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Sewor C, Eliason S, Jaakkola JJ, Amegah AK. Dietary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Consumption and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:16002. [PMID: 38241191 PMCID: PMC10798428 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is suggestive epidemiological evidence that maternal dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. We sought to summarize the available evidence on the effect of dietary PAH exposure on birth outcomes. METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched from inception up to November 2022. Studies were included if they were original articles, were conducted in a human population, assessed dietary PAH consumption, and investigated the relationship between dietary PAH consumption and any adverse birth outcomes. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. A random effects model was used to compute summary effect estimates in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Six observational studies (five prospective cohort studies, and one prevalence case-control study) were included. The included studies assessed dietary PAH exposure using dietary questionnaires. Information on the outcomes of interest was obtained from medical records. Three of the included studies were rated as good quality with the remaining three studies rated as fair quality. One study was considered as having low risk of bias for selection, information and confounding bias. Dietary PAH consumption was associated with 5.65 g [95% confidence interval (CI): - 16.36 , 5.06] and 0.04 cm (95% CI: - 0.08 , 0.01) reductions in birth weight and birth length, respectively, and an increase in head circumference [effect size ( ES ) = 0.001 ; 95% CI: - 0.003 , 0.005]. The CI of all the summary effect estimates, however, included the null value. In the sensitivity analysis that included only studies that assessed dietary PAH exposure as the primary exposure of interest, dietary PAH consumption was associated with much higher reductions in birth weight (ES = - 14.61 ; 95% CI: - 21.07 , - 8.15 ) and birth length (ES = - 0.06 ; 95% CI: - 0.1 , - 0.03 ). High statistical heterogeneity was observed in the birth weight and birth length analysis and in the head circumference sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION The body of epidemiological evidence suggests that maternal dietary PAH exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth, measured as birth weight and length. There was considerable heterogeneity in the measurement of PAH exposure among the included studies. Also, nonstandardized and validated dietary questionnaires were employed by a majority of the included studies with potential exposure misclassification. These issues are likely to impact the summary effect estimates computed and underscores the need for high-quality epidemiological studies with improved exposure assessment and adequate confounding control to strengthen the evidence base. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sewor
- Public Health Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sebastian Eliason
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A. Kofi Amegah
- Public Health Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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QUEQUETO WD, RESENDE O, TFOUNI SAV, SIQUEIRA VC, TRUGILHO PF, ZUCHI J, QUIRINO JR, ROSA EDS. Performance of industrial drying and soybean grains quality. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Osvaldo RESENDE
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Jacson ZUCHI
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brasil
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de Souza MLR, Fernandes VRM, Gasparino E, Coutinho ME, Vianna VO, Matiucci MA, Coradini MF, Oliveira GG, Goes MD, Dos Reis Goes ES, Parisi G, Feihrmann AC. Pantanal yacare (Caiman yacare) tail fillets subjected to traditional hot smoking and liquid smoke. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6423-6431. [PMID: 35562846 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of hot smoking and liquid smoke on process yield, physicochemical properties, microbiological parameters, fatty acid profile, benzo(a)pyrene levels, and sensory profile of Pantanal yacare tail fillets. The fillets were subjected to two types of smoking processes: hot smoking and liquid smoke flavoring. RESULTS The process yield of liquid-smoked fillets was higher (69.8%) compared to hot-smoked fillets (58.0%). All fillets were with good microbiological quality and low benzo(a)pyrene levels and were well accepted by consumers. The hot-smoked fillets and the liquid-smoked fillets presented 456.2 and 589.7 g kg-1 moisture, 262.3 and 263.7 g kg-1 crude protein, 218 and 85 g kg-1 total lipids, and 26.0 and 20.9 g kg-1 ash, respectively. The major fatty acids identified in the smoked tail fillets were palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. CONCLUSION The liquid-smoked fillets had lower lipid content, and higher process yield because of lower losses; thus, they proved to be more advantageous and practical to obtain than the hot-smoked fillets. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eliane Gasparino
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Marcos Eduardo Coutinho
- Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Centro de Conservação e Manejo de Répteis e Anfíbios, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Antônio Matiucci
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Melina Franco Coradini
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Douglas Goes
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Marechal Candido Rondon, Brazil
| | | | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Andresa Carla Feihrmann
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Maringá, Brazil
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Wilde AS, Duedahl-Olesen L. Analysis of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plant-based food supplements-results of a collaborative study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1380-1389. [PMID: 35670782 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2082539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food supplements is challenging, especially due to the presence of other e.g. heterogeneous PAH-like compounds in the matrix. A collaborative study with 12 participants was conducted in order to assess performance characteristics of a fast method intended to analyse the four regulated PAHs (PAH 4) benzo[b]fluoranthene [BbF], benz[a]anthracene [BaA], chrysene [CHR] and benzo[a]pyrene [BaP] in five different plant-based food supplements in the form of capsules, powder, and tablets. The principle of the method includes the extraction of PAHs with ethyl acetate: cyclohexane followed by a two-step SPE cleanup and final analysis by GC-MS or LC-FLD. The regulated maximum level for BaP is 10 µg/kg and, for the PAH 4, 50 µg/kg. Accordingly, the method was validated for the regulated PAH 4 analytically challenging concentration range from 2.5 µg/kg to 6.9 µg/kg. The performance criteria for the method set in European Regulation No 333/2007 for the overall repeatability, reproducibility (HorRat values below 2), and recovery (range 50-120%) were fulfilled. Based on the statistical evaluation of the results, it was concluded that the method is a suitable alternative to existing methods and should be studied for additional matrices.
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Mallah MA, Changxing L, Mallah MA, Noreen S, Liu Y, Saeed M, Xi H, Ahmed B, Feng F, Mirjat AA, Wang W, Jabar A, Naveed M, Li JH, Zhang Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overeview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133948. [PMID: 35151703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals of considerable environmental significance. PAHs are chemical contaminants of fused carbon and hydrogen aromatic rings, basically white, light-yellow, or solid compounds without color. Natural sources of pollution are marginal or less significant, such as volcanic eruptions, natural forest fires, and moorland fires that trigger lightning bursts. The significant determinants of PAH pollution are anthropogenic pollution sources, classified into four groups, i.e., industrial, mobile, domestic, and agricultural pollution sources. Humans can consume PAHs via different routes, such as inhalation, dermal touch, and ingestion. The Effect of PAHs on human health is primarily based on the duration and route of exposure, the volume or concentration of PAHs to which one is exposed, and the relative toxicity of PAHs. Many PAHs are widely referred to as carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and thus pose a significant danger to human health and the well-being of humans. Skin, lung, pancreas, esophagus, bladder, colon, and female breast are numerous organs prone to tumor development due to long-term PAH exposure. PAH exposure may increase the risk of lung cancer as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (MI). Preclinical studies have found a relationship between PAH exposure, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. In addition, investigations have discovered a relationship between PAH exposure at work and CVD illness and mortality development. This review aims to explain PAH briefly, its transportation, its effects on human health, and a relationship between environmental exposures to PAHs and CVD risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthar Ali Mallah
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 81000, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali Mallah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, 67480, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 6300, Pakistan
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- The Cholestane University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - He Xi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy. Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ali Asghar Mirjat
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Abdul Jabar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy. Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 81000, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Grigoriou C, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Bakeas E, Leondiadis L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements dietary intake in inhabitants of Athens, Greece, based on a duplicate portion study. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim W, Choi J, Kang HJ, Lee JW, Moon B, Joo YS, Lee KW. Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH8) in Daily Consumed Agricultural Products in South Korea. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1768564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Jeong Kang
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Won Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Joo
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Republic of Korea
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QUEQUETO WD, RESENDE O, TFOUNI SAV, GOMES FML, BORGES AX, ALMEIDA ABD, CABRAL JCO, COSTA LM, OLIVEIRA LPD. Corn grains drying using direct-fired furnace with wood chips: Performance, quality and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Osvaldo RESENDE
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brasil
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RESENDE O, COSTA ER, QUEQUETO WD, COSTA LM, OLIVEIRA DECD, TFOUNI SAV, GOMES FML, QUIRINO JR, LIMA RRD. Quality of corn grains subjected to drying using direct-fired furnace fed with eucalyptus chips and firewood. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.55820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Devarajan M, Muralidharan S, Prakasham K, Nambirajan K. Variation in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination Between Native and Introduced Species of Fishes of Pallikaranai Wetland, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:459-465. [PMID: 33885937 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of invasive fish species on recipient communities are mostly considered a threat to the biodiversity of freshwater systems. A characteristic of introduced species turning invasive is their higher tolerance to environmental stressors. To understand if non-native fishes in Pallikaranai wetland, Tamil Nadu, India, are more tolerant to anthropogenic pressures in the Wetland, we assessed the variation in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon contamination between introduced and native fish species. Mean levels of Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and total PAH in samples of introduced species were higher than native species, while High Molecular weight PAH and carcinogenic PAH4 were higher in native fish species. The data was also analysed to assess if co-variates (organs, seasons, and sex) affected PAH accumulation patterns in non-native species. It was observed that only organs, sex, and year contributed significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythreyi Devarajan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India.
| | - Subramanian Muralidharan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - Karthikeyan Prakasham
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
| | - Kanthan Nambirajan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641108, India
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Rajendran P, Alzahrani AM, Rengarajan T, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S. Consumption of reused vegetable oil intensifies BRCA1 mutations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1222-1229. [PMID: 33107328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1837725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a foremost type of cancer in women globally with an increased mortality rate in developing countries. Information regarding hereditary factors, lifestyle, work environment, food habits, and personal history could be useful in diagnosing breast cancer. Among such food habits, the reuse of edible oil for preparing food is a common practice in any developing country. The repeated heating of oils enhances the oxidative degradation of oil to produce polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which could disrupt the redox balance and generate reactive oxygen species. These reactive toxic intermediates can lead to BRCA1 mutations that are responsible for breast cancer. Mutations in DNA are the main cause for the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes which leads to change in expression and an increase in cell proliferation wherein a normal cell gets transformed into a malignant neoplastic cell. This review summarizes the possible mechanism involved in the induction of breast cancer due to repeated heating of edible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, School of Biological Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, School of Biological Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, India
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Ji J, Liu Y, Ma Y. Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetable Oils During Seed Roasting Pre-Treatment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1834414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yulan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Lee JG, Suh JH, Yoon HJ. The effects of extracting procedures on occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1181-1186. [PMID: 32802556 PMCID: PMC7406622 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most hazardous naturally occurring chemical contaminants of food. Edible oils are easily contaminated by PAHs generated during high-temperature processing steps such as oil extraction and refining. In this study, the effects of different extraction methods on the levels of PAHs in sesame oils and red pepper seed oils were assessed. GC-MS was used to determine the levels of PAHs in edible oils. Sesame oils extracted from seeds by plate-pressing extraction method had lower levels of PAHs than those extracted by screw-expeller extraction method from sesame flour. Furthermore, the levels of PAHs increased by 62.2% when the extraction time was longer. Notably, the PAHs already present in oils could be effectively reduced by refining procedures such as sinking, centrifugation, filtration, and neutralization with alkali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Goo Lee
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-Si, 28159 South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyuck Suh
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-Si, 28159 South Korea
| | - Hae-Jung Yoon
- Food Contaminants Division, Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-Si, 28159 South Korea
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Detection, Risk Assessment, and Survey of Four Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Markers in Infant Formula Powder. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2959532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method was developed to assess the infant exposure assessment from four important polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) markers in infant formula powder: benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene (collectively referred to as PAH4). The developed method required the addition of an isotopically labeled internal standard, sample extraction under alkali conditions, a saponification step, and a solid-phase extraction purification step. In a controlled spike test, the average recovery rates of PAH4 were 77.3% to 111.8% and the relative standard deviations were 4.8% to 14.2% (n = 6). The quantitative limit (LOQ) and detection limit (LOD) of the method were 0.5 and 0.1 μg·kg−1, respectively. The PAH4 content was analyzed in 30 commercially available infant formula powders. The PAH4 content was found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.87 μg·kg−1. Combined with the daily intake of infant milk powder in China, the average and maximum daily exposure of BaP for stage-1 infants in China are 0.45 ng/kg.bw.d−1 and 1.9 ng/kg.bw.d−1 and the PAH4 values are 8.6 ng/kg.bw.d−1 and 18.6 ng/kg.bw.d−1, respectively. The PAH4 content in the tested infant formula powders sold in the China were sufficiently low, and all of the tested products were safe for consumption.
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Kang SJ, Yang SY, Lee JW, Lee KW. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seasoned-roasted laver and their reduction according to the mixing ratio of seasoning oil and heat treatment in a model system. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1247-1255. [PMID: 31275726 PMCID: PMC6595040 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In food processing, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be generated during heat treatment, and the PAHs in seasoned-roasted (SR) laver can be reduced by checking points during manufacturing. Benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, and benzo (a) pyrene have been identified in SR laver via GC/MS. We confirmed that in practice, the PAHs in SR laver form from the mixed oil (57%) and roasting process (43%). To mitigate the formation of PAHs, we used a model system to change the mixing ratio of oil, roasting temperature, and time. A significant reduction (35%) was observed in the PAH level as the perilla oil was removed from the mixed oil composition and roasting continued at 350 °C for 10 s. These results show that the composition of the mixing oil and the parameters of the heat treatment are crucial factors that contribute to the formation of PAHs in roasted laver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Kang
- 212 CJ Food Safety Hall, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Yang
- 212 CJ Food Safety Hall, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
- Present Address: Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung BIOEPIS, Incheon, 21987 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Lee
- Faculty of Health and Food/Medicinal Plant, Suwon Women University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16632 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- 212 CJ Food Safety Hall, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
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SILVA LDS, RESENDE O, BESSA JFV, BEZERRA IMC, TFOUNI SAV. Ozone in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.06817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Osvaldo RESENDE
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Brasil
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17
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Quantification techniques for important environmental contaminants in milk and dairy products. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Santonicola S, De Felice A, Cobellis L, Passariello N, Peluso A, Murru N, Ferrante MC, Mercogliano R. Comparative study on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast milk and infant formula and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:383-390. [PMID: 28236708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study compared the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) profile of human milk collected from Italian mothers and different brands of infant formula available on Italian market. Levels of 14 PAHs most frequently occurred in food, PAH markers listed by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, and carcinogenic PAHs classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. The average concentrations of total PAHs were 114.93 in breast milk and 53.68 μg kg-1 in infant formula. Furthermore, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and the sum of ∑PAH4 markers (BaP, Chrysene, Benzo(a,h)anthracene and Benzo(b)fluoranthene) were higher than the permissible limit of 1 μg kg-1 in 43% and 86% for breast milk and in 10% and 76% for infant formula samples, respectively. Breast milk showed higher levels (P < 0.05) of carcinogenic, and possible carcinogenic hydrocarbons than infant formula samples. Both in human and commercial milk, data showed the occurrence of low and high molecular weight PAHs, respectively from petrogenic and pyrolytic environmental sources, characterizing the infant and mother exposure. Particularly, waste incineration could have represented an important exposure source for infants during breastfeeding, through exposition of mothers resident in some areas of Southern Italy. High PAH levels detected in infant formula enriched with LC-PUFA might be related to the contamination of the vegetable oils added as ingredients. Results showed a high percentage of samples of both breast milk and infant formulas with margin of exposure (MOE) value indicating a potential concern for consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Santonicola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Cobellis
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angela Peluso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Italy
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19
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20
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Fernández-González R, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1383-405. [PMID: 24915328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- a Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology , University of Vigo , Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense , Spain
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21
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Russo MV, Avino P, Perugini L, Notardonato I. Fast analysis of nine PAHs in beer by ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24873f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Ultrasound-Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Micro-Extraction (USVADLLME) procedure coupled with Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) is proposed for the fast analysis of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vincenzo Russo
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
| | | | - Luisa Perugini
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- 86100 Campobasso
- Italy
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22
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Shin BR, Yang SO, Song HW, Chung MS, Kim YS. Effects of adsorbents on benzo(a)pyrene, sesamol, and sesamolin contents and volatile component profiles in sesame oil. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Zhu H, Zheng R, Wang X, Dai X. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Camellia Oil by Gel Permeation and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1022827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Stenerson KK, Shimelis O, Halpenny MR, Espenschied K, Ye MM. Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oil after solid-phase extraction using a dual-layer sorbent cartridge followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4933-4939. [PMID: 25938777 DOI: 10.1021/jf506299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple and easy direct solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oil using a dual-layer cartridge containing activated Florisil and a mixture of octadecyl (C18)-bonded and zirconia-coated silicas. Undiluted olive oil was applied directly to the SPE cartridge, and the sample was eluted with acetonitrile solvent. Background in the extract was found to be low enough for either gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis. Average recoveries for 16 different PAHs from spiked olive oil replicates were >75%, with intraday precisions of <20% relative standard deviation (% RSD). Detection limits ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 μg/kg and, specifically for the PAHs listed in EC Regulation 835/2011, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene, were from 0.3 to 0.7 μg/kg. The method was then applied to determine the PAH content present in commercial samples of refined versus extra-virgin olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Stenerson
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Olga Shimelis
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Michael R Halpenny
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Ken Espenschied
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Maochun M Ye
- Sigma-Aldrich, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
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25
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Chen J, Huang YW, Zhao Y. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cooking oil using ultra-thin layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1898-1906. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01632g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The combinatory use of on-chip ultra-thin layer chromatography (UTLC) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been demonstrated to detect mixtures of hazardous food contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from cooking oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
| | - Yao-wen Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
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26
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Kang B, Lee BM, Shin HS. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content and risk assessment from edible oils in Korea. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1359-1371. [PMID: 25343286 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.951593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content and a risk assessment from consumption of Korean edible oils were investigated. Liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy were used to measure eight PAH in edible oils commonly consumed in Korea. The total average PAH concentration was 0.548 μg/kg from edible oils and the content of the 8 PAH was lower than 2 μg/kg, which is the maximum tolerable limit reported by the commission regulation. The contents of the eight PAH were converted to exposure assessment and risk characterization values. Dietary exposure to PAH from edible oils was 0.025 ng-TEQBaP/kg/d, and margin of exposure (MOE) was 4 × 10(6), which represents negligible concern. Although PAH were detected from edible oils in Korea, their contribution to human exposure to PAH is considered not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Kang
- a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Lotus Functional Foods Ingredients , Dongguk University-Seoul , Seoul , Korea
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27
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Drabova L, Tomaniova M, Kalachova K, Kocourek V, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J. Application of solid phase extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Szterk A, Roszko M, Cybulski A. Determination of azaarenes in oils using the LC-APCI-MS/MS technique: New environmental toxicant in food oils. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2858-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szterk
- Department of Functional Food and Commodities; Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis; Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Adam Cybulski
- Department of Functional Food and Commodities; Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw; Poland
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29
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. ARAB J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Kumosani TA, Moselhy SS, Asseri AM, Asseri AH. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different types of processed foods. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:300-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711433936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAHs), particularly those with a high molecular weight, have been classified as probable carcinogens to humans. The aim of the present study is to determine the levels of PCAHs in samples of meat, fish, chicken, fried potato, and toasted bread, which will be thermally processed using conventional and microwave ovens. Different samples will be collected and analyzed for five PCAHs including pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzoflouroanthene, and benzo(a)pyrene. The analytical method involves saponification with methanolic potassium hydroxide, extraction with cyclohexane, and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. The obtained results showed that there is a variation in the detected PCAHs in different foodstuffs. Fried potato processed by conventional oven or microwave oven showed none of the selected studied PCAHs. It was found that, chicken showed higher content levels of total PCAHs than the meat and fish. Data are the highest mean concentrations of fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene but within low limit. The obtained results were compared with international permissible levels to avoid pollution, which may cause hazardous effects on individual and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Said S Moselhy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amer Hamzah Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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31
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Chen B, McClements DJ, Decker EA. Minor components in food oils: a critical review of their roles on lipid oxidation chemistry in bulk oils and emulsions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 51:901-16. [PMID: 21955091 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.606379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Food oils are primarily composed of triacylglycerols (TAG), but they may also contain a variety of other minor constituents that influence their physical and chemical properties, including diacylglycerols (DAG), monoacylglycerols (MAG), free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids (PLs), water, and minerals. This article reviews recent research on the impact of these minor components on lipid oxidation in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions. In particular, it highlights the origin of these minor components, the influence of oil refining on the type and concentration of minor components present, and potential physicochemical mechanisms by which these minor components impact lipid oxidation in bulk oils and emulsions. This knowledge is crucial for designing food, pharmaceutical, personal care, and other products with improved stability to lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcan Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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32
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33
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Cirillo T, Montuori P, Mainardi P, Russo I, Fasano E, Triassi M, Amodio-Cocchieri R. Assessment of the dietary habits and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in primary school children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1025-39. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003671262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abdulkadar AHW, Kunhi AAM, Jassim AJ, Abdulla AA. Determination of benzo(a)pyrene by GC/MS/MS in retail olive oil samples available in Qatar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:1164-9. [PMID: 14726280 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001625626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A survey was carried out for the presence of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in olive oils following reports that some batches of Spanish olive-pomace oil and its products contained high levels of B(a)P. Three types of olive oils (1) virgin olive oil, (2) refined olive oil and (3) olive-pomace oil, originating from France, Greece, Italy, the Lebanon, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey, and available on Qatar market, were analysed for B(a)P. Determination was carried out by extraction from a cyclohexane solution with N,N-dimethylformamide: water (9:1), back extraction with cyclohexane, followed by clean-up on a silica gel column and quantification by GC/MS/MS. The recovery and limit of quantitation of B(a)P in olive oils by this method were estimated as 88% and 0.5 microg kg(-1), respectively. B(a)P was detected in amounts below the permitted level of 2 microg kg(-1) in all 31 virgin olive oil samples and in 13 refined olive oil samples. However, all seven samples of Spanish olive-pomace oil produced and packed in Spain and three samples of olive-pomace oil produced in Spain, but packed in Saudi Arabia, were found to be contaminated with B(a)P, the level ranging from 3.1 to 70.8 microg kg(-1). In two samples of olive-pomace oil originating from Greece, B(a)P was not detected.
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35
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Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Chrysafidis D, Bergele K, Tzavara E, Tzamtzis V, Leondiadis L. Determination of PCDD/F, dioxin-like PCB and PAH levels in olive and olive oil samples from areas affected by the fires in summer 2007 in Greece. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:285-91. [PMID: 20153015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the summer of 2007, a series of massive forest fires broke out in several areas across Greece. The main sources of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Greece are considered to be the uncontrolled combustion of municipal solid waste in open landfills and accidental fires in forest, rural and industrial areas. Combustion may also lead to the formation of PAHs, which are fat soluble substances of considerable toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate PCDD/F, dioxin-like PCB and PAH contamination of olive oil produced in fire-affected areas. Olive oil is a very significant agricultural product of Greece. Samples for this study were collected from all affected oil producing areas after the fire and 1year later. PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PAHs were at normal levels in all samples analysed.
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36
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Berntssen MHG, Julshamn K, Lundebye AK. Chemical contaminants in aquafeeds and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following the use of traditional- versus alternative feed ingredients. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:637-46. [PMID: 20045551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine feed ingredients, traditionally used in commercial fish feeds, are the source of these pollutants in farmed fish. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical contaminant load in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) raised on novel sustainable feeds based on a combination of alternative ingredients. Atlantic salmon were reared on feeds based on either traditional or alternative feed ingredients for an entire seawater production cycle up to approximately 4kg, which is a typical market-size for this species. The levels of several notorious contaminants were analysed in feed ingredients, feed, and skin-off fillets. These included persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as elements such as arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and fluorine. In addition, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed. The use of alternative feed ingredients reduced the fillet load of POPs by 51-82% and the level of arsenic and mercury by 80-96%. In contrast, the PAH levels in fish reared on the novel feeds were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the PAH concentrations in traditionally-raised fish. The present study shows that developments in feed formulation will reduce the load of most persistent organic pollutants in farmed salmon, but may increase concentrations of other contaminants such as PAHs, which are normally not associated with Atlantic salmon. The paper also compares the levels of contaminants in farmed Atlantic salmon expected in the future with those levels reported in the literature and currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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37
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Hernández-Póveda GF, Morales-Rubio A, Pastor-García A, De La Guardia M. Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cookies: a comparative study of ultrasound and microwave-assisted procedures. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:356-63. [PMID: 18311626 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701616017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cookies has been improved in order to obtain a fast method with a low limit of detection through the combination of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), oil saponification and solid-phase extraction clean-up before the injection of purified extracts in a C18 201TP52 (5 microm, 250 x 2.1 mm) column. Using acetonitrile-water as mobile phase, with a 50% to 95% w/w acetonitrile gradient for a fixed flow of 0.250 ml min(-1), 15 PAHs were separated in 45 min. The column temperature was maintained at 15 degrees C; and fluorimetric detection was made at a fixed excitation wavelength of 264 nm and emission measurements at the best wavelength for each analyte, from 352 nm for 11H-benzo[b]fluorene to 500 nm for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene. Recoveries for all 15 PAHs varied between 96 +/- 4 and 105% +/- 4%; and the limits of detection ranged from 0.015 ng g(-1) for chrysene to 0.7 ng g(-1) for phenantrene. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional Soxhlet extraction during 8-h refluxing with toluene, demonstrating that the methodology proposed is appropriate to quantify PAHs in cookies. Furthermore, the microwave-assisted method was faster and used less solvent than the conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods. The extraction time was reduced to 9 min compared with the 8 h required for Soxhlet extraction and 60 min required for ultrasound-assisted treatment, and the solvent consumption has been reduced to 25 ml compared with the 155 and 90 ml required using Soxhlet and ultrasound, respectively.
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38
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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39
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Tamakawa K. Chapter 17 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Chinnici F, Natali N, Spinabelli U, Riponi C. Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in woody chips used as adjuvant in wines, vinegars and distillates. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Vichi S, Pizzale L, Conte LS, Buxaderas S, López-Tamames E. The occurrence of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in virgin olive oils from north-eastern Italy. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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43
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44
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Fromberg A, Højgård A, Duedahl-Olesen L. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils combining gel permeation chromatography with solid-phase extraction clean-up. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:758-67. [PMID: 17613061 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601150505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A semi-automatic method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils using a combined gel permeation chromatography/solid-phase extraction (GPC/SPE) clean-up is presented. The method takes advantage of automatic injections using a Gilson ASPEC XL sample handling system equipped with a GPC column (S-X3) and pre-packed silica SPE columns for the subsequent clean-up and finally gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination. The method was validated for the determination of PAHs in vegetable oils and it can meet the criteria for the official control of benzo[a]pyrene levels in foods laid down by the Commission of the European Communities. A survey of 69 vegetable oils sampled from the Danish market included olive oil as well as other vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, grape seed oil and sesame oil. Levels of benzo[a]pyrene in all the oils were low (<0.2-0.8 microg kg(-1)), except for one sample of sunflower oil containing 11 microg kg(-1) benzo[a]pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fromberg
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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45
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GÜLTEN ŞEKEROĞLU, GÖĞÜŞ FAHRETTIN, FADILOĞLU SIBEL. DETERMINATION OF BENZO(a)PYRENE IN VEGETABLE OILS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J FOOD QUALITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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46
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Luo D, Yu QW, Yin HR, Feng YQ. Humic acid-bonded silica as a novel sorbent for solid-phase extraction of benzo[a]pyrene in edible oils. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 588:261-7. [PMID: 17386819 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent, humic acid-bonded silica (HAS), was prepared. Humic acids (HAs) were grafted onto silica matrices via an amide linkage between humyl chloride and the amido terminus of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS)-silica gel. The resulting material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, elemental analysis, and nitrogen adsorption analysis. This sorbent exhibits an excellent adsorption capacity for some electron-abundant analytes owing to its peculiar structure. In this paper, we choose benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in oil as a probe to validate the adsorption capacity of the material. Thus a fast, cheap and simple SPE method with humic acid-bonded silica cartridge for edible oil clean-up, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was established. The effects of experimental variables, such as washing and elution solvents, and the amount of sorbents have been studied. The recoveries of BaP in edible oils spiked at 0.2-100 microg kg(-1) were in the range of 78.8-102.7% with relative standard deviations ranging between 1.3 and 9.3%; the limit of detection was -0.06 microg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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47
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Teixeira VH, Casal S, Oliveira MBP. PAHs content in sunflower, soybean and virgin olive oils: Evaluation in commercial samples and during refining process. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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49
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Arrebola FJ, Frenich AG, González Rodríguez MJ, Bolaños PP, Martínez Vidal JL. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oil by a completely automated headspace technique coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:822-9. [PMID: 16718637 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A new and completely automated method for the determination of ten relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oil is proposed using an extraction by the headspace (HS) technique. Quantification and confirmation steps are carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combining simultaneously selected-ion monitoring (SIM) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This combination offers on one hand an increased sensitivity and on the other hand, selective and reliable qualitative information. Sample pretreatment or clean-up are not necessary because the olive oil sample is put directly into an HS vial, automatically processed by HS and introduced into the GC-MS instrument for analysis. Because of its high selectivity and sensitivity, a triple-quadrupole (QqQ) detector coupled with the gas chromatograph allows us to limit handling. Each sample is completely processed in approximately 63 min (45 min for HS isolation and 18 min for GC-MS determination), a reduced time compared with previously published methods. The chemical and instrumental variables were preliminarily optimized using uncontaminated olive oil samples spiked with 25 microg kg(-1) of each target compound. The final method was validated to ensure the quality of the results. The precision was satisfactory, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values in the range 3-9%. Recovery rates ranged from 96 to 99%. Limits of detection (LOD) were calculated as 0.02-0.06 microg kg(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 0.07-0.26 microg kg(-1). It must be mentioned that the LOD and LOQ are much lower than the maximum levels established by the European Union (EU) in oils and fats intended for direct human consumption or for use as an ingredient in foods, which are set at 2 microg kg(-1). All the figures of merit are completely in accordance with the latest EU legislation. This fact makes it possible to consider the proposed method as a useful tool for the control of PAHs in olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Arrebola
- Research Group-Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04071 Almería, Spain
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Vichi S, Pizzale L, Conte LS, Buxaderas S, López-Tamames E. Simultaneous determination of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in virgin olive oil by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1090:146-54. [PMID: 16196143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reliable, simple and relatively fast method for the simultaneous determination of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in virgin olive oil was developed, based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The investigation regarded eco-contaminants such as alkylated monoaromatic hydrocarbons from C1- to C4-benzenes and light polyaromatic hydrocarbons up to four aromatic rings. Sampling and chromatographic conditions were optimized by using standard solutions in deodorized olive oil and the analytical performances of the method were determined. The proposed method was then applied to real samples of virgin olive oil were the target hydrocarbons could be identified and quantified. Several of them had not been previously quantified in virgin olive oil. Moreover, by the analysis of olive oil samples an additional number of C4-benzenes could be tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vichi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Marangoni 97, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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