1
|
Cox JM, Toussaint A, Woerner J, Smith A, Haeny AM. Coping While Black: Comparing Coping Strategies Across COVID-19 and the Killing of Black People. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1211-1222. [PMID: 37099239 PMCID: PMC10132418 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In the same year the world was thrown into turmoil with COVID-19, the USA also experienced a surge in attention given to the plight of Black people in the policing system, following the killing of George Floyd. Both the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing "pandemic" of police and White violence against Black people in the USA cause significant amounts of stress, disproportionately affecting Black people. Utilizing qualitative analysis of responses from 128 Black-identifying participants to an online survey, this investigation seeks to understand how the coping strategies of Black people in the USA compare between the racism-related stressor of police killings of Black people and the generalized stressor of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings demonstrate that while Black people use overlapping strategies to deal with stress, clear patterns exist with regard to differences across racism-related and non-racism-related stressors. We report important implications for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on Black people, cultural understandings of research on coping, and Black mental health more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cox
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Anaïs Toussaint
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jacqueline Woerner
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Smith
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yücel İ, Gomes DR, Ribeiro N, Özlok KK. The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Continuance Commitment of Migrant Workers. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241226686. [PMID: 38198634 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241226686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination by migrant workers (applicants for international protection) and continuance commitment, and to analyze whether this relationship is mediated by self-esteem. In addition, it aims to contribute to the literature on the organizational outcomes of perceived ethnic discrimination. This research was conducted through a questionnaire survey of 411 migrants who applied for international protection in Turkey. As a result of the study, perceived ethnic discrimination was found to be a predictor of continuance commitment and self-esteem. In addition, it was observed that self-esteem has a mediating role in the relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination and continuance commitment. The results offer important implications for organizations and organization managers on how migrant workers should be managed and which issues require specific attention. The application of the study on migrant workers and the examination of these variables provide important contributions and practical implications to the literature. In addition, this is a rare study that examines the mediator model with the variables specified in the model using social identity theory, which has not yet been widely covered in existing literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İlhami Yücel
- Department of Management and Organization, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Daniel Roque Gomes
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Portugal
| | - Neuza Ribeiro
- Centre of Applied Research in Management and Economics (CARME), Polytechnic of Leiria, School of Technology and Management, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Kasım Kağan Özlok
- Department of Management and Organization, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Korem N, Ben-Zion Z, Spiller TR, Duek OA, Harpaz-Rotem I, Pietrzak RH. Correlates of avoidance coping in trauma-exposed U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:89-97. [PMID: 37437721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Avoidant coping strategies, which involve cognitions and behaviors aimed to avoid dealing with stressful experiences, are associated with adverse long-term mental and physical health outcomes. In response to traumatic events, these strategies can be maladaptive as they may interfere with the adaptive integration of traumatic events into consolidated memories. Using data from a nationally representative sample of more than 3000 trauma-exposed U.S. military veterans (mean time since trauma 30.9 years, SD = 19.9), we employed a network analytic approach to examine pairwise associations between key sociodemographic, personality, and psychosocial risk factors in relation to the endorsement of avoidant coping strategies. Results revealed that negative affect symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adverse childhood experiences were positively associated with engagement in avoidance coping, and that greater emotional stability and conscientiousness were negatively associated with this measure. Secondary network analysis of individual negative affect symptoms of PTSD suggested that blaming oneself and/or others for the traumatic event, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse were most strongly linked to avoidance coping. Collectively, these results suggest that strong feelings of blame related to trauma, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse are associated with greater likelihood of engaging in avoidance coping, while emotional stability and conscientiousness are associated with a lower likelihood of engaging in such strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nachshon Korem
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Ziv Ben-Zion
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tobias R Spiller
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Or A Duek
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Community Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilan Harpaz-Rotem
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Contractor AA, Rafiuddin HS, Kaur K, Asnaani A. Asian Indians in the United States and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Interventions: A Narrative Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2395-2411. [PMID: 35543662 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221097435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Topic. Limited research has examined trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Asian Indians in the U.S. Thus, we (1) synthesize literature on trauma, PTSD, disparities in treatment for PTSD, the burden of untreated PTSD, and culturally-adapted (CA) PTSD interventions; and (2) discuss recommendations for clinicians/researchers working with this population.Method. We searched two databases using keywords related to Asian Indians, PTSD, and interventions. Of 238 identified articles, we used content from 26 articles to inform our review.Findings. Asian Indians report traumatic experiences before, during, or after immigration to the U.S. and consequential PTSD symptoms. Further, Asian Indians in the U.S. are disproportionately impacted by socio-cultural and economic determinants of poor mental health (e.g., shame/stigma associated with seeking mental health services, few culturally-responsive services), which may contribute to the under-reporting of PTSD and (interpersonal) traumas and less willingness to seek treatment. Additionally, CA PTSD interventions tailored to Asian Indians in the U.S. have not been developed. Socio-cultural considerations that can inform CA PTSD interventions for Asian Indians include: causal conditions (e.g., culturally-rooted beliefs about trauma/PTSD), intervening conditions/barriers (e.g., emotional inhibition), and mitigating/coping strategies (e.g., religious/spiritual practices, cultural idioms of distress). These considerations influence clinician/treatment preferences (e.g., solution-oriented and structured therapy, less emotional exposure). Lastly, we outline recommendations for clinicians/researchers: (1) need for national studies on trauma, PTSD, treatment utilization, and the burden of untreated PTSD; (2) consideration of immigration-related experiences influencing PTSD; (3) consideration of socio-cultural elements for CA PTSD interventions; and (4) need for culturally-valid PTSD assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan S Rafiuddin
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kiran Kaur
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Anu Asnaani
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mair CA, Peek MK, Slatcher RB, Cutchin MP. Examining Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Coping and Stress Within an Environmental Riskscape. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:1033-1042. [PMID: 36800140 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Existing research on racial/ethnic differences in stress and coping is limited by small samples, single-item measures, and lack of inclusion of Mexican Americans. We address these gaps by analyzing data from the Texas City Stress and Health Study, a cross-sectional sample of Black (N = 257), White (N = 304), US-born (N = 689), and foreign-born (N = 749) Mexican Americans residing in proximity to a petrochemical complex. We compared active and avoidant coping by race/ethnicity and explored multivariable associations between coping and perceived stress. Black and foreign-born Mexican American respondents had the highest stressor exposure yet displayed different patterns of coping and perceived stress patterns. Active coping may be particularly effective for African Americans but may not offset extreme stress disparities. For Mexican Americans, the lack of association between coping and stress underscores the need for more work focused on the culturally diverse coping experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Mair
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, Center for Health, Equity, and Aging, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - M Kristen Peek
- School of Public and Population Health, Department of Population Health and Health Disparities, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Malcolm P Cutchin
- School of Occupational Therapy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lanier Y, Cornelius T, Morillo C, Lavarin C, Brawner BM, Kershaw T. A Dyadic Analysis Exploring the Mediating Role of Relationship Quality on Discrimination and HIV/STI Risk Among Young Black and Latino Expecting Couples. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:1269-1276. [PMID: 36156173 PMCID: PMC10038914 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Encounters with discrimination are a normative experience for many Black and Latino adolescents and young adults (AYAs); these experiences may be even more common for expecting AYAs. While the harmful effects of discriminatory experiences on mental and physical health have been well explored, relatively little is known regarding the impact of discrimination on relationship quality and sexual health-specifically HIV/STI risk.Using the Actor Partner Interdependence Model, we examined both actor and partner effects of discrimination on relationship quality and willingness to be non-monogamous in a sample of 259 pregnant adolescent and young adult couples. There was a significant indirect actor effect, such that one's own discrimination was associated with a decrease in their own relationship quality which, in turn, was associated with their own greater willingness to be non-monogamous. The partner effect for the association of one's partner's discrimination on one's own relationship quality was not significant. Findings highlight the need for more attention to the implications of discrimination on relational and sexual health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yzette Lanier
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, US.
| | | | - Cheyenne Morillo
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, US
| | | | - Bridgette M Brawner
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, US
| | - Trace Kershaw
- School of Public Health, Yale University , New Haven, US
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jacob G, Faber SC, Faber N, Bartlett A, Ouimet AJ, Williams MT. A Systematic Review of Black People Coping With Racism: Approaches, Analysis, and Empowerment. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:392-415. [PMID: 36006823 PMCID: PMC10018067 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current research literature concerning Black people in Western societies to better understand how they regulate their emotions when coping with racism, which coping strategies they use, and which strategies are functional for well-being. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and 26 studies were identified on the basis of a comprehensive search of multiple databases and reference sections of relevant articles. Studies were quantitative and qualitative, and all articles located were from the United States or Canada. Findings demonstrate that Black people tend to cope with racism through social support (friends, family, support groups), religion (prayer, church, spirituality), avoidance (attempting to avoid stressors), and problem-focused coping (confronting the situation directly). Findings suggest gender differences in coping strategies. We also explore the relationship between coping with physical versus emotional pain and contrast functional versus dysfunctional coping approaches, underscoring the importance of encouraging personal empowerment to promote psychological well-being. Findings may help inform mental-health interventions. Limitations include the high number of American-based samples and exclusion of other Black ethnic and national groups, which is an important area for further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Bartlett
- Department of Classics and Religious
Studies, University of Ottawa
| | | | - Monnica T. Williams
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa
- Monnica T. Williams, School of Psychology,
University of Ottawa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma C, Song J. Negative association between harsh parenting and life satisfaction: negative coping style as mediator and peer support as moderator. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:16. [PMID: 36670452 PMCID: PMC9863196 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated that harsh parenting negatively affects children's psychological development. This study examined the association between harsh parenting during childhood and life satisfaction of Chinese college students. We further looked at whether this association is explained in part by negative coping styles, and whether peer support lessens the potential effect of harsh parenting on negative coping styles and life satisfaction. METHOD The sample included 609 Chinese students (aged 17-21 years, M = 18.39, SD = 0.82). The participants responded to questionnaires measuring past experiences with harsh parenting, life satisfaction, negative coping styles, and peer support. RESULTS Regression analysis showed that harsh parenting negatively contributed to students' life satisfaction via the mediator of negative coping styles, and peer support moderated this negative relationship. Specifically, the negative impact of harsh parenting on life satisfaction was only significant when there was low peer support. The effect of harsh parenting on negative coping styles was higher in individuals with high peer support than in those with low peer support. CONCLUSION This study highlights the roles of intrinsic (negative coping style) and extrinsic (peer support) factors in understanding the negative effects of harsh parenting on adolescents' life satisfaction. These results provide insight into how to enhance adolescents' life satisfaction by reducing harsh parenting and negative coping styles and by promoting peer support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chensen Ma
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Song
- grid.503241.10000 0004 1760 9015School of Education, Institute of Psychology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deng X, Chen J, Zhao Y. Mediation effects of positive and negative affect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction in rural school teachers. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1129692. [PMID: 37168427 PMCID: PMC10165092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the ways in which the specific facets of trait emotional intelligence (EI), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) influence individuals' general life satisfaction, especially in teachers. This study explored the effects of three facets of trait EI [appraisal and expression of emotions (AEE), utilization of emotion (UE), and regulation of emotions (RE)] and two typical affects (PA and NA) on teachers' general life satisfaction. The participants were 577 Chinese rural school teachers (ages 18-49 years) who completed three questionnaires-the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, Positive and Negative Affective scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. After validating the scales, a structural equation modeling analysis showed that trait EI, PA, and NA had a significant and positive effect on teachers' general life satisfaction. PA played a partial mediating role between trait EI and life satisfaction. Furthermore, this study found that PA significantly and positively mediated the relationship between AEE, UE, RE, and life satisfaction. These results suggest that teachers with higher EI are more likely to have positive emotions, thereby enhancing their general life satisfaction, and that understanding the role of one's own and others' emotions and increasing positive emotions may be the key to improving teachers' general life satisfaction. Future implications and the study limitations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Deng
- National Institutes of Educational Policy Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- School of Social Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuyang Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moody AT, Lewis JA, Owens GP. Gendered Racism, Coping, and Traumatic Stress Among Black Women: The Moderating Roles of the Strong Black Woman Schema and Womanist Attitudes. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843221143752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between gendered racism, coping strategies, the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema, womanist attitudes, and traumatic stress symptoms among Black women. Specifically, this study utilized an intersectionality framework to test the link between gendered racism and traumatic stress as mediated by coping strategies (detachment, internalization, drug/alcohol use, education/advocacy, and resistance), and moderated by two aspects of Black women’s identity (SBW schema and womanist attitudes). Participants were 185 Black women from across the United States who completed an online survey. Results from a mediation analysis indicated that disengagement coping (detachment and drug/alcohol use) significantly mediated the gendered racism-traumatic stress link. In addition, the SBW schema moderated the gendered racism-detachment coping link, such that this association was stronger at high levels of SBW schema. Results from the moderated mediation analyses were not significant, though SBW schema was associated with greater disengagement coping (internalization and detachment) and womanist attitudes was associated with greater engagement coping (education/advocacy and resistance). These findings highlight the importance of understanding how Black women cope with gendered racism as well as internalized beliefs that may be beneficial or harmful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anahvia T. Moody
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Jioni A. Lewis
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Gina P. Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burton WM, Paschal AM, Jaiswal J, Leeper JD, Birch DA. Gendered racial microaggressions and black college women: A cross-sectional study of depression and psychological distress. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36227726 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2133567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We assessed the association between gendered racism, the simultaneous experience of sexism and racism, depression, and psychological distress in Black college women using an intersectional instrument, the gendered racial microaggression scale. Participants: Black college women enrolled at a predominantly white institution (PWI) in the southeastern U.S. (N = 164, response rate = 77%, mean age 21.67). Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey to explore the impact of stress appraisal and frequency of gendered racial microaggressions on depression and psychological distress using validated scales. Results: 30% reported depression and 54% reported severe psychological distress. Correlations indicate significant relationships between gendered racism, depression and psychological distress, with the strongest relation reported between the frequency of gendered racism to depression. Regression analyses suggest significant relationships between gendered racism, depression and psychological distress. Conclusion: Gendered racism has significant bearing on the mental health of Black college women attending a PWI. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Martin Burton
- Capstone College of Nursing, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Angelia M Paschal
- Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica Jaiswal
- Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - James D Leeper
- Department of Community Medicine and Population Health, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - David A Birch
- Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie Z, Yuan W, Zhang LF. A cross-lagged study of psychosocial adaptation among students with visual impairments: Coping, self-esteem, and social integration. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 128:104292. [PMID: 35780708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As three key indicators of psychosocial adaptation, coping, self-esteem, and social integration are vital for students with visual impairments. AIMS This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships among visually impaired students' coping, self-esteem, and social integration. METHODS Students with visual impairments (NTime1 = 311, NTime2 = 170) from four special schools in mainland China responded to three inventories at two timepoints over one year. Cross-lagged panel modelling was performed to analyse the data. RESULTS After controlling for gender, self-esteem positively predicted self-directed coping and negatively predicted relinquished-control coping. An inverse path was found in the prediction of relinquished-control coping to self-esteem. Social integration positively predicted self-esteem. Furthermore, gender did not moderate the relationships in the cross-lagged model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Evidence is provided for a negative loop between self-esteem and relinquished-control coping. Social integration could be a precursor of self-esteem, and self-esteem could be a precursor of self-directed coping. Moreover, the study has practical implications for special schools, teachers, parents, and students on enhancing visually impaired students' psychosocial adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Xie
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Education, Central China Normal University, China.
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Algrim K, Herrera C, Blanc T, Boxer P. Experiences with police in the community: Racial/ethnic differences in negative encounters and coping reactions. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3716-3732. [PMID: 35506544 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This investigation explores police encounters and police-related coping responses, and the extent to which these relations are impacted by race/ethnicity and beliefs about state authority. METHODS In two large, diverse samples of undergraduates reporting on their recent experiences in the community, race, experiences with police, and views of police were analyzed as predictors for coping with police presence; attitudes about authority were added in the latter study to explore how views of authority affect interpretation of police encounters and later coping. RESULTS Negative experiences with police differed by race and consistently predicted coping with police presence. There was a marginal interaction between views of authority and negative experiences with police, with greater stress response at lower levels of authoritarian attitudes. CONCLUSIONS This report clarifies interactions with police from the civilian perspective. It suggests individual attitudes meaningfully affect interpretation of police encounters and, in line with recent research recommendations, highlights the need to better understand police encounters as stressors, particularly in relation to race and ethnicity.
Collapse
|
14
|
The relationship between perceived control and life satisfaction in Chinese undergraduates: the mediating role of envy and moderating role of self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
15
|
Hamler TC, Nguyen AW, Mouzon DM, Taylor HO, Qin W, Cobb RJ. COVID-19 and Psychological Distress: Racial Differences Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2022; 62:780-791. [PMID: 35349690 PMCID: PMC9154222 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted older adults and Black individuals. Research has focused on physical outcomes, with less attention to the psychological effects of COVID-19. The objective of this study was to examine the interplay between perceptions of the COVID-19 outbreak as a threat to one's day-to-day life, race, and psychological distress among middle-aged and older men and women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Analyses were conducted on a subsample of self-identified non-Latino Whites and Black individuals aged 50 and older (N = 3,834) from the American Trends Panel. Psychological distress was assessed with 5 items adapted from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Perceived COVID-19 day-to-day threat was assessed with a single question. Negative binomial regressions tested the study aim. RESULTS Perceptions of COVID-19 day-to-day threat were positively associated with psychological distress. Black individuals reported lower distress than Whites. Regardless of gender, greater perceptions of COVID-19 day-to-day threats were associated with greater distress among both White respondents and Black respondents. However, this association was weaker among Black respondents than White respondents. Among men only, the association between COVID-19 day-to-day threat and distress varied by race, patterned similarly to the race differences identified in the total sample. This association did not vary by race among women. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study contributes to the emerging literature focused on older adults and COVID-19 related stressors and psychological distress. An intersectional lens shows how structural oppression may shape perceptions of the pandemic. Future work should consider coexisting intersections in marginalized identities and mental health during COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone C Hamler
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dawne M Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harry O Taylor
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weidi Qin
- Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryon J Cobb
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wickrama KAS, Ralston PA, Ilich JZ. Lower Life Satisfaction and Inflammation in African American Adults: Body Adiposity Mediation and Sex Moderation. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050745. [PMID: 35629167 PMCID: PMC9144421 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both lower life satisfaction (LLS) and chronic inflammation are underlying conditions for numerous diseases. We investigated their associations in African American adults, within the context of three hypotheses: (a) perceived LLS will be positively associated with inflammation measured by serum C-reactive protein (CRP); (b) this association will be mediated by body adiposity; and (c) these associations will be moderated by sex. Participants (n = 83; >45 years; 59% women) were a subsample of a larger church-based intervention to reduce cardiovascular risks and were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. Body adiposity (BMI/hip/waist circumferences) was measured by standardized methods and CRP with ELISA. LLS was self-reported. The analyses were conducted in the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. The direct relationship between LLS and CRP was significant for all participants but was mediated by BMI/hip/waist circumferences. Multi-group SEM analysis provided evidence for sex moderation by showing that the mediating pathway from LLS to CRP through BMI, and to a lesser extent through hip/waist circumferences, was significant only in women. In conclusion, perceived LLS was positively associated with the level of inflammation mediated by BMI/hip/waist circumference, with the association between LLS and CRP being stronger in women. These findings contribute to the current literature untangling mediation/moderation processes in which perceived LLS may contribute to adiposity-related inflammation. They also add to precision medicine development, suggesting that stress and inflammation-reducing interventions should focus on African Americans, particularly women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandauda A. S. Wickrama
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Penny A. Ralston
- Center on Better Health and Life for Underserved Populations, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Jasminka Z. Ilich
- Center on Better Health and Life for Underserved Populations, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The indirect effect of trait mindfulness on life satisfaction through self-esteem and perceived stress. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
18
|
Ravi M, Bernabe B, Michopoulos V. Stress-Related Mental Health Disorders and Inflammation in Pregnancy: The Current Landscape and the Need for Further Investigation. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:868936. [PMID: 35836664 PMCID: PMC9273991 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on psychoimmunological mechanisms of risk for stress-related mental health disorders. However, significantly fewer studies have focused on understanding mechanisms of risk for stress-related disorders during pregnancy, a period characterized by dramatic changes in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The current review summarizes and synthesizes the extant literature on the immune system during pregnancy, as well as the sparse existing evidence highlighting the associations between inflammation and mood, anxiety, and fear-related disorders in pregnancy. In general, pregnant persons demonstrate lower baseline levels of systemic inflammation, but respond strongly when presented with an immune challenge. Stress and trauma exposure may therefore result in strong inflammatory responses in pregnant persons that increases risk for adverse behavioral health outcomes. Overall, the existing literature suggests that stress, trauma exposure, and stress-related psychopathology are associated with higher levels of systemic inflammation in pregnant persons, but highlight the need for further investigation as the existing data are equivocal and vary based on which specific immune markers are impacted. Better understanding of the psychoimmunology of pregnancy is necessary to reduce burden of prenatal mental illness, increase the likelihood of a successful pregnancy, and reduce the intergenerational impacts of prenatal stress-related mental health disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Ravi
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brandy Bernabe
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
DiClemente CM, Richards MH. Community Violence in Early Adolescence: Assessing Coping Strategies for Reducing Delinquency and Aggression. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:155-169. [PMID: 31549863 PMCID: PMC7089820 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1650365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Exposure to community violence has disabling effects on the mental health of youth in the US, especially for African American adolescents from underserved, urban communities, fostering increased externalizing problems. The current study assessed the utility of problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping strategies for reducing aggression and delinquency amidst this uncontrollable stress. It was hypothesized that greater use of avoidant strategies would most consistently reduce externalizing behaviors over time, with these effects being stronger for boys than girls. Method: Following confirmatory factor analyses, longitudinal moderated moderation analyses were conducted with a sample of 263 Black students from low-income, urban areas (60% female, M = 11.65 years), who completed surveys in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Results: For sixth grade boys who witnessed violence, using more problem-focused strategies increased delinquency in eighth grade, whereas less use of problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping increased eighth grade delinquency for girls with both indirect and direct violence exposure. Girls showed a similar pattern for aggression in seventh and eighth grade. Problem-focused coping was endorsed most frequently overall by boys and girls. Violence exposure was associated with greater use of avoidant strategies in sixth grade. Conclusions: These results suggest that using fewer coping strategies was detrimental for girls, while boys may require more resources to support their coping efforts. This research enhances understanding of how boys and girls adaptively cope with community violence differently, while addressing concerns with conceptualizing categories of coping to inform clinicians in these communities.
Collapse
|
20
|
Thomas MD, Mendez RM, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sohail S, Chae DH, Márquez-Magaña L, Sellers R, Woods-Giscombé CL, Allen AM. OUP accepted manuscript. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2022; 62:762-772. [PMID: 35084030 PMCID: PMC9154235 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives African American women experience faster telomere shortening (i.e., cellular aging) compared with other racial–gender groups. Prior research demonstrates that race and gender interact to influence culturally specific norms for responding to socially-relevant stress and other stress-coping processes, which may affect healthy aging. Research Design and Methods Data are from African American Women’s Heart & Health Study participants who consented to DNA extraction (n = 140). Superwoman Schema (SWS) was measured using 5 validated subscales: presenting strength, emotion suppression, resisting vulnerability, motivation to succeed, and obligation to help others. Racial identity was measured using 3 subscales from the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: racial centrality, private regard, and public regard. Relative telomere length (rTL) was measured using DNA extracted from blood samples. Path analysis tested associations and interactions between SWS and racial identity dimensions with rTL. Results For SWS, higher resistance to being vulnerable predicted longer telomeres. For racial identity, high private regard predicted longer telomeres while high public regard predicted shorter telomeres. Interactions were found between public regard and 2 SWS dimensions: among women with high public regard, emotion suppression (β = 0.20, p < .05) and motivation to succeed (β = 0.18, p < .05) were associated with longer rTL. The interaction between high centrality and emotion suppression predicted shorter rTL (β = −0.17, p < .05). Discussion and Implications Culturally specific responses to gendered racism and racial identity, developed early in life and shaped over the life course, are important psychosocial determinants of cellular aging among African American women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn D Thomas
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Address correspondence to: Marilyn D. Thomas, PhD, MPH, Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Box 0852, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. E-mail:
| | - Rebecca M Mendez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Youchuan Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Saba Sohail
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David H Chae
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Rob Sellers
- Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cheryl L Woods-Giscombé
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amani M Allen
- School of Public Health, Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wenzing JMC, Gharaei N, Demir Z, Schachner MK. Do Parental and Peer Support Protect Adjustment in the Face of Ethnic Discrimination? A Comparison between Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212016. [PMID: 34831802 PMCID: PMC8625724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Applying a risk and protection perspective, this study paid special attention to the protective roles of parental and peer support in the face of perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) at school. Responding to the inconsistent findings of previous research, the survey study provides greater clarity regarding the interactions between PED at school, social support and positive adjustment (self-esteem, self-efficacy, optimism and school integration). The sample comprised 104 ethnic-minority youth (Mage = 17.73, SD = 3.29, 61% female), including refugee youth (n = 55) and second- and third-generation youth of immigrant descent (n = 49). Structural equation models across the whole sample confirmed peer support as a significant moderator, indicating that ethnic-minority youth who received low peer support were less optimistic when facing PED. In multi-group models, we tested whether results differ across refugee youth and youth of immigrant descent. Results revealed between-group differences concerning the moderating roles of parental and peer support: For youth of immigrant descent, while more PED was associated with lower self-esteem when receiving low parental support, we found a positive association between PED and optimism when receiving high parental support. Based on the findings that refugee youth were shown to be less optimistic when obtaining low peer support, the main interaction effect for peer support on optimism seemed to be driven by refugee youth. The results of our cross-sectional study highlight the importance of identifying specific social support factors for specific adjustment outcomes and also the importance of differentiating between minority groups. Further, the findings offer practical implications for the educational sector in terms of programs focusing on the development of peer-support networks to especially promote refugee youth resilience and resettlement in Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marie Christina Wenzing
- Department of Educational Psychology—Culture & Socialization, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany; (N.G.); (M.K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nadya Gharaei
- Department of Educational Psychology—Culture & Socialization, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany; (N.G.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Maja Katharina Schachner
- Department of Educational Psychology—Culture & Socialization, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany; (N.G.); (M.K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goreis A, Nater UM, Mewes R. Effects of chronic ethnic discrimination in the daily life of Turkish immigrants living in Austria: study protocol of a 30-day ambulatory assessment study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046697. [PMID: 34620655 PMCID: PMC8499268 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic ethnic discrimination is associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes in ethnic minority groups. It is assumed that suffering from repeated discriminatory events leads, over time, to psychological consequences such as higher perceived stress, higher negative affect and lower positive affect. Higher stress reactivity to non-discriminatory stressors, such as daily hassles, as well as anticipation and avoidance behaviour regarding discriminatory events, may further contribute to the overall burden for affected individuals. Studies investigating chronic ethnic discrimination and its psychological consequences in the daily lives of affected persons are lacking. Here, we present a study protocol to investigate the impact of chronic ethnic discrimination and acute discriminatory events in the daily lives of Turkish immigrants living in Austria, using an ambulatory assessment design. The feasibility of our study design was tested and confirmed in a pilot study (n=10). METHODS AND ANALYSIS Ninety male Turkish immigrants will complete daily questionnaires for 30 days. Participants will indicate stress, perceived discrimination, negative and positive affect, daily hassles, anticipation and avoidance behaviour, as well as rumination with regard to discriminatory events on a daily basis. Furthermore, they will use preprogrammed iPods to assess acute discriminatory events in real time. Our hypotheses will be tested using multilevel analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the institutional review board of the University of Vienna (reference number 00358). Results will be presented at conferences and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Braveman P, Dominguez TP, Burke W, Dolan SM, Stevenson DK, Jackson FM, Collins JW, Driscoll DA, Haley T, Acker J, Shaw GM, McCabe ERB, Hay WW, Thornburg K, Acevedo-Garcia D, Cordero JF, Wise PH, Legaz G, Rashied-Henry K, Frost J, Verbiest S, Waddell L. Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement From a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:684207. [PMID: 36303973 PMCID: PMC9580804 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.684207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017–2019, the March of Dimes convened a workgroup with biomedical, clinical, and epidemiologic expertise to review knowledge of the causes of the persistent Black-White disparity in preterm birth (PTB). Multiple databases were searched to identify hypothesized causes examined in peer-reviewed literature, 33 hypothesized causes were reviewed for whether they plausibly affect PTB and either occur more/less frequently and/or have a larger/smaller effect size among Black women vs. White women. While definitive proof is lacking for most potential causes, most are biologically plausible. No single downstream or midstream factor explains the disparity or its social patterning, however, many likely play limited roles, e.g., while genetic factors likely contribute to PTB, they explain at most a small fraction of the disparity. Research links most hypothesized midstream causes, including socioeconomic factors and stress, with the disparity through their influence on the hypothesized downstream factors. Socioeconomic factors alone cannot explain the disparity's social patterning. Chronic stress could affect PTB through neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms leading to inflammation and immune dysfunction, stress could alter a woman's microbiota, immune response to infection, chronic disease risks, and behaviors, and trigger epigenetic changes influencing PTB risk. As an upstream factor, racism in multiple forms has repeatedly been linked with the plausible midstream/downstream factors, including socioeconomic disadvantage, stress, and toxic exposures. Racism is the only factor identified that directly or indirectly could explain the racial disparities in the plausible midstream/downstream causes and the observed social patterning. Historical and contemporary systemic racism can explain the racial disparities in socioeconomic opportunities that differentially expose African Americans to lifelong financial stress and associated health-harming conditions. Segregation places Black women in stressful surroundings and exposes them to environmental hazards. Race-based discriminatory treatment is a pervasive stressor for Black women of all socioeconomic levels, considering both incidents and the constant vigilance needed to prepare oneself for potential incidents. Racism is a highly plausible, major upstream contributor to the Black-White disparity in PTB through multiple pathways and biological mechanisms. While much is unknown, existing knowledge and core values (equity, justice) support addressing racism in efforts to eliminate the racial disparity in PTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Braveman
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Paula Braveman
| | - Tyan Parker Dominguez
- USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wylie Burke
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Siobhan M. Dolan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - James W. Collins
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Deborah A. Driscoll
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Terinney Haley
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julia Acker
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edward R. B. McCabe
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Kent Thornburg
- School of Medicine, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - José F. Cordero
- University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Paul H. Wise
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gina Legaz
- March of Dimes, White Plains, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Sarah Verbiest
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Emotion regulation and coping with racial stressors among African Americans across the lifespan. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Sullivan JM, Harman M, Sullivan S. Gender differences in African Americans' reactions to and coping with discrimination: Results from The National Study of American Life. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:2424-2440. [PMID: 34320229 PMCID: PMC8442879 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine coping behaviors in the context of discrimination and possible gender-specific differences among a national sample of African American adults in the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Results show that in multivariable logistic regression models, African American women (vs. African American men) were less likely to accept discrimination as a fact of life but were more likely to get mad about experiences of discrimination, pray about it, and talk to someone. After adjusting for differences in the frequency of discrimination, African American women were also significantly more likely to try to do something about it. African American men were more likely to accept discrimination as a fact of life with higher frequency of day-to-day discrimination while women tended to talk to someone with a higher frequency of day-to-day discrimination and lifetime discrimination. These findings suggest gender differences in behavior concerning discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jas M Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, Political Science and African American Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Moriah Harman
- Department of Political Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Samaah Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Partow S, Cook R, McDonald R. A Literature Review of the Measurement of Coping with Stigmatization and Discrimination. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1955680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Lee E, Williams JM. Examining Coping Skills as a Mediating Factor in Perceived Stress and Life Satisfaction: A Comparison Between Minority and Nonminority Older Adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2021; 95:72-90. [PMID: 34110921 DOI: 10.1177/00914150211024178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although stress due to racial and ethnic differences can negatively impact life satisfaction, there is a lack of focus on the differences between minority and nonminority older adults in how stress and coping skills impact life satisfaction. The objectives of this study are to explore (a) the differences between minority and nonminority older adults in their levels of life satisfaction, stress, and coping skills; and (b) the mediating effects of coping skills on the relationship between perceived stress and life satisfaction among both groups. Cross-sectional data from the Well Elderly 2 study (N = 460) were utilized in bivariate and mediation analyses. Minority older adults reported higher levels of stress and prioritized different coping skills. Mediation was not supported for either group. These findings enable practitioners to focus on the coping skills more frequently identified by clients' racial/ethnic grouping, as well as to target the primary stressors identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- 34942 Department of Social Welfare, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaclyn M Williams
- 7823 College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The Weight of Racial Discrimination: Examining the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Change in Adiposity Among Emerging Adult Women Enrolled in a Behavioral Weight Loss Program. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:909-920. [PMID: 33782906 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) emerging adult (EA) women are at disproportionate risk for obesity but experience limited benefit from behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs. Race-related stress could play a role; the goal of this study was to examine the association between racial discrimination (RD) and early (3 months) changes in adiposity, and to explore potential protective factors, among EA in an adapted BWL program. METHODS This is an ancillary study of non-Hispanic White (NHW) and NHB EA women enrolled in an adapted BWL trial (N = 49; 55.1% NHB; Age 21.2 (2.1); BMI = 33.0 + 4.3 kg/m2). At baseline, group- and personal-level RD (RD-group and RD-personal), racial identity (NHB women only), vigilant coping, and social support were assessed via validated questionnaires. Weight and waist circumference were measured objectively at 0 and 3 months. RESULTS NHW women manifested greater reductions in waist circumference relative to NHB women (p = .004). RD-personal did not predict change in waist circumference at 3 months (p = .402); however, the association between RD-group and change in waist circumference was statistically significant (p = .015), such that reporting greater group-level discrimination predicted a smaller decrease in waist circumference; the model explained 22% of the variance. Social support and vigilant coping were not statistically significant in the model. Among NHB women only, higher racial identity-centrality predicted greater reduction in waist circumference (p = .019). CONCLUSION Findings suggest racial discrimination could contribute to greater cardiometabolic risk during this developmental period. Future research should examine how experiences of racial discrimination unfold in the daily lives of NHB women to inform mechanistic interventions to enhance health and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02736981. Low Intensity Weight Loss for Young Adults.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mekawi Y, Carter S, Brown B, Martinez de Andino A, Fani N, Michopoulos V, Powers A. Interpersonal Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Black Women: Does Racial Discrimination Matter? J Trauma Dissociation 2021; 22:154-169. [PMID: 33460354 PMCID: PMC9082823 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2020.1869098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the more frequent, severe, and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology experienced by Black compared to White individuals cannot be explained by disparities in socioeconomic status or trauma exposure. One factor that may be important to consider is racial discrimination, which is associated with numerous negative mental health outcomes yet has not been studied in the context of interpersonal traumas for Black women. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the independent and interactive roles of racial discrimination and interpersonal trauma in predicting PTSD symptoms in a community sample of trauma-exposed, Black women (n = 292). Consistent with the previous literature, we found that more frequent experiences of racial discrimination were associated with more severe PTSD symptoms overall (r = .34) and by symptom cluster. Furthermore, we found a significant interaction between experiences of racial discrimination and experiences of interpersonal trauma (b = .46, 95%CI[.04, .88], SE = .28; ΔR2 = .01, p = .03) such that the association between PTSD symptoms and interpersonal trauma was stronger at higher (+1 SD above the mean) levels of racial discrimination. This pattern was replicated for most PTSD symptom clusters. These results suggest that racial discrimination experiences exacerbate the association between interpersonal traumatic experiences and PTSD symptoms among Black women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sierra Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittney Brown
- College of Health Professions, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ana Martinez de Andino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
How Racial Identity and Worry About Discrimination Impact Coping Responses to Racial Discrimination Among Black American Community Members. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:641-654. [PMID: 33620713 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-00996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Every year, most Black Americans report experiencing racial discrimination, which has been shown to have a variety of negative consequences. Aspects of racial identity, particularly holding a positive perception of one's racial group (private regard), may buffer the impact of negative experiences including racial discrimination through differential coping strategy use. The current study (1) examined whether level of private regard impacted the type of coping strategies used across various forms of perceived experiences of racial discrimination and (2) tested for indirect pathways from perceived experiences of racial discrimination to different coping strategy use. Adults (N = 297) from the community who self-identified as Black American/African American completed several questionnaires on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Four-fifths (80%) of participants reported racial discrimination at least once. Racial identity-particularly private regard-was positively associated with active coping strategy use. Furthermore, results from mediation models demonstrated racial identity was an important predictor of coping strategy use, suggesting high private regard has protective effects against racial discrimination. Worry was an especially robust mediator for pathways from racial discrimination to coping strategies. Altogether, results indicate a need for targeted interventions that promote the development of private regard and address worry about racial discrimination among Black American adults.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao Y, Sang B, Ding C. The roles of emotional intelligence and adversity quotient in life satisfaction. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
32
|
Chen-Sankey JC, Broun A, Duarte DA, Ajith A, Jewett B, Smiley SL, Mead-Morse EL, Guy MC, Choi K. Exploring changes in cigar smoking patterns and motivations to quit cigars among black young adults in the time of COVID-19. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 12:100317. [PMID: 33364325 PMCID: PMC7752713 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted the Black/African American communities in the U.S. The objective of this study is to understand the change in cigar smoking patterns and motivations to quit cigars during the COVID-19 pandemic among Black young adult cigar smokers. METHODS During May-June 2020, in-depth telephone interviews were conducted to investigate cigar (i.e., large cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, and blunts) smoking behaviors during the pandemic among self-identified, non-Hispanic Black/African American young adult cigar smokers (n = 40; ages 21-29). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded separately by three coders. Thematic analysis was used to assess thematic patterns arising from the interviews. RESULTS Most participants reported smoking cigarillos and blunts in higher frequency and quantity to cope with COVID-19-induced stress, anxiety, loneliness, and boredom due to economic losses and physical isolation. Some also reported contextual changes in cigarillo and blunt smoking, including smoking around the clock, smoking immediately after waking up, and smoking an entire cigarillo or blunt in one setting. Very few participants reported motivations to quit cigars during the pandemic. Perceiving higher risks of progressed COVID-19 outcomes did not prompt participants' increased motivations for quitting cigars. CONCLUSIONS Black young adults in this study increasingly smoked cigarillos and blunts during the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly attributed to daily life stressors. Participants did not have increased motivations for quitting cigars to reduce COVID-19-related risks. Promoting contextually appropriate healthy coping and cigar smoking cessation may minimize COVID-19-related health consequences of cigar smoking and reduce health disparities among Black young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Chen-Sankey
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, United States
| | - Aaron Broun
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, United States
| | - Danielle A. Duarte
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, United States
| | - Aniruddh Ajith
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, United States
| | - Bambi Jewett
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, United States
| | - Sabrina L. Smiley
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
| | | | - Mignonne C. Guy
- Virginia Commonwealth University, College of Humanities & Sciences, Department of African American Studies, United States
| | - Kelvin Choi
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bourguignon D, Teixeira CP, Koc Y, Outten HR, Faniko K, Schmitt MT. On the protective role of identification with a stigmatized identity: Promoting engagement and discouraging disengagement coping strategies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasin Koc
- University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wade RM, Harper GW. Racialized Sexual Discrimination (RSD) in the Age of Online Sexual Networking: Are Young Black Gay/Bisexual Men (YBGBM) at Elevated Risk for Adverse Psychological Health? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 65:504-523. [PMID: 31587325 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Young Black gay/bisexual men (YBGBM) are a highly marginalized population across multiple health outcomes. Most research on YBGBM health has focused on HIV/sexual health, but there is a demonstrable need for research examining racism and psychosocial functioning among this population. Racialized Sexual Discrimination (RSD), also known as sexual racism, is an important but under-investigated phenomenon that may have implications for the psychological health and well-being of YBGBM. This paper provides an overview of empirical research on RSD as experienced by gay/bisexual men of color in online partner-seeking venues. First, the researchers discuss how racialized experiences are a documented online phenomenon, with a variety of manifestations, and identify the potential effects that this phenomenon may have on the psychosocial health of YBGBM, and gay/bisexual men of color as a whole. Second, the researchers synthesize the RSD literature with a broader literature examining psychological well-being across race and sexual orientation. Third, the researchers present a theoretically grounded conceptual model detailing the pathways between RSD and psychological well-being using a stress and coping framework. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research on this topic, including scale development and hypothesis testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Wade
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Social Work, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gary W Harper
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Black’s Coping Responses to Racial Stress. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:609-618. [DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
36
|
Goreis A, Asbrock F, Nater UM, Mewes R. What Mediates the Relationship Between Ethnic Discrimination and Stress? Coping Strategies and Perceived Social Support of Russian Immigrants in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:557148. [PMID: 33192672 PMCID: PMC7533615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experiences of ethnic discrimination may constitute major stressors for ethnic minority groups. This study examined the associations between different forms of ethnic discrimination and levels of perceived stress in Russian immigrants living in Germany, taking into account potential moderating (in-group identification) and mediating (coping and social support) factors. METHODS Russian immigrants (N = 308) were assessed using online questionnaires (e.g., perceived stress scale, behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotype treatment scale, and brief COPE). Three forms of ethnic discrimination were examined: active harm (e.g., open aggression), passive harm (e.g., paternalistic behavior), and everyday discrimination (e.g., receiving poor service). Moderation by in-group identification and mediation via coping and social support were tested. RESULTS Passive harm was more prevalent than everyday discrimination and active harm. Passive harm and everyday discrimination were associated with higher perceived stress (rs = .22 and .18, ps <.01), and in-group identification did not moderate these associations (ps >.27). The coping strategy self-blame mediated the association between active harm and stress. Substance use and self-blame mediated the association between passive harm and stress, whereas venting, behavioral disengagement, denial, self-blame, and social support mediated the association between everyday discrimination and stress. A direct effect remained for passive harm and everyday discrimination. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that Russian immigrants encounter different forms of ethnic discrimination, and that this is associated with higher levels of stress. This association was partly explained by coping and social support, illustrating possibilities for interventions aimed at improving the use of adaptive coping strategies and promoting social support-seeking for Russian immigrants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Asbrock
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pittman DM, Quayson AA, Rush CR, Minges ML. Revisiting resilience: Examining the relationships between stress, social support, and drinking behavior among black college students with parental substance use disorder histories. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 21:90-111. [PMID: 31876446 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2019.1707142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the role social support plays in the relationship between life stress and problem alcohol use behavior in a sample of Black emerging adults in college with histories of parental substance use disorders (SUD). Participants were 1,007 Black emerging adult college students, recruited as part of a larger multi-wave, multisite, study investigating coping behavior among emerging adults in college. Findings suggest that Black college students with parental SUDs engage in riskier and coping motivated drinking behaviors more than those without such histories, and their alcohol use behaviors are more strongly linked to experiencing life stress, despite similar levels of perceived social support. Social support from friends and sufficient global social support help to mediate this adverse relationship. Parental SUD may serve as a readily identifiable risk factor for risky drinking behavior among Black college students. Implications for future research and clinical practice are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delishia M Pittman
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Alicia A Quayson
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Cassandra Riedy Rush
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Melanie L Minges
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Valois RF, Zullig KJ, Brown LK, Carey MP, Vanable PA, Romer D, DiClemente RJ. Is the Brief Multidimensional Student's Life Satisfaction Scale Valid and Reliable for African American Adolescents? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2019; 50:344-355. [PMID: 32983312 PMCID: PMC7518648 DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2019.1662348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health promotion/education strive to promote healthful conditions that improve quality of life1 based on the perceptions of those whose lives are affected.2-4 Though health promotion/education might have instrumental value in reducing risks for premature morbidity and mortality, their ultimate value lies in contributions to quality of life.1 Life satisfaction (LS) has been defined as an individual's assessment of their quality of life based upon personal criteria5,6 and linked to adolescent health risk behaviors7,8 and developmental assets.9. PURPOSE We investigated the psychometrics of the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale [BMSLSS] with an adolescent sample of African Americans (N=1,658) from four mid-sized cities in the United States (US). Reliability and validity of the BMSLSS has not been determined for samples of exclusively African American adolescents. METHODS Data analysis included calculating mean ratings, standard deviations and effect sizes (Cohen's d) and inspecting the scale's internal structure, reliability, and relationships to other variables. RESULTS Evidence of internal structure, internal consistency reliability, and hypothesized relationships to other variables for participants were determined. TRANSLATION TO HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICE The BMSLSS is a useful indicator of LS for research and health education assessment purposes among African American adolescents where brevity of psychometric measures is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Valois
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Keith J Zullig
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Larry K Brown
- Miriam Hospital and Brown University, Centers for Behavioral & Preventive Medicine, Providence, RI, 02903 USA
| | - Michael P Carey
- Miriam Hospital and Brown University, Centers for Behavioral & Preventive Medicine, Providence, RI, 02903 USA
| | - Peter A Vanable
- Department of Psychology, Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - Daniel Romer
- Adolescent Communication Institute, Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ralph J DiClemente
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lubbers M, Gijsberts M. Changes in Self-Rated Health Right After Immigration: A Panel Study of Economic, Social, Cultural, and Emotional Explanations of Self-Rated Health Among Immigrants in the Netherlands. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2019; 4:45. [PMID: 33869368 PMCID: PMC8022797 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immigrants are often found to rate their health better than the native population does. It is, however, suggested that this healthy immigrant effect declines with an enduring length of stay. With Dutch panel data, we investigate which patterns in self-rated health can be found among immigrants shortly after their migration. We test to what extent economic, social, cultural and emotional explanations affect the changes that immigrants report in self-rated health. Based on a four-wave panel, our results support the immigrants' health decline hypothesis, since the self-rated health decreases in the first years after immigration to the Netherlands. The major change occurs between immigrants rating their health no longer as "very good," but as "good." Shortly after immigration, self-rated health is associated with being employed and a higher income. Hazardous work and physically heavy work decrease self-rated health. Notwithstanding these effects, social, cultural, and emotional explanations turn out to be stronger. A lack of Dutch friends, perceptions of discrimination, perceived cultural distance, and feelings of homesickness strongly affect self-rated health. Furthermore, in understanding changes in self-rated health, the effects of making contact with Dutch people and changes in the perception of discrimination are definitive. However, contact with Dutch people did not decrease and discrimination did not increase over time, making them ineligible as an explanation for overall health decrease. Only the small effect that first-borns have may count as a reason for decreased self-rated health, since many of the recent immigrants we followed started families in the first years after immigration. Our findings leave room for the coined "acculturation to an unhealthier lifestyle thesis," and we see promise in a stronger focus on the role of unmet expectations in the first years after immigration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lubbers
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI/KNAW), The Hague, Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mérove Gijsberts
- Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague, Netherlands
- ASW: Cultural Diversity and Youth, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
DeLapp R, Williams M. Preparing for Racial Discrimination and Moving beyond Reactive Coping: a Systematic Review. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573400515666190211114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination is a commonly experienced stressor among African American that
occurs in various forms. The stressful qualities of racial discrimination are highlighted by how such
events are often cognitively appraised and the negative mental health outcomes associated with such
racial stressors. Traditionally, existing conceptual models of racial discrimination have characterized
the reactive experiences of African Americans, particularly identifying how African American
typically respond cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally. Moving forward, it is vital that the
conceptual models of racial discrimination extend beyond the reactive experience and further identify
nuances in the anticipatory and preparatory processes associated with racial discrimination. As
such, the current review draws upon a model of proactive coping (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997) to
begin conceptualizes how African American may cope with anticipated discriminatory experiences
and propose future research directions for generating conceptual models that more comprehensively
capture experiences of racial stress among African Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.C.T. DeLapp
- Alvord, Baker, and Associates, 8401 Connecticut Ave, Kensington, MD 20015, United States
| | - M.T. Williams
- Laboratory of Culture and Mental Health Disparities, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Unit 1020, Babbidge Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
GRIER‐REED TABITHA, AJAYI ALEXA. Incorporating Humanistic Values and Techniques in a Culturally Responsive Therapeutic Intervention for African American College Students. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC COUNSELING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/johc.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - ALEX A. AJAYI
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Now at Department of PsychologyAugsburg University
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pittman DM, Brooks JJ, Kaur P, Obasi EM. The cost of minority stress: Risky alcohol use and coping-motivated drinking behavior in African American college students. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 18:257-278. [PMID: 28708010 PMCID: PMC6070424 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1336958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A motivational drinking framework is utilized to understand the relationship between minority stressors (e.g., race-related stress and acculturative stress) and alcohol use behaviors (risky alcohol use and coping-motivated drinking) among a large sample of Black American college students. Six hundred forty-nine Black college students from 8 colleges and universities in the United States were recruited as part of a large, multiwave, cross-sectional study investigating the stress and coping experiences of Black emerging adults. Results from the current investigation provide support for the independent contributions of acculturative stress and race-related stress to the risky alcohol use behavior of Black college students, while acculturative stress significantly predicted coping-motivated drinking behaviors in the sample. Findings underscore the need to better understand the unique relationships between minority stress and risky alcohol use behaviors of Black college students, namely, relationships not shared by their nonminority peers that increase their risk of problem drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paramjit Kaur
- a The George Washington University , Washington , DC
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Johnson IR, Pietri ES, Fullilove F, Mowrer S. Exploring Identity-Safety Cues and Allyship Among Black Women Students in STEM Environments. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319830926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Black women are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and report feeling unwelcome in STEM. A successful scientist exemplar or role model may signal to Black women they are valued in STEM environments. We investigated who acts as an identity-safety cue for Black women. In Study 1, Black women students who learned about a Black man or a Black woman professor in a hypothetical School of Science and Engineering reported greater anticipated belonging and trust, relative to those learning about a White man or a White woman professor. In Study 2, we recruited Black women STEM majors from a predominantly White institution and a women-only historically Black college. We examined how both groups identified role models in STEM and assessed how perceptions that role models were allies related to belonging in the institution and belonging in STEM. Across both educational environments, having Black women and Black men role models, and perceiving role models who lacked a common racial identity as allies, positively related to belonging in the institution. We encourage the use of Black exemplars and role models, as well as allies, in interventions geared toward increasing belonging among Black women in STEM. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319830926 and a podcast for instructors who want to use this article for teaching is available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evava S. Pietri
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Felicia Fullilove
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moody AT, Lewis JA. Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Black Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319828288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relations between gendered racial microaggressions (i.e., subtle gendered racism), gendered racial socialization, and traumatic stress symptoms among Black women. We hypothesized that gendered racial microaggressions would be significantly associated with traumatic stress symptoms and that gendered racial socialization would moderate the relations between gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress symptoms. Participants were 226 Black women from across the United States who completed an online survey. Results from a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a greater frequency of gendered racial microaggressions was significantly associated with greater traumatic stress symptoms; internalized gendered racial oppression moderated the relations between gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress symptoms. The results of this study can inform future research on Black women’s experiences of gendered racism and the role of gendered racial socialization in their lives. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jioni A. Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hall JC, Crutchfield J, Jones AE. Self-Esteem, Problem Solving, and Family Coping Responses: Determinants and Consequences for Black Women. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2019; 44:39-47. [PMID: 30561625 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hly034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a significant contributor to disease and often worsens pre-existing conditions. Little research to date has focused on stress and coping in black families, particularly black women. The present study examined how self-esteem affects family coping and problem solving among mothers and daughters (N = 119). Results indicate that black mothers had significantly higher amounts of self-esteem than did daughters, potentially signifying that many issues that reduce self-esteem have been resolved for mothers, whereas daughters might still be dealing with issues that lower their self-esteem. Black mothers scored significantly lower than their daughters on perception of ability to solve problems, suggesting that black daughters might still be facing issues that they are actively using problem-solving skills to address. A significant difference between mothers and daughters on the amount of stress they experienced further supports the intergenerational nature of stress, problem solving, and lower self-esteem in the sample of daughters. The results suggest that black women with spouses or domestic partners are better able to adapt to stress than those who are not in partnerships or married. This study provides a more in-depth understanding of intergenerational family processes related to stress and coping among black women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Camille Hall
- J. Camille Hall, PhD, LCSW, is associate professor, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, College of Social Work, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, 314 Henson Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-3333; e-mail: . Jandel Crutchfield, PhD, LCSW, is assistant professor, Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, Tupelo. Aubrey E. Jones, MSW, is a PhD student, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee-Knoxville
| | - Jandel Crutchfield
- J. Camille Hall, PhD, LCSW, is associate professor, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, College of Social Work, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, 314 Henson Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-3333; e-mail: . Jandel Crutchfield, PhD, LCSW, is assistant professor, Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, Tupelo. Aubrey E. Jones, MSW, is a PhD student, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee-Knoxville
| | - Aubrey E Jones
- J. Camille Hall, PhD, LCSW, is associate professor, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, College of Social Work, 1618 Cumberland Avenue, 314 Henson Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-3333; e-mail: . Jandel Crutchfield, PhD, LCSW, is assistant professor, Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, Tupelo. Aubrey E. Jones, MSW, is a PhD student, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee-Knoxville
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jochman JC, Cheadle JE, Goosby BJ, Tomaso C, Kozikowski C, Nelson T. Mental Health Outcomes of Discrimination among College Students on a Predominately White Campus: A Prospective Study. SOCIUS : SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH FOR A DYNAMIC WORLD 2019; 5:10.1177/2378023119842728. [PMID: 31819906 PMCID: PMC6900932 DOI: 10.1177/2378023119842728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Racial discrimination is a social stressor harmful to mental health. In this paper, we explore the links between mental health and interpersonal discrimination-related social events, exposure to vicarious racism via social media, and rumination on racial injustices using a daily diary design. We utilize data from a racially diverse sample of 149 college students with 1,489 unique time observations at a large predominantly White university. Results show that interpersonal discrimination-related social events predicted greater self-reported anger, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and loneliness both daily and on average over time. Vicarious racism from day-to- day was associated with increased anxiety symptoms. In contrast, rumination was not associated with negative mental health outcomes. These findings document an increased day-to-day mental health burden for minority students arising from frustrating and alienating social encounters experienced individually or learned about vicariously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Jochman
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Sociology Oldfather Hall 711
| | - Jacob E Cheadle
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Sociology, Patton Hall 2.622F,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Brenner AB, Diez-Roux AV, Gebreab SY, Schulz AJ, Sims M. The Epidemiology of Coping in African American Adults in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 5:978-994. [PMID: 29218498 PMCID: PMC6060024 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Differences in coping within the African American population are not well understood, yet these differences may be critical to reducing stress, improving health, and reducing racial health disparities. Using a descriptive, exploratory analysis of the Jackson Heart Study (N = 5301), we examine correlations between coping responses and associations between coping and demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and neighborhood factors. Overall, coping responses were not strongly correlated and patterns of associations between covariates and coping responses were largely inconsistent. The results suggest that coping varies substantially within this African American population and is driven mainly by psychosocial factors such as spirituality and interpersonal support. Understanding these complex relationships may inform strategies by which to intervene in the stress process to mitigate the effects of stress on health and to identify vulnerable subgroups of African Americans that might need targeted interventions to reduce exposure to stressors and improve coping capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Brenner
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA.
| | - Ana V Diez-Roux
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samson Y Gebreab
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy J Schulz
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 2822 SPH I, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Drive, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Metzger IW, Salami T, Carter S, Halliday-Boykins C, Anderson RE, Jernigan MM, Ritchwood T. African American emerging adults' experiences with racial discrimination and drinking habits: The moderating roles of perceived stress. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 24:489-497. [PMID: 29975077 PMCID: PMC6188820 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the abundance of research aimed at quantifying the impact of racism on the mental and physical health of African Americans, results remain inconclusive largely because of challenges with operationalization, as well as conflation with the concept of racial discrimination, which may be more readily assessed. The purpose of the current study was to: (a) determine whether racial discrimination had an impact on the degree of alcohol use and binge drinking among African American emerging adults, and if so, (b) determine whether perceived stress linked to racially discriminatory experiences moderated these associations. METHOD We used a series of hierarchical regressions to examine associations among racial discrimination, perceived stress, and degree of alcohol consumption in a sample of African American emerging adults in the southeast (n = 235). RESULTS We found that the association between racial discrimination and degree of alcohol consumption (alcohol use and binge drinking) was strongest among individuals who reported greater levels of perceived stress linked to racial discrimination experiences. This association, however, was not significant for individuals who reported lower levels of perceived stress in response to racial discrimination. CONCLUSIONS African Americans who experience a high degree of perceived stress in response to experiences with racial discrimination may be at greater risk for problem drinking than their peers with less perceived stress. These findings highlight the need for novel intervention efforts aimed at mitigating the effects of stress and racial discrimination on health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha W. Metzger
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Temilola Salami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sierra Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Colleen Halliday-Boykins
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., MSC 861, 2nd Floor, IOP South Building, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Riana Elyse Anderson
- University of Pennsylvania, Applied Psychology, 3720 Walnut Street, Suite B17, Philadelphia, PA 1904
| | - Maryam M. Jernigan
- University of Saint Joseph, Department of Psychology, 1678 Asylum Avenue, West Hartford, CT 06117
| | - Tiarney Ritchwood
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., MSC 861, 2nd Floor, IOP South Building, Charleston, SC 29425
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St, Charleston, SC 29425
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hope Above Racial Discrimination and Social Support in Accounting for Positive and Negative Psychological Adjustment in African American Adults: Is “Knowing You Can Do It” as Important as “Knowing How You Can”? COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
50
|
Giuliani C, Tagliabue S, Regalia C. Psychological Well-Being, Multiple Identities, and Discrimination Among First and Second Generation Immigrant Muslims. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:66-87. [PMID: 29899799 PMCID: PMC5973518 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Given the growing number of Muslim immigrants in Western countries, there is a need for research focusing on their psychological well-being and correlates. The present study investigated whether perceived discrimination is associated with depression and satisfaction with migration through the mediating role of several identity dimensions (ethnic, national, and religious) among 204 first and second generation adult Muslim immigrants living in Italy. They participated in structured interviews, and a multi-group path analysis model was conducted using Mplus. While the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being was modest for first generation Muslims, in the case of second generation Muslims perceived discrimination was directly associated with lower psychological well-being (higher depression and lower satisfaction with the migration decision) and indirectly associated with satisfaction with migration through the mediation of national and religious identity. The higher the levels of discrimination that second generation Muslims perceived, the weaker their national (host country) identity and the greater their religious identification. In turn, national and religious identities were associated with respectively higher and lower levels of satisfaction regarding their migration decision. The findings showed clear differences between first and second generation immigrant groups, revealing that perceived discrimination represents an obstacle to integration processes more for second generation immigrants than for first generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Semira Tagliabue
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Regalia
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|