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He W, Zhang M, Zhao M, Davis LS, Blackwell TS, Yull F, Breyer MD, Hao CM. Increased dietary sodium induces COX2 expression by activating NFκB in renal medullary interstitial cells. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:357-367. [PMID: 23900806 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
High salt diet induces renal medullary cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expression. Selective blockade of renal medullary COX2 activity in rats causes salt-sensitive hypertension, suggesting a role for renal medullary COX2 in maintaining systemic sodium balance. The present study characterized the cellular location of COX2 induction in the kidney of mice following high salt diet and examined the role of NFκB in mediating this COX2 induction in response to increased dietary salt. High salt diet (8 % NaCl) for 3 days markedly increased renal medullary COX2 expression in C57Bl/6 J mice. Co-immunofluorescence using a COX2 antibody and antibodies against aquaporin-2, ClC-K, aquaporin-1, and CD31 showed that high salt diet-induced COX2 was selectively expressed in renal medullary interstitial cells. By using NFκB reporter transgenic mice, we observed a sevenfold increase of luciferase activity in the renal medulla of the NFκB-luciferase reporter mice following high salt diet, and a robust induction of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression mainly in renal medullary interstitial cells of the NFκB-EGFP reporter mice following high salt diet. Treating high salt diet-fed C57Bl/6 J mice with selective IκB kinase inhibitor IMD-0354 (8 mg/kg bw) substantially suppressed COX2 induction in renal medulla, and also significantly reduced urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These data therefore suggest that renal medullary interstitial cell NFκB plays an important role in mediating renal medullary COX2 expression and promoting renal PGE2 synthesis in response to increased dietary sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Veteran Affair Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Veteran Affair Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Linda S Davis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Veteran Affair Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Fiona Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Matthew D Breyer
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, USA
| | - Chuan-Ming Hao
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Veteran Affair Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Nakanishi T, Shimizu H, Hosokawa Y, Matsuo T. An immunohistological study on cyclooxygenase-2 in human dental pulp. J Endod 2001; 27:385-8. [PMID: 11487130 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200106000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressing cells in human dental pulp were immunohistologically studied. Extirpated pulpal tissues from extracted teeth were examined to elucidate the localization and distribution of COX-2. Pulpal tissues were examined by the labeled streptavidin biotin method using specific mouse monoclonal antibodies for COX-2. Cell types of the COX-2 expressing cells were also investigated by the double stain technique using both monoclonal antibodies for CD68/macrophage and anti-COX-2. COX-2 expressing cells could be found in all of the inflamed pulps, and these cells were mostly distributed close to the area of accumulation of inflammatory cells. COX-2 was mainly expressed in fibroblasts rather than macrophages. In contrast, COX-2 expressing cells were scarcely found in the normal pulps. These findings indicate that pulpal fibroblasts, as well as macrophages, may participate in the production of prostaglandin through COX-2 expression in pulpal inflammation, and might be involved in the pathogenesis of irreversible pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakanishi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Tokushima, Japan
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Hao CM, Yull F, Blackwell T, Kömhoff M, Davis LS, Breyer MD. Dehydration activates an NF-kappaB-driven, COX2-dependent survival mechanism in renal medullary interstitial cells. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:973-82. [PMID: 11032857 PMCID: PMC314340 DOI: 10.1172/jci9956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis is mediated by cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX1 and COX2). After dehydration, the maintenance of normal renal function becomes particularly dependent upon PG synthesis. The present studies were designed to examine the potential link between medullary COX1 and COX2 expression in hypertonic stress. In response to water deprivation, COX2, but not COX1, mRNA levels increase significantly in the renal medulla, specifically in renal medullary interstitial cells (RMICs). Water deprivation also increases renal NF-kappaB-driven reporter expression in transgenic mice. NF-kappaB activity and COX2 expression could be induced in cultured RMICs with hypertonic sodium chloride and mannitol, but not urea. RMIC COX2 expression was also induced by driving NF-kappaB activation with a constitutively active IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). Conversely, introduction of a dominant-negative IkappaB mutant reduced COX2 expression after hypertonicity or IKKalpha induction. RMICs failed to survive hypertonicity when COX2 was downregulated using a COX2-selective antisense or blocked with the selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) SC58236, reagents that did not affect cell survival in isotonic media. In rabbits treated with SC58236, water deprivation induced apoptosis of medullary interstitial cells in the renal papilla. These results demonstrate that water deprivation and hypertonicity activate NF-kappaB. The consequent increase in COX2 expression favors RMIC survival in hypertonic conditions. Inhibition of RMIC COX2 could contribute to NSAID-induced papillary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt George M. O'Brien Kidney and Urologic Diseases Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Noguchi K, Shitashige M, Watanabe H, Murota S, Ishikawa I. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma inhibit prostaglandin production by interleukin-1beta-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Inflammation 1999; 23:1-13. [PMID: 10065757 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020231331932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of cyclooxygease-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in prostaglandin (PG) production by human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts stimulated with a proinflammatory cytokine, inerleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and to examine the effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a Th2 cytokine, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a Th1 cytokine, on PG production by the cells. IL-1beta-stimulated PDL fibroblasts produced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a time-dependent manner. Indomethacin, a non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, and NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, completely inhibited PGE2 production by IL-1beta-stimulated cells. Northern blot analysis showed that COX-2 mRNA was detected in IL-1beta-stimulated PDL cells, although not detected in unstimulated cells, while expression of COX-1 mRNA was in the same extent in both the cells. Dexamethasone inhibited COX-2 mRNA expression, COX activity and PGE2 production in IL-1beta-stimulated cells. IL-4 and IFN-gamma suppressed PGE2 production by IL-1beta-stimulated PDL fibroblasts, but COX activity enhanced by IL-1beta treatment was significantly inhibited by IL-4, not by IFN-gamma. Northern blot analysis showed that IL-4 depressed COX-2 mRNA expression with no effect on COX-1 mRNA expression. On the other hand, IFN-gamma had no effect on expression of COX-1 and -2 mRNA. These data suggest that COX-2 is primarily responsible for PGE2 production by IL-1beta-stimulated human PDL fibroblasts and that IL-4 inhibited PGE2 production by IL-1beta-stimulated PDL fibroblasts through down-regulation of COX-2 expression, while IFN-gamma suppressed the PGE2 production with no effect on COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Abstract
The recent identification, cloning, and characterization of two cyclooxygenases has provided insight into how nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can beneficially inhibit prostaglandin production in inflammation but also produce side-effects in the gut and kidney. The subtle differences in the sites in which these drugs bind the enzymes has allowed development of inhibitors that exhibit selectivity for the inflammatory cyclooxygenase and spare the housekeeping enzyme. This selectivity in theory should enhance the therapeutic potential of these new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, New York, USA
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Ermert L, Ermert M, Goppelt-Struebe M, Walmrath D, Grimminger F, Steudel W, Ghofrani HA, Homberger C, Duncker H, Seeger W. Cyclooxygenase isoenzyme localization and mRNA expression in rat lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:479-88. [PMID: 9533935 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.4.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostanoid generation may proceed via both isoforms of cyclooxygenase, Cox-1 and Cox-2. Cox-1 is thought to be ubiquitously expressed, whereas Cox-2 is mostly assumed to be dynamically regulated, responding to inflammatory stimuli. The cellular localization of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in the lung, an organ with high cyclooxygenase activity, is not known. In normal rat lungs the expression and localization of Cox-1 and Cox-2 were examined with immunogold-silver staining and the RT-PCR technique. Quantitative image analysis of the staining intensity was performed by measuring mean gray values of digitized epipolarization images. Expression of both Cox-1 and Cox-2 was readily detectable in rat lungs. Cox-1 immunoreactivity localized predominantly to bronchial epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells of large hilum veins, and (with lower expression) to alveolar macrophages and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The most intense Cox-2 staining was noted in macrophage- and mast cell-like cells, detected in close vicinity to the bronchial epithelium and in the connective tissue surrounding the vessels. In addition, strong Cox-2 expression was found in smooth muscle cells of partially muscular vessels and large veins of the hilum. Bronchial epithelial cells displayed Cox-2 immunoreactivity with limited intensity. Alveolar macrophages and alveolar septal cells were only occasionally stained with anti-Cox-2 antibodies. Both Cox-1 and Cox-2 are constitutively expressed in several cell types of normal rat lung, but display clearly different patterns of cellular localization. Cox-2 may not be related only to lung inflammation, but is suggested to be implicated in regulatory processes under physiological conditions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ermert
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Smith TJ, Sempowski GD, Berenson CS, Cao HJ, Wang HS, Phipps RP. Human thyroid fibroblasts exhibit a distinctive phenotype in culture: characteristic ganglioside profile and functional CD40 expression. Endocrinology 1997; 138:5576-88. [PMID: 9389546 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.12.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts from different regions of the human body exhibit substantial phenotypic diversity, some of which relates to the capacity for cross-talk with cells of the immune system. We examine, for the first time, thyroid fibroblast biology in culture. Thyroid explants were placed in culture, and fibroblasts were outgrown and serially passaged. These fibroblasts take on a morphology in culture resembling cells from other anatomic regions. When treated with PGE2, they assume a stellate morphology similar to that of prostanoid-treated orbital fibroblasts. The ganglioside profile exhibited by these cells is distinct from that observed previously in orbital and dermal fibroblasts. They uniformly express Thy-1, a surface glycoprotein. Messenger RNA encoding CD40, a surface receptor found on bone marrow-derived cells, and CD40 protein were expressed constitutively at low levels. Interferon-gamma (500 U/ml) treatment for 48-72 h resulted in high levels of surface HLA-DR and CD40 display. When CD40 is engaged with CD40 ligand (CD40L), nuclear factor-kappaB binding activity is up-regulated as is interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression. IL-1beta treatment up-regulates the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and PGE2. These observations suggest that thyroid fibroblasts possess the molecular machinery necessary for cross-talk with immunocompetent cells such as lymphocytes and mast cells through the CD40/CD40L complex, as well as through classic cytokine networks, and to participate potentially in the inflammatory response of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Samuel S. Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York 12208, USA
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Xie W, Herschman HR. Transcriptional regulation of prostaglandin synthase 2 gene expression by platelet-derived growth factor and serum. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31742-8. [PMID: 8940199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.49.31742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin synthase 2 (PGS2) is an immediate-early gene induced in a variety of cellular contexts. We investigate here the transcriptional activation of the murine PGS2 gene in NIH 3T3 cells, in response to the mitogens platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or serum. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrate that a consensus cyclic AMP response element (CRE) in the murine PGS2 promoter is essential for optimal PGS2 gene expression in response to PDGF or to serum. Overexpression of c-Jun potentiates PDGF- or serum-induced luciferase expression from a reporter construct containing the first 371 nucleotides of the PGS2 promoter. In contrast, overexpression of other transcription factors binding to the CRE element of the PGS2 gene inhibits induction by PDGF or serum. Moreover, positioning the c-Jun activation domain next to the minimal PGS2 promoter via a GAL4 DNA binding site rather than the CRE is sufficient to permit serum or PDGF stimulation of luciferase expression from this modified reporter construct. PDGF or serum treatment both activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the mitogen-activated protein kinase responsible for phosphorylation and activation of c-Jun. Cotransfection of plasmids expressing dominant-negative Ras, Rac1, MEKK-1, or JNK along with the [PGS2][luciferase] reporter prevents induction by PDGF or serum, demonstrating that serum and PDGF induction of the PGS2 gene in NIH 3T3 cells requires activation of a Ras/Rac1/MEKK-1/JNK kinase/JNK signal transduction leading to phosphorylation of c-Jun. Additional cotransfection experiments with plasmids expressing dominant-negative Raf1 and ERK demonstrate that induction of PGS2 gene expression by PDGF and serum also requires activation of a Ras/Raf1/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK)/ERK signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Sugiyama E, Taki H, Kuroda A, Mino T, Yamashita N, Kobayashi M. Interleukin-4 inhibits prostaglandin E2 production by freshly prepared adherent rheumatoid synovial cells via inhibition of biosynthesis and gene expression of cyclo-oxygenase II but not of cyclo-oxygenase I. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:375-82. [PMID: 8694577 PMCID: PMC1010189 DOI: 10.1136/ard.55.6.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on the biosynthesis of cyclo-oxygenases I (COX I) and II (COX II), the rate limiting enzymes of the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in freshly prepared rheumatoid synovial cells. METHODS Adherent synovial cells were obtained from rheumatoid synovium by collagenase digestion. The concentrations of PGE2 in culture supernatants were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The protein and mRNA concentrations of COX I and COX II were determined by Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Freshly prepared synovial cells produced large amounts of PGE2. They also showed increased gene expression of COX I and COX II, and synthesised these proteins. IL-4 had suppressive effects on the production of PGE2 by untreated or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated synovial cells. In addition, IL-4 inhibited the biosynthesis of COX II at the mRNA level. In contrast, it did not modify the protein concentration of COX I. In tests of cell specificity, IL-4 did not reduce the mRNA concentration of COX II in interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) stimulated cultured synovial fibroblasts at passages 3-6, but it reduced considerably the mRNA concentrations of COX II in an LPS or IL-1 alpha stimulated U937 monocyte/macrophage cell line. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-4 might inhibit overproduction of PGE2 in rheumatoid synovia via selective inhibition of the biosynthesis of COX II, and that this inhibition might be specific to macrophage-like synovial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sugiyama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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