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Pampalakis G, Kostoudi S. Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties of V-Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108600. [PMID: 37239944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
V-agents are exceedingly toxic organophosphate nerve agents. The most widely known V-agents are the phosphonylated thiocholines VX and VR. Nonetheless, other V-subclasses have been synthesized. Here, a holistic overview of V-agents is provided, where these compounds have been categorized based on their structures to facilitate their study. A total of seven subclasses of V-agents have been identified, including phospho(n/r)ylated selenocholines and non-sulfur-containing agents, such as VP and EA-1576 (EA: Edgewood Arsenal). Certain V-agents have been designed through the conversion of phosphorylated pesticides to their respective phosphonylated analogs, such as EA-1576 derived from mevinphos. Further, this review provides a description of their production, physical properties, toxicity, and stability during storage. Importantly, V-agents constitute a percutaneous hazard, while their high stability ensures the contamination of the exposed area for weeks. The danger of V-agents was highlighted in the 1968 VX accident in Utah. Until now, VX has been used in limited cases of terrorist attacks and assassinations, but there is an increased concern about potential terrorist production and use. For this reason, studying the chemistry of VX and other less-studied V-agents is important to understand their properties and develop potential countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula Kostoudi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Biswas P, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. Investigating a broad range of emerging contaminants in a set of anthropogenically impacted environmental compartments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153757. [PMID: 35151754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental compartments are repositories of probably thousands of emerging contaminants (ECs) released along with treated/untreated wastewater. Despite extensive studies on the detection of ECs in surface water, other environmental compartments such as sediments and groundwater are yet to be thoroughly investigated. To assess the heavy anthropogenic impact on the environment, 24 environmental samples comprising of surface water, sediment and groundwater collected from the Yamuna River basin of India were analyzed via target and suspect screening. The surface water and sediment samples were collected from upstream and downstream of densely populated cities and towns situated along the heavily contaminated river Yamuna. The groundwater samples were collected from shallow drinking water wells of the catchment. Liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy was used to quantify 10 widely consumed pharmaceuticals in the samples. The study also analyzed the potential health hazards posed by the quantified contaminants. In order to evaluate further, the surface water and groundwater samples were subjected to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) screening against a library resulting in a list of 450 ECs in the surface water and 309 ECs in the groundwater. Agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals found abundantly in the samples and half of whom were reported first time. The risk quotient was calculated to assess the potential hazard of the target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinakshi Biswas
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Dubrana LE, Knoll-Gellida A, Bourcier LM, Mercé T, Pedemay S, Nachon F, Calas AG, Baati R, Soares M, Babin PJ. An Antidote Screening System for Organophosphorus Poisoning Using Zebrafish Larvae. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2865-2877. [PMID: 34284583 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents, are very potent neurotoxicants. Given that the actual treatment has several limitations, the present study provides a general method, called the zebrafish-OP-antidote test (ZOAT), and basic scientific data, to identify new antidotes that are more effective than the reference pyridinium oximes after acute OP poisoning. The reactivation capacity of a chemical compound can be measured using in vivo and ex vivo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays. We demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between chemical compound protective efficacies in the central and peripheral nervous system via the visual motor response and electric field pulse motor response tests, respectively. Moreover, the ability to cross the brain-blood barrier can be estimated in a physiological context by combining an AChE assay on the head and trunk-tail fractions and the cellular and tissue localization of AChE activity in the whole-mount animal. ZOAT is an innovative method suitable for the screening and rapid identification of chemicals and mixtures used as antidote for OP poisoning. The method will make it easier to identify more effective medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents, including combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E. Dubrana
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Laure M. Bourcier
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Théo Mercé
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Sandra Pedemay
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armés, Brétigny sur Orge, F-91220, France
| | - André-Guilhem Calas
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armés, Brétigny sur Orge, F-91220, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- ECPM UMR CNRS 7515, ICPEES Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé, Strasbourg, F-67087, France
| | - Magalie Soares
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Patrick J. Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
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4
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Melentev PA, Ryabova EV, Surina NV, Zhmujdina DR, Komissarov AE, Ivanova EA, Boltneva NP, Makhaeva GF, Sliusarenko MI, Yatsenko AS, Mohylyak II, Matiytsiv NP, Shcherbata HR, Sarantseva SV. Loss of swiss cheese in Neurons Contributes to Neurodegeneration with Mitochondria Abnormalities, Reactive Oxygen Species Acceleration and Accumulation of Lipid Droplets in Drosophila Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8275. [PMID: 34361042 PMCID: PMC8347196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurodegenerative disorders are associated with human NTE/PNPLA6 dysfunction. Mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in these diseases are far from clearly elucidated. Hereditary spastic paraplegia belongs to a type of neurodegeneration associated with NTE/PNLPLA6 and is implicated in neuron death. In this study, we used Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the consequences of neuronal knockdown of swiss cheese (sws)-the evolutionarily conserved ortholog of human NTE/PNPLA6-in vivo. Adult flies with the knockdown show longevity decline, locomotor and memory deficits, severe neurodegeneration progression in the brain, reactive oxygen species level acceleration, mitochondria abnormalities and lipid droplet accumulation. Our results suggest that SWS/NTE/PNPLA6 dysfunction in neurons induces oxidative stress and lipid metabolism alterations, involving mitochondria dynamics and lipid droplet turnover in neurodegeneration pathogenesis. We propose that there is a complex mechanism in neurological diseases such as hereditary spastic paraplegia, which includes a stress reaction, engaging mitochondria, lipid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Melentev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Elena V. Ryabova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Nina V. Surina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Darya R. Zhmujdina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Artem E. Komissarov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Ivanova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (N.P.B.); (G.F.M.)
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (N.P.B.); (G.F.M.)
| | - Mariana I. Sliusarenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.I.S.); (A.S.Y.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Andriy S. Yatsenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.I.S.); (A.S.Y.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Iryna I. Mohylyak
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; (I.I.M.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Nataliya P. Matiytsiv
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; (I.I.M.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Halyna R. Shcherbata
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.I.S.); (A.S.Y.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Svetlana V. Sarantseva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
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Knoll-Gellida A, Dubrana LE, Bourcier LM, Mercé T, Gruel G, Soares M, Babin PJ. Hyperactivity and Seizure Induced by Tricresyl Phosphate Are Isomer Specific and Not Linked to Phenyl Valerate-Neuropathy Target Esterase Activity Inhibition in Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:160-174. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental exposure to tricresyl phosphate (TCP) may lead to severe neurotoxic effects, including organophosphate (OP)-induced delayed neuropathy. TCP has three symmetric isomers, distinguished by the methyl group position on the aromatic ring system. One of these isomers, tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP), has been reported for years as a neuropathic OP, targeting neuropathic target esterase (NTE/PNPLA6), but its mode of toxic action had not been fully elucidated. Zebrafish eleuthero-embryo and larva were used to characterize the differential action of the TCP isomers. The symmetric isomers inhibited phenyl valerate (PV)-NTE enzymatic activity in vivo with different IC50, while no effect was observed on acetylcholinesterase activity. Moreover, the locomotor behavior was also affected by tri-para-cresyl phosphate and tri-meta-cresyl phosphate, only ToCP exposure led to locomotor hyperactivity lasting several hours, associated with defects in the postural control system and an impaired phototactic response, as revealed by the visual motor response test. The electric field pulse motor response test demonstrated that a seizure-like, multiple C-bend-spaghetti phenotype may be significantly induced by ToCP only, independently of any inhibition of PV-NTE activity. Eleuthero-embryos exposed to picrotoxin, a known gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor inhibitor, exhibited similar adverse outcomes to ToCP exposure. Thus, our results demonstrated that the TCP mode of toxic action was isomer specific and not initially related to modulation of PV-NTE activity. Furthermore, it was suggested that the molecular events involved were linked to an impairment of the balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Leslie E Dubrana
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Laure M Bourcier
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Théo Mercé
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Gaëlle Gruel
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Magalie Soares
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
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6
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Richardson RJ, Fink JK, Glynn P, Hufnagel RB, Makhaeva GF, Wijeyesakere SJ. Neuropathy target esterase (NTE/PNPLA6) and organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2020; 4:1-78. [PMID: 32518884 PMCID: PMC7271139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) with certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds produces OP compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), a distal degeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), thereby providing a powerful model for studying a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Axonopathies are important medical entities in their own right, but in addition, illnesses once considered primary neuronopathies are now thought to begin with axonal degeneration. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, conditional knockout of NTE in the mouse CNS produces vacuolation and other degenerative changes in large neurons in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, along with degeneration and swelling of axons in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. In humans, NTE mutations cause a variety of neurodegenerative conditions resulting in a range of deficits including spastic paraplegia and blindness. Mutations in the Drosophila NTE orthologue SwissCheese (SWS) produce neurodegeneration characterized by vacuolization that can be partially rescued by expression of wild-type human NTE, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for certain human neurological disorders. This chapter defines NTE and OPIDN, presents an overview of OP compounds, provides a rationale for NTE research, and traces the history of discovery of NTE and its relationship to OPIDN. It then briefly describes subsequent studies of NTE, including practical applications of the assay; aspects of its domain structure, subcellular localization, and tissue expression; abnormalities associated with NTE mutations, knockdown, and conventional or conditional knockout; and hypothetical models to help guide future research on elucidating the role of NTE in OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J. Richardson
- Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Corresponding author:
| | - John K. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Glynn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sanjeeva J. Wijeyesakere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Serebryakova OG, Aksinenko AY, Lushchekina SV, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Esterase profiles of organophosphorus compounds in vitro predict their behavior in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:332-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Serebryakova OG, Aksinenko AY, Richardson RJ, Bachurin SO. Esterase profiles of hexafluoropropan-2-ol-based dialkyl phosphates as a major determinant of their effects in mouse brain in vivo. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Makhaeva GF, Rudakova EV, Sigolaeva LV, Kurochkin IN, Richardson RJ. Neuropathy target esterase in mouse whole blood as a biomarker of exposure to neuropathic organophosphorus compounds. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chernogolovka Moscow Region 142432 Russia
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chernogolovka Moscow Region 142432 Russia
| | - Larisa V. Sigolaeva
- Laboratory of Postgenomic Chemistry, Division of Chemical Enzymology, Chemistry Department; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Leninskie Gory Moscow Russia
| | - Ilya N. Kurochkin
- Laboratory of Postgenomic Chemistry, Division of Chemical Enzymology, Chemistry Department; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Leninskie Gory Moscow Russia
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Department of Neurology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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Sujkowski A, Rainier S, Fink JK, Wessells RJ. Delayed Induction of Human NTE (PNPLA6) Rescues Neurodegeneration and Mobility Defects of Drosophila swiss cheese (sws) Mutants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145356. [PMID: 26671664 PMCID: PMC4684404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human PNPLA6 gene encodes Neuropathy Target Esterase protein (NTE). PNPLA6 gene mutations cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG39 HSP), Gordon-Holmes syndrome, Boucher-Neuhäuser syndromes, Laurence-Moon syndrome, and Oliver-McFarlane syndrome. Mutations in the Drosophila NTE homolog swiss cheese (sws) cause early-onset, progressive behavioral defects and neurodegeneration characterized by vacuole formation. We investigated sws5 flies and show for the first time that this allele causes progressive vacuolar formation in the brain and progressive deterioration of negative geotaxis speed and endurance. We demonstrate that inducible, neuron-specific expression of full-length human wildtype NTE reduces vacuole formation and substantially rescues mobility. Indeed, neuron-specific expression of wildtype human NTE is capable of rescuing mobility defects after 10 days of adult life at 29°C, when significant degeneration has already occurred, and significantly extends longevity of mutants at 25°C. These results raise the exciting possibility that late induction of NTE function may reduce or ameliorate neurodegeneration in humans even after symptoms begin. In addition, these results highlight the utility of negative geotaxis endurance as a new assay for longitudinal tracking of degenerative phenotypes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shirley Rainier
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John K. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJW); (JKF)
| | - Robert J. Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJW); (JKF)
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Niraj RRK, Saini V, Kumar A. QSAR analyses of organophosphates for insecticidal activity and its in-silico validation using molecular docking study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:886-894. [PMID: 26492451 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work was carried out to design and develop novel QSAR models using 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR with CoMFA methodology for prediction of insecticidal activity of organophosphate (OP) molecules. The models were validated on an entirely different external dataset of in-house generated combinatorial library of OPs, by completely different computational approach of molecular docking against the target AChE protein of Musca domestica. The dock scores were observed to be in good correlation with 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR with CoMFA predicted activities and had the correlation coefficients (r(2)) of -0.62 and -0.63, respectively. The activities predicted by 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR with CoMFA were also observed to be highly correlated with r(2)=0.82. Also, the combinatorial library molecules were screened for toxicity in non-target organisms and degradability using USEPA-EPI Suite. The work was first step towards computer aided design and development of novel OP pesticide candidates with good insecticidal property but lower toxicity in non-targeted organisms and having biodegradation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan Kumar Niraj
- Toxicology and Computational Biology Group, Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vandana Saini
- Toxicology and Computational Biology Group, Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Toxicology and Computational Biology Group, Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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