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Yasunaga H, Takeuchi H, Mizuguchi K, Nishikawa A, Loesing A, Ishikawa M, Kamiyoshihara C, Setogawa S, Ohkawa N, Sekiguchi H. MicroLED neural probe for effective in vivo optogenetic stimulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40292-40305. [PMID: 36298964 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The MicroLED probe enables optogenetic control of neural activity in spatially separated brain regions. Understanding its heat generation characteristics is important. In this study, we investigated the temperature rise (ΔT) characteristics in the brain tissue using a MicroLED probe. The ΔT strongly depended on the surrounding environment of the probe, including the differences between the air and the brain, and the area touching the brain tissue. Through animal experiments, we suggest an in situ temperature monitoring method using temperature dependence on electrical characteristics of the MicroLED. Finally, optical stimulation by MicroLEDs proved effective in controlling optogenetic neural activity in animal models.
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Magisetty R, Park SM. New Era of Electroceuticals: Clinically Driven Smart Implantable Electronic Devices Moving towards Precision Therapy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:161. [PMID: 35208286 PMCID: PMC8876842 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the name of electroceuticals, bioelectronic devices have transformed and become essential for dealing with all physiological responses. This significant advancement is attributable to its interdisciplinary nature from engineering and sciences and also the progress in micro and nanotechnologies. Undoubtedly, in the future, bioelectronics would lead in such a way that diagnosing and treating patients' diseases is more efficient. In this context, we have reviewed the current advancement of implantable medical electronics (electroceuticals) with their immense potential advantages. Specifically, the article discusses pacemakers, neural stimulation, artificial retinae, and vagus nerve stimulation, their micro/nanoscale features, and material aspects as value addition. Over the past years, most researchers have only focused on the electroceuticals metamorphically transforming from a concept to a device stage to positively impact the therapeutic outcomes. Herein, the article discusses the smart implants' development challenges and opportunities, electromagnetic field effects, and their potential consequences, which will be useful for developing a reliable and qualified smart electroceutical implant for targeted clinical use. Finally, this review article highlights the importance of wirelessly supplying the necessary power and wirelessly triggering functional electronic circuits with ultra-low power consumption and multi-functional advantages such as monitoring and treating the disease in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- RaviPrakash Magisetty
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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3
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Jeschke M, Ohl FW, Wang X. Effects of Cortical Cooling on Sound Processing in Auditory Cortex and Thalamus of Awake Marmosets. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:786740. [PMID: 35069125 PMCID: PMC8766342 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.786740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory thalamus is the central nexus of bottom-up connections from the inferior colliculus and top-down connections from auditory cortical areas. While considerable efforts have been made to investigate feedforward processing of sounds in the auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body, MGB) of non-human primates, little is known about the role of corticofugal feedback in the MGB of awake non-human primates. Therefore, we developed a small, repositionable cooling probe to manipulate corticofugal feedback and studied neural responses in both auditory cortex and thalamus to sounds under conditions of normal and reduced cortical temperature. Cooling-induced increases in the width of extracellularly recorded spikes in auditory cortex were observed over the distance of several hundred micrometers away from the cooling probe. Cortical neurons displayed reduction in both spontaneous and stimulus driven firing rates with decreased cortical temperatures. In thalamus, cortical cooling led to increased spontaneous firing and either increased or decreased stimulus driven activity. Furthermore, response tuning to modulation frequencies of temporally modulated sounds and spatial tuning to sound source location could be altered (increased or decreased) by cortical cooling. Specifically, best modulation frequencies of individual MGB neurons could shift either toward higher or lower frequencies based on the vector strength or the firing rate. The tuning of MGB neurons for spatial location could both sharpen or widen. Elevation preference could shift toward higher or lower elevations and azimuth tuning could move toward ipsilateral or contralateral locations. Such bidirectional changes were observed in many parameters which suggests that the auditory thalamus acts as a filter that could be adjusted according to behaviorally driven signals from auditory cortex. Future work will have to delineate the circuit elements responsible for the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Jeschke
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, Cognitive Hearing in Primates Laboratory, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Marcus Jeschke
| | - Frank W. Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany,Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Xiaoqin Wang
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Liu X, Chen H, Wang Y, Si Y, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang Z, Yan B, Jiang S, Wang F, Weng S, Xu W, Zhao D, Zhang J, Zhang F. Near-infrared manipulation of multiple neuronal populations via trichromatic upconversion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5662. [PMID: 34580314 PMCID: PMC8476604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using multi-color visible lights for independent optogenetic manipulation of multiple neuronal populations offers the ability for sophisticated brain functions and behavior dissection. To mitigate invasive fiber insertion, infrared light excitable upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with deep tissue penetration have been implemented in optogenetics. However, due to the chromatic crosstalk induced by the multiple emission peaks, conventional UCNPs or their mixture cannot independently activate multiple targeted neuronal populations. Here, we report NIR multi-color optogenetics by the well-designed trichromatic UCNPs with excitation-specific luminescence. The blue, green and red color emissions can be separately tuned by switching excitation wavelength to match respective spectral profiles of optogenetic proteins ChR2, C1V1 and ChrimsonR, which enables selective activation of three distinct neuronal populations. Such stimulation with tunable intensity can not only activate distinct neuronal populations selectively, but also achieve transcranial selective modulation of the motion behavior of awake-mice, which opens up a possibility of multi-color upconversion optogenetics. Conventional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) cannot activate multiple neuron populations independently using optogenetics. Here the authors report trichromatic UCNPs with excitation-specific luminescence to allow activation of three distinct neuronal populations in the brain of awake mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Heming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yueguang Si
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Priority Among Priorities of Shanghai Municipal Clinical Medicine Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Priority Among Priorities of Shanghai Municipal Clinical Medicine Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shijun Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Priority Among Priorities of Shanghai Municipal Clinical Medicine Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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5
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Michoud F, Seehus C, Schönle P, Brun N, Taub D, Zhang Z, Jain A, Furfaro I, Akouissi O, Moon R, Meier P, Galan K, Doyle B, Tetreault M, Talbot S, Browne LE, Huang Q, Woolf CJ, Lacour SP. Epineural optogenetic activation of nociceptors initiates and amplifies inflammation. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:179-185. [PMID: 32958958 PMCID: PMC7878280 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nociceptor sensory neurons by noxious stimuli both triggers pain and increases capillary permeability and blood flow to produce neurogenic inflammation1,2, but whether nociceptors also interact with the immune system remains poorly understood. Here we report a neurotechnology for selective epineural optogenetic neuromodulation of nociceptors and demonstrate that nociceptor activation drives both protective pain behavior and inflammation. The wireless optoelectronic system consists of sub-millimeter-scale light-emitting diodes embedded in a soft, circumneural sciatic nerve implant, powered and driven by a miniaturized head-mounted control unit. Photostimulation of axons in freely moving mice that express channelrhodopsin only in nociceptors resulted in behaviors characteristic of pain, reflecting orthodromic input to the spinal cord. It also led to immune reactions in the skin in the absence of inflammation and potentiation of established inflammation, a consequence of the antidromic activation of nociceptor peripheral terminals. These results reveal a link between nociceptors and immune cells, which might have implications for the treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Michoud
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronics Interface, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey Seehus
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Schönle
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noé Brun
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Taub
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zihe Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aakanksha Jain
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan Furfaro
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronics Interface, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Outman Akouissi
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronics Interface, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Moon
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pascale Meier
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katia Galan
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronics Interface, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Doyle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Tetreault
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sébastien Talbot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liam E Browne
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qiuting Huang
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Stéphanie P Lacour
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronics Interface, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.
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6
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Hou Z, Al-Atabany W, Farag R, Vuong QC, Mokhov A, Degenaar P. A scalable data transmission scheme for implantable optogenetic visual prostheses. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:055001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abaf2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Fekete Z, Horváth ÁC, Zátonyi A. Infrared neuromodulation:a neuroengineering perspective. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:051003. [PMID: 33055373 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb3b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is a branch of photobiomodulation that offers direct or indirect control of cellular activity through elevation of temperature in a spatially confined region of the target tissue. Research on INM started about 15 ago and is gradually attracting the attention of the neuroscience community, as numerous experimental studies have provided firm evidence on the safe and reproducible excitation and inhibition of neuronal firing in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, its biophysical mechanism is not fully understood and several engineered interfaces have been created to investigate infrared stimulation in both the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, recent applications and present knowledge on the effects of INM on cellular activity are summarized, and an overview of the technical approaches to deliver infrared light to cells and to interrogate the optically evoked response is provided. The micro- and nanoengineered interfaces used to investigate the influence of INM are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Luo J, Firflionis D, Turnbull M, Xu W, Walsh D, Escobedo-Cousin E, Soltan A, Ramezani R, Liu Y, Bailey R, ONeill A, Idil AS, Donaldson N, Constandinou T, Jackson A, Degenaar P. The Neural Engine: A Reprogrammable Low Power Platform for Closed-Loop Optogenetics. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:3004-3015. [PMID: 32091984 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.2973934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain-machine Interfaces (BMI) hold great potential for treating neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Technological progress is allowing for a shift from open-loop, pacemaker-class, intervention towards fully closed-loop neural control systems. Low power programmable processing systems are therefore required which can operate within the thermal window of 2° C for medical implants and maintain long battery life. In this work, we have developed a low power neural engine with an optimized set of algorithms which can operate under a power cycling domain. We have integrated our system with a custom-designed brain implant chip and demonstrated the operational applicability to the closed-loop modulating neural activities in in-vitro and in-vivo brain tissues: the local field potentials can be modulated at required central frequency ranges. Also, both a freely-moving non-human primate (24-hour) and a rodent (1-hour) in-vivo experiments were performed to show system reliable recording performance. The overall system consumes only 2.93 mA during operation with a biological recording frequency 50 Hz sampling rate (the lifespan is approximately 56 hours). A library of algorithms has been implemented in terms of detection, suppression and optical intervention to allow for exploratory applications in different neurological disorders. Thermal experiments demonstrated that operation creates minimal heating as well as battery performance exceeding 24 hours on a freely moving rodent. Therefore, this technology shows great capabilities for both neuroscience in-vitro/in-vivo applications and medical implantable processing units.
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Luo JW, Nikolic K, Degenaar P. Modelling Optogenetic Subthreshold Effects. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:6136-6140. [PMID: 31947244 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We develop a system-level approach to modelling optogenetic-neurons firing behaviour in in-vivo conditions. This approach contains three sub-modules: 1) a Mie/Rayleigh scattering mode of light penetration in tissue; 2) a classic likelihood Poisson spiking train model; 3) a 4-state model of the Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) channel added to a CA3 neuron Hodgkin-Huxley model. We first investigate opto-neurons lightto-spike mechanisms in an in-vivo model: the background noise (synaptic currents) play a dominant role in generating spikes rather than light intensities as for in-vitro conditions (Typically the required light intensity is less than 0.3 mW/mm2 for in-vivo). Then the spiking fidelity is analyzed for different background noise levels. Next, by combining light penetration profiles, we show how neuron firing rates decay as tissue distance increases, for a 2D dimensional cross-section. This preliminary data clearly demonstrate that at given light stimulation protocol, the maximum effected distance in-vivo is 250 μm with small frequency decay rates, while for in-vitro is 50μm with considerable frequency decay rates. Therefore, the developed model can be used for designing sensible light stimulation strategies in-vivo and opto-electronics systems.
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10
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Soltan A, Liu Y, Armstrong N, Akhter M, Corbett B, Degenaar P. Comparison between Different Optical Systems for Optogenetics based Head Mounted Device for Retina Pigmentosa. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:382-385. [PMID: 31945920 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a fast growing neuromodulation techniques as it can remotely stimulate neural activities of a genetically modified cells. The advantage of remotely controlling the neural activity triggered researchers to implement a headset to externally stimulate retina cells for people with retina pigmentosa. The wearable device requires an efficient optical system to focus the transmitted light pattern into the retina surface. In this work, three different lenses; contact lens, folded prism and linear lenses are used to evaluate the headset performance. A 90x90 μLED display is used as a light source and the optical efficiency for each lens is measured for different points over the lens area. Moreover, the impact of each lens on the headset performance in power and processing will be discussed in this work.
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11
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Dehkhoda F, Soltan A, Ponon N, O'Neill A, Jackson A, Degenaar P. A current-mode system to self-measure temperature on implantable optoelectronics. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:117. [PMID: 31805942 PMCID: PMC6896326 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major concerns in implantable optoelectronics is the heat generated by emitters such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). Such devices typically produce more heat than light, whereas medical regulations state that the surface temperature change of medical implants must stay below + 2 °C. The LED's reverse current can be employed as a temperature-sensitive parameter to measure the temperature change at the implant's surface, and thus, monitor temperature rises. The main challenge in this approach is to bias the LED with a robust voltage since the reverse current is strongly and nonlinearly sensitive to the bias voltage. METHODS To overcome this challenge, we have developed an area-efficient LED-based temperature sensor using the LED as its own sensor and a CMOS electronic circuit interface to ensure stable bias and current measurement. The circuit utilizes a second-generation current conveyor (CCII) configuration to achieve this and has been implemented in 0.35 μm CMOS technology. RESULTS The developed circuits have been experimentally characterized, and the temperature-sensing functionality has been tested by interfacing different mini-LEDs in saline models of tissue prior to in vivo operation. The experimental results show the functionality of the CMOS electronics and the efficiency of the CCII-based technique with an operational frequency up to 130 kHz in achieving a resolution of 0.2 °C for the surface temperature up to + 45 °C. CONCLUSIONS We developed a robust CMOS current-mode sensor interface which has a reliable CCII to accurately convey the LED's reverse current. It is low power and robust against power supply ripple and transistor mismatch which makes it reliable for sensor interface. The achieved results from the circuit characterization and in vivo experiments show the feasibility of the whole sensor interface in monitoring the tissue surface temperature in optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Dehkhoda
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
| | - Ahmed Soltan
- NISC Group, Nile University, Al Sheikh Zayed, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nikhil Ponon
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony O'Neill
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Patrick Degenaar
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
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Reddy JW, Kimukin I, Stewart LT, Ahmed Z, Barth AL, Towe E, Chamanzar M. High Density, Double-Sided, Flexible Optoelectronic Neural Probes With Embedded μLEDs. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:745. [PMID: 31456654 PMCID: PMC6699515 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical stimulation and imaging of neurons deep in the brain require implantable optical neural probes. External optical access to deeper regions of the brain is limited by scattering and absorption of light as it propagates through tissue. Implantable optoelectronic probes capable of high-resolution light delivery and high-density neural recording are needed for closed-loop manipulation of neural circuits. Micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) have been used for optical stimulation, but predominantly on rigid silicon or sapphire substrates. Flexible polymer neural probes would be preferable for chronic applications since they cause less damage to brain tissue. Flexible μLED neural probes have been recently implemented by flip-chip bonding of commercially available μLED chips onto flexible substrates. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic design for flexible optoelectronic neural interfaces with embedded gallium nitride μLEDs that can be microfabricated at wafer-scale. Parylene C is used as the substrate and insulator due to its biocompatibility, compliance, and optical transparency. We demonstrate one-dimensional and two-dimensional individually-addressable μLED arrays. Our μLEDs have sizes as small as 22 × 22 μm in arrays of up to 32 μLEDs per probe shank. These devices emit blue light at a wavelength of 445 nm, suitable for stimulation of channelrhodopsin-2, with output powers greater than 200 μW at 2 mA. Our flexible optoelectronic probes are double-sided and can illuminate brain tissue from both sides. Recording electrodes are co-fabricated with μLEDs on the front- and backside of the optoelectronic probes for electrophysiology recording of neuronal activity from the volumes of tissue on the front- and backside simultaneously with bi-directional optical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ibrahim Kimukin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Luke T. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zabir Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alison L. Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elias Towe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maysamreza Chamanzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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A shape-memory and spiral light-emitting device for precise multisite stimulation of nerve bundles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2790. [PMID: 31243276 PMCID: PMC6594927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that for long-term spastic limb paralysis, transferring the seventh cervical nerve (C7) from the nonparalyzed side to the paralyzed side results in increase of 17.7 in Fugl-Meyer score. One strategy for further improvement in voluntary arm movement is selective activation of five target muscles innervated by C7 during recovery process. In this study, we develop an implantable multisite optogenetic stimulation device (MOSD) based on shape-memory polymer. Two-site stimulation of sciatic nerve bundles by MOSD induces precise extension or flexion movements of the ankle joint, while eight-site stimulation of C7 nerve bundles induce selective limb movement. Long-term implant of MOSD to mice with severed and anastomosed C7 nerve is proven to be both safe and effective. Our work opens up the possibility for multisite nerve bundle stimulation to induce highly-selective activations of limb muscles, which could inspire further applications in neurosurgery and neuroscience research. Optogenetic stimulation of damaged peripheral nerves has advantages over electrical stimulation but it’s limited to single-site stimulation. Here the authors develop a spiral-shaped LED implant for precise optogenetic stimulation of peripheral nerve bundles at multiple sites and use it to induce distinct limb movements in mice.
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Goncalves SB, Palha JM, Fernandes HC, Souto MR, Pimenta S, Dong T, Yang Z, Ribeiro JF, Correia JH. LED Optrode with Integrated Temperature Sensing for Optogenetics. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E473. [PMID: 30424406 PMCID: PMC6187356 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In optogenetic studies, the brain is exposed to high-power light sources and inadequate power density or exposure time can cause cell damage from overheating (typically temperature increasing of 2 ∘ C). In order to overcome overheating issues in optogenetics, this paper presents a neural tool capable of assessing tissue temperature over time, combined with the capability of electrical recording and optical stimulation. A silicon-based 8 mm long probe was manufactured to reach deep neural structures. The final proof-of-concept device comprises a double-sided function: on one side, an optrode with LED-based stimulation and platinum (Pt) recording points; and, on the opposite side, a Pt-based thin-film thermoresistance (RTD) for temperature assessing in the photostimulation site surroundings. Pt thin-films for tissue interface were chosen due to its biocompatibility and thermal linearity. A single-shaft probe is demonstrated for integration in a 3D probe array. A 3D probe array will reduce the distance between the thermal sensor and the heating source. Results show good recording and optical features, with average impedance magnitude of 371 k Ω , at 1 kHz, and optical power of 1.2 mW·mm - 2 (at 470 nm), respectively. The manufactured RTD showed resolution of 0.2 ∘ C at 37 ∘ C (normal body temperature). Overall, the results show a device capable of meeting the requirements of a neural interface for recording/stimulating of neural activity and monitoring temperature profile of the photostimulation site surroundings, which suggests a promising tool for neuroscience research filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beatriz Goncalves
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
| | - José M Palha
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
| | - Helena C Fernandes
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
| | - Márcio R Souto
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
| | - Sara Pimenta
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
| | - Tao Dong
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Institute for Microsystems-IMS, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), Postboks 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - João F Ribeiro
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
| | - José H Correia
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimaraes 4800-058, Portugal.
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Bergeron D. Nanoparticle-Mediated Upconversion of Near-Infrared Light: A Step Closer to Optogenetic Neuromodulation in Humans. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2018; 96:270-271. [DOI: 10.1159/000491399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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