Cell-based therapy for preventing postoperative adhesion and promoting regeneration after hepatectomy

Piperine Liposome-Embedded in Hyaluronan Hydrogel as an Effective Platform for Prevention of Postoperative Peritoneal Adhesion

This study aimed to prepare piperine (PIP) loaded liposomes in hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel to provide a hybrid superstructure for postoperative adhesion prevention. Liposomes were prepared using thin-film hydration method. The optimised formulation was characterised by size, SEM, TEM, FTIR, encapsulation efficiency (EE)% (w/w), and release pattern. Liposome-in-hydrogel formulation was investigated by rheology, SEM, and release studies. The efficacy was evaluated in a rat peritoneal abrasion model. EE% (w/w) increased with increasing lipid concentration from 10 to 30; however, a higher percentage of Chol reduced EE% (w/w). The optimised liposome (EE: 68.10 ± 4.18% (w/w), average diameter: 513 ± 14.67 nm, PDI: 0.15 ± 0.04) was used for hydrogel embedding. No sign of adhesion in 5/8 rats and no collagen deposition confirmed the in vivo effectiveness of the optimised formulation. Overall, providing a sustained delivery of PIP, the developed liposome-in-hydrogel formulation can be a promising carrier to prevent postoperative adhesion.

Dual-Modal Imaging and Synergistic Spinal Tumor Therapy Enabled by Hierarchical-Structured Nanofibers with Cascade Release and Postoperative Anti-adhesion

Most treatments for spinal cancer are accompanied by serious side effects including subsequent tumor recurrence, spinal cord compression, and tissue adhesion, thus a highly effective treatment is crucial for preserving spinal and neurological functionalities. Herein, trilayered electrospun doxorubicin@bovine serum albumin/poly(ε-caprolactone)/manganese dioxide (DOX@BSA/PCL/MnO₂) nanofibers with excellent antiadhesion ability, dual glutathione/hydrogen peroxide (GSH/H₂O₂) responsiveness, and cascade release of Mn²⁺/DOX was fabricated for realizing an efficient spinal tumor therapy. In detail, Fenton-like reactions between MnO₂ in the fibers outermost layer and intra-/extracellular glutathione within tumors promoted the first-order release of Mn²⁺. Then, sustained release of DOX from the fibers' core layer occurred along with the infiltration of degradation fluid. Such release behavior avoided toxic side effects of drugs, regulated inflammatory tumor microenvironment, amplified tumor elimination efficiency through synergistic chemo-/chemodynamic therapies, and inhibited recurrence of spinal tumors. More interestingly, magnetic resonance and photoacoustic dual-modal imaging enabled visualizations of tumor therapy and material degradation in vivo, achieving rapid pathological analysis and diagnosis. On the whole, such versatile hierarchical-structured nanofibers provided a reference for rapid and potent theranostic of spinal cancer in future clinical translations.

Advancement of Biomaterial-Based Postoperative Adhesion Barriers

Postoperative peritoneal adhesion (PPA) is a prevalent incidence that generally happens during the healing process of traumatized tissues. It causes multiple severe complications such as intestinal obstruction, chronic abdominal pain, and female infertility. To prevent PPA, several antiadhesion materials and drug delivery systems composed of biomaterials are used clinically, and clinical antiadhesive is one of the important applications nowadays. In addition to several commercially available materials, like film, spray, injectable hydrogel, powder, or solution type have been energetically studied based on natural and synthetic biomaterials such as alginate, hyaluronan, cellulose, starch, chondroitin sulfate, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, etc. Moreover, many kinds of animal adhesion models, such as cecum abrasion models and unitary horn models, are developed to evaluate new materials' efficacy. A new animal adhesion model based on hepatectomy and conventional animal adhesion models is recently developed and a new adhesion barrier by this new model is also developed. In summary, many kinds of materials and animal models are studied; thus, it is quite important to overview this field's current progress. Here, PPA is reviewed in terms of the species of biomaterials and animal models and several problems to be solved to develop better antiadhesion materials in the future are discussed.

Evaluation of adhesion barrier types in a rat hepatectomy-induced adhesion model

Background

Adhesion formation after hepatectomy creates problems for repeat hepatectomy. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a spray (AdSpray) and sheet adhesion barrier (Seprafilm) in a rat hepatectomy-induced adhesion model.

Methods

Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent partial resection of the left lateral liver lobe. They were randomly assigned to control (n = 10), AdSpray (n = 10), and Seprafilm groups. Seven days after surgery, the animals were sacrificed, and adhesions at the hepatic resection surface were blindly evaluated.

Results

In the control group, adhesions were formed in all 10 animals (100%), with a 69% adhesion extent (mean). In the AdSpray group, the incidence of adhesions (40%) and the adhesion extent (mean, 10%) were significantly lower than in the control group (incidence; p = 0.0147, adhesion extent; p = 0.0007). In the Seprafilm group, the incidence of adhesions was 70%. The adhesion extent of Seprafilm (mean, 30%) was significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.0492). No significant differences were observed between the AdSpray and Seprafilm groups. As for histopathological examination, animals in the AdSpray group showed a similar healing profile to that of the control group without delayed healing and regeneration of mesothelial cells. In contrast, the Seprafilm group showed ongoing foreign body reaction to Seprafilm, and regeneration of mesothelial cells was immature at 7 days.

Conclusions

Both the spray-type gel and sheet adhesion barriers significantly reduced adhesion formation after hepatectomy. The spray-type adhesion barrier caused no adverse events and induced favorable healing. These adhesion barriers may be effective in hepatectomy. Further animal studies and clinical trials are required to determine their benefits in clinical use.

Preparation of Gelatin and Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Cryogel Scaffolds for the 3D Culture of Mesothelial Cells and Mesothelium Tissue Regeneration

Mesothelial cells are specific epithelial cells that are lined in the serosal cavity and internal organs. Nonetheless, few studies have explored the possibility to culture mesothelial cells in a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Towards this end, we fabricated macroporous scaffolds from gelatin and gelatin/hyaluronic acid (HA) by cryogelation, and elucidated the influence of HA on cryogel properties and the cellular phenotype of mesothelial cells cultured within the 3D scaffolds. The incorporation of HA was found not to significantly change the pore size, porosity, water uptake kinetics, and swelling ratios of the cryogel scaffolds, but led to a faster scaffold degradation in the collagenase solution. Adding 5% HA in the composite cryogels also decreased the ultimate compressive stress (strain) and toughness of the scaffold, but enhanced the elastic modulus. From the in vitro cell culture, rat mesothelial cells showed quantitative cell viability in gelatin (G) and gelatin/HA (GH) cryogels. Nonetheless, mesothelial cells cultured in GH cryogels showed a change in the cell morphology and cytoskeleton arrangement, reduced cell proliferation rate, and downregulation of the mesothelium specific maker gene expression. The production of key mesothelium proteins E-cadherin and calretinin were also reduced in the GH cryogels. Choosing the best G cryogels for in vivo studies, the cell/cryogel construct was used for the transplantation of allograft mesothelial cells for mesothelium reconstruction in rats. A mesothelium layer similar to the native mesothelium tissue could be obtained 21 days post-implantation, based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining.

Generation of mesothelial progenitor-like cells from mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells

Mesothelial cells, which cover the surface of visceral organs and serous cavities in mammals, play a crucial role in preventing adhesion. We previously reported that primary mesothelial progenitor cells (MPCs) can not only prevent postoperative adhesion but also promote liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to be used for regenerative medicine. Here, we have established a differentiation protocol for mouse iPSC-derived MPCs (miMPCs) via the exposure to defined factors, as well as purification using MPC-specific cell surface antigens. Furthermore, the miMPCs had the ability to suppress postoperative adhesion and facilitate liver regeneration. This is the first report highlighting the generation of functional miMPCs, which may offer potential for de novo cell therapy.

Cross-linked electrospun cartilage acellular matrix/poly(caprolactone-co-lactide-co-glycolide) nanofiber as an antiadhesive barrier

In this work, we chose cartilage acellular matrix (CAM) as a promising antiadhesive material because CAM effectively inhibits the formation of blood vessels, and we used electrospinning to prepare antiadhesive barriers. Additionally, we synthesized N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-poly(caprolactone-co-lactide-co-glycolide)-NHS (MP) copolymers (to tune degradation) as a cross-linking agent for CAM. This is the first report on the development of electrospun cross-linked (Cx) CAM/MP (CA/P) nanofiber (NF) (Cx-CA/P-NF) with a tunable degradation period as an antiadhesive barrier. Compared with the CA/P-NF before cross-linking, the electrospun Cx-CA/P-NF after cross-linking showed different biodegradation. Cx-CA/P-NF significantly inhibited the in vitro attachment and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as confirmed by an MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy images. Cx-CA/P-NFs implanted between a surgically damaged peritoneal wall and cecum gradually degraded in 7 days; this process was monitored by NIR imaging. The in vivo evaluation of the anti-tissue adhesive effect of Cx-CA/P-NFs revealed little adhesion, few blood vessels, and negligible inflammation at 7 days determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. ED1 staining of Cx-CA/P-NFs showed infiltration of few macrophages because of the inflammatory response to the Cx-CA/P-NF as compared with an untreated injury model. Additionally, Cx-CA/P-NFs significantly suppressed the formation of blood vessels between the peritoneal wall and cecum, according to CD31 staining. Overall, Cx-CA/P-NFs yielded little adhesion, infiltration by macrophages, or formation of blood vessels in a postoperative antiadhesion assay. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the Cx-CA/P-NF designed herein successfully works as an antiadhesive barrier with a tunable degradation period.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The cartilage acellular matrix (CAM) can inhibit the formation of fibrous tissue bridges and blood vessels between the tissue at an injured site and the surrounding healthy tissues. However, CAM has not been rigorously investigated as an antiadhesive barrier. In this manuscript, the cross-linked CAM nanofiber (Cx-CA/P-NF) designed herein successfully works as an antiadhesive barrier. Cx-CA/P-NFs yielded little adhesion, infiltration by macrophages, or formation of blood vessels in a postoperative antiadhesion assay. Moreover, we demonstrated the suitable properties of Cx-CA/P-NF such as easy cross-linking by maintaining the antiadhesive properties, controllable biodegradation, and in vivo antiadhesive effect of Cx-CA/P-NF.

Liver cell therapy: is this the end of the beginning?

The prevalence of liver diseases is increasing globally. Orthotopic liver transplantation is widely used to treat liver disease upon organ failure. The complexity of this procedure and finite numbers of healthy organ donors have prompted research into alternative therapeutic options to treat liver disease. This includes the transplantation of liver cells to promote regeneration. While successful, the routine supply of good quality human liver cells is limited. Therefore, renewable and scalable sources of these cells are sought. Liver progenitor and pluripotent stem cells offer potential cell sources that could be used clinically. This review discusses recent approaches in liver cell transplantation and requirements to improve the process, with the ultimate goal being efficient organ regeneration. We also discuss the potential off-target effects of cell-based therapies, and the advantages and drawbacks of current pre-clinical animal models used to study organ senescence, repopulation and regeneration.

Mesothelial cell transplantation: history, challenges and future directions

Mesothelial cells line the surface of the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum and internal reproductive organs. One of their main functions is to act as a non-adhesive barrier to protect against physical damage, however, over the past decades their physiological and pathological properties have been revealed in association with a variety of conditions and diseases. Mesothelium has been used in surgical operations in clinical settings, such as omental patching for perforated peptic ulcers and in glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium for aortic valve reconstruction. Various methods for mesothelial cell transplantation have also been established and developed, particularly within the area of tissue engineering, including scaffold and non-scaffold cell sheet technologies. However, the use of mesothelial cell transplantation in patients remains challenging, as it requires additional operations under general anesthesia in order to obtain enough intact cells for culture. Moreover, the current methods of mesothelial cell transplantation are expensive and are not yet available in clinical practice. This review firstly summarizes the history of the use of mesothelial cell transplantation in tissue engineering, and then critically discusses the barriers for the clinical application of mesothelial cell transplantation. Finally, the recent developments in xenotransplantation technologies are discussed to evaluate other feasible alternatives to mesothelial cell transplantation.

Fabrication of a photo-crosslinked gelatin hydrogel for preventing abdominal adhesion

A photocrosslinkable gelatin-based hydrogel membrane of easy-handling and non-toxic degradation was developed for preventing intra-abdominal adhesion formation.