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Urra FA, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Sanchez EF, Araya-Maturana R. An Emergent Role for Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Action of Snake Venom Toxins on Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:938749. [PMID: 35924151 PMCID: PMC9343075 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.938749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the role of mitochondria in apoptosis initiation/execution, some mitochondrial adaptations support the metastasis and chemoresistance of cancer cells. This highlights mitochondria as a promising target for new anticancer strategies. Emergent evidence suggests that some snake venom toxins, both proteins with enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities, act on the mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells, exhibiting unique and novel mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Currently, six toxin classes (L-amino acid oxidases, thrombin-like enzymes, secreted phospholipases A2, three-finger toxins, cysteine-rich secreted proteins, and snake C-type lectin) that alter the mitochondrial bioenergetics have been described. These toxins act through Complex IV activity inhibition, OXPHOS uncoupling, ROS-mediated permeabilization of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), IMM reorganization by cardiolipin interaction, and mitochondrial fragmentation with selective migrastatic and cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Notably, selective internalization and direct action of snake venom toxins on tumor mitochondria can be mediated by cell surface proteins overexpressed in cancer cells (e.g. nucleolin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans) or facilitated by the elevated Δψm of cancer cells compared to that non-tumor cells. In this latter case, selective mitochondrial accumulation, in a Δψm-dependent manner, of compounds linked to cationic snake peptides may be explored as a new anti-cancer drug delivery system. This review analyzes the effect of snake venom toxins on mitochondrial bioenergetics of cancer cells, whose mechanisms of action may offer the opportunity to develop new anticancer drugs based on toxin scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A. Urra
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Metabólica y Bioenergética, Programa de Farmacología Clínica y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, Chile
- *Correspondence: Félix A. Urra,
| | - Dan E. Vivas-Ruiz
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima, Peru
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms, Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Productos Bioactivos, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Colella F, Scillitani G, Pierri CL. Sweet as honey, bitter as bile: Mitochondriotoxic peptides and other therapeutic proteins isolated from animal tissues, for dealing with mitochondrial apoptosis. Toxicology 2020; 447:152612. [PMID: 33171268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in cell metabolism and cell life-cycle. Their role in apoptosis regulation makes them an interesting target of new drugs for dealing with cancer or rare diseases. Several peptides and proteins isolated from animal and plant sources are known for their therapeutic properties and have been tested on cancer cell-lines and xenograft murine models, highlighting their ability in inducing cell-death by triggering mitochondrial apoptosis. Some of those molecules have been even approved as drugs. Conversely, many other bioactive compounds are still under investigation for their proapoptotic properties. In this review we report about a group of peptides, isolated from animal venoms, with potential therapeutic properties related to their ability in triggering mitochondrial apoptosis. This class of compounds is known with different names, such as mitochondriotoxins or mitocans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Colella
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy; BROWSer S.r.l. (https://browser-bioinf.com/) c/o Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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Leu WJ, Wang CT, Hsu JL, Chen IS, Chang HS, Guh JH. Ascleposide, a natural cardenolide, induces anticancer signaling in human castration-resistant prostatic cancer through Na + /K + -ATPase internalization and tubulin acetylation. Prostate 2020; 80:305-318. [PMID: 31905252 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac glycosides, which inhibit Na+ /K+ -ATPase, display inotropic effects for the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. Recent studies have suggested signaling downstream of Na+ /K+ -ATPase action in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis and have revealed the anticancer activity of cardiac glycosides. The study aims to characterize the anticancer potential of ascleposide, a natural cardenolide, and to uncover its primary target and underlying mechanism against human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS Cell proliferation was examined in CRPC PC-3 and DU-145 cells using sulforhodamine B assay, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester staining assay and clonogenic examination. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect the distribution of cell cycle phase, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ levels, and reactive oxygen species production. Protein expression was examined using Western blot analysis. Endocytosis of Na+ /K+ -ATPase was determined using confocal immunofluorescence microscopic examination. RESULTS Ascleposide induced an increase of intracellular Na+ and a potent antiproliferative effect. It also induced a decrease of G1 phase distribution while an increase in both G2/M and apoptotic sub-G1 phases, and downregulated several cell cycle regulator proteins, including cyclins, Cdk, p21, and p27 Cip/Kip proteins, Rb and c-Myc. Ascleposide decreased the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 members (eg, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1) but upregulated proapoptotic member (eg, Bak), leading to a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. Ascleposide also dramatically induced tubulin acetylation, leading to inhibition of the catalytic activity of Na+ /K+ -ATPase. Notably, extracellular high K+ (16 mM) significantly blunted ascleposide-mediated effects. Furthermore, ascleposide induced a p38 MAPK-dependent endocytosis of Na+ /K+ -ATPase and downregulated the protein expression of Na+ /K+ -ATPase α1 subunit. CONCLUSION Ascleposide displays antiproliferative and apoptotic activities dependent on the inhibition of Na+ /K+ -ATPase pumping activity through p38 MAPK-mediated endocytosis of Na+ /K+ -ATPase and downregulation of α1 subunit, which in turn cause tubulin acetylation and cell cycle arrest. Cell apoptosis is ultimately triggered by the activation of caspase cascade attributed to mitochondrial damage through the downregulation of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 protein expressions while upregulation of Bak protein levels. The data also suggest the potential of ascleposide in anti-CRPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wohn-Jenn Leu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ling Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Sheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Huang CH, Lee YC, Chen YJ, Wang LJ, Shi YJ, Chang LS. Quinacrine induces the apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells through FOXP3/miR-183/β-TrCP/SP1 axis-mediated BAX upregulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:35-46. [PMID: 28867437 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quinacrine, which is clinically used as an antimalarial drug, has anti-cancer activity. However, mechanism underlying its cytotoxic effect remains to be completely elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of quinacrine on human leukemia U937 cells. Quinacrine-induced apoptosis of U937 cells was accompanied with ROS generation, mitochondrial depolarization, and BAX upregulation. Quinacrine-treated U937 cells showed ROS-mediated p38 MAPK activation and ERK inactivation, which in turn upregulated FOXP3 transcription. FOXP3-mediated miR-183 expression decreased β-TrCP mRNA stability and suppressed β-TrCP-mediated SP1 degradation, thus increasing SP1 expression in U937 cells. Upregulated SP1 expression further increased BAX expression. BAX knock-down attenuated quinacrine-induced mitochondrial depolarization and increased the viability of quinacrine-treated cells. Together, our data indicate that quinacrine-induced apoptosis of U937 cells is mediated by mitochondrial alterations triggered by FOXP3/miR-183/β-TrCP/SP1 axis-mediated BAX upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jun Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jun Shi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Ho IL, Kuo KL, Liu SH, Chang HC, Hsieh JT, Wu JT, Chiang CK, Lin WC, Tsai YC, Chou CT, Hsu CH, Pu YS, Shi CS, Huang KH. MLN4924 Synergistically Enhances Cisplatin-induced Cytotoxicity via JNK and Bcl-xL Pathways in Human Urothelial Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16948. [PMID: 26592553 PMCID: PMC4655337 DOI: 10.1038/srep16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the primary treatment for metastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma. However, the response rate is only 40–65%. This study investigated the anti-tumor effect and underlying mechanisms of the combination of cisplatin and the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 in human bladder urothelial carcinoma. The combination of cisplatin and MLN4924 exerted synergistic cytotoxicity on two high-grade bladder urothelial carcinoma cell lines, NTUB1 and T24 (combination index <1). MLN4924 also potentiated the cisplatin-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 and -7, phospho-histone H2A.X and PARP. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and a down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) were also observed during cisplatin and MLN4924 treatment. Inhibition of JNK activation partially restored cell viability and Bcl-xL expression. Bcl-xL overexpression also rescued cell viability. MLN4924 significantly potentiated cisplatin-induced tumor suppression in urothelial carcinoma xenograft mice. In summary, MLN4924 synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin via an increase in DNA damage, JNK activation and down-regulation of Bcl-xL in urothelial carcinoma cells. These findings provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Ho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa- Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ton Hsieh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tso Chou
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Changchien JJ, Chen YJ, Huang CH, Cheng TL, Lin SR, Chang LS. Quinacrine induces apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells via p38 MAPK-elicited BCL2 down-regulation and suppression of ERK/c-Jun-mediated BCL2L1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang IH, Shin JA, Cho SD. Pycnogenol Induces Nuclear Translocation of Apoptosis-inducing Factor and Caspase-independent Apoptosis in MC-3 Human Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Cell Line. J Cancer Prev 2015; 19:265-72. [PMID: 25574461 PMCID: PMC4285957 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.4.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pycnogenol is extracted from the pine bark of a tree known as Pinus pinaster that has variety biological effects. However, its anticancer activity has not yet been completely studied. The aim of this study is to investigate anticancer effect of pycnogenol in MC-3 human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cell line. Methods: We describe the effect of anti-cancer of pycnogenol in MC-3 human oral MEC cells using trypan blue exclusion assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, Western blot, preparation of cytosolic and nuclear fractions, immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results: Pycnogenol significantly decreased cell viability and also induced caspase-independent apoptosis. We confirmed that pycnogenol induced the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor into nucleus and regulated apoptosis. Also, Bak protein stability was partly enhanced by pycnogenol to elevate the expression level of Bak protein. Conclusions: Overall, pycnogenol may be a fascinating therapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyoung Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Modulated mechanism of phosphatidylserine on the catalytic activity of Naja naja atra phospholipase A2 and Notechis scutatus scutatus notexin. Toxicon 2014; 92:113-22. [PMID: 25449100 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization is a hallmark for apoptotic death of cells. Previous studies showed that Naja naja atra phospholipase A2 (NnaPLA2) and Notechis scutatus scutatus notexin induced apoptosis of human cancer cells. However, NnaPLA2 and notexin did not markedly disrupt the integrity of cellular membrane as evidenced by membrane permeability of propidium iodide. These findings reflected that the ability of NnaPLA2 and notexin to hydrolyze membrane phospholipids may be affected by PS externalization. To address that question, this study investigated the membrane-interacted mode and catalytic activity of NnaPLA2 and notexin toward outer leaflet (phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin/cholesterol, PC/SM/Chol) and inner leaflet (phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol, PS/PE/Chol) of plasma membrane-mimicking vesicles. PS incorporation promoted enzymatic activity of NnaPLA2 and notexin on PC and PC/SM vesicles, but suppressed NnaPLA2 and notexin activity on PC/SM/Chol and PE/Chol vesicles. PS incorporation increased the membrane fluidity of PC vesicles but reduced membrane fluidity of PC/SM, PC/SM/Chol and PE/Chol vesicles. PS increased the phospholipid order of all the tested vesicles. Moreover, PS incorporation did not greatly alter the binding affinity of notexin and NnaPLA2 with phospholipid vesicles. Acrylamide quenching studies and trinitrophenylation of Lys residues revealed that membrane-bound mode of notexin and NnaPLA2 varied with the targeted membrane compositions. The fine structure of catalytic site in NnaPLA2 and notexin in all the tested vesicles showed different changes. Collectively, the present data suggest that membrane-inserted PS modulates PLA2 interfacial activity via its effects on membrane structure and membrane-bound mode of NnaPLA2 and notexin, and membrane compositions determine the effect of PS on PLA2 activity.
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Zhang Y, Liang J, Sun L, Guo Z, Xu L. Inhibition of PP2A and the consequent activation of JNK/c-Jun are involved in tributyltin-induced apoptosis in human amnionic cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:390-400. [PMID: 21626652 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), a highly toxic environmental contaminant, has been shown to induce mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in several mammalian cells. However, the upstream signal transduction pathways involved in TBT-induced apoptosis are still not fully elucidated. In this study, the protein phosphatase (PP) 2A, microtubule organization, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including JNK, p38 and their downstream transcription factors, c-Jun and ATF-2, respectively, were investigated in human amnionic cells treated by TBT. Furthermore, the activation of procaspase-3 after blocking either one of these MAPK pathways was also observed. The results showed that TBT effectively induced apoptosis characterized by caspase-3 activation. In apoptotic cells, the inhibition of PP2A activity and microtubule depolymerization was detected. Additionally, JNK and p38, as well as their downstream targets, c-Jun and ATF-2, were activated. Moreover, a JNK inhibitor, but not p38 inhibitor, significantly reduced caspase-3 activation. It can be concluded that the inhibition of PP2A may (1) play as a role in the activation of JNK and c-Jun and the concomitant promotion of microtubule depolymerization and (2) lead to the activation of caspase-3 in TBT-induced apoptotic cells. The results of this study suggest a critical role of PP2A in the TBT toxicity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of medicine, Zhejiang University, 388 Yu Hang Tang Road, 310058, Hangzhou, China
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Grape seed extract triggers apoptosis in Caco-2 human colon cancer cells through reactive oxygen species and calcium increase: extracellular signal-regulated kinase involvement. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:797-809. [PMID: 23433299 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512006095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Grape seed extract (GSE) from Italia, Palieri and Red Globe cultivars inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in Caco-2 human colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In order to investigate the mechanism(s) supporting the apoptotic process, we analysed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular Ca2+ handling and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Upon exposure to GSE, ROS and intracellular Ca2+ levels increased in Caco-2 cells, concomitantly with ERK inactivation. As ERK activity is thought to be essential for promoting survival pathways, inhibition of this kinase is likely to play a relevant role in GSE-mediated anticancer effects. Indeed, pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine, a ROS scavenger, reversed GSE-induced apoptosis, and promoted ERK phosphorylation. This effect was strengthened by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid-mediated inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ influx. ROS and Ca2+ influx inhibition, in turn, increased ERK phosphorylation, and hence almost entirely suppressed GSE-mediated apoptosis. These data suggested that GSE triggers a previously unrecognised ERK-based mechanism, involving both ROS production and intracellular Ca2+ increase, eventually leading to apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Lu YM, Tao RR, Huang JY, Li LT, Liao MH, Li XM, Fukunaga K, Hong ZH, Han F. P2X7 signaling promotes microsphere embolism-triggered microglia activation by maintaining elevation of Fas ligand. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:172. [PMID: 22789015 PMCID: PMC3420259 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebral microvascular occlusion elicits microvascular injury which mimics the different degrees of stroke severity observed in patients, but the mechanisms underlying these embolic injuries are far from understood. The Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas system has been implicated in a number of pathogenic states. Here, we examined the contribution of microglia-derived FasL to brain inflammatory injury, with a focus on the potential to suppress the FasL increase by inhibition of the P2X7-FasL signaling with pharmacological or genetic approaches during ischemia. Methods The cerebral microvascular occlusion was induced by microsphere injection in experimental animals. Morphological changes in microglial cells were studied immunohistochemically. The biochemical analyses were used to examine the intracellular changes of P2X7/FasL signaling. The BV-2 cells and primary microglia from mice genetically deficient in P2X7 were used to further establish a linkage between microglia activation and FasL overproduction. Results The FasL expression was continuously elevated and was spatiotemporally related to microglia activation following microsphere embolism. Notably, P2X7 expression concomitantly increased in microglia and presented a distribution pattern that was similar to that of FasL in ED1-positive cells at pathological process of microsphere embolism. Interestingly, FasL generation in cultured microglia cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation-treated neuron-conditioned medium was prevented by the silencing of P2X7. Furthermore, FasL induced the migration of BV-2 microglia, whereas the neutralization of FasL with a blocking antibody was highly effective in inhibiting ischemia-induced microglial mobility. Similar results were observed in primary microglia from wild-type mice or mice genetically deficient in P2X7. Finally, the degrees of FasL overproduction and neuronal death were consistently reduced in P2X7−/− mice compared with wild-type littermates following microsphere embolism insult. Conclusion FasL functions as a key component of an immunoreactive response loop by recruiting microglia to the lesion sites through a P2X7-dependent mechanism. The specific modulation of P2X7/FasL signaling and aberrant microglial activation could provide therapeutic benefits in acute and subacute phase of cerebral microembolic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-mei Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Hsueh SP, Du JL, Hsu WB, Fang CA, Liu H, Wang WB. SV40 T/t-common polypeptide enhances the sensitivity of HER2-overexpressing human cancer cells to anticancer drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin. Cancer Lett 2012; 324:48-57. [PMID: 22546288 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HER2-overexpressing cancer cells are resistant to cisplatin (CDDP) and doxorubicin (DXR). Here we report that SV40 T/t-common polypeptide could specifically sensitize HER2-overexpressing cancer cells to CDDP and DXR and specifically enhance CDDP- or DXR-induced apoptosis in these cells. This activity of T/t-common may be attributed to its ability to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and to suppress ERK activity in CDDP- or DXR-treated HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. T/t-common could enhance the antitumor activity of DXR on HER2-overexpressing ovarian tumor in NOD/SCID mice, suggesting that combination therapy using T/t-common and chemotherapeutic agents may provide a new approach for treating HER2-overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Requirement of p38 MAPK for a cell-death pathway triggered by vorinostat in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 315:112-21. [PMID: 22093617 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that effectively suppresses cancer-cell proliferation by inducing cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. We now show the involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the regulation of vorinostat-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Vorinostat induced the hyperacetylation of histone H3, which correlated to apoptosis induction. Vorinostat-induced apoptosis occurred in parallel with the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Knockdown of p38 MAPK prominently abrogated apoptosis induction and was accompanied by decreased caspase-3 cleavage. These findings support the notion that the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway followed by caspase-3 cleavage is responsible for vorinostat-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Yuan K, Jing G, Chen J, Liu H, Zhang K, Li Y, Wu H, McDonald JM, Chen Y. Calmodulin mediates Fas-induced FADD-independent survival signaling in pancreatic cancer cells via activation of Src-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24776-84. [PMID: 21613217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.202804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating malignancy with a poor prognosis and is largely resistant to current therapies. To understand the resistance of pancreatic tumors to Fas death receptor-induced apoptosis, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of Fas-activated survival signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. We found that knockdown of the Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), the adaptor that mediates downstream signaling upon Fas activation, rendered Fas-sensitive MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cells resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis. By contrast, Fas activation promoted the survival of the FADD knockdown MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The pharmacological inhibitor of ERK, PD98059, abrogated Fas-promoted cell survival in FADD knockdown MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells. Furthermore, increased phosphorylation of Src was demonstrated to mediate Fas-induced ERK activation and cell survival. Immunoprecipitation of Fas in the FADD knockdown cells identified the presence of increased calmodulin, Src, and phosphorylated Src in the Fas-associated protein complex upon Fas activation. Trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, inhibited Fas-induced recruitment of calmodulin, Src, and phosphorylated Src. Consistently, trifluoperazine blocked Fas-promoted cell survival. A direct interaction of calmodulin and Src and their binding site were identified with recombinant proteins. These results support an essential role of calmodulin in mediating Fas-induced FADD-independent activation of Src-ERK signaling pathways, which promote survival signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance of pancreatic cells to apoptosis induced by Fas-death receptor signaling may provide molecular insights into designing novel therapies to treat pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Yuan
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Redig AJ, Vakana E, Platanias LC. Regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways by BCR-ABL. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52 Suppl 1:45-53. [PMID: 21299459 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.546919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has established that BCR-ABL regulates engagement and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. mTOR-mediated signals, as well as signals transduced by ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK, are important components of the aberrant signaling induced by BCR-ABL. Such deregulation of mTOR or MAPK pathways contributes to BCR-ABL leukemogenesis, and their targeting with selective inhibitors provides an approach to enhance antileukemic responses and/or overcome leukemic cell resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This review explores recent advances in our understanding of mTOR and MAPK signaling in BCR-ABL-expressing leukemias and discusses the potential therapeutic targeting of these pathways in CML and Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Redig
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chen YJ, Liu WH, Kao PH, Wang JJ, Chang LS. Involvement of p38 MAPK- and JNK-modulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in Naja nigricollis CMS-9-induced apoptosis of human leukemia K562 cells. Toxicon 2010; 55:1306-16. [PMID: 20144638 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CMS-9, a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from Naja nigricollis venom, induced apoptosis of human leukemia K562 cells, characterized by mitochondrial depolarization, modulation of Bcl-2 family members, cytochrome c release and activation of caspases 9 and 3. Moreover, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was noted. Pretreatment with BAPTA-AM (Ca2+ chelator) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, ROS scavenger) proved that Ca2+ was an upstream event in inducing ROS generation. Upon exposure to CMS-9, activation of p38 MAPK and JNK was observed in K562 cells. BAPTA-AM or NAC abrogated CMS-9-elicited p38 MAPK and JNK activation, and rescued viability of CMS-9-treated K562 cells. SB202190 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) suppressed CMS-9-induced dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, Bcl-2 down-regulation, Bax up-regulation and increased mitochondrial translocation of Bax. Inactivation of PLA(2) activity reduced drastically the cytotoxicity of CMS-9, and a combination of lysophosphatidylcholine and stearic acid mimicked the cytotoxic effects of CMS-9. Taken together, our data suggest that CMS-9-induced apoptosis of K562 cells is catalytic activity-dependent and is mediated through mitochondria-mediated death pathway triggered by Ca2+/ROS-evoked p38 MAPK and JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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