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Koh GK, Ow Yong JQY, Lee ARYB, Ong BSY, Yau CE, Ho CSH, Goh YS. Social media use and its impact on adult's mental health and well-being: A scoping review. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38736207 DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media use has grown in importance and prevalence, with its estimated number of users at 4.9 billion worldwide. Social media use research has revealed positive and negative impacts on users' mental health and well-being. However, such impacts among adults have not been examined in any reviews. METHODS A scoping review was conducted based on the framework by Arksey and O'Malley and reported based on the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Eight databases were searched from 2005 to December 2021. Articles were included after being reviewed by three independent teams, with discrepancies resolved through consensus with the senior author. Publication-related information (i.e., authors, year of publication, aims, study population, methodology, interventions, comparisons, outcome measures and key findings) were extracted from each study. Thematic analysis was conducted to answer the research questions. RESULTS Among the 114 eligible articles, young adults (69.6%) represented the main age group. Most studies (78.6%) focused on the negative impacts of social media use on mental health and well-being, with nearly a third (32.1%) assessing such impacts on depression. Notably, this scoping review found that more than three-quarters (78.6%) of the included studies revealed that excessive and passive social media use would increase depression, anxiety, mood, and loneliness. Nevertheless, a third (33.0%) also reported positive impacts, where positive and purposeful use of social media would contribute to improvements in mental health and well-being, such as increased perceived social support and enjoyment. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION This review has provided an overview of the existing knowledge on how social media use would affect adults and identified areas of research that merit investigations in future studies. More attention should be given to maximizing the positive impacts of social media use on mental health and well-being among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghee Kian Koh
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jenna Qing Yun Ow Yong
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | - Bernard Soon Yang Ong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Chun En Yau
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Cyrus Su Hui Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yong Shian Goh
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Fernandez AR, Ramírez-Ortiz D, García-Torres MM, Lor M, Luebke J, Cano MÁ, Cordova D. Ethnic discrimination, acculturative stress, and sexual risk among Latinx emerging adults: Examining moderation effects of familism support and ethnic identity. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 30:349-362. [PMID: 36757988 PMCID: PMC10409880 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ethnic discrimination and acculturative stress play an important role in sexual risk behaviors for Latinx emerging adults, who are at disproportionate risk for sexually transmitted infections. Factors such as familism support and ethnic identity may be protective, yet research is limited. This study is guided by a culturally adapted stress and coping framework to examine associations of ethnic discrimination and acculturative stress with sexual risk behaviors (i.e., multiple sex partners, alcohol or drug use before sex, and condomless sex with a primary or casual partner), and examine the moderating roles of familism support and ethnic identity among Latinx emerging adults. METHOD Participants were recruited from Arizona and Florida and were primarily female (51.3%) with a mean age of 21.48 years (SD = 2.06). Using cross-sectional data from 158 sexually active Latinx emerging adults, this study employed multiple logistic regression and moderation analyses. RESULTS Higher levels of ethnic discrimination and pressure to acculturate were associated with fewer sex partners, and higher levels of pressure against acculturation were associated with increased condomless sex with a casual partner. The moderation effect of higher levels of familism support on pressure to acculturate was associated with fewer sex partners, and the moderation effect of higher levels of ethnic identity on pressure against acculturation was associated with decreased condomless sex with casual partners. CONCLUSIONS Examining the results within a culturally informed theoretical framework supports that protective factors may help mitigate sexual risk factors among Latinx emerging adults experiencing acculturative stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maichou Lor
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Grapin SL, Warner CM, Bixter MT, Cunningham DJ, Bonumwezi J, Mahmud F, Kline EA, Portillo NL, Nisenson D. Online racial discrimination and mental health among Black undergraduates: The moderating role of gender. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:310-318. [PMID: 35380502 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2034833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Online racial discrimination (ORD) is rampant; however, little is known about its associations with mental health among undergraduates. This study explored the relations between ORD and mental health among Black undergraduates. It also investigated gender differences in these relations. Participants: Two hundred seventy-eight Black, cisgender men and women enrolled in a minority-serving public university in the Northeast U.S. Methods: Participants completed measures of ORD, depression, generalized anxiety (GA), and social anxiety (SA) via a Web-based survey. Results: Eighty-five percent of participants experienced at least one ORD incident in the last year. Men and women reported comparable exposure. Gender moderated the relations between ORD and depression and SA, respectively; these associations were stronger for women. Conclusions: Exposure to ORD is prevalent among Black undergraduates and is associated with adverse mental health outcomes, especially for women. Campus mental health interventions should address online discrimination in the context of students' intersecting identities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie Masia Warner
- Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Farah Mahmud
- Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily A Kline
- Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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Taskin T, Torres L, Roncancio AM, Valente MJ, Fernandez A, Rahman A, Nehme L, Okeke D, Lozano A, Ruiz E, West AE, Cano MÁ. Acculturative Stress and Self-rated Health among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining the Moderating Effects of the Social Environment and Social Support. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:1382-1391. [PMID: 37219746 PMCID: PMC10665539 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of sociocultural stressors such as acculturative stress on self-rated health among Hispanics. We aimed to examine (a) associations between acculturative stress and self-rated health, and (b) the moderating effects of the community of settlement (i.e., Maricopa County, AZ and Miami-Dade County, FL) and social support on the association between acculturative stress and self-rated health. A hierarchical multiple regression model and moderation analyses were conducted using a cross-sectional sample of 200 Hispanic emerging adults from Arizona and Florida. Findings indicate that higher levels of pressure to acculturate are associated with lower levels of self-rated health. Community of settlement functioned as a moderator whereby pressure to acculturate was only associated with lower levels of self-rated health in Maricopa County. Lastly, a three-way interaction indicated that emotional social support mitigated the association between pressure to acculturate and self-rated health in Maricopa County. This study highlights the importance of accounting for community of settlement when examining associations between acculturative stress and health-related outcomes. A finding that may have implications for interventions is that social support may help to counteract the effects of acculturative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjila Taskin
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Abir Rahman
- Cabell-Huntington Health Department, Huntington, USA
| | - Lea Nehme
- Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | | | | | - Erik Ruiz
- University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Amy E West
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Prasad S, Ait Souabni S, Anugwom G, Aneni K, Anand A, Urhi A, Obi-Azuike C, Gibson T, Khan A, Oladunjoye F. Anxiety and depression amongst youth as adverse effects of using social media : A Review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:3974-3981. [PMID: 37554895 PMCID: PMC10406047 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Social media use has become widely popularized in modern society and because of that, human interactions have drastically changed. In parallel, depression and anxiety have reached unprecedented levels among the youth, and concerns have emerged on social media use compromising mental health. The objectives of our review are to explore if there is a relation between social media and the development of those two disorders among youth, to highlight the patterns that could lead to them, and to give recommendations for future research. Methods Based on the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) Criteria, the authors performed a search of all-time articles published in the Medline database using terms such as social media, social media use, problematic social media use, depression, anxiety, suicidality, self-harm, fear of missing out, cyberchondria, cyberbullying, sexting, and online shopping. The initial search yielded 184 924 articles. After review, 77 articles were included for discussion. Results Social media use is often associated with depression and anxiety. Different patterns are thought to predict poorer mental health outcomes like multitasking, emotional investment, appearance-based activities, passive media use, problematic social media use, cyberbullying, sexting, and disaster awareness. Conclusion Specific patterns of engagement with social media appear to be associated with poor mental health outcomes in youth. It is important for physicians to address social networks exposure in well-visits and for parents to communicate about it openly. However, more in-depth research needs to be done to determine a relation of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Prasad
- Faculty of Medicine, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
| | - Sara Ait Souabni
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Marrakesh, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco
| | - Gibson Anugwom
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | - Ayush Anand
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Alexsandra Urhi
- Mental Health Department, Federal Medical Center Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
| | | | - Taneil Gibson
- University of Medicine and Health Sciences (UMHS), New York
| | - Asma Khan
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
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Keum BT, Choi AY. Profiles of online racism exposure and mental health among Asian, Black, and Latinx emerging adults in the United States. Int Rev Psychiatry 2023; 35:310-322. [PMID: 37267025 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2180346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Online racism is a digital social determinant to health inequity and an acute and widespread public health problem. To explore the heterogeneity of online racism exposure within and across race, we latent class modelled this construct among Asian (n = 310), Black (n = 306), and Latinx (n = 163) emerging adults in the United States and analysed key demographic and psychosocial health correlates. We observed Low and Mediated Exposure classes across all racial groups, whereas High Exposure classes appeared among Asian and Black people and the Systemic Exposure classes emerged uniquely in Asian and Latinx people. Generally, the High Exposure classes reported the greatest psychological distress and unjust views of society compared to all other classes. The Mediated and Systemic Exposure classes reported greater mental health costs than the Low Exposure classes. Asian women were more likely to be in the Mediated Exposure class compared to the Low Exposure class, whereas Black women were more likely to be in the Mediated Exposure class compared to both High and Low Exposure classes. About a third of each racial group belonged to the Low Exposure classes. Our findings highlight the multidimensionality of online racism exposure and identify hidden yet divergently risky subgroups. Research implications include examination of class membership chronicity and change over time, online exposure to intersecting oppressions, and additional antecedents and health consequences of diverse forms of online racism exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Young Choi
- Counseling and Student Development Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Karakose T, Yıldırım B, Tülübaş T, Kardas A. A comprehensive review on emerging trends in the dynamic evolution of digital addiction and depression. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1126815. [PMID: 36844332 PMCID: PMC9944096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using digital addiction as an umbrella term to cover any type of addictions to digital technologies such as the internet, smartphones, social media, or video games, the current study aimed to reveal the intellectual structure and evolution of research addressing digital addiction-depression relationship. Methods The study combined bibliometric and science mapping analysis methods for this purpose. Data for the study was gathered from Web of Science Core Collection after a comprehensive process of data search/extraction, and 241 articles were included in the final data set. A period-based, comparative science mapping analysis was performed using the SciMAT software. Results The analysis of data over three periods, Period 1 (1983-2016), Period 2 (2017-2019), and Period 3 (2020-2022) showed that internet addiction was the most significant theme across all three periods, which was followed by social media addiction. Depression, which emerged as a significant theme during Period 1, was later covered under anxiety disorder theme. Research interest was mostly on factors related to both addiction and depression such as cognitive distortion, insomnia, loneliness, self-esteem, social support, alexithymia, as well as cybervictimization or academic performance. Discussion The results suggested that much research is warranted on the digital addiction-depression relationship in different age cohorts, especially children and elderly. Similarly, the current analysis showed that this line of research particularly focused on internet, gaming and social media addiction, and evidence with regard to other types of digital addiction or related compulsive behaviors was almost absent. In addition, research was mostly inclined to understanding cause-effect relationships, which is significant, but preventive strategies seemed to be barely addressed. Likewise, the smartphone addiction-depression relationship arguably garnered less research interest, so future research would contribute to the field in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Karakose
- Department of Education, Kutahya Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Türkiye,*Correspondence: Turgut Karakose, ✉
| | - Bilal Yıldırım
- Department of Education, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Tijen Tülübaş
- Department of Education, Kutahya Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Türkiye
| | - Abdurrahman Kardas
- District Director of National Education, Ministry of National Education, Siirt, Türkiye
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8
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Keum BT, Ángel Cano M. Online racism, depressive and anxiety symptoms, coping-related drinking motives, and alcohol use severity among Black, Latina/o/x, and Asian emerging adults. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107468. [PMID: 36087497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Online racism has been associated with alcohol-related coping, likely to deal with mental health symptoms that arise from experiencing racial discrimination in online settings. Thus, we examined online racism as a risk factor for alcohol-related problems by examining depressive/anxiety symptoms and coping-related drinking motives as mediators among Black, Latina/o/x, and Asian emerging adults in the U.S. We hypothesized that online racism would be associated with greater alcohol use severity through depressive/anxiety symptoms and coping-related drinking motives sequentially. With data from 322 participants (Mage = 23.28; Black, n = 108; Latina/o/x, n = 118; and Asian, n = 96), we conducted a multi-group path analysis of online racism (Perceived Online Racism Scale) linked to alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) via depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-9)/Anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) symptoms and coping-related drinking motives (Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised Short Form). The hypothesized indirect pathway was significant in all groups. The direct effect was also significant for Latina/o/x and Asian groups. For the Black group, the direct effect was not significant, highlighting the salience of the mental health symptoms and drinking motives in explaining the link between online racism and alcohol use. Collectively, the results help to contextualize the risks of alcohol-related problems from experiencing contemporary forms of racial trauma such as online racial discrimination and provide implications for intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Nereim C, Bickham D, Rich M. Exploring Use Patterns and Racial and Ethnic Differences in Real Time Affective States During Social Media Use Among a Clinical Sample of Adolescents With Depression: Prospective Cohort Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e30900. [PMID: 35550316 PMCID: PMC9136651 DOI: 10.2196/30900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing youth mental health problems over time correlate with increasing rates of social media use (SMU); however, a proposed contributory relationship remains unproven. To better understand how SMU impacts mental health requires a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between different patterns of SMU and specific individual factors. Studies suggest that more active forms of SMU may offer mental health benefits when compared with more passive forms. Furthermore, the literature suggests important differences in patterns of SMU and affective states among those identifying as racial and ethnic minorities. Objective Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), this study aims to investigate potential differences in affective states during active and passive forms of SMU and whether such differences vary by race and ethnicity. Methods We recruited patients seeking care at a large urban adolescent medicine clinic who exhibited at least mild depressive symptoms based on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores. Participants completed an enrollment survey and a 7-day EMA protocol, receiving 5 EMA questionnaires per day, which assessed real time SMU behaviors and affective states using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Expanded form subscales. To correct for nonindependent data with EMA responses clustered within individuals, data were analyzed using mixed-effects modeling, allowing for a random intercept at the individual level to examine associations between EMA-reported SMU and affective states while adjusting results for age, gender, race and ethnicity, PHQ-9 score, and EMA response rate. Results A racially and ethnically diverse group of 55 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years provided a total of 976 EMA responses, averaging 17.76 (SD 8.76) responses per participant, with a response rate of 51.15%. Participants reported higher mean levels of negative affect during active SMU (F1,215=3.86; SE 0.05; t1,215=1.96; P=.05) and lower mean levels of positive affect during passive SMU (F1,369=3.90; SE 0.09; t1,369=–1.98; P=.049). However, within different racial and ethnic groups, higher levels of negative affect during moments of active SMU were seen only among Black non-Hispanic participants: F1,81=6.31; SE 0.05; t81=2.51; P=.01). Similarly, lower levels of positive affect during passive SMU were seen only among White non-Hispanic participants (F1,295=10.52; SE 0.13; t295=–3.24; P=.001). Conclusions Although in aggregate, adolescents with depressive symptoms experienced more negative affect during active SMU and less positive affect during passive SMU, these mean outcomes were driven solely by greater negative affect during active SMU by Black non-Hispanic participants and lower positive affect during passive SMU by White non-Hispanic participants. Differences in intentionality, content, context, and expectations of SMU among youths across racial and ethnic groups may result in different affective outcomes. Exploration of the interactions among cultural differences in SMU strategies and characteristics will be critical to furthering our understanding of the impact of SMU on youth mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Nereim
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David Bickham
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Rich
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Salas-Wright CP. Risk, resilience, and thriving among racial/ethnic minorities and underserved populations at-risk for substance use disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:1-7. [PMID: 34932401 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1995403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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Rahman A, Sánchez M, Bursac Z, Whiting CY, de Dios MA, Cano M, Meek R, Taskin T, Shawon MSR, Vazquez V, Koly KN, Ullrich HS, Cano MÁ. Ethnic discrimination and psychological stress among Hispanic emerging adults: Examining the moderating effects of distress tolerance and optimism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS : IJIR 2022; 86:217-226. [PMID: 36212111 PMCID: PMC9540438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hispanic emerging adults are often exposed to ethnic discrimination, yet little is known about coping resources that may mitigate the effects of ethnic discrimination on psychological stress in this rapidly growing population. As such, this study aims to examine (1) the associations of ethnic discrimination, distress tolerance, and optimism with psychological stress and (2) the moderating effects of distress tolerance and optimism on the association between ethnic discrimination and psychological stress. Data were drawn from a cross-sectional study of 200 Hispanic adults ages 18-25, recruited from two urban counties in Arizona and Florida. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were utilized to examine these associations and moderated effects. Findings indicated that higher optimism was associated with lower psychological stress. Conversely, higher ethnic discrimination was associated with higher psychological stress. Moderation analyses indicated that both distress tolerance and optimism moderated the association between ethnic discrimination and psychological stress. These study findings add to the limited literature on ethnic discrimination among Hispanic emerging adults and suggest that distress tolerance may be a key intrapersonal factor that can protect Hispanic emerging adults against the psychological stress often resulting from ethnic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Rahman
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
- Cabell-Huntington Health Department, USA
| | - Mariana Sánchez
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
| | - Zoran Bursac
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
| | | | | | - Manuel Cano
- Department of Social Work, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Robert Meek
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
| | - Tanjila Taskin
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
| | | | - Vicky Vazquez
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
| | - Kamrun Nahar Koly
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Helen Sanchez Ullrich
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, USA
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12
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Frankenfeld CL, Hakes JK, Leslie TF. All-cause mortality and residential racial and ethnic segregation and composition as experienced differently by individual-level race, ethnicity, and gender: Mortality disparities in american communities data. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 65:38-45. [PMID: 34757014 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use a large nationally representative population to evaluate whether differences in mortality in relation to residential racial and ethnic segregation and diversity varied by gender, and race or Hispanic ethnicity in the United States. METHODS The Mortality Disparities in American Communities (MDAC) was used to evaluate mortality risk in relation to segregation. MDAC is a nationally representative record linkage of the 2008 American Community Survey data with mortality outcomes derived from the National Death Index through 2015. Gender-stratified mortality risk for White, Black, and Hispanic groups in relation to quartiles of residential segregation, composition, and diversity were modeled using parametric survival regression with an exponential distribution, adjusted for individual-level socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS The study population included >3,950,000 individuals and >273,000 all-cause mortality outcomes. Statistically significant differences in associations were observed with Black segregation vs. Hispanic segregation across Black or Hispanic groups; some differences in stratification by gender for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black groups, but gender-stratified associations were more similar in non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSIONS Future multidisciplinary and ethnographic research is needed to identify the specific structural mechanisms by which these associations differ to support means by which to more effectively target public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Frankenfeld
- Current: Master of Public Health Program, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA; Former: Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
| | - Jahn K Hakes
- Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications, Suitland, MD
| | - Timothy F Leslie
- Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
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13
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Alsawalqa RO. Cyberbullying, social stigma, and self-esteem: the impact of COVID-19 on students from East and Southeast Asia at the University of Jordan. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06711. [PMID: 33869877 PMCID: PMC8045034 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the way people live, work, and socialize, and has perhaps even altered the reasons why they harass one another. To our knowledge, the present study is one of the first studies to address cyberbullying among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional objectives were to reveal the causes and types of cyberbullying that university students from East and Southeast Asia have experienced because of COVID-19, and to explore the relationship between cyberbullying and self-esteem. Of the 525 university students from different East and Southeast Asian countries and varied academic backgrounds who were invited to participate in the study, 310 students agreed and were included. Moreover, a sample of 400 Jordanian undergraduate students, who participated in cyberbullying against East and Southeast Asian students on social media, answered a questionnaire to reveal their reasons for engaging in bullying during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also examined the relationship and differences between sex and nationality. The findings revealed that cyberbullying contributed to low self-esteem in students of East and Southeast Asian descent who were victims of bullying. Men were more likely to be bullies and cyberbullies than women. The bullies admitted that the main reason for cyberbullying was humor, and that they were unaware that their harsh or aggressive behaviors could be categorized as bullying. This study aimed to make a positive contribution to the scant literature on cyberbullying/cyber racism among university students in an Arab country. We believe our findings can help guide the formulation of policies and solutions that address cyberbullying, especially between resident and foreign students.
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