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Pichler R, Siska PJ, Tymoszuk P, Martowicz A, Untergasser G, Mayr R, Weber F, Seeber A, Kocher F, Barth DA, Pichler M, Thurnher M. A chemokine network of T cell exhaustion and metabolic reprogramming in renal cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095195. [PMID: 37006314 PMCID: PMC10060976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is frequently infiltrated by immune cells, a process which is governed by chemokines. CD8+ T cells in the RCC tumor microenvironment (TME) may be exhausted which most likely influence therapy response and survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemokine-driven T cell recruitment, T cell exhaustion in the RCC TME, as well as metabolic processes leading to their functional anergy in RCC. Eight publicly available bulk RCC transcriptome collectives (n=1819) and a single cell RNAseq dataset (n=12) were analyzed. Immunodeconvolution, semi-supervised clustering, gene set variation analysis and Monte Carlo-based modeling of metabolic reaction activity were employed. Among 28 chemokine genes available, CXCL9/10/11/CXCR3, CXCL13/CXCR5 and XCL1/XCR1 mRNA expression were significantly increased in RCC compared to normal kidney tissue and also strongly associated with tumor-infiltrating effector memory and central memory CD8+ T cells in all investigated collectives. M1 TAMs, T cells, NK cells as well as tumor cells were identified as the major sources of these chemokines, whereas T cells, B cells and dendritic cells were found to predominantly express the cognate receptors. The cluster of RCCs characterized by high chemokine expression and high CD8+ T cell infiltration displayed a strong activation of IFN/JAK/STAT signaling with elevated expression of multiple T cell exhaustion-associated transcripts. Chemokinehigh RCCs were characterized by metabolic reprogramming, in particular by downregulated OXPHOS and increased IDO1-mediated tryptophan degradation. None of the investigated chemokine genes was significantly associated with survival or response to immunotherapy. We propose a chemokine network that mediates CD8+ T cell recruitment and identify T cell exhaustion, altered energy metabolism and high IDO1 activity as key mechanisms of their suppression. Concomitant targeting of exhaustion pathways and metabolism may pose an effective approach to RCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Pichler
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Renate Pichler,
| | - Peter J. Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Agnieszka Martowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerold Untergasser
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roman Mayr
- Department of Urology, Caritas St. Josef Medical Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kocher
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik A. Barth
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Zhao L, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wei L, Cheng H, Wang J, Wang J. Impacts and mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming of tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:378. [PMID: 35444235 PMCID: PMC9021207 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders and abnormal immune function changes occur in tumor tissues and cells to varying degrees. There is increasing evidence that reprogrammed energy metabolism contributes to the development of tumor suppressive immune microenvironment and influences the course of gastric cancer (GC). Current studies have found that tumor microenvironment (TME) also has important clinicopathological significance in predicting prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. Novel approaches targeting TME therapy, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), metabolic inhibitors and key enzymes of immune metabolism, have been involved in the treatment of GC. However, the interaction between GC cells metabolism and immune metabolism and how to make better use of these immunotherapy methods in the complex TME in GC are still being explored. Here, we discuss how metabolic reprogramming of GC cells and immune cells involved in GC immune responses modulate anti-tumor immune responses, as well as the effects of gastrointestinal flora in TME and GC. It is also proposed how to enhance anti-tumor immune response by understanding the targeted metabolism of these metabolic reprogramming to provide direction for the treatment and prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- The First Clinical College, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The First Clinical College, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Simiao Zhang
- The First Clinical College, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Lingyu Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Aging Mechanism Research and Transformation, Center for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China.,Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Basic Research and Clinical Transformation, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Aging Mechanism Research and Transformation, Center for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China.,Department of Microbiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Aging Mechanism Research and Transformation, Center for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Basic Research and Clinical Transformation, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Aging Mechanism Research and Transformation, Center for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China. .,Department of Immunology, Center for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China.
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3
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Pathak RK, Marrache S, Harn DA, Dhar S. Mito-DCA: a mitochondria targeted molecular scaffold for efficacious delivery of metabolic modulator dichloroacetate. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1178-87. [PMID: 24617941 PMCID: PMC4033660 DOI: 10.1021/cb400944y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tumor
growth is fueled by the use of glycolysis, which normal cells
use only in the scarcity of oxygen. Glycolysis makes tumor cells resistant
to normal death processes. Targeting this unique tumor metabolism
can provide an alternative strategy to selectively destroy the tumor,
leaving normal tissue unharmed. The orphan drug dichloroacetate (DCA)
is a mitochondrial kinase inhibitor that has the ability to show such
characteristics. However, its molecular form shows poor uptake and
bioavailability and limited ability to reach its target mitochondria.
Here, we describe a targeted molecular scaffold for construction of
a multiple DCA loaded compound, Mito-DCA, with three orders of magnitude
enhanced potency and cancer cell specificity compared to DCA. Incorporation
of a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation through a biodegradable
linker in Mito-DCA allowed for mitochondria targeting. Mito-DCA did
not show any significant metabolic effects toward normal cells but
tumor cells with dysfunctional mitochondria were affected by Mito-DCA,
which caused a switch from glycolysis to glucose oxidation and subsequent
cell death via apoptosis. Effective delivery of DCA
to the mitochondria resulted in significant reduction in lactate levels
and played important roles in modulating dendritic cell (DC) phenotype
evidenced by secretion of interleukin-12 from DCs upon activation
with tumor antigens from Mito-DCA treated cancer cells. Targeting
mitochondrial metabolic inhibitors to the mitochondria could lead
to induction of an efficient antitumor immune response, thus introducing
the concept of combining glycolysis inhibition with immune system
to destroy tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Pathak
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Infectious
Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sean Marrache
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Infectious
Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Donald A. Harn
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Infectious
Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Infectious
Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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4
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Poudel B, Yoon DS, Lee JH, Lee YM, Kim DK. Collagen I enhances functional activities of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via discoidin domain receptor 2. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:95-102. [PMID: 23121981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the involvement of collagen and their discoidin domain receptors (DDRs), DDR1 and DDR2, on the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (hDCs). DDR2 was markedly expressed on mature hDCs in comparison to immature ones. Collagen I enhanced the release of IL-12p40, TNF-α and IFN-γ by hDCs. Additionally, hDCs exhibited enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules, and potent functional activities which, in turn, has therapeutic value. Interestingly, DDR2 depletion showed decrease in capacity of hDCs to stimulate T cells proliferation, whereas DDR1 silencing had no significant affect. These data demonstrate that DDR2 enhances hDCs activation and contributes to their functional activities. In addition, application of collagen I treated dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine reduced tumor burden giving longer survival in melanoma mice. Our study suggests that collagen I may enhance functional activities of DCs in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Poudel
- Department of Immunolgy and Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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5
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Ohta M, Ishida A, Toda M, Akita K, Inoue M, Yamashita K, Watanabe M, Murata T, Usui T, Nakada H. Immunomodulation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells through ligation of tumor-produced mucins to Siglec-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:663-9. [PMID: 20971061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the induction and maintenance of an effective immune response and express multiple siglecs. In the present study, we investigated whether or not the ligation of tumor-produced mucins with Siglec-9 expressed on immature DCs is related to escape from immunosurveillance in the tumor-bearing state. Expression of Siglec-9 was up-regulated on the development of monocytes into immature DCs and was decreased in mature DCs. Binding of various mucins and artificial glycopolymers carrying poly (NeuAc α2,6 LacNAc) or poly (NeuAc α2,3 LacNAc) to Siglec-9 was demonstrated by means of a plate assay. These mucins also bound to the surface of immature DCs. When immature DCs were treated with LPS in the presence of these mucins or artificial glycopolymers, the production of IL-12 was significantly reduced, but that of IL-10 was not. Furthermore, IL-12 production was decreased to a similar level on treatment with anti-Siglec-9 mAb. Mucins prepared from serum of cancer patients actually could bind to Siglec-9. These results suggest that Siglec-9 expressed on DCs is involved in immunoregulation through ligation with mucins in an epithelial cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ohta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Antitumor Effects of an Imidazoquinoline in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urology 2009; 73:1156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Satthaporn S, Aloysius MM, Robins RA, Verma C, Chuthapisith S, McKechnie AJ, El-Sheemy M, Vassanasiri W, Valerio D, Clark D, Jibril JA, Eremin O. Ex vivo recovery and activation of dysfunctional, anergic, monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with operable breast cancer: critical role of IFN-alpha. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:32. [PMID: 18588665 PMCID: PMC2447825 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating effective cell-mediated immune responses, but are dysfunctional and anergic in breast cancer. Reversal of this dysfunction and establishment of optimal DC function is a key prerequisite for the induction of effective anti-cancer immune responses. RESULTS Peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs) and lymph node DCs (LNDCs) generated in vitro from adherent cultures of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and lymph node monocytes (LNMs), respectively, using the 4 cytokine conditioned medium (CCM) (GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-alpha+IFN-alpha) or 3 CCM (GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-alpha) demonstrated a significantly higher degree of recovery and functional capacity in a mixed lymphocyte DC reaction (MLDCR, p < 0.001), expressed significantly higher levels of HLA-DR, CD86, compared with 2 CCM (GM-CSF+IL-4) or medium alone generated DCs from PBMs and LNMs (p < 0.001). The PBDCs generated with 3 CCM or 4 CCM showed a significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced macropinocytotic capability (dextran particles) and induced increased production and secretion of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) in vitro (p < 0.001), compared with PBDCs generated from monocytes using 2 CCM or medium alone. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of PBDCs generated with 4 CCM demonstrated enhanced secretion of IL-6 but not IL-12p70, compared with control DCs unstimulated with LPS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Dysfunctional and anergic PBDCs and LNDCs from patients with operable breast cancer can be optimally reversed by ex vivo culturing of precursor adherent monocytes using a 4 CCM containing IFN-alpha. Maximal immunophenotypic recovery and functional reactivation of DCs is seen in the presence of IFN-alpha. However, 4 CCM containing IFN-alpha generated-PBDCs, do not produce and secrete IL-12p70 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukchai Satthaporn
- Section of Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
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8
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Gottfried E, Kreutz M, Haffner S, Holler E, Iacobelli M, Andreesen R, Eissner G. Differentiation of human tumour-associated dendritic cells into endothelial-like cells: an alternative pathway of tumour angiogenesis. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:329-35. [PMID: 17386023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the only accepted mechanism of tumour vascularization was the sprouting of endothelial cells (EC) from pre-existing vessels, while recent studies suggest the contribution of stem cell-derived endothelial progenitors as well as cells from the myeloid lineage. Here, we show a new way of endothelial differentiation that involves the specific modulation of monocytes by the tumour environment. The tumour milieu is characterized by the presence of cytokines and lactate which induce the differentiation of tumour-invading monocytes into tumour-associated dendritic cells (DC). Additional incubation of tumour-associated DC with pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and oncostatin M, led to transdifferentiation into endothelial-like cells. The cells showed strong expression of von Willebrand factor and VE-Cadherin, both classical EC markers, while leukocytic markers were reduced. In addition, they were able to form network-like structures on matrigel, which could be blocked by the DNA-based drug Defibrotide. This finding may be of great therapeutic relevance for tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gottfried
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Simonetti O, Goteri G, Lucarini G, Rubini C, Stramazzotti D, Lo Muzio L, Biagini G, Offidani A. In melanoma changes of immature and mature dendritic cell expression correlate with tumor thickness:an immunohistochemical study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 20:325-33. [PMID: 17624244 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells with a dendritic morphology and/or expression of dendritic cell (DC) markers have been repeatedly described in several human tumors, but the distribution and density of melanoma-associated DCs have not yet been reported. The aim of the present study is to analyze the density and topographical distribution of melanoma-associated DCs and their relation with CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes in forty cases of cutaneous human melanoma. In melanocytic tumours different pools of DCs were recognised in the epidermis and in the dermis, particularly in intimate relation with lymphocyte clusters inside the melanocytic proliferation, and more often at the edges of tumours. The number of Langerin-positive DCs showed an inverse correlation with tumour depth (correlation coefficient r= -0.59, P=0.0001) and was significantly lower in thick melanomas compared to thin and intermediate ones (P<0.0005). The density of CD83(+) DCs was significantly lower in thick melanomas compared to thin and intermediate ones (P<0.009). A significant correlation was found between the density of the two DCs subsets (r=0.57, p<0.0001). The number of CD3(+) lymphocytes was inversely correlated to the depth of infiltration (r=-0.596, P<0.0001): melanoma cases with II-III Clark level showed a higher T lymphocyte mean density compared to cases with IV-V Clark level (P<0.0001). T lymphocyte density was significantly lower in thick melanomas compared to thin and intermediate melanomas (P<0.0005). In conclusion, our study indicates a progressive loss of DCs and T lymphocytes in the neoplastic progression of melanomas; further identification of the molecular pathways involved in the functional impairment of these immunitary cells may lead to new immunotherapeutic approaches for melanoma patients that would improve the clinical outcome of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Simonetti
- Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento di Patologia Molecolare e Terapie Innovative, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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10
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma, recurrence rates following surgical resection of locally aggressive tumours remain high. In an effort to delay disease progression and improve survival, the concept of adjuvant therapy has been proposed. Optimal adjuvant therapy for surgically resected renal cell carcinoma remains to be defined and the evaluation of adjuvant therapies will require properly controlled and adequately powered randomised trials. Promising preliminary results have been seen with active immunotherapies and agents that target critical signalling pathways, and there are several Phase III trials of these novel treatment options that are underway. In addition, classification of patients into high- and low-risk subgroups on the basis of a prognosis profile will serve as a useful means to guide clinicians in improving the selection of patients who are likely to derive benefit from adjuvant therapy. This will lead to a future area of investigation, which will be the identification of patients within the target population that should respond to a given treatment. This review will discuss the role and current status of adjuvant therapies for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lam
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Hussain SF, Heimberger AB. Immunotherapy for human glioma: innovative approaches and recent results. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 5:777-90. [PMID: 16221048 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.5.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The outcome for malignant glioma patients remains dismal despite treatment with surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy. The goal of immunotherapy is to eradicate or suppress the residual infiltrative component of these tumors. Although there is clinical evidence for cell-mediated antiglioma activity, there are special considerations that need to be accounted for in the design of immunotherapeutics for CNS tumors, such as possible differences in antigen-presenting cells, trafficking of effector T-cells and immunosuppression. Previously characterized immunosuppression in glioma patients has included low peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, reduced delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to recall antigens, impaired mitogen-induced blastogenic responses by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, increased CD8+ suppressor T-cells, decreased CD4+ T-cell activity in vitro, diminished immunoglobulin synthesis by B-cells and impaired transmembrane signaling through the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex. Recent impairments that are being identified include anergy, failure of costimulation, lack of sufficient numbers of functional effector T-cells and the presence of T-suppressor cells within the tumor microenvironment. It is proposed that these inherent problems will need to be overcome in order for immunotherapies to realize their potential. Paradoxically, the efficacy of recent clinical immunotherapies for glioma patients appears equivalent to that seen in other cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. This review will provide an overview of the juxtaposition of the immune system and CNS, and will discuss the most recent and ongoing immunotherapeutic clinical trials that are demonstrating promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farzana Hussain
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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12
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Gottfried E, Kunz-Schughart LA, Ebner S, Mueller-Klieser W, Hoves S, Andreesen R, Mackensen A, Kreutz M. Tumor-derived lactic acid modulates dendritic cell activation and antigen expression. Blood 2005; 107:2013-21. [PMID: 16278308 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor milieu can influence dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We analyzed DC differentiation in a 3-dimensional tumor model and propose a new mechanism of DC modulation by the tumor environment. Monocytes were cultured in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF within multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) generated from different tumor cell lines. Monocytes invaded the MCTSs and differentiated into tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs). The antigen expression was altered on TADCs independent of the culture conditions (immature/mature DCs, Langerhans cells) and IL-12 secretion was reduced. Supernatants of MCTSs could partially transfer the suppressive effect. Conditioned media from urothelial carcinoma cell lines contained high levels of M-CSF and IL-6, both cytokines known to modulate DC differentiation. In contrast, melanoma and prostate carcinoma MCTS cocultures produced little M-CSF and IL-6, but high levels of lactic acid. Indeed, addition of lactic acid during DC differentiation in vitro induced a phenotype comparable with TADCs generated within melanoma and prostate carcinoma MCTSs. Blocking of lactic acid production in melanoma MCTS cocultures reverted the TADC phenotype to normal. We therefore conclude that tumor-derived lactic acid is an important factor modulating the DC phenotype in the tumor environment, which may critically contribute to tumor escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gottfried
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Hegmans JPJJ, Hemmes A, Aerts JG, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN. Immunotherapy of Murine Malignant Mesothelioma Using Tumor Lysate–pulsed Dendritic Cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:1168-77. [PMID: 15764728 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200501-057oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Exploiting the immunostimulatory capacities of dendritic cells holds great promise for cancer immunotherapy. Currently, dendritic cell-based immunotherapy is evaluated clinically in a number of malignancies, including melanoma and urogenital and lung cancer, showing variable but promising results. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if pulsed dendritic cells induce protective immunity against malignant mesothelioma in a mouse model. METHODS Malignant mesothelioma was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of the AB1 mesothelioma cell line, leading to death within 28 days. For immunotherapy, dendritic cells were pulsed overnight either with AB1 tumor cell line lysate, AB1-derived exosomes, or ex vivo AB1 tumor lysate, and injected either before (Days -14 and -7) at the day of (Day 0) or after (Days +1 and +8) tumor implantation. MAIN RESULTS Mice receiving tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells before tumor implantation demonstrated protective antitumor immunity with prolonged survival (> 3 months) and even resisted secondary tumor challenge. Tumor protection was associated with strong tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes or purified CD8+ T lymphocytes transferred tumor protection to unimmunized mice in vivo. When given after tumor implantation in a therapeutic setting, pulsed dendritic cells prevented mesothelioma outgrowth. With higher tumor load and delayed administration after tumor implantation, dendritic cells were no longer effective. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate in this murine model that immunotherapy using pulsed dendritic cells may emerge as a powerful tool to control mesothelioma outgrowth. In the future, immunotherapy using dendritic cells could be used as adjuvant to control local recurrence after multimodality treatment for malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost P J J Hegmans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, H-Ee2253a, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Yoshida S, Tanaka R. Generation of a human leukocyte antigen-A24–restricted antitumor cell with the use of SART-1 peptide and dendritic cells in patients with malignant brain tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 144:201-7. [PMID: 15514588 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can be the principal initiators of antigen-specific immune responses. In this study, we attempted to generate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) using DCs pulsed with SART-1(254) peptide. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMCs) were obtained from 11 patients with brain tumors expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24. After stimulation with SART-1(254) peptide, CTLs showing over 15% were observed in one of 4 patients with gliomas and in 4 of 7 patients with metastatic brain tumors. Furthermore, exposure to DCs pulsed with SART-1(254) peptide increased the killing activity of these CTLs by 28.7% and 37.5%, respectively. We conclude that DCs pulsed with SART-1(254) peptide are effective in generating HLA-A24-restricted antitumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Niigata Cancer Hospital, Kawagishi-chou, Japan.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Gitlitz
- University of California @ Los Angeles, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2333, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Saint F, Leroy X, Graziana JP, Moukassa D, Gosselin B, Biserte J, Chopin D, Rigot JM. Dendritic Cell Infiltration In A Patient With Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Of The Testis: Is There A Relationship With Infertility And Tumor Stage? J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Saint
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Xavier Leroy
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jean Pierre Graziana
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Donatien Moukassa
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Gosselin
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Biserte
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Dominique Chopin
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jean Marc Rigot
- From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, CHRU Lille, Lille and Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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17
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Dendritic Cell Infiltration In A Patient With Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Of The Testis: Is There A Relationship With Infertility And Tumor Stage? J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200204000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA, Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Curr Urol Rep 2001; 2:46-52. [PMID: 12084295 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-001-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although mostly resistant to cytotoxic therapy, renal cell carcinoma has been a testing ground for immunotherapy. The approval of interleukin-2 for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma was a landmark "proof of principle" which showed that agents working solely via the immune system can cause durable cancer remission. Dendritic cells are central to immune-mediated surveillance and destruction of abnormal cells. They possess all the components required to educate immune effector cells that can then mediate tumor destruction. In vitro strategies to expand and load dendritic cells with antigens have now led to human vaccine trials in renal cell carcinoma and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gitlitz
- Medical Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, 2345D PVUB, Box 7086, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7086, USA.
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19
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Hart DN, Clark GJ. Dendritic cells and their clinical applications. Cancer Treat Res 2000; 101:283-310. [PMID: 10800654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4987-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D N Hart
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Hasebe H, Nagayama H, Sato K, Enomoto M, Takeda Y, Takahashi TA, Hasumi K, Eriguchi M. Dysfunctional regulation of the development of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in cancer patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2000; 54:291-8. [PMID: 10989961 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(00)80050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly effective antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APCs) that are required for the initiation of the immune response. DCs derived from cancer patients have been shown to be defective in several phenotypic and functional properties. However, little is known about the capacity of monocytes derived from cancer patients to differentiate into DCs. Herein, we examined the differentiation of monocyte-derived DCs in cancer patients. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that monocytes derived from cancer patients cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4) exhibited lower levels of CD11c, CD40, CD86, and HLA-DR expression as compared with those of monocyte-derived DCs from healthy volunteers. Furthermore, the capacities of DCs derived from cancer patients' monocytes to stimulate allogeneic T cell responses and to migrate in response to regulated-on-activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) were impaired in comparison with those of monocyte-derived DCs from healthy volunteers. However, the two cell types had similar pinocytotic capacities for fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled-dextran (FITC-DX) and lucifer yellow (LY). These results suggest that monocytes from cancer patients may be defective in the capacity to develop into DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasebe
- Department of Surgery, The Institute of Medical Science. The University of Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Merad M, Angevin E, Wolfers J, Flament C, Lorenzi I, Triebel F, Escudier B, Zitvogel L. Generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with renal cell cancer: modulation of their functional properties after therapy with biological response modifiers (IFN-alpha plus IL-2 and IL-12). J Immunother 2000; 23:369-78. [PMID: 10838666 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200005000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The combination of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) plus interleukin (IL-2) has been accepted in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC), whereas vaccines based on IL-12 or dendritic cells (DCs) are still being investigated. Here the authors analyzed 1) the feasibility to generate functional monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) from patients treated with biological response modifiers (BRMs) who have MRCC, 2) the phenotypic modulations of these MDDCs during BRM treatment. Eight and 13 MRCC patients received IL-2 plus IFN-alpha or IL-12 immunotherapy, respectively. The adherent fraction of mononuclear cells from patients' blood drawn before, during, and after immunotherapy was incubated in clinically approved culture medium supplemented with 5% autologous serum, rhu granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and rhuIL-4 for a week. At day 7 or 8 of culture, floating cells were examined in flow cytometric and functional assays (alloreactivity, proliferation assays in the presence of tetanus toxoid or tumor peptides, IL-12 secretion). In all patients except two, MDDCs could be generated but at a lower rate compared with healthy volunteers. Morphologic and phenotypical analyses revealed immature DCs with low levels of CD1a or CD83 expression throughout therapy with BRMs. Capacities in mixed leukocyte reactions were similar to those of healthy volunteers and stable during immunotherapy, whereas presentation of major histocompatibility complex class II tetanus toxoid peptide complexes was slightly enhanced during and after IL-12 therapy. IL-12 expression levels under IFN-gamma and CD40L stimulation were significantly lower in MDDC cultures from patients with MRCC compared with healthy volunteers. Overall, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a cohort of 21 patients with metastatic disease who were treated with BRMs maintained their ability to differentiate into functional MDDCs with no selective quantitative or qualitative advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merad
- Unité d'Immunothérapie, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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22
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Kiertscher SM, Luo J, Dubinett SM, Roth MD. Tumors promote altered maturation and early apoptosis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1269-76. [PMID: 10640740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumors produce a number of immunosuppressive factors that block the maturation of CD34+ stem cells into dendritic cells (DC). We hypothesized that tumors might also interfere with the maturation and/or function of human monocyte-derived DC. In contrast to stem cells, we found that CD14+ cells responded to tumor culture supernatant (TSN) by increasing expression of APC surface markers, up-regulating nuclear translocation of RelB, and developing allostimulatory activity. Although displaying these characteristics of mature DC, TSN-exposed DC lacked the capacity to produce IL-12, did not acquire full allostimulatory activity, and rapidly underwent apoptosis. The effects of TSN appeared to be specific for maturing DC, and were not reversed by Abs against known DC regulatory factors including IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-beta, or PGE2. Supernatants collected from nonmalignant cell sources had no effect on DC maturation. The altered maturation and early apoptosis of monocyte-derived DC may represent another mechanism by which tumors evade immune detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kiertscher
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Kowalkowski KL, Alzona MT, Aono FM, Van Epps DE, Vachula M. Ex vivo generation of dendritic cells from CD34+ cells in gas-permeable containers under serum-free conditions. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY 1998; 7:403-11. [PMID: 9829314 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1998.7.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are efficient and potent APCs that can be generated ex vivo. For them to be used clinically, however, a closed culture system using serum-free medium should be used. Our goal was to differentiate DC from human blood CD34+ cells in serum-free media in a new gas-permeable culture container, PL2417. Apheresis products were collected from healthy G-CSF-mobilized donors, and CD34+ cells were selected using the Isolex immunomagnetic cell selection system. Cells were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in various serum-free media and compared with serum-containing medium in 4-well plates. One of the serum-free media was then selected and used in PL2417 containers and compared with serum-containing medium in standard flasks. The cells were evaluated at days 0, 7, and 14 for the presence of DC, which were identified morphologically after Wright-Giemsa staining by cytoplasmic processes extending from the surface of the cell. The cultures were evaluated phenotypically by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The stimulatory capacity was examined in MLR. Overall, results from serum-free media and PL2417 containers were comparable results obtained under the other conditions. These data indicate that culture-deriving DC from CD34+ cells in PL2417 closed system containers using serum-free media is as effective as using standard flasks and serum-supplemented media.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Kowalkowski
- Immunotherapy Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
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24
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Suri RM, Austyn JM. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide contamination of commercial collagen preparations may mediate dendritic cell maturation in culture. J Immunol Methods 1998; 214:149-63. [PMID: 9692867 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells, which are responsible for the initiation of naive T and T-dependent immune responses. The present studies were based upon recent reports that commercial collagen I preparations induce the maturation of human DC in vitro. We show that human blood monocyte-derived (GM-CSF and IL-4 cultured) DC pulsed on collagen I-coated plates undergo a dose-dependent increase in stimulatory capacity in oxidative mitogenesis assays. This is accompanied by the upregulation of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86), CD25, ICAM-1 and the DC-specific marker CD83. The maturation effect is more potent than TNF-alpha, which is a known mediator of DC function. However, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a powerful inducer of DC maturation, was found to be present at very high levels in one commercial collagen solution that was tested. The effect of LPS upon DC maturation was similar to culture with collagen. Furthermore, a different collagen I preparation with low levels of LPS contamination was less effective at inducing DC maturation, while spiking the collagen solution with LPS prior to plastic coating equalised these effects. Finally, human monocyte-derived DC were found not to express typical collagen receptors VLA-1, 2 and 3. We therefore propose that LPS contamination may at least partially explain reported collagen I induced DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Suri
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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25
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Nouri AM, Symes MO. Relevance of the immune system in human urological malignancies: prospective for future clinical treatments. Urology 1998; 51:41-9. [PMID: 9610557 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of the immune system in resisting human malignancies has long been debated. Several recent findings from animal and human studies have restimulated interest in the immune surveillance hypothesis for tumor control. These findings have been complied from various disciplines including cytokine therapy, adoptive immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Following the initial euphoria, it is now clear that immunotherapy of selected cancer cases in the early stages of tumor development may make an important contribution to tumor control, particularly in dealing with minimal residual disease after tumor debulking. This review discusses some of these issues and proposes approaches that could pave the way for better selection of the patients best suited for immunotherapy. We would argue that therapies directed at the re-expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens might improve outcomes in immune-therapy-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nouri
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal London Hospital, England
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26
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Abstract
The interest in the use of human dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy calls for efficient ex vivo methods of dendritic cell education. To extend the range of methods available, we generated phenotypically characteristic dendritic cells from peripheral blood monocytes incubated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 and infected them with an adenovirus containing a humanized version of green fluorescent protein as a marker of gene expression. The levels of expressed protein were high, but they were further increased in combination with cationic liposomes. In comparison to transfection efficiency of the homologous expression plasmid, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was substantially more efficient. With the aid of liposome-mediated infection, gene transfer into CD83+ dendritic cells was highly effective, resulting in more than 90% of the cells expressing the transgene.
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27
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Abstract
Abstract
The interest in the use of human dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy calls for efficient ex vivo methods of dendritic cell education. To extend the range of methods available, we generated phenotypically characteristic dendritic cells from peripheral blood monocytes incubated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 and infected them with an adenovirus containing a humanized version of green fluorescent protein as a marker of gene expression. The levels of expressed protein were high, but they were further increased in combination with cationic liposomes. In comparison to transfection efficiency of the homologous expression plasmid, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was substantially more efficient. With the aid of liposome-mediated infection, gene transfer into CD83+ dendritic cells was highly effective, resulting in more than 90% of the cells expressing the transgene.
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28
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The contribution of dendritic cells to immune responses against urological cancers. Urol Oncol 1998; 4:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(98)00027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Troy AJ, Hart DN. Dendritic cells and cancer: progress toward a new cellular therapy. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY 1997; 6:523-33. [PMID: 9483187 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1997.6.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Troy
- Department of Urology, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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30
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Mariuzzi G, Mombello A, Capitanio A, Mariuzzi L, Morelli L, Rucco V, Pea M. Renal cell carcinoma: Pathological prognostic criteria. Urologia 1997. [DOI: 10.1177/039156039706400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
– Pathological criteria so far employed in the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma provide no clinically useful information. This paper emphasises the possibilities offered by histopathology today for tackling this clinical problem more effectively. Nuclear analysis, with objective and quantitative evaluation of the degree of distortion, may provide extremely useful information. The authors correctly classified 90% of the 50 cases of renal cell carcinoma considered and whose follow-up at 5 years was known.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Mariuzzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - A. Mombello
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - A. Capitanio
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica - Ospedale di Rovereto (Trento)
| | - L. Mariuzzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Udine
| | - L. Morelli
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - V. Rucco
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
| | - M. Pea
- Istituto di Anatomia Patologica - Università di Verona
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31
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Thurnher M, Ramoner R, Gastl G, Radmayr C, Böck G, Herold M, Klocker H, Bartsch G. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin mycobacteria stimulate human blood dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:128-34. [PMID: 8985101 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970106)70:1<128::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) mycobacteria have been used as adjuvant in the active immunotherapy of various human cancers. In addition, dendritic cells, which are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, have been shown to be capable of initiating anti-tumor immune responses. Here we investigated the effects of BCG on dendritic cells cultured from human blood. Addition of BCG resulted in rapid homotypic adhesion of dendritic cells. Moreover, BCG concentrations ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) bacteria/ml enhanced expression of the dendritic-cell-maturation antigen CD83 and of the T-cell co-stimulator CD86 (B7-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant with the increase of CD83 and CD86 expression, the cells lost the ability to capture soluble antigens, as determined by the exclusion of fluoresceinated Dextran molecules. Strikingly, the same dosages of BCG-bacteria stimulated TNF-alpha-gene transcription and TNF-alpha-protein release from dendritic cells in a dose-dependent fashion. BCG infection of dendritic cells in the presence of a neutralizing antibody directed against TNF-alpha inhibited CD83 expression by more than 50% indicating that the BCG-induced maturation of dendritic cells was at least partially mediated by dendritic-cell-derived TNF-alpha. The finding that BCG activates the most potent antigen-presenting cells reveals a plausible immunological mechanism of the occasionally observed anti-tumor activity of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thurnher
- Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Generation of Mature Dendritic Cells from Human Blood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Abstract
To generate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to cancer cells requires tumour-specific antigens appropriately processed and displayed by the MHC proteins; T-lymphocytes with receptors of appropriate specificity to recognise these; and initial antigen presentation to the immune system in an immunogenic context. In vitro, autologous tumour-specific CTL have been raised against a number of tumours, thus at least some patients have a suitable combination of antigen and receptor. Vaccination with antigen, or with DNA or viral vectors encoding the antigen, leading to the presentation of identified antigens in an immunogenic context, can activate T-cells which provide protection from tumour in animal models. An alternative approach uses gene transfer to T-cells, causing them to express novel receptors which direct their cytotoxic activity towards the tumour. Non-specific immune adjuvants, and expression of novel antigens on tumour cells, are briefly discussed. Recent advances in understanding the requirements for T-cell activation suggest that failure to efficiently present antigen in an immunogenic context may explain the apparent lack of tumour-specific CTL activation in vivo. In mice, expression of the costimulatory molecule B7-1 on tumour cells, following gene transfer, allows the modified tumour cells to act as antigen-presenting cells, inducing protective and therapeutic CTL responses in some cases. Clinical trials of some approaches have commenced, with some encouraging results which provide a basis for further development of immunological gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Searle
- University of Birmingham CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, Medical School, UK
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