210/24517 murine leukaemia and LoVo/24517 human colon adenocarcinoma) present congenital modifications in tyrosyl phosphatase and kinase activities. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of FCE 24517 is increased in combination with a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor and decreased in combination with protein kinase inhibitors, this being in agreement with the hypothesis that the activity of this drug is strictly dependent on the presence of tyrosine phosphorylated protein(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ciomei
- Pharmacia, R&D/B.A. Pharmaceuticals, Experimental Oncology Department, Nerviano MI-Italy
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Ward TH, Haran MS, Whittaker D, Watson AJ, Howard TD, Butler J. Cross-resistance studies on two K562 sublines resistant to diaziridinylbenzoquinones. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:459-64. [PMID: 7646550 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00155-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two resistant K562 sublines have been developed by treatment with AZQ (2,5-bis(carboethoxyamino)-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and BZQ (2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethylamino)-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone). The ID50 values of for AZQ on K562, the AZQ-resistant sublines (AZQR) and the BZQ-resistant sublines (BZQR) were 0.063, 1.47 and 0.244 microM, respectively. The relative ID50 values for BZQ on the same cell lines were 0.2, 0.67 and 0.83 microM, respectively. Although it is generally believed that these two quinones function by different mechanisms, the two sublines have similar decreased levels of cytochrome P-450 reductase and DT-diaphorase and increased levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase, compared to the parent cell line. The sublines are also cross-resistant to adriamycin, mitozolamide, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and mitomycin C. This work indicates the potential multifactorial mechanisms by which drug resistance can be induced in cell lines in the absence of conventional 'P'-glycoprotein multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ward
- CRC Department of Cell Culture, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital, Manchester, U.K
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Pifferi A, Filippini C, Capolongo L, Codegoni A, Balconi G, Ubezio P, Tagliabue G. Flow cytometric detection of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes by quantitative immunofluorescence under nonsaturating conditions. CYTOMETRY 1995; 20:134-45. [PMID: 7664624 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione (GSH)-glutathione S-transferase (GST) detoxification system is an important element in cellular defence against injurious agents and anticancer drugs. GST isoenzymes may represent biochemical markers of neoplastic transformation, and, possibly, drug resistance is associated with altered GST-isoenzyme levels. The ability to measure GST-isoenzymes in cell populations would be useful for several biological and clinical applications. We have developed an immunofluorescence flow cytometric method for the simultaneous detection of different GST-isoenzymes and of DNA in fixed cells. Due to the impossibility of working under saturating conditions for the anti-GST antibody, a normalizing procedure was developed to permit quantitative analysis of single cells labelled with the anti-GST antibody at high dilution. A theoretical model and experimental data supported the use of this procedure. The method proposed is general and could be applied to other antibodies in order to obtain quantitative data outside saturating conditions. The method was challenged in different applications in order to compare it with other classical techniques. First, we characterized sublines resistant to different anticancer drugs with respect to variations of GST isotypes. In a second application, we studied the intercellular heterogeneity of GST content in mouse renal cells. In addition, GST was determined in aneuploid cells from solid tumor biopsies by separation from diploid cells on the basis of DNA content. Finally, GST distribution during cell-cycle progression was studied in two different cell lines by the biparametric analysis of GST/DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garattini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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