1
|
Zampieri M, Bacalini MG, Barchetta I, Scalea S, Cimini FA, Bertoccini L, Tagliatesta S, De Matteis G, Zardo G, Cavallo MG, Reale A. Increased PARylation impacts the DNA methylation process in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:114. [PMID: 34001206 PMCID: PMC8130175 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, can influence the genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the progression of the disease. Our previous studies demonstrated that the regulation of the DNA methylation pattern involves the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) process, a post-translational modification of proteins catalysed by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. Experimental data showed that the hyperactivation of PARylation is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and the development of T2DM. Aims of this case–control study were to investigate the association between PARylation and global and site-specific DNA methylation in T2DM and to evaluate metabolic correlates. Results Data were collected from 61 subjects affected by T2DM and 48 healthy individuals, recruited as controls. Global levels of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR, a surrogate of PARP activity), cytosine methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) and de-methylation intermediates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) were determined in peripheral blood cells by ELISA-based methodologies. Site-specific DNA methylation profiling of SOCS3, SREBF1 and TXNIP candidate genes was performed by mass spectrometry-based bisulfite sequencing, methyl-sensitive endonucleases digestion and by DNA immuno-precipitation. T2DM subjects presented higher PAR levels than controls. In T2DM individuals, increased PAR levels were significantly associated with higher HbA1c levels and the accumulation of the de-methylation intermediates 5hmC and 5fC in the genome. In addition, T2DM patients with higher PAR levels showed reduced methylation with increased 5hmC and 5fC levels in specific SOCS3 sites, up-regulated SOCS3 expression compared to both T2DM subjects with low PAR levels and controls. Conclusions This study demonstrates the activation of PARylation processes in patients with T2DM, particularly in those with poor glycaemic control. PARylation is linked to dysregulation of DNA methylation pattern via activation of the DNA de-methylation cascade and may be at the basis of the differential gene expression observed in presence of diabetes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01099-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Scalea
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Tagliatesta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Matteis
- Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Consiglio Per La Ricerca in Agricoltura E L'Analisi Dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gisella Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Reale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Matteis G, Reale A, Grandoni F, Meyer-Ficca ML, Scatà MC, Meyer RG, Buttazzoni L, Moioli B. Assessment of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) expression and activity in cells purified from blood and milk of dairy cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:102-108. [PMID: 30078582 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) is a post-translational protein modification catalysed by enzyme member of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) family. The activation of several PARPs is triggered by DNA strand breakage and the main PARP enzyme involved in this process is PARP1. Besides its involvement in DNA repair, PARP1 is involved in several cellular processes including transcription, epigenetics, chromatin re-modelling as well as in the maintenance of genomic stability. Moreover, several studies in human and animal models showed PARP1 activation in various inflammatory disorders. The aims of the study were (1) to characterize PARP1 expression in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and (2) to evaluate PAR levels as a potential inflammatory marker in cells isolated from blood and milk samples following different types of infection, including mastitis. Our results show that (i) bovine PBMC express PARP1; (ii) lymphocytes exhibit higher expression of PARP1 than monocytes; (iii) PARP1 and PAR levels were higher in circulating PBMCs of infected cows; (iv) PAR levels were higher in cells isolated from milk with higher Somatic Cell Counts (SCC > 100,000 cells/mL) than in cells from milk with low SCCs. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PARP1 is activated during mastitis, which may prove to be a useful biomarker of mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Matteis
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Via Salaria, 31- Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sezione di Biochimica Clinica, Università "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Grandoni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Via Salaria, 31- Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella L Meyer-Ficca
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Scatà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Via Salaria, 31- Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ralph G Meyer
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Luca Buttazzoni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Via Salaria, 31- Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Moioli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Via Salaria, 31- Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giorgi A, Tempera I, Napoletani G, Drovandi D, Potestà C, Martire S, Mandosi E, Filardi T, Eugenia Schininà M, Morano S, d'Erme M, Maras B. Poly(ADP-ribosylated) proteins in mononuclear cells from patients with type 2 diabetes identified by proteomic studies. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:833-842. [PMID: 28608282 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In diabetes, hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species that induce DNA damage and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase activation. The aim of this study is to characterize the proteomic profile and the role of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A proteomic platform based on 2DE and MALDI-ToF spectrometry was applied to peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from two different cohorts in which diabetic (n = 14) and normoglycemic patients (n = 11) were enrolled. RESULTS Proteomic maps identified WD repeat protein, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor and myosin regulatory light chain 2, as unique proteins in diabetic patients; vimentin, elongation factor 2, annexin A1, glutathione S-transferase P, moesin and cofilin-1 as unique in the normoglycemic; and calreticulin, rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, protein disulfide isomerase and tropomyosin alpha-4-chain as differentially expressed between the two cohorts. An enrichment in PARylation in diabetic patients was observed in particular, affecting GAPDH and α-Enolase leading to a decrease in their enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS As the GAPDH and α-Enolase are involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis and DNA repair, loss of their function or change in their activity can significantly contribute to the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes. These data along with the proteomic profile associated with the disease may provide new insight into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Giorgi
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Italo Tempera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giorgia Napoletani
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Drovandi
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Potestà
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Martire
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elisabetta Mandosi
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Filardi
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - M Eugenia Schininà
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Morano
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria d'Erme
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Bruno Maras
- Departments of Biochemical Sciences and of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jaramillo R, Shuck SC, Chan YS, Liu X, Bates SE, Lim PP, Tamae D, Lacoste S, O'Connor TR, Termini J. DNA Advanced Glycation End Products (DNA-AGEs) Are Elevated in Urine and Tissue in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:689-698. [PMID: 28107623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More precise identification and treatment monitoring of prediabetic/diabetic individuals will require additional biomarkers to complement existing diagnostic tests. Candidates include hyperglycemia-induced adducts such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of proteins, lipids, and DNA. The potential for DNA-AGEs as diabetic biomarkers was examined in a longitudinal study using the Leprdb/db animal model of metabolic syndrome. The DNA-AGE, N2-(1-carboxyethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (CEdG) was quantified by mass spectrometry using isotope dilution from the urine and tissue of hyperglycemic and normoglycemic mice. Hyperglycemic mice (fasting plasma glucose, FPG, ≥ 200 mg/dL) displayed a higher median urinary CEdG value (238.4 ± 112.8 pmol/24 h) than normoglycemic mice (16.1 ± 11.8 pmol/24 h). Logistic regression analysis revealed urinary CEdG to be an independent predictor of hyperglycemia. Urinary CEdG was positively correlated with FPG in hyperglycemic animals and with HbA1c for all mice. Average tissue-derived CEdG was also higher in hyperglycemic mice (18.4 CEdG/106 dG) than normoglycemic mice (4.4 CEdG/106 dG). Urinary CEdG was significantly elevated in Leprdb/db mice relative to Leprwt/wt, and tissue CEdG values increased in the order Leprwt/wt < Leprwt/db < Leprdb/db. These data suggest that urinary CEdG measurement may provide a noninvasive quantitative index of glycemic status and augment existing biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jaramillo
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Sarah C Shuck
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Yin S Chan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Xueli Liu
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Steven E Bates
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Punnajit P Lim
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Sandrine Lacoste
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Timothy R O'Connor
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - John Termini
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, ‡Biostatistics, and §Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad M, Torky A, Glahn F, Scheubel RJ, Foth H. PARP-1 expression and activity in primary human lung cells. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:669-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
El Tarhouny SA, Hadhoud KM, Ebrahem MM, Al Azizi NM. Assessment of cell-free DNA with microvascular complication of type II diabetes mellitus, using PCR and ELISA. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:228-36. [PMID: 20408053 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003708298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the potential biochemical markers in the development, diagnosis, and prognosis of diabetic patient with microvascular complication represented with retinopathy, we analyzed the levels of cell-free DNA by two different techniques. The levels of cell-free GAPDH assayed by quantitative PCR were significantly higher in the plasma samples of diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy than in those of the control group; thus, it is a better biomarker than nucleosomes assayed by ELISA in patients with type 2 diabetes for the early detection of development of microvascular complications as retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shereen A El Tarhouny
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horváth EM, Benko R, Kiss L, Murányi M, Pék T, Fekete K, Bárány T, Somlai A, Csordás A, Szabo C. Rapid 'glycaemic swings' induce nitrosative stress, activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and impair endothelial function in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2009; 52:952-61. [PMID: 19263033 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Postpandrial hyperglycaemia is a significant risk factor for the development of macrovascular diseases. There is no clear agreement in the field whether these alterations result from hyperglycaemic episodes or from exaggerated alterations ('glycaemic swings') in blood glucose. We compared the effect of stable high glucose with a model of poorly maintained insulin-controlled diabetes (on average lower glucose, but with large glycaemic swings) on the development of endothelial dysfunction in rats. METHODS Intermediate- or long-acting insulin was used to reduce mean blood glucose levels. One group of animals had stable low glucose levels, while animals in the other group exhibited rapid changes ('swings') in their blood glucose concentration. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of the thoracic aorta was measured. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to determine nitrotyrosine formation and poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation in the aorta, in circulating leucocytes and in bone marrow cells. RESULTS Steady normalisation of blood glucose levels (a model of well-controlled diabetes) protected against the development of endothelial dysfunction, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and nitrotyrosine production. However, impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation was found in the animals undergoing glycaemic swings, even though the fructosamine levels in these animals were lower than in the untreated diabetic rats. This was associated with elevated PARP activation in the aorta and in bone marrow cells that was similar to or even more pronounced than that seen in the untreated diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Large glycaemic swings exert deleterious cardiovascular effects in diabetes mellitus, in part via enhanced activation of the PARP pathway.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Enzyme Activation
- Flow Cytometry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- In Vitro Techniques
- Insulin, Long-Acting/therapeutic use
- Kinetics
- Leukocytes/physiology
- Male
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Stress, Mechanical
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Horváth
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperglycemia is common during perioperative management of surgical and critically ill patients. There is extensive ongoing study of detrimental effects associated with hyperglycemia, with several remaining unanswered questions. This review discusses recent literature on tight glucose control with insulin therapy and its effects in prevention and management of infection. RECENT FINDINGS Hyperglycemia affects multiple pathways of the immune system, resulting in decreased phagocytic and chemotactic functions in neutrophils and monocytes, as well as increased rates of apoptosis of the former and decreased ability of the latter to present antigen. Intensive insulin therapy has been shown to counteract many of these deleterious effects. Clinically, the benefits of tight glucose control have been evaluated in different patient populations with conclusions that remain varied. Hypoglycemia as a complication of tight glucose control continues to be an issue and has led to discontinuation of two large-scale studies. The clinical relevance of hypoglycemic events remains unclear. SUMMARY Hyperglycemia impairs the cellular immune system, stimulates inflammatory cytokines, and affects the microcirculation, thus increasing risk for infection and preventing normal wound healing. Additional investigation is needed to define appropriate patient populations and to develop effective treatment strategies for preventing perioperative morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Blondet
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi X, Nuttall AL. Expression of adhesion molecular proteins in the cochlear lateral wall of normal and PARP-1 mutant mice. Hear Res 2006; 224:1-14. [PMID: 17184942 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sound can damage peripheral cochlear function through a number of mechanisms, and emerging evidence suggests that inflammation may be one of them. Using immunohistochemistry and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) mutant mice, we tested whether PARP-1 contributes to loud-sound induced cochlear lateral wall damage by triggering inflammatory effects, including upregulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin and platelet-endothelial cell-adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). In control conditions, we found that there was no detectable poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) in the marginal cells and microvessels. ICAM-1 was expressed only at low levels in the vessels of the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament. P-selectin and PECAM-1 were barely detected and only in the vessels of the spiral ligament. Following loud-sound exposure, PAR was detected in numbers of marginal cells and some vessels of the spiral ligament. Also, an elevated expression of ICAM-1 was demonstrated in some vessels of the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. Increased expression of P-selectin and PECAM-1 were mainly located in the vessels of the spiral ligament, while increased populations of non-migrated and migrated leukocytes were observed in the area of the spiral ligament. However, neither increased expression of adhesion proteins nor increased population of leukocytes, were observed in the PARP-1 knockout mouse. We thus conclude that loud-sound stress activates the expression of adhesion molecular proteins in the lateral wall and that PARP-1 modulates inflammation-linked protein expression and leukocyte migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center (NRC04), Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, NRC04, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|