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Lerario S, Monti L, Ambrosetti I, Luglio A, Pietra A, Aiello V, Montanari F, Bellasi A, Zaza G, Galante A, Salera D, Capelli I, La Manna G, Provenzano M. Fabry disease: a rare disorder calling for personalized medicine. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04042-4. [PMID: 38613662 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Fabry Disease (FD) is a genetic disease caused by a deficiency in the activity of lysosomal galactosidase A (α-GalA), an enzyme responsible for the catabolism of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Since lysosomes are present throughout the body and play a crucial role in catabolism and recycling of cytosolic compounds, FD can affect multiple organs and result in various symptoms, including renal, cardiovascular, neurological, cutaneous, and ophthalmic manifestations. Due to the nonspecific symptoms and the rarity of FD, it is often diagnosed late in life. However, introducing targeted therapies such as enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and chaperone therapy has significantly improved FD's natural history and prognosis by restoring α-GalA enzyme activity. Despite the advancements, there are limitations to the currently available therapies, which has prompted research into new potential treatments for FD, including alternative forms of enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy, mRNA therapy, and genetic therapy. In this review, we analyze the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of FD, with particular emphasis on promising therapeutic opportunities that could shift the treatment of this rare disease from a standardized to a personalized approach soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerario
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Monti
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Ambrosetti
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnese Luglio
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pietra
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Aiello
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Montanari
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Servizio Di Nefrologia, Ospedale Regionale Di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Ospedale CivicoVia Tesserete 46, 6903, Lugano, Switzerland
- Università Della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Antonio Galante
- Università Della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Davide Salera
- Servizio Di Nefrologia, Ospedale Regionale Di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Ospedale CivicoVia Tesserete 46, 6903, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Irene Capelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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Niederau PA, Eglé P, Willig S, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Decker EL, Reski R. Multifactorial analysis of terminator performance on heterologous gene expression in Physcomitrella. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:43. [PMID: 38246952 PMCID: PMC10800305 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Characterization of Physcomitrella 3'UTRs across different promoters yields endogenous single and double terminators for usage in molecular pharming. The production of recombinant proteins for health applications accounts for a large share of the biopharmaceutical market. While many drugs are produced in microbial and mammalian systems, plants gain more attention as expression hosts to produce eukaryotic proteins. In particular, the good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) has outstanding features, such as excellent genetic amenability, reproducible bioreactor cultivation, and humanized protein glycosylation patterns. In this study, we selected and characterized novel terminators for their effects on heterologous gene expression. The Physcomitrella genome contains 53,346 unique 3'UTRs (untranslated regions) of which 7964 transcripts contain at least one intron. Over 91% of 3'UTRs exhibit more than one polyadenylation site, indicating the prevalence of alternative polyadenylation in Physcomitrella. Out of all 3'UTRs, 14 terminator candidates were selected and characterized via transient Dual-Luciferase assays, yielding a collection of endogenous terminators performing equally high as established heterologous terminators CaMV35S, AtHSP90, and NOS. High performing candidates were selected for testing as double terminators which impact reporter levels, dependent on terminator identity and positioning. Testing of 3'UTRs among the different promoters NOS, CaMV35S, and PpActin5 showed an increase of more than 1000-fold between promoters PpActin5 and NOS, whereas terminators increased reporter levels by less than tenfold, demonstrating the stronger effect promoters play as compared to terminators. Among selected terminator attributes, the number of polyadenylation sites as well as polyadenylation signals were found to influence terminator performance the most. Our results improve the biotechnology platform Physcomitrella and further our understanding of how terminators influence gene expression in plants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Eglé
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Willig
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centre BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Verdú-Navarro F, Moreno-Cid JA, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. The advent of plant cells in bioreactors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1310405. [PMID: 38148861 PMCID: PMC10749943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1310405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Ever since agriculture started, plants have been bred to obtain better yields, better fruits, or sustainable products under uncertain biotic and abiotic conditions. However, a new way to obtain products from plant cells emerged with the development of recombinant DNA technologies. This led to the possibility of producing exogenous molecules in plants. Furthermore, plant chemodiversity has been the main source of pharmacological molecules, opening a field of plant biotechnology directed to produce high quality plant metabolites. The need for different products by the pharma, cosmetics agriculture and food industry has pushed again to develop new procedures. These include cell production in bioreactors. While plant tissue and cell culture are an established technology, beginning over a hundred years ago, plant cell cultures have shown little impact in biotechnology projects, compared to bacterial, yeasts or animal cells. In this review we address the different types of bioreactors that are currently used for plant cell production and their usage for quality biomolecule production. We make an overview of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Oryza sativa, Daucus carota, Vitis vinifera and Physcomitrium patens as well-established models for plant cell culture, and some species used to obtain important metabolites, with an insight into the type of bioreactor and production protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuensanta Verdú-Navarro
- Bioprocessing R&D Department, Bionet, Parque Tecnológico Fuente Álamo, Fuente Álamo, Spain
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Juan A. Moreno-Cid
- Bioprocessing R&D Department, Bionet, Parque Tecnológico Fuente Álamo, Fuente Álamo, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Dabrowska‐Schlepp P, Busch A, Shen J, Cheong RY, Madsen LB, Mascher D, Schiffmann R, Schaaf A. Comparison of efficacy between subcutaneous and intravenous application of moss-aGal in the mouse model of Fabry disease. JIMD Rep 2023; 64:460-467. [PMID: 37927484 PMCID: PMC10623099 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD, OMIM 301500) is a rare X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder associated with reduced activities of α-galactosidase A (aGal, EC 3.2.1.22). The current standard of care for FD is based on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), in which a recombinantly produced version of αGal is intravenously (iv) applied to Fabry patients in biweekly intervals. Though the iv application is clinically efficacious, periodical infusions are inconvenient, time- and resource-consuming and they negatively impact the patients' quality of life. Subcutaneous (sc) injection, in contrast, is an established route of administration for treatment of chronic conditions. It opens the beneficial option of self-administration, thereby improving patients' quality of life and at the same time reducing treatment costs. We have previously shown that Moss-α-Galactosidase (moss-aGal), recombinantly produced in the moss Physcomitrium patens, is efficient in degrading accumulated Gb3 in target organs of murine model of FD and in the phase I clinical study, we obtained first efficacy evidence in human patients following single iv infusion. Here, we tested the efficacy of subcutaneous administration of moss-aGal and compared it with the results observed following iv infusion in Fabry mice. The obtained findings demonstrate that subcutaneously applied moss-aGal is correctly transported to target organs and efficacious in degrading Gb3 deposits there and thus suggest the possibility of using this route of administration for therapy of Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin‐Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
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5
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Monda E, Falco L, Palmiero G, Rubino M, Perna A, Diana G, Verrillo F, Dongiglio F, Cirillo A, Fusco A, Caiazza M, Limongelli G. Cardiovascular Involvement in Fabry's Disease: New Advances in Diagnostic Strategies, Outcome Prediction and Management. Card Fail Rev 2023; 9:e12. [PMID: 37602190 PMCID: PMC10433112 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2023.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular involvement is common in Fabry's disease and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The research is focused on identifying diagnostic clues suggestive of cardiovascular involvement in the preclinical stage of the disease through clinical and imaging markers. Different pathophysiologically driven therapies are currently or will soon be available for the treatment of Fabry's disease, with the most significant benefit observed in the early stages of the disease. Thus, early diagnosis and risk stratification for adverse outcomes are crucial to determine when to start an aetiological treatment. This review describes the cardiovascular involvement in Fabry's disease, focusing on the advances in diagnostic strategies, outcome prediction and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Monda
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Luigi Falco
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmiero
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Marta Rubino
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Alessia Perna
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Diana
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Federica Verrillo
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Francesca Dongiglio
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Annapaola Cirillo
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Fusco
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Monaldi HospitalNaples, Italy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College LondonLondon, UK
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7
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Averbuch T, White JA, Fine NM. Anderson-Fabry disease cardiomyopathy: an update on epidemiology, diagnostic approach, management and monitoring strategies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1152568. [PMID: 37332587 PMCID: PMC10272370 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1152568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. While AFD is recognized as a progressive multi-system disorder, infiltrative cardiomyopathy causing a number of cardiovascular manifestations is recognized as an important complication of this disease. AFD affects both men and women, although the clinical presentation typically varies by sex, with men presenting at a younger age with more neurologic and renal phenotype and women developing a later onset variant with more cardiovascular manifestations. AFD is an important cause of increased myocardial wall thickness, and advances in imaging, in particular cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and T1 mapping techniques, have improved the ability to identify this disease non-invasively. Diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of low alpha-galactosidase activity and identification of a mutation in the GLA gene. Enzyme replacement therapy remains the mainstay of disease modifying therapy, with two formulations currently approved. In addition, newer treatments such as oral chaperone therapy are now available for select patients, with a number of other investigational therapies in development. The availability of these therapies has significantly improved outcomes for AFD patients. Improved survival and the availability of multiple agents has presented new clinical dilemmas regarding disease monitoring and surveillance using clinical, imaging and laboratory biomarkers, in addition to improved approaches to managing cardiovascular risk factors and AFD complications. This review will provide an update on clinical recognition and diagnostic approaches including differentiation from other causes of increased ventricular wall thickness, in addition to modern strategies for management and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauben Averbuch
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James A. White
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Center, Alberta Health Services, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nowell M. Fine
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Benvenuto E, Broer I, D'Aoust MA, Hitzeroth I, Hundleby P, Menassa R, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Peyret H, Salgueiro S, Saxena P, Stander J, Warzecha H, Ma J. Plant molecular farming in the wake of the closure of Medicago Inc. Nat Biotechnol 2023:10.1038/s41587-023-01812-w. [PMID: 37217754 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Benvenuto
- Department for Sustainability, Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division, ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Inge Broer
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Inga Hitzeroth
- BioPharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Rima Menassa
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julian Ma
- St. George's, University of London, London, UK.
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9
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Hallows WC, Skvorak K, Agard N, Kruse N, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Botham RC, Chng C, Shukla C, Lao J, Miller M, Sero A, Viduya J, Ismaili MHA, McCluskie K, Schiffmann R, Silverman AP, Shen JS, Huisman GW. Optimizing human α-galactosidase for treatment of Fabry disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4748. [PMID: 36959353 PMCID: PMC10036536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A (GLA) leading to the lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and other glycosphingolipids. Fabry patients experience significant damage to the heart, kidney, and blood vessels that can be fatal. Here we apply directed evolution to generate more stable GLA variants as potential next generation treatments for Fabry disease. GLAv05 and GLAv09 were identified after screening more than 12,000 GLA variants through 8 rounds of directed evolution. Both GLAv05 and GLAv09 exhibit increased stability at both lysosomal and blood pH, stability to serum, and elevated enzyme activity in treated Fabry fibroblasts (19-fold) and GLA-/- podocytes (10-fold). GLAv05 and GLAv09 show improved pharmacokinetics in mouse and non-human primates. In a Fabry mouse model, the optimized variants showed prolonged half-lives in serum and relevant tissues, and a decrease of accumulated Gb3 in heart and kidney. To explore the possibility of diminishing the immunogenic potential of rhGLA, amino acid residues in sequences predicted to bind MHC II were targeted in late rounds of GLAv09 directed evolution. An MHC II-associated peptide proteomics assay confirmed a reduction in displayed peptides for GLAv09. Collectively, our findings highlight the promise of using directed evolution to generate enzyme variants for more effective treatment of lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen Skvorak
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Nick Agard
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nikki Kruse
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Xiyun Zhang
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Fornia BioSolutions Inc US, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Rachel C Botham
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Chinping Chng
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Charu Shukla
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Jessica Lao
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Octant, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Mathew Miller
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Antoinette Sero
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Judy Viduya
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Moulay Hicham Alaoui Ismaili
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Glycomine, San Mateo, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Kerryn McCluskie
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Glycomine, San Mateo, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
- 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Adam P Silverman
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
- 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Gjalt W Huisman
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
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10
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Umer M, Kalra DK. Treatment of Fabry Disease: Established and Emerging Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:320. [PMID: 37259462 PMCID: PMC9967779 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a rare, X-linked inherited disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism. It leads to the progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide within lysosomes due to a deficiency of α-galactosidase A enzyme. It involves multiple organs, predominantly the renal, cardiac, and cerebrovascular systems. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent progression to irreversible tissue damage and organ failure, and to halt life-threatening complications that can significantly reduce life expectancy. This review will focus on the established and emerging treatment options for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinesh K. Kalra
- Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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11
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Umer M, Kalra DK. Cardiac MRI in Fabry disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1075639. [PMID: 36818911 PMCID: PMC9931723 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1075639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare, progressive X-linked inherited disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism due to a deficiency of α-galactosidase A enzyme. It leads to the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide within lysosomes of multiple organs, predominantly the vascular, renal, cardiac, and nervous systems. Fabry cardiomyopathy is characterized by increased left ventricular wall thickness/mass, functional abnormalities, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to avoid cardiac or renal complications that can significantly reduce life expectancy in untreated FD. This review will focus on the role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and monitoring of treatment efficacy.
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Palaiodimou L, Kokotis P, Zompola C, Papagiannopoulou G, Bakola E, Papadopoulou M, Zouvelou V, Petras D, Vlachopoulos C, Tsivgoulis G. Fabry Disease: Current and Novel Therapeutic Strategies. A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:440-456. [PMID: 35652398 PMCID: PMC10207921 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220601124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease (FD) is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder, leading to multisystemic manifestations and causing significant morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE The aim of this narrative review is to present the current and novel therapeutic strategies in FD, including symptomatic and specific treatment options. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies, including completed and ongoing randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCTs), prospective or retrospective cohort studies, case series and case reports that provided clinical data regarding FD treatment. RESULTS A multidisciplinary symptomatic treatment is recommended for FD patients, personalized according to disease manifestations and their severity. During the last two decades, FD-specific treatments, including two enzyme-replacement-therapies (agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta) and chaperone treatment with migalastat have been approved for use and allowed for symptoms' stabilization or even disease burden reduction. More therapeutic agents are currently under investigation. Substrate reduction therapies, including lucerastat and venglustat, have shown promising results in RCTs and may be used either as monotherapy or as complementary therapy to established enzymereplacement- therapies. More stable enzyme-replacement-therapy molecules that are associated with less adverse events and lower likelihood of neutralizing antibodies formation have also been developed. Ex-vivo and in-vivo gene therapy is being tested in animal models and pilot human clinical trials, with preliminary results showing a favorable safety and efficacy profile. CONCLUSION The therapeutic landscape in FD appears to be actively expanding with more treatment options expected to become available in the near future, allowing for a more personalized approach in FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Palaiodimou
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kokotis
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Zompola
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Papagiannopoulou
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Bakola
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Papadopoulou
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Zouvelou
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Petras
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Pahl MV, Hou J. Fabry Disease Presenting as End-Stage Kidney Disease. GLOMERULAR DISEASES 2023; 3:189-196. [PMID: 37901696 PMCID: PMC10601945 DOI: 10.1159/000533502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked disorder due to a pathogenic variant of the GLA gene that codes for the alpha-galactosidase enzyme. The reduced or absent activity of the enzyme results in lysosomal accumulation of globotriosylceramide and its derivative, globotriaosylsphingosine, in a variety of cells, leading to a variety of complications including cardiac, renal, and cerebrovascular disorders. Early diagnosis is critically important for the selection of therapeutic treatments, which are essential for improving outcomes. Here we present a case of FD diagnosed at the time of end-stage kidney disease presentation. Summary A 40-year-old man with a history of seizures presented with increased serum creatinine, nephrotic rage proteinuria, and new-onset hypertension. A renal biopsy revealed numerous, whorled, and lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions in podocytes, glomerular peritubular capillary endothelial cells, mesangial cells, arterial myocytes, and interstitial macrophages. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of glycosphingolipid inclusions and enlarged lysosomes packed with multi-lamellated structures ("zebra" bodies). The findings were suggestive of a lysosomal storage disorder, and testing for alpha-galactosidase A levels revealed near-absent enzyme activity, confirming the diagnosis of advanced FD. Key Messages The diagnosis of FD can be challenging as the manifestations of the disease are nonspecific, and patients can present early with classical symptoms or late with non-classical patterns of involvement. We will discuss strategies to identify the disorder early by reviewing the classical and non-classical presentations and further outline currently available and potential future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine V. Pahl
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jean Hou
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Ruiz-Molina N, Parsons J, Müller M, Hoernstein SNW, Bohlender LL, Pumple S, Zipfel PF, Häffner K, Reski R, Decker EL. A synthetic protein as efficient multitarget regulator against complement over-activation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:152. [PMID: 35194132 PMCID: PMC8863895 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system constitutes the innate defense against pathogens. Its dysregulation leads to diseases and is a critical determinant in many viral infections, e.g., COVID-19. Factor H (FH) is the main regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation and could be a therapy to restore homeostasis. However, recombinant FH is not available. Engineered FH versions may be alternative therapeutics. Here, we designed a synthetic protein, MFHR13, as a multitarget complement regulator. It combines the dimerization and C5-regulatory domains of human FH-related protein 1 (FHR1) with the C3-regulatory and cell surface recognition domains of human FH, including SCR 13. In summary, the fusion protein MFHR13 comprises SCRs FHR11-2:FH1-4:FH13:FH19-20. It protects sheep erythrocytes from complement attack exhibiting 26 and 4-fold the regulatory activity of eculizumab and human FH, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MFHR13 and FHR1 bind to all proteins forming the membrane attack complex, which contributes to the mechanistic understanding of FHR1. We consider MFHR13 a promising candidate as therapeutic for complement-associated diseases. Ruiz-Molina et al. design a synthetic protein, MFHR13, as a multi-target complement regulator. They demonstrate that it protects sheep erythrocytes from complement attack exhibiting 26 and 4-fold the regulatory activity of eculizumab and human Factor H, respectively, which highlights its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruiz-Molina
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Müller
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Lennard L Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Pumple
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Häffner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Bangert N, Rodríguez-Jahnke F, Reski R, Decker EL. Unexpected Arabinosylation after Humanization of Plant Protein N-Glycosylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:838365. [PMID: 35252146 PMCID: PMC8894861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.838365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As biopharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins have become indispensable tools in medicine. An increasing demand, not only in quantity but also in diversity, drives the constant development and improvement of production platforms. The N-glycosylation pattern on biopharmaceuticals plays an important role in activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity. Therefore, production platforms with tailored protein N-glycosylation are of great interest. Plant-based systems have already demonstrated their potential to produce pharmaceutically relevant recombinant proteins, although their N-glycan patterns differ from those in humans. Plants have shown great plasticity towards the manipulation of their glycosylation machinery, and some have already been glyco-engineered in order to avoid the attachment of plant-typical, putatively immunogenic sugar residues. This resulted in complex-type N-glycans with a core structure identical to the human one. Compared to humans, plants lack the ability to elongate these N-glycans with β1,4-linked galactoses and terminal sialic acids. However, these modifications, which require the activity of several mammalian enzymes, have already been achieved for Nicotiana benthamiana and the moss Physcomitrella. Here, we present the first step towards sialylation of recombinant glycoproteins in Physcomitrella, human β1,4-linked terminal N-glycan galactosylation, which was achieved by the introduction of a chimeric β1,4-galactosyltransferase (FTGT). This chimeric enzyme consists of the moss α1,4-fucosyltransferase transmembrane domain, fused to the catalytic domain of the human β1,4-galactosyltransferase. Stable FTGT expression led to the desired β1,4-galactosylation. However, additional pentoses of unknown identity were also observed. The nature of these pentoses was subsequently determined by Western blot and enzymatic digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis and resulted in their identification as α-linked arabinoses. Since a pentosylation of β1,4-galactosylated N-glycans was reported earlier, e.g., on recombinant human erythropoietin produced in glyco-engineered Nicotiana tabacum, this phenomenon is of a more general importance for plant-based production platforms. Arabinoses, which are absent in humans, may prevent the full humanization of plant-derived products. Therefore, the identification of these pentoses as arabinoses is important as it creates the basis for their abolishment to ensure the production of safe biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nina Bangert
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Jahnke
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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16
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Ruiz-Molina N, Parsons J, Schroeder S, Posten C, Reski R, Decker EL. Process Engineering of Biopharmaceutical Production in Moss Bioreactors via Model-Based Description and Evaluation of Phytohormone Impact. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:837965. [PMID: 35252145 PMCID: PMC8891706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.837965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella is an interesting production host for recombinant biopharmaceuticals. Here we produced MFHR1, a synthetic complement regulator which has been proposed for the treatment of diseases associated to the complement system as part of human innate immunity. We studied the impact of different operation modes for the production process in 5 L stirred-tank photobioreactors. The total amount of recombinant protein was doubled by using fed-batch or batch compared to semi-continuous operation, although the maximum specific productivity (mg MFHR1/g FW) increased just by 35%. We proposed an unstructured kinetic model which fits accurately with the experimental data in batch and semi-continuous operation under autotrophic conditions with 2% CO2 enrichment. The model is able to predict recombinant protein production, nitrate uptake and biomass growth, which is useful for process control and optimization. We investigated strategies to further increase MFHR1 production. While mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions decreased the MFHR1-specific productivity compared to autotrophic conditions, addition of the phytohormone auxin (NAA, 10 µM) to the medium enhanced it by 470% in shaken flasks and up to 230% and 260%, in batch and fed-batch bioreactors, respectively. Supporting this finding, the auxin-synthesis inhibitor L-kynurenine (100 µM) decreased MFHR1 production significantly by 110% and 580% at day 7 and 18, respectively. Expression analysis revealed that the MFHR1 transgene, driven by the Physcomitrella actin5 (PpAct5) promoter, was upregulated 16 h after NAA addition and remained enhanced over the whole process, whereas the auxin-responsive gene PpIAA1A was upregulated within the first 2 hours, indicating that the effect of auxin on PpAct5 promoter-driven expression is indirect. Furthermore, the day of NAA supplementation was crucial, leading to an up to 8-fold increase of MFHR1-specific productivity (0.82 mg MFHR1/g fresh weight, 150 mg accumulated over 7 days) compared to the productivity reported previously. Our findings are likely to be applicable to other plant-based expression systems to increase biopharmaceutical production and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruiz-Molina
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sina Schroeder
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Posten
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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17
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Muntean C, Starcea IM, Stoica C, Banescu C. Clinical Characteristics, Renal Involvement, and Therapeutic Options of Pediatric Patients With Fabry Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:908657. [PMID: 35722479 PMCID: PMC9198369 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.908657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited renal diseases represent 20% of the causes of end-stage renal diseases. Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, results from α-galactosidase A deficient or absent activity followed by globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulation and multiorgan involvement. In Fabry disease, kidney involvement starts early, during intrauterine life by the Gb3 deposition. Even if chronic kidney disease (CKD) is discovered later in adult life in Fabry disease patients, a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can occur during adolescence. The first clinical sign of kidney involvement is represented by albuminuria. So, early and close monitoring of kidneys function is required: albuminuria and proteinuria, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, or cystatin C to estimate GFR, while urinary sediment with phase-contrast microscopy under polarized light may be useful in those cases where leucocyte α-Gal A activity and GLA genotyping are not available. Children with Fabry disease and kidney involvement should receive enzyme replacement therapy and nephroprotective drugs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) to prevent or slow the progressive loss of kidney functions. Early diagnosis of Fabry disease is important as enzyme replacement therapy reduces symptoms, improves clinical features and biochemical markers, and the quality of life. More importantly, early treatment could slow or stop progressive organ damage in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Muntean
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Iuliana Magdalena Starcea
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Sf Maria Emergency Hospital for Children Iasi, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Stoica
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia Banescu
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
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18
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Gras-Colomer E, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Martínez-Gómez MA, Climente-Martí M, Merino-Sanjuan M. Quantitative assessment of the exposure-efficacy relationship of glucocerebrosidase using Markovian elements in Gaucher patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2727-2737. [PMID: 34957594 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study are (i) to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of enzyme activity in Gaucher-type 1 (GD1) patients after intravenous administration of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and, (ii) to establish an exposure-efficacy relationship for bone marrow infiltration to propose dose adjustments according to patient covariate values. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective follow-up, semi-experimental multi-centre study was conducted in four hospitals to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of ERT in GD1 patients. 25 individuals with 266 glucocerebrosidase (GCase) observations in plasma and leukocytes and 14 individuals with 68 Spanish Magnetic Resonance Imaging (S-MRI) observations were enrolled. RESULTS A two concatenated compartments with zero-order endogenous production and first-order distribution (CL1 =3.85 x10-1 L/d) and elimination (CL2 = 1.25 L/d) allowed to describe GCase observations in plasma and leucocytes, respectively. An exponential time-dependency (kT =6.14 x10-1 d-1 ) effect on CL1 was incorporated. The final exposure-efficacy model was a longitudinal logistic regression model with a first-order Markov element. An Emax function (EC50 =15.73 U/L and Emax=2.33) linked steady-state concentrations of GCase in leucocytes to the probability of transition across the different S-MRI stages. CONCLUSION A population pharmacokinetic model successfully characterized the leukocyte activity-time profiles of GCase following intravenous administration of ERT in GD1 patients together with an exposure-efficacy relationship in bone marrow using markovian elements. The information obtained from this study could be of high clinical relevance in individualization of ERT in GD1 patients, as this could lead to anticipate decision-making regarding clinical response in bone and optimal dosing strategy. NONSTANDARD ABBREVIATIONS: -2LL: -2xlog(likelihood); ERT: enzyme replacement therapy; GCase: glucocerebrosidase activity; GD1: Gaucher disease type 1; GOF: goodness-of-fit plots; IIV: inter-individual variability; NLME: non-linear mixed effects modelling; OFV: objective function value; pc-VPC: prediction-corrected visual predictive check; PK: pharmacokinetic; RSE: relative standard error; RUV: residual unexplained variability, S-MRI: Spanish Magnetic Resonance Imaging, TDM: therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Mangas-Sanjuán
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Interuniversity Institute of Recognition Research Molecular and Technological Development
| | - María-Amparo Martínez-Gómez
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset of Valencia, Spain.,Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Climente-Martí
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset of Valencia, Spain
| | - Matilde Merino-Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacy Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Interuniversity Institute of Recognition Research Molecular and Technological Development
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The Shiga Toxin Receptor Globotriaosylceramide as Therapeutic Target in Shiga Toxin E. coli Mediated HUS. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102157. [PMID: 34683478 PMCID: PMC8537462 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 90% of the cases, childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by an infection with the Shiga toxin (Stx) producing E. coli bacteria (STEC-HUS). Stx preferentially binds to its receptor, the glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), present on the surface of human kidney cells and various organs. In this study, the glycosphingolipid pathway in endothelial cells was explored as therapeutic target for STEC-HUS. Primary human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs) and human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) in quiescent and activated state were pre-incubated with Eliglustat (Cerdelga®; glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor) or Agalsidase alpha (Replagal®; human cell derived alpha-galactosidase) in combination with various concentrations of Stx2a. Preincubation of endothelial cells with Agalsidase resulted in an increase of α-galactosidase activity in the cell, but had no effect on the binding of Stx to the cell surface when compared to control cells. However, the incubation of both types of endothelial cells incubated with or without the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα in combination with Eliglustat resulted in significant decrease of Stx binding to the cell surface, a decrease in protein synthesis by Stx2a, and diminished cellular Gb3 levels as compared to control cells. In conclusion, inhibition of the synthesis of Gb3 may be a potential future therapeutic target to protect against (further) endothelial damage caused by Stx.
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Top O, Milferstaedt SWL, van Gessel N, Hoernstein SNW, Özdemir B, Decker EL, Reski R. Expression of a human cDNA in moss results in spliced mRNAs and fragmentary protein isoforms. Commun Biol 2021; 4:964. [PMID: 34385580 PMCID: PMC8361020 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of biopharmaceuticals relies on the expression of mammalian cDNAs in host organisms. Here we show that the expression of a human cDNA in the moss Physcomitrium patens generates the expected full-length and four additional transcripts due to unexpected splicing. This mRNA splicing results in non-functional protein isoforms, cellular misallocation of the proteins and low product yields. We integrated these results together with the results of our analysis of all 32,926 protein-encoding Physcomitrella genes and their 87,533 annotated transcripts in a web application, physCO, for automatized optimization. A thus optimized cDNA results in about twelve times more protein, which correctly localizes to the ER. An analysis of codon preferences of different production hosts suggests that similar effects occur also in non-plant hosts. We anticipate that the use of our methodology will prevent so far undetected mRNA heterosplicing resulting in maximized functional protein amounts for basic biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Top
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Department Biology I, LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stella W L Milferstaedt
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Bugra Özdemir
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the α-galactosidase A (GLA) gene, leading to a deficiency in α-galactosidase A. The lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, primarily globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and its deacylated form, globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3), results in progressive renal failure, cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac arrhythmia and recurrent cerebrovascular events, significantly limiting life expectancy in affected patients. In male patients, a definitive diagnosis of FD involves demonstrating a GLA deficiency in leucocytes. In females, because of the potential high residual enzymatic activity, the diagnostic gold standard requires molecular genetic analyses. The current treatment options for FD include recombinant enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) with intravenous agalsidase-α (0.2 mg/kg body weight) or agalsidase-β (1 mg/kg body weight) every 2 weeks as well as an oral pharmacological chaperone (migalastat 123 mg every other day) that selectively and reversibly binds to the active sites of amenable mutant forms of the GLA enzyme. These therapies facilitate cellular Gb3 clearance and an overall improvement of disease burden. However, ERT can lead to infusion-associated reactions, as well as the formation of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies in ∼40% of all ERT-treated males, leading to an attenuation of therapy efficacy. This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis and interdisciplinary clinical management of FD and discusses the therapeutic options, with a special focus on precision medicine, accounting for individual variability in genetic mutations, Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 levels, allowing physicians to predict more accurately which prevention and treatment strategy is best for which patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Münster, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Münster, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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22
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Dellas N, Liu J, Botham RC, Huisman GW. Adapting protein sequences for optimized therapeutic efficacy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 64:38-47. [PMID: 33933937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins alleviate disease pathology by supplementing missing or defective native proteins, sequestering superfluous proteins, or by acting through designed non-natural mechanisms. Although therapeutic proteins often have the same amino acid sequence as their native counterpart, their maturation paths from expression to the site of physiological activity are inherently different, and optimizing protein sequences for properties that 100s of millions of years of evolution did not need to address presents an opportunity to develop better biological treatments. Because therapeutic proteins are inherently non-natural entities, optimization for their desired function should be considered analogous to that of small molecule drug candidates, which are optimized through expansive combinatorial variation by the medicinal chemist. Here, we review recent successes and challenges of protein engineering for optimized therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Dellas
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Dr, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA.
| | - Joyce Liu
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Dr, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Rachel C Botham
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Dr, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Gjalt W Huisman
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Dr, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
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23
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Oder D, Müntze J, Nordbeck P. Contemporary therapeutics and new drug developments for treatment of Fabry disease: a narrative review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2021; 11:683-695. [PMID: 33968645 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease (OMIM 301500) is an X-linked (Xq22.1) lysosomal storage disorder leading to a progressive multisystem disease with high variability in both genotype and phenotype expression. The pathophysiological origin is found in an enzyme deficiency of the α-galactosidase A (enzyme commission no. 3.2.1.22) leading to accumulation of globotriaosylceramides in all lysosome carrying tissue. Especially organ manifestations of the heart, kidneys and nervous system are of significant prognostic value and might complicate with Fabry-associated pain, young aged cryptogenic stroke, proteinuria, kidney failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, malign cardiac rhythm disturbances and eventually sudden cardiac death. Up to the introduction of the first enzyme replacement agent in 2001, patients faced the disease's natural course with no disease-specific therapies available. Today, two recombinant enzyme replacement agents (Fabrazyme®, Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, USA; Replagal®, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Tokio, Japan) and one oral chaperone therapy (Migalastat®, Amicus Therapeutics, USA) are available and well-established in daily clinical practice. Substrate reduction therapy, second-generation enzyme replacement agents and different gene therapy approaches are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trial phases and aim to improve therapeutic success and long-term outcome of patients with Fabry disease. This narrative review summarizes the currently available therapeutic options and future perspectives in Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Fabry Center for Interdisciplinary Therapy (FAZIT) and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Müntze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Fabry Center for Interdisciplinary Therapy (FAZIT) and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nordbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Fabry Center for Interdisciplinary Therapy (FAZIT) and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disease based on a deficiency of α-galactosidase A (AGAL) caused by mutations in the α-galactosidase A gene (GLA). The lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, especially globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3, deacylated form), leads to a multisystemic disease with progressive renal failure, cardiomyopathy with potentially malignant cardiac arrhythmias, and strokes, which considerably limits the life expectancy of affected patients. Diagnostic confirmation in male patients is based on the detection of AGAL deficiency in blood leukocytes, whereas in women, due to the potentially high residual enzymatic activity, molecular genetic detection of a causal mutation is required. Current treatment options for FD include recombinant enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with intravenous agalsidase-alfa (0.2 mg/kg body weight) or agalsidase-beta (1 mg/kg body weight) every 2 weeks and oral chaperone therapy with migalastat (123 mg every other day), which selectively and reversibly binds to the active site of AGAL, thereby correcting the misfolding of the enzyme and allowing it to traffic to the lysosome. These therapies enable cellular Gb3 clearance and improve the burden of disease. However, in about 40% of all ERT-treated men, ERT can lead to infusion-associated reactions and the formation of neutralizing antidrug antibodies, which reduces the efficacy of therapy. In chaperone therapy, there are carriers of amenable mutations that show limited clinical success. This article provides a brief overview of the clinical picture in FD patients, diagnostic confirmation, and interdisciplinary clinical management of FD. The focus is on current and future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, and Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Münster (IFAZ), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, and Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Münster (IFAZ), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Lenders M, Scharnetzki D, Heidari A, Di Iorio D, Wegner SV, Brand E. Generation and Characterization of a Polyclonal Human Reference Antibody to Measure Anti-Drug Antibody Titers in Patients with Fabry Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2680. [PMID: 33800950 PMCID: PMC7961705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Male patients with Fabry disease (FD) are at high risk for the formation of antibodies to recombinant α-galactosidase A (AGAL), used for enzyme replacement therapy. Due to the rapid disease progression, the identification of patients at risk is highly warranted. However, currently suitable references and standardized protocols for anti-drug antibodies (ADA) determination do not exist. Here we generate a comprehensive patient-derived antibody mixture as a reference, allowing ELISA-based quantification of antibody titers from individual blood samples. Serum samples of 22 male patients with FD and ADAs against AGAL were pooled and purified by immune adsorption. ADA-affinities against agalsidase-α, agalsidase-β and Moss-AGAL were measured by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). AGAL-specific immune adsorption generated a polyclonal ADA mixture showing a concentration-dependent binding and inhibition of AGAL. Titers in raw sera and from purified total IgGs (r2 = 0.9063 and r2 = 0.8952, both p < 0.0001) correlated with the individual inhibitory capacities of ADAs. QCM-D measurements demonstrated comparable affinities of the reference antibody for agalsidase-α, agalsidase-β and Moss-AGAL (KD: 1.94 ± 0.11 µM, 2.46 ± 0.21 µM, and 1.33 ± 0.09 µM, respectively). The reference antibody allows the ELISA-based ADA titer determination and quantification of absolute concentrations. Furthermore, ADAs from patients with FD have comparable affinities to agalsidase-α, agalsidase-β and Moss-AGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Muenster (IFAZ), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.S.); (E.B.)
| | - David Scharnetzki
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Muenster (IFAZ), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Ali Heidari
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.H.); (D.D.I.); (S.V.W.)
| | - Daniele Di Iorio
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.H.); (D.D.I.); (S.V.W.)
| | - Seraphine Valeska Wegner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (A.H.); (D.D.I.); (S.V.W.)
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Interdisciplinary Fabry Center Muenster (IFAZ), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.S.); (E.B.)
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Silva CAB, Moura-Neto JA, Dos Reis MA, Vieira Neto OM, Barreto FC. Renal Manifestations of Fabry Disease: A Narrative Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:2054358120985627. [PMID: 33786192 PMCID: PMC7960898 DOI: 10.1177/2054358120985627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review In this narrative review, we describe general aspects, histological alterations, treatment, and implications of Fabry disease (FD) nephropathy. This information should be used to guide physicians and patients in a shared decision-making process. Source of information Original peer-reviewed articles, review articles, and opinion pieces were identified from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Only sources in English were accessed. Methods We performed a focused narrative review assessing the main aspects of FD nephropathy. The literature was critically analyzed from a theoretical and contextual perspective, and thematic analysis was performed. Key findings FD nephropathy is related to the progressive accumulation of GL3, which occurs in all types of renal cells. It is more prominent in podocytes, which seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this nephropathy. A precise detection of renal disorders is of fundamental importance because the specific treatment of FD is usually delayed, making reversibility unlikely and leading to a worse prognosis. Limitations As no formal tool was applied to assess the quality of the included studies, selection bias may have occurred. Nonetheless, we have attempted to provide a comprehensive review on the topic using current studies from experts in FD and extensive review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Antônia Dos Reis
- Nephropathology Service, General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Merege Vieira Neto
- Nephrology Service, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fellype Carvalho Barreto
- Nephrology Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Azevedo O, Gago MF, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G, Sousa N, Cunha D. Fabry Disease Therapy: State-of-the-Art and Current Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010206. [PMID: 33379210 PMCID: PMC7794923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations of the GLA gene that lead to a deficiency of the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase A. Available therapies for FD include enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) (agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta) and the chaperone migalastat. Despite the large body of literature published about ERT over the years, many issues remain unresolved, such as the optimal dose, the best timing to start therapy, and the clinical impact of anti-drug antibodies. Migalastat was recently approved for FD patients with amenable GLA mutations; however, recent studies have raised concerns that "in vitro" amenability may not always reflect "in vivo" amenability, and some findings on real-life studies have contrasted with the results of the pivotal clinical trials. Moreover, both FD specific therapies present limitations, and the attempt to correct the enzymatic deficiency, either by enzyme exogenous administration or enzyme stabilization with a chaperone, has not shown to be able to fully revert FD pathology and clinical manifestations. Therefore, several new therapies are under research, including new forms of ERT, substrate reduction therapy, mRNA therapy, and gene therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art on the currently approved and emerging new therapies for adult patients with FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Azevedo
- Cardiology Department, Reference Center on Lysosomal Storage Disorders, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.F.G.); (G.M.-M.); (N.S.); (D.C.)
- ICVS/3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-540-330; Fax: +351-253-513-592
| | - Miguel Fernandes Gago
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.F.G.); (G.M.-M.); (N.S.); (D.C.)
- ICVS/3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Neurology Department, Reference Center on Lysosomal Storage Disorders, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Miltenberger-Miltenyi
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.F.G.); (G.M.-M.); (N.S.); (D.C.)
- ICVS/3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Genetics Department, Reference Center on Lysosomal Storage Disorders, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.F.G.); (G.M.-M.); (N.S.); (D.C.)
- ICVS/3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Damião Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.F.G.); (G.M.-M.); (N.S.); (D.C.)
- ICVS/3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Abasolo I, Seras-Franzoso J, Moltó-Abad M, Díaz-Riascos V, Corchero JL, Pintos-Morell G, Schwartz S. Nanotechnology-based approaches for treating lysosomal storage disorders, a focus on Fabry disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1684. [PMID: 33314628 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of rare diseases in which the defect of a lysosomal protein results in a pathogenic accumulation of nonmetabolized products within the cells. The main treatment for LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), consisting in the exogenous administration a recombinant protein to replace the defective one. Although several diseases such as Gaucher, Fabry, and Pompe are treated following this approach, ERT is limited to LSDs without severe neuronal affectation because recombinant enzymes do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, ERT shows additional drawbacks, including enzyme low half-life, poor bioavailability, and immunogenic responses. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have been proposed as solution to overcome these limitations and improve the efficacy of ERT. The present review summarizes distinct approaches followed by our group and collaborators on the use of DDS for restoring lysosomal enzymes in disease-affected cells. During the last decade, we have been exploring different synthetic nanoparticles, from electrolytic complexes, to liposomes and aggresomes, for the delivery of α-galactosidase A (GLA) enzyme. Studies were mainly conducted on Fabry disease models, but results can be also extrapolated to other LSDs, as well as to other diseases treated with alternative therapeutic proteins. The advantages and disadvantages of different DDS, the difficulties from working with very labile and highly glycosylated enzymes and the relevance of using appropriate targeting moieties is thoroughly discussed. Finally, the use of natural DDS, namely extracellular vesicles (EVs) is also introduced. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibane Abasolo
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Moltó-Abad
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Rare Diseases, Reference Center for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (CSUR, XUEC, MetabERN, and CIBER-ER), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Díaz-Riascos
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pintos-Morell
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Rare Diseases, Reference Center for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (CSUR, XUEC, MetabERN, and CIBER-ER), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simó Schwartz
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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van der Veen SJ, Hollak CEM, van Kuilenburg ABP, Langeveld M. Developments in the treatment of Fabry disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:908-921. [PMID: 32083331 PMCID: PMC7540041 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant α-galactosidase A (r-αGAL A) for the treatment of Fabry disease has been available for over 15 years. Long-term treatment may slow down disease progression, but cardiac, renal, and cerebral complications still develop in most patients. In addition, lifelong intravenous treatment is burdensome. Therefore, several new treatment approaches have been explored over the past decade. Chaperone therapy (Migalastat; 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin) is the only other currently approved therapy for Fabry disease. This oral small molecule aims to improve enzyme activity of mutated α-galactosidase A and can only be used in patients with specific mutations. Treatments currently under evaluation in (pre)clinical trials are second generation enzyme replacement therapies (Pegunigalsidase-alfa, Moss-aGal), substrate reduction therapies (Venglustat and Lucerastat), mRNA- and gene-based therapy. This review summarises the knowledge on currently available and potential future options for the treatment of Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J. van der Veen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Carla E. M. Hollak
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - André B. P. van Kuilenburg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gastroenterology & MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Langeveld
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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30
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Turkmen K, Baloglu I. Fabry disease: where are we now? Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:2113-2122. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Hintze S, Limmer S, Dabrowska-Schlepp P, Berg B, Krieghoff N, Busch A, Schaaf A, Meinke P, Schoser B. Moss-Derived Human Recombinant GAA Provides an Optimized Enzyme Uptake in Differentiated Human Muscle Cells of Pompe Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072642. [PMID: 32290314 PMCID: PMC7177967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). The result of the GAA deficiency is a ubiquitous lysosomal and non-lysosomal accumulation of glycogen. The most affected tissues are heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and the nervous system. Replacement therapy with the currently approved enzyme relies on M6P-mediated endocytosis. However, therapeutic outcomes still leave room for improvement, especially with regard to skeletal muscles. We tested the uptake, activity, and effect on glucose metabolism of a non-phosphorylated recombinant human GAA produced in moss (moss-GAA). Three variants of moss-GAA differing in glycosylation pattern have been analyzed: two with terminal mannose residues in a paucimannosidic (Man3) or high-mannose (Man 5) configuration and one with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues (GnGn). Compared to alglucosidase alfa the moss-GAA GnGn variant showed increased uptake in differentiated myotubes. Moreover, incubation of immortalized muscle cells of Gaa-/- mice with moss-GAA GnGn led to similarly efficient clearance of accumulated glycogen as with alglucosidase alfa. These initial data suggest that M6P-residues might not always be necessary for the cellular uptake in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and indicate the potential of moss-GAA GnGn as novel alternative drug for targeting skeletal muscle in Pompe patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hintze
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Sarah Limmer
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
| | | | - Birgit Berg
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Nicola Krieghoff
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Busch
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Schaaf
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Peter Meinke
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)89-4400-57400; Fax: +49-(0)89-4400-57402
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32
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Feriozzi S, Hughes DA. New drugs for the treatment of Anderson-Fabry disease. J Nephrol 2020; 34:221-230. [PMID: 32193835 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of the Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) has changed the outcome of patients. However, ERT has some limitations: a restricted volume of distribution, requirement for intravenous access, and stimulation of the production of anti-drug antibodies. Studies of new drugs aiming to improve the clinical effectiveness and convenience of therapy have been reported. Migalastat, a pharmacological chaperone, increases available enzymate activity in patients with mutations amenable to the therapy, is now available for clinical practice. It is orally administered, and while clinical trial results are promising, long term real world follow up is awaited. PEGylated enzyme has a longer half-life and potentially reduced antigenicity, compared with standard preparations; investigation of whether a longer dosing interval is viable is under way. Moss-derived enzyme has a higher affinity for mannose receptors, and appears to have access to renal tissue. Substrate reduction therapy is based on reducing the catabolism processes of the glycosphingolipids, and is currently under investigation as monotherapy. Gene therapy has now been initiated in clinical trail of in vivo and ex vivo technologies with early results are emerging. ERT represents a certain milestone of therapy for AFD with Migalastat now a newly available option. Other agents in clinical trial prevent further potential opportunities to improve outcomes in AFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Feriozzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Belcolle Hospital, Via Sammartinese snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Derralynn A Hughes
- Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and University College London, London, UK
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33
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Campos ML, Prado GS, Dos Santos VO, Nascimento LC, Dohms SM, da Cunha NB, Ramada MHS, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Dias SC. Mosses: Versatile plants for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107533. [PMID: 32151692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosses have long been recognized as powerful experimental tools for the elucidation of complex processes in plant biology. Recent increases in the availability of sequenced genomes and mutant collections, the establishment of novel technologies for targeted mutagenesis, and the development of viable protocols for large-scale production in bioreactors are now transforming mosses into one of the most versatile tools for biotechnological applications. In the present review, we highlight the astonishing biotechnological potential of mosses and how these plants are being exploited for industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. We focus on the biological features that support their use as model organisms for basic and applied research, and how these are being leveraged to explore the biotechnological potential in an increasing number of species. Finally, we also provide an overview of the available moss cultivation protocols from an industrial perspective, offering insights into batch operations that are not yet well established or do not even exist in the literature. Our goal is to bolster the use of mosses as factories for the biosynthesis of molecules of interest and to show how these species can be harnessed for the generation of novel and commercially useful bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Integrative Plant Research Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Olinto Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lara Camelo Nascimento
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephan Machado Dohms
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Soller Ramada
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-Praga, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Rempfer C, Ruiz-Molina N, Lorenz T, Rodríguez Jahnke F, Figl R, Fode B, Altmann F, Reski R, Decker EL. Stable Protein Sialylation in Physcomitrella. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610032. [PMID: 33391325 PMCID: PMC7775405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinantly produced proteins are indispensable tools for medical applications. Since the majority of them are glycoproteins, their N-glycosylation profiles are major determinants for their activity, structural properties and safety. For therapeutical applications, a glycosylation pattern adapted to product and treatment requirements is advantageous. Physcomitrium patens (Physcomitrella, moss) is able to perform highly homogeneous complex-type N-glycosylation. Additionally, it has been glyco-engineered to eliminate plant-specific sugar residues by knock-out of the β1,2-xylosyltransferase and α1,3-fucosyltransferase genes (Δxt/ft). Furthermore, Physcomitrella meets wide-ranging biopharmaceutical requirements such as GMP compliance, product safety, scalability and outstanding possibilities for precise genome engineering. However, all plants, in contrast to mammals, lack the capability to perform N-glycan sialylation. Since sialic acids are a common terminal modification on human N-glycans, the property to perform N-glycan sialylation is highly desired within the plant-based biopharmaceutical sector. In this study, we present the successful achievement of protein N-glycan sialylation in stably transformed Physcomitrella. The sialylation ability was achieved in a Δxt/ft moss line by stable expression of seven mammalian coding sequences combined with targeted organelle-specific localization of the encoded enzymes responsible for the generation of β1,4-galactosylated acceptor N-glycans as well as the synthesis, activation, transport and transfer of sialic acid. Production of free (Neu5Ac) and activated (CMP-Neu5Ac) sialic acid was proven. The glycosidic anchor for the attachment of terminal sialic acid was generated by the introduction of a chimeric human β1,4-galactosyltransferase gene under the simultaneous knock-out of the gene encoding the endogenous β1,3-galactosyltransferase. Functional complex-type N-glycan sialylation was confirmed via mass spectrometric analysis of a stably co-expressed recombinant human protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Rempfer
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Molina
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Lorenz
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez Jahnke
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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Decker EL, Reski R. Mosses in biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:21-27. [PMID: 31689614 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological exploitation of mosses has several aspects, for example, the use of moss extracts or the whole plant for diverse industrial applications as well as their employment as production platforms for valuable metabolites or pharmaceutical proteins, especially using the genetically and developmentally best-characterised model moss Physcomitrella patens. Whole moss plants, in particular peat mosses (Sphagnum spec.), are useful for environmental approaches, biomonitoring of environmental pollution and CO2-neutral 'farming' on rewetted bogs to combat climate change. In addition, the lifestyle of mosses suggests the evolution of genes necessary to cope with biotic and abiotic stress situations, which could be applied to crop plants, and their structural features bear an inspiring potential for biomimetics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Schaenzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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