1
|
Kim HG, Ro MH, Lee M. The role of alternative autophagy in cell viability and response to paclitaxel treatment in v-Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 736:150506. [PMID: 39121672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In confluent v-Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (Ras-NIH 3T3), LC3 downregulation may precede a decrease in canonical autophagy, thus contributing to cell survival. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of alternative autophagy in the viability of long-term cultures of Ras-NIH 3T3 cells and their parental NIH 3T3 cells. As cell confluence increased with the culture period, the level of alternative autophagy, as assessed through Lamp2-Rab9 co-localization, gradually decreased in both cell lines. However, Ras-NIH 3T3 cells maintained higher levels of alternative autophagy than the parental cells did. Rab9 knockdown minimally affected NIH 3T3 cells while drastically reducing the viability of Ras-NIH 3T3 cells, which suggested that alternative autophagy plays a critical role in Ras-NIH 3T3 cells. In contrast, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Ras-NIH 3T3 cells was higher than that in NIH 3T3 cells during long-term culture. Moreover, NIH 3T3 cells exhibited a continual decrease in mitochondrial mass, whereas Ras-NIH 3T3 cells maintained high mitochondrial mass. Immunofluorescence analysis of mitochondrial membrane marker proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) also demonstrated a temporal pattern of changes similar to those of mitochondrial mass. This finding could be attributed to the relatively higher level of alternative autophagy in Ras-NIH 3T3 cells facilitating the removal of damaged mitochondria. Paclitaxel treatment in Ras-NIH 3T3 cells induced an increase in canonical autophagy rates along with suppression of alternative autophagy. Ras-NIH 3T3 cells showed high sensitivity to paclitaxel at the early stage of culture, but as cell confluence increased, resistance to paclitaxel increased, showing a similar level of cell viability to the vehicle control group. The study findings suggest that alternative autophagy is more important than canonical autophagy for maintaining cell survival in response to an unfavorable environment, such as during high cell confluence and exposure to anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Gyo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeng-Han Ro
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea; Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HG, Ro MH, Lee M. Atg5 knockout induces alternative autophagy via the downregulation of Akt expression. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:637-647. [PMID: 37779593 PMCID: PMC10541375 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy play contradictory roles in cellular transformation. We previously found that the knockout (KO) of autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), which is essential for autophagy, leads to the malignant transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. In this study, we explored the mechanism by which autophagy contributes to this malignant transformation using two transformed cell lines, Atg5 KO and Ras-NIH 3T3. Monomeric red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein-light chain 3 reporter and Cyto-ID staining revealed that Ras-NIH 3T3 cells exhibited higher basal autophagy activity than NIH 3T3 cells. Additionally, transformed cells, regardless of their Atg5 KO status, were more sensitive to autophagy inhibitors (SBI-0206965, chloroquine, and obatoclax) than the untransformed NIH 3T3 cells, suggesting that the transformed cells are more autophagy-dependent than the normal cells. Loss of Atg5 improved the cell viability and mobility, especially in Ras-NIH 3T3 cells. Furthermore, we discovered that autophagy was alternatively induced in a Rab9-dependent manner in Ras-NIH 3T3 and NIH 3T3/Atg5 KO cells. In particular, Atg5 KO cells showed reduced mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of Akt (pAkt S473), indicating the mTOR-independent occurrence of alternative autophagy in Atg5 KO cells. Therefore, our study provides evidence that alternative autophagy may contribute to tumorigenesis in cells with an impaired Atg5-dependent autophagy pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00191-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Gyo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Han Ro
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HG, Ro MH, Hwang SH, Lee M. Transformed cells maintain survival by downregulating autophagy at a high cell confluency. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2468-2480. [PMID: 37566647 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a dual role in tumorigenesis by functioning as both a tumor suppressor and promoter, depending on the stage of tumorigenesis. However, it is still unclear at what stage the role of autophagy changes during tumorigenesis. Herein, we investigated the differences in the basal levels and roles of autophagy in five cell lines at different stages of cell transformation. We found that cell lines at higher transformation stages were more sensitive to the autophagy inhibitors, suggesting that autophagy plays a more important role as the transformation progresses. Our ptfLC3 imaging analysis to measure Atg5/LC3-dependent autophagy showed increased autophagic flux in transformed cells compared to untransformed cells. However, the Cyto-ID analysis, which measures Atg5-dependent and -independent autophagic flux, showed high levels of autophagosome formation not only in the transformed cells but also in the initiated cell and Atg5 KO cell line. These results indicate that Atg5-independent autophagy may be more critical in initiated and transformed cell lines than in untransformed cells. Specially, we observed that transformed cells maintained relatively high basal autophagy levels under rapidly proliferating conditions but exhibited much lower basal autophagy levels at high confluency; however, autophagic flux was not significantly reduced in untransformed cells, even at high confluency. In addition, when continuously cultured for 3 weeks without passage, senescent cells were significantly less sensitive to autophagy inhibition than their actively proliferating counterparts. These results imply that once a cell has switched from a proliferative state to a senescent state, the inhibition of autophagy has only a minimal effect. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy can be differentially regulated in cells at different stages of tumorigenesis under stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Gyo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Han Ro
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hwang SH, Kim HG, Lee M. Paradoxical downregulation of LPAR3 exerts tumor-promoting activity through autophagy induction in Ras-transformed cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:969. [PMID: 36088312 PMCID: PMC9463806 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPAR3) is coupled to Gαi/o and Gα11/q signaling. Previously, we reported that LPAR3 is highly methylated in carcinogen-induced transformed cells. Here, we demonstrate that LPAR3 exhibits malignant transforming activities, despite being downregulated in transformed cells. Methods The LPAR3 knockout (KO) in NIH 3 T3 and Bhas 42 cells was established using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Both RT-PCR and DNA sequencing were performed to confirm the KO of LPAR3. The cellular effects of LPAR3 KO were further examined by WST-1 assay, immunoblotting analysis, transwell migration assay, colony formation assay, wound scratch assday, in vitro cell transformation assay, and autophagy assay. Results In v-H-ras-transformed cells (Ras-NIH 3 T3) with LPAR3 downregulation, ectopic expression of LPAR3 significantly enhanced the migration. In particular, LPAR3 knockout (KO) in Bhas 42 (v-Ha-ras transfected Balb/c 3 T3) and NIH 3 T3 cells caused a decrease in cell survival, transformed foci, and colony formation. LPAR3 KO led to the robust accumulation of LC3-II and autophagosomes and inhibition of autophagic flux by disrupting autophagosome fusion with lysosome. Conversely, autolysosome maturation proceeded normally in Ras-NIH 3 T3 cells upon LPAR3 downregulation. Basal phosphorylation of MEK and ERK markedly increased in Ras-NIH 3 T3 cells, whereas being significantly lower in LPAR3 KO cells, suggesting that increased MEK signaling is involved in autophagosome–lysosome fusion in Ras-NIH 3 T3 cells. Conclusions Paradoxical downregulation of LPAR3 exerts cooperative tumor-promoting activity with MEK activation through autophagy induction in Ras-transformed cells. Our findings have implications for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10053-0.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yeom H, Hwang SH, Kim HG, Lee M. Increase in the sensitivity to PLX4720 through inhibition of transcription factor EB-dependent autophagy in BRAF inhibitor-resistant cells. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:35-44. [PMID: 35070939 PMCID: PMC8748576 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatment with oncogenic BRAF inhibitors confers resistance to BRAF inhibitor monotherapy. In this study, a combination treatment strategy with autophagy inhibitors was proposed to increase the sensitivity of BRAF mutant containing A375P melanoma cells that have developed resistance to BRAF inhibitors. We found that the A375P/Multi-drug resistance (A375P/Mdr) cells, which are resistant to both BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors, exhibited a higher basal autophagic flux compared to their parental A375P cells, as determined by tandem mRFP-GFP-tagged LC3 imaging assay and LC3 conversion. In addition, transcription factor EB (TFEB), which acts as a transcription factor regulating the transcription of autophagy-related genes, was much more localized in the nucleus in A375P/Mdr cells than in A375P cells, indicating that the increase in basal autophagic flux was TFEB-dependent. In particular, the overexpression of an activated form of TFEB (TFEBAA) caused a modest increase in PLX4720 resistance in A375P/Mdr cells. Interestingly, treatment with early stage autophagy inhibitors reversed BRAF inhibitor-induced resistance, whereas late autophagy inhibition did not. In contrast, inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid suppressed basal autophagic flux. Moreover, ER stress inhibition significantly remarkably inhibited the nuclear localization of TFEB, resulting in an increase in the sensitivity of A375P/Mdr cells to PLX4720. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy may be an important mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Thus, targeting autophagy may be suitable for the treatment of tumors resistant to BRAF inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Yeom
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Gyo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yeom H, Hwang SH, Han BI, Lee M. Differential Sensitivity of Wild-Type and BRAF-Mutated Cells to Combined BRAF and Autophagy Inhibition. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:434-444. [PMID: 33551379 PMCID: PMC8255135 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitors are insufficient monotherapies for BRAF-mutated cancer; therefore, we investigated which inhibitory pathway would yield the most effective therapeutic approach when targeted in combination with BRAF inhibition. The oncogenic BRAF inhibitor, PLX4720, increased basal autophagic flux in BRAF-mutated cells compared to wild-type (WT) BRAF cells. Interestingly, early autophagy inhibition improved the effectiveness of PLX4720 regardless of BRAF mutation, whereas late autophagy inhibition did not. Although ATG5 knockout led to PLX4720 resistance in both WT and BRAF-mutated cells, the MEK inhibitor trametinib exhibited a synergistic effect on PLX4720 sensitivity in WT BRAF cells but not in BRAF-mutated cells. Conversely, the prolonged inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress reduced basal autophagy in BRAF-mutated cells, thereby increasing PLX4720 sensitivity. Taken together, our results suggest that the combined inhibition of ER stress and BRAF may simultaneously suppress both pro-survival ER stress and autophagy, and may therefore be suitable for treatment of BRAF-mutated tumors whose autophagy is increased by chronic ER stress. Similarly, for WT BRAF tumors, therapies targeting MEK signaling may be a more effective treatment strategy. Together, this study presents a rational combination treatment strategy to improve the efficacy of BRAF inhibitors depending on BRAF mutation status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Yeom
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeal-I Han
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Q, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yu W, Bao X, Zhang B, Xiang Y, Deng A. BIX-01294-enhanced chemosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma depends on autophagy-induced pyroptosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1131-1139. [PMID: 33085742 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common cancer in southern China and Southeast Asia. Nowadays, radiotherapy is the therapy of choice for NPC patients, and chemotherapy has been found as an alternative treatment for advanced NPC patients. However, finding novel drugs and pharmacologically therapeutic targets for NPC patients is still urgent and beneficial. Our study showed that BIX-01294 (BIX) can induce autophagic vacuoles formation and conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II in NPC cells in both dose- and time-dependent manners. Notably, the combination of BIX and chemotherapeutic drugs significantly decreased the cell viability and increased the lactate dehydrogenase release. Meanwhile, BIX plus cis-platinum (Cis) treatment induced pyroptosis in NPC cells as featured by cell swelling and bubble blowing from the plasma membrane, the increased frequency of annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double-positive cells, as well as the cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME) and caspase-3. Moreover, the deficiency of GSDME completely shifted pyroptosis to apoptosis. Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and the knockout of ATG5 gene significantly blocked the BIX-induced autophagy as well as pyroptosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Our data demonstrated that BIX-combined chemotherapeutic drugs could induce the Bax/caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis through the activation of autophagy to enhance the chemosensitivity in NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Liuqian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Biyun Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yanghong Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu H, He Z, Germič N, Ademi H, Frangež Ž, Felser A, Peng S, Riether C, Djonov V, Nuoffer JM, Bovet C, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Zlobec I, Fiedler M, Perren A, Simon HU. ATG12 deficiency leads to tumor cell oncosis owing to diminished mitochondrial biogenesis and reduced cellular bioenergetics. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1965-1980. [PMID: 31844253 PMCID: PMC7244572 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the "Warburg effect" or aerobic glycolysis earlier generalized as a phenomenon in cancer cells, more and more recent evidence indicates that functional mitochondria are pivotal for ensuring the energy supply of cancer cells. Here, we report that cancer cells with reduced autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12) expression undergo an oncotic cell death, a phenotype distinct from that seen in ATG5-deficient cells described before. In addition, using untargeted metabolomics with ATG12-deficient cancer cells, we observed a global reduction in cellular bioenergetic pathways, such as β-oxidation (FAO), glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, as well as a decrease in mitochondrial respiration as monitored with Seahorse experiments. Analyzing the biogenesis of mitochondria by quantifying mitochondrial DNA content together with several mitochondrion-localizing proteins indicated a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis in ATG12-deficient cancer cells, which also showed reduced hexokinase II expression and the upregulation of uncoupling protein 2. ATG12, which we observed in normal cells to be partially localized in mitochondria, is upregulated in multiple types of solid tumors in comparison with normal tissues. Strikingly, mouse xenografts of ATG12-deficient cells grew significantly slower as compared with vector control cells. Collectively, our work has revealed a previously unreported role for ATG12 in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism and points up an essential role for mitochondria as a failsafe mechanism in the growth and survival of glycolysis-dependent cancer cells. Inducing oncosis by imposing an ATG12 deficiency in solid tumors might represent an anticancer therapy preferable to conventional caspase-dependent apoptosis that often leads to undesirable consequences, such as incomplete cancer cell killing and a silencing of the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoyue He
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Germič
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hyrijie Ademi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Živa Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Felser
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Bovet
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fiedler
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim J, Chee WY, Yabuta N, Kajiwara K, Nada S, Okada M. Atg5-mediated autophagy controls apoptosis/anoikis via p53/Rb pathway in naked mole-rat fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:146-153. [PMID: 32451084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The naked mole-rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber) is the longest-living known rodent species, with a maximum lifespan of over 30 years. NMRs exhibit negligible senescence, exceptional resistance to cancer, and high basal autophagy activity compared with mouse. The molecular mechanisms and physiological roles underlying the high basal autophagy activity in NMRs remain to be elucidated. We identified that the Atg12-Atg5 conjugate, a critical component of autophagosome formation, was highly expressed in NMR skin fibroblasts (NSFs) compared with that in mouse skin fibroblasts. Phenotypic analysis of Atg5 knockdown NSFs revealed that high basal autophagy activity in NSFs was associated with abundant expression of the Atg12-Atg5 conjugate. Atg5 knockdown in NSFs led to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, and suppressed cell proliferation and cell adhesion ability, promoting apoptosis/anoikis accompanied by upregulation of the apoptosis-related genes, Bax and Noxa. Furthermore, inhibition of the p53/Rb pro-apoptotic pathway with SV40 large T antigen abolished Atg5 knockdown-induced increases in apoptosis/anoikis. Taken together, these findings suggest that high basal autophagy activity in NMR cells, mediated by Atg5, contributes to suppression of p53/Rb-induced apoptosis, which could benefit the longevity of NMR cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeong Kim
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Woei-Yaw Chee
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hwang SH, Yeom H, Lee M. ATG5 knockout promotes paclitaxel sensitivity in drug-resistant cells via induction of necrotic cell death. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:233-240. [PMID: 32392914 PMCID: PMC7193914 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy regulators are often effective as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Here, we investigated paclitaxel sensitivity in cells with knockout (KO) of ATG5 gene. The ATG5 KO in multidrug resistant v-Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells (Ras-NIH 3T3/Mdr) was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The qPCR and LC3 immunoblot confirmed knockout of the gene and protein of ATG5, respectively. The ATG5 KO restored the sensitivity of Ras-NIH 3T3/Mdr cells to paclitaxel. Interestingly, ATG5 overexpression restored autophagy function in ATG5 KO cells, but failed to rescue paclitaxel resistance. These results raise the possibility that low level of resistance to paclitaxel in ATG5 KO cells may be related to other roles of ATG5 independent of its function in autophagy. The ATG5 KO significantly induced a G2/M arrest in cell cycle progression. Additionally, ATG5 KO caused necrosis of a high proportion of cells after paclitaxel treatment. These data suggest that the difference in sensitivity to paclitaxel between ATG5 KO and their parental MDR cells may result from the disparity in the proportions of necrotic cells in both populations. Thus, our results demonstrate that the ATG5 KO in paclitaxel resistant cells leads to a marked G2/M arrest and sensitizes cells to paclitaxel-induced necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Hojin Yeom
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- INU Human Genome Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hwang SH, Lee M. Autophagy inhibition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes breaks the crosstalk with tumor cells by suppression of adipokine production. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:17-25. [PMID: 32158612 PMCID: PMC7048175 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed the functional importance of autophagy in both adipogenesis and carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated autophagy as a link between tumorigenesis and adipogenesis using 3T3-L1 cells, which have been shown to closely mimic the in vivo differentiation process. The relative levels of LC3-II/I showed that autophagy was the highest after 4–6 days of initiation of differentiation and it diminished thereafter. Furthermore, chloroquine (CQ), a late autophagy inhibitor, effectively inhibited adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting that autophagy may have a positive impact on adipogenic differentiation. Notably, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that CQ completely blocked the mRNA expression of three adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)), which increased proportionally to adipocyte differentiation. Using adipokine antibody arrays, we also found that among 38 adipokines examined, 6 adipokines were significantly differentially regulated in mature adipocytes compared to those in preadipocytes. A comparative analysis of adipokine production revealed that CQ-treated adipocytes displayed a profile similar to that of preadipocytes. Subsequently, CQ treatment significantly inhibited the migration capacity of v-Ha-ras-transformed cells in both 3T3-L1 adipocyte-conditioned medium and co-culture with 3T3-L1 using a transwell plate. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy inhibition blocks the production of mediators relevant to the adipogenic process and may significantly contribute to reducing obesity-related cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Optineurin downregulation induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:128. [PMID: 31428460 PMCID: PMC6689035 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) shows a high level of basal autophagy. Here we investigated the role of optineurin (OPTN) in PDAC cell lines, which is a prominent member of the autophagy system. To that purpose, mining of publically available databases showed that OPTN is highly expressed in PDAC and that high levels of expression are related to reduced survival. Therefore, the role of OPTN on proliferation, migration, and colony formation was investigated by transient knockdown in Miapaca, BXPC3, and Suit2-007 human PDAC cells. Furthermore, gene expression modulation in response to OPTN knockdown was assessed by microarray. The influence on cell cycle distribution and cell death signaling cascades was followed by FACS, assays for apoptosis, RT-PCR, and western blot. Finally, autophagy and ROS induction were screened by acridine orange and DCFH-DA fluorescent staining respectively. OPTN knockdown caused significant inhibition of colony formation, increased migration and no significant effect on proliferation in Miapaca, BXPC3 and Suit2-007 cells. The microarray showed modulation of 293 genes in Miapaca versus 302 in Suit2-007 cells, of which 52 genes overlapped. Activated common pathways included the ER stress response and chaperone-mediated autophagy, which was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels. Apoptosis was activated as shown by increased levels of cleaved PARP, Annexin V binding and nuclear fragmentation. OPTN knockdown caused no increased vacuole formation as assessed by acridine orange. Also, there was only marginally increased ROS production. Combination of OPTN knockdown with the autophagy inducer erufosine or LY294002, an inhibitor of autophagy, showed additive effects, which led us to hypothesize that they address different pathways. In conclusion, OPTN knockdown was related to activation of ER stress response and chaperone-mediated autophagy, which tend to confine the damage caused by OPTN knockdown and thus question its value for PDAC therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang C, Meng L, Yang B, Luo X. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique in the study of cancer treatment. Clin Genet 2019; 97:73-88. [PMID: 31231788 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, gene editing, especially that using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9, has made great progress in the field of gene function. Rapid development of gene editing techniques has contributed to their significance in the field of medicine. Because the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool is not only powerful but also has features such as strong specificity and high efficiency, it can accurately and rapidly screen the whole genome, facilitating the administration of gene therapy for specific diseases. In the field of tumor research, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to edit genomes to explore the mechanisms of tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. In these years, this system has been increasingly applied in tumor treatment research. CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to treat tumors by repairing mutations or knocking out specific genes. To date, numerous preliminary studies have been conducted on tumor treatment in related fields. CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise for gene-level tumor treatment. Personalized and targeted therapy based on CRISPR/Cas9 will possibly shape the development of tumor therapy in the future. In this study, we review the findings of CRISPR/Cas9 for tumor treatment research to provide references for related future studies on the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Meng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Anorectal Surgery Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of PingLiang City, Second Affiliated Hospital of Gansu Medical College, PingLiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eom SY, Hwang SH, Yeom H, Lee M. An ATG5 knockout promotes paclitaxel resistance in v-Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:234-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
15
|
Paek AR, Mun JY, Jo MJ, Choi H, Lee YJ, Cheong H, Myung JK, Hong DW, Park J, Kim KH, You HJ. The Role of ZNF143 in Breast Cancer Cell Survival Through the NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1⁻p53⁻Beclin1 Axis Under Metabolic Stress. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040296. [PMID: 30935019 PMCID: PMC6523662 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that disrupts and uses unnecessary or malfunctioning components for cellular homeostasis. Evidence has shown a role for autophagy in tumor cell survival, but the molecular determinants that define sensitivity against autophagic regulation in cancers are not clear. Importantly, we found that breast cancer cells with low expression levels of a zinc-finger protein, ZNF143 (MCF7 sh-ZNF143), showed better survival than control cells (MCF7 sh-Control) under starvation, which was compromised with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. In addition, there were more autophagic vesicles in MCF7 sh-ZNF143 cells than in MCF7 sh-Control cells, and proteins related with the autophagic process, such as Beclin1, p62, and ATGs, were altered in cells with less ZNF143. ZNF143 knockdown affected the stability of p53, which showed a dependence on MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Data from proteome profiling in breast cancer cells with less ZNF143 suggest a role of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1(NQO1) for p53 stability. Taken together, we showed that a subset of breast cancer cells with low expression of ZNF143 might exhibit better survival via an autophagic process by regulating the p53–Beclin1 axis, corroborating the necessity of blocking autophagy for the best therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rome Paek
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, Korea.
| | - Mun Jeong Jo
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Hyosun Choi
- BK21 Plus Program, Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea.
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Dong Wan Hong
- Bioinformatics Analysis Team, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Jongkeun Park
- Bioinformatics Analysis Team, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Proteogenomic Analysis Team, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| | - Hye Jin You
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen J, Li L, Zhou Z, Yu S, Li Y, Gao Y. FAPP2 promotes tumor cell growth in human colon cancer through activation of Wnt signaling. Exp Cell Res 2018; 374:12-18. [PMID: 30408464 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate adaptor protein-2 (FAPP2) is well-known to function as a cytoplasmic lipid transfer protein during vesicle maturation. However, the expression and role of FAPP2 in tumor remain elusive. In this study, data from immunohistochemical assays displayed that FAPP2 was remarkably upregulated (57.8%) in 90 cases of colon cancer samples in contrast to their corresponding adjacent tissues. Disruption of FAPP2 by CRISPR/Cas9 technique in colon cancer cells led to an attenuated effect on cell growth analyzed by CCK8 and colony formation assays. Meanwhile, the tumorigenicity of FAPP2 downregulated cells also decreased in nude mice model. Accordantly, CCK8 assays also indicated that FAPP2 overexpression could promote colon cancer cell growth. In addition, dual luciferase reporter assays and western blot analyses revealed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling was involved in the FAPP2-regulated tumor cell growth. These findings suggest that FAPP2 could act as an oncogene in the regulation of tumor growth and may provide a new therapeutic target for human colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingde Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhuqing Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shijun Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ye X, Zhou XJ, Zhang H. Exploring the Role of Autophagy-Related Gene 5 ( ATG5) Yields Important Insights Into Autophagy in Autoimmune/Autoinflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2334. [PMID: 30386331 PMCID: PMC6199349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that degrades certain intracellular contents in both physiological and pathological conditions. Autophagy-related proteins (ATG) are key players in this pathway, among which ATG5 is indispensable in both canonical and non-canonical autophagy. Recent studies demonstrate that ATG5 modulates the immune system and crosstalks with apoptosis. However, our knowledge of the pathogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in various immune related diseases is lacking. Thus, a deeper understanding of ATG5's role in the autophagy mechanism may shed light on the link between autophagy and the immune response, and lead to the development of new therapies for autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases. In this focused review, we discuss the latest insights into the role of ATG5 in autoimmunity. Although these studies are at a relatively early stage, ATG5 may eventually come to be regarded as a “guardian of immune integrity.” Notably, accumulating evidence indicates that other ATG genes may have similar functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang X, Shang J, Wang X, Cheng G, Jiang Y, Liu D, Xiao J, Zhao Z. Microarray analysis reveals long non‑coding RNA SOX2OT as a novel candidate regulator in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5058-5068. [PMID: 30320339 PMCID: PMC6236268 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a highly complex syndrome involving multiple dysregulated biological processes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are now believed to have an important function in various diseases. However, their roles in DN remain largely unknown. Therefore, the present study was performed in order to investigate the lncRNAs that have a crucial role in DN. db/db mice were used as a DN model while db/m mice served as a control to search for lncRNAs which may have important roles in DN. Microarray and bioinformatics analysis gave an overview of the features of differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis demonstrated the typical biological alterations in DN. A co-expression network of lncRNAs and mRNAs revealed the complex interaction pattern in DN conditions. Further data investigation indicated that SOX2-overlapping transcript (SOX2OT), which was significantly downregulated in DN mice, may be the potentially functional lncRNA contributing to the onset of DN. The UCSC database demonstrated that SOX2OT was highly conserved in mice and humans. Additionally further study using cultured human podocytes and mesangial cells confirmed the downregulation of SOX2OT using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. However, the cellular location of SOX2OT depended on certain cell types. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that SOX2OT may act as an important regulator in the pathogenesis of DN by interacting with various mRNAs with critical roles in DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Genyang Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhanzheng Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu L, Guo Q, Lu X, Zhao J, Shi J, Wang Z, Zhou X. CTD-2020K17.1, a Novel Long Non-Coding RNA, Promotes Migration, Invasion, and Proliferation of Serous Ovarian Cancer Cells In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1329-1339. [PMID: 29504606 PMCID: PMC5848717 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, and the metastasis is one of the major factors that contribute to the poor outcome of patients with OC. Accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNAs are expressed and play important regulatory roles in ovarian cancer. Material/Methods Aberrant lncRNAs in primary ovarian cancer tissues (POCTs) and paired omental metastasis tissues (OMTs) of patients with HGSOC were studied via lncRNA microarray. Real-time PCR was performed to examine CTD-2020K17.1 expression in HGSOC tissues from 38 patients, a normal ovarian surface epithelium cell line, and 4 ovarian cancer cell lines. Additionally, Transwell assays, wound healing assays, CCK-8 proliferation assays, and flow cytometry were used to explore the biological function of CTD-2020K17.1 in ovarian cancer cells. Finally, Western blot analysis was used to verify the potential target gene of CTD-2020K17.1. Results A novel lncRNA named CTD-2020K17.1 was identified via microarray analysis. Expression of CTD-2020K17.1 was significantly increased in OMTs and in 4 ovarian cancer cell lines compared with POCTs (P<0.05) or normal ovarian surface epithelial cell line (P<0.05). Moreover, CTD-2020K17.1 overexpression promoted migration, invasion, and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, and CTD-2020K17.1 regulated the expression of CARD11. Conclusions CTD-2020K17.1 is significantly upregulated in OMTs and ovarian cancer cell lines. It can promote the migration, invasion, and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, and CARD11 is regulated by CTD-2020K17.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Qixuan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Junhua Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Jinxin Shi
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
PU.1/microRNA-142-3p targets ATG5/ATG16L1 to inactivate autophagy and sensitize hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:312. [PMID: 29472524 PMCID: PMC5833744 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is currently the only systemic agent approved for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to sorafenib remains a great challenge with respect to improving the prognoses of patients with HCC. The cyto-protective functions of autophagy have been suggested as a potential mechanism by which chemoresistance or targeted drug resistance occurs in tumour cells. In the present study, miR-142-3p was identified as a novel autophagy-regulating microRNA (miRNA) that plays a vital role in sorafenib resistance in HCC cells. Gain- and loss-of-function assays revealed that ectopic miR-142-3p upregulation sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib by reducing sorafenib-induced autophagy, enhancing sorafenib-induced apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth, whereas miR-142-3p inhibition exerted contrasting effects. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter and rescue assays showed that autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) and autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) are potential targets through which miR-142-3p regulates autophagy inhibition. Furthermore, we verified that PU.1 regulated the expression of miR-142-3p in conjunction with our cellular experiments and the related results in the literature. Our findings show that targeting the PU.1-miR-142-3p-ATG5/ATG16L1 axis may be a useful therapeutic strategy for preventing cyto-protective autophagy to overcome sorafenib resistance.
Collapse
|