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Dabrowska‐Schlepp P, Busch A, Shen J, Cheong RY, Madsen LB, Mascher D, Schiffmann R, Schaaf A. Comparison of efficacy between subcutaneous and intravenous application of moss-aGal in the mouse model of Fabry disease. JIMD Rep 2023; 64:460-467. [PMID: 37927484 PMCID: PMC10623099 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD, OMIM 301500) is a rare X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder associated with reduced activities of α-galactosidase A (aGal, EC 3.2.1.22). The current standard of care for FD is based on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), in which a recombinantly produced version of αGal is intravenously (iv) applied to Fabry patients in biweekly intervals. Though the iv application is clinically efficacious, periodical infusions are inconvenient, time- and resource-consuming and they negatively impact the patients' quality of life. Subcutaneous (sc) injection, in contrast, is an established route of administration for treatment of chronic conditions. It opens the beneficial option of self-administration, thereby improving patients' quality of life and at the same time reducing treatment costs. We have previously shown that Moss-α-Galactosidase (moss-aGal), recombinantly produced in the moss Physcomitrium patens, is efficient in degrading accumulated Gb3 in target organs of murine model of FD and in the phase I clinical study, we obtained first efficacy evidence in human patients following single iv infusion. Here, we tested the efficacy of subcutaneous administration of moss-aGal and compared it with the results observed following iv infusion in Fabry mice. The obtained findings demonstrate that subcutaneously applied moss-aGal is correctly transported to target organs and efficacious in degrading Gb3 deposits there and thus suggest the possibility of using this route of administration for therapy of Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin‐Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research InstituteDallasTexasUSA
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Hintze S, Dabrowska‐Schlepp P, Berg B, Graupner A, Busch A, Schaaf A, Schoser B, Meinke P. Uptake of moss-derived human recombinant GAA in Gaa -/- mice. JIMD Rep 2021; 59:81-89. [PMID: 33977033 PMCID: PMC8100399 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). On cellular level, there is lysosomal-bound and free accumulation of glycogen and subsequent damage of organelles and organs. The most severe affected tissues are skeletal muscles and heart. The only available treatment to date is an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with alglucosidase alfa, a recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) modified with mannose-6-phosphate (M6P), which is internalized via M6P-mediated endocytosis. There is an unmet need to improve this type of therapy, especially in regard to skeletal muscle. Using different tissue culture models, we recently provided evidence that a moss-derived nonphosphorylated rhGAA (moss-GAA), carrying a glycosylation with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues (GnGn), might have the potential to improve targeting of skeletal muscle. Now, we present a pilot treatment of Gaa -/- mice with moss-GAA. We investigated general effects as well as the uptake into different organs following short-term treatment. Our results do confirm that moss-GAA reaches the target disease organs and thus might have the potential to be an alternative or complementary ERT to the existing one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hintze
- Friedrich‐Baur‐Institute at the Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | - Alexandra Graupner
- Friedrich‐Baur‐Institute at the Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich‐Baur‐Institute at the Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Peter Meinke
- Friedrich‐Baur‐Institute at the Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
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Hintze S, Limmer S, Dabrowska-Schlepp P, Berg B, Krieghoff N, Busch A, Schaaf A, Meinke P, Schoser B. Moss-Derived Human Recombinant GAA Provides an Optimized Enzyme Uptake in Differentiated Human Muscle Cells of Pompe Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072642. [PMID: 32290314 PMCID: PMC7177967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). The result of the GAA deficiency is a ubiquitous lysosomal and non-lysosomal accumulation of glycogen. The most affected tissues are heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and the nervous system. Replacement therapy with the currently approved enzyme relies on M6P-mediated endocytosis. However, therapeutic outcomes still leave room for improvement, especially with regard to skeletal muscles. We tested the uptake, activity, and effect on glucose metabolism of a non-phosphorylated recombinant human GAA produced in moss (moss-GAA). Three variants of moss-GAA differing in glycosylation pattern have been analyzed: two with terminal mannose residues in a paucimannosidic (Man3) or high-mannose (Man 5) configuration and one with terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues (GnGn). Compared to alglucosidase alfa the moss-GAA GnGn variant showed increased uptake in differentiated myotubes. Moreover, incubation of immortalized muscle cells of Gaa-/- mice with moss-GAA GnGn led to similarly efficient clearance of accumulated glycogen as with alglucosidase alfa. These initial data suggest that M6P-residues might not always be necessary for the cellular uptake in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and indicate the potential of moss-GAA GnGn as novel alternative drug for targeting skeletal muscle in Pompe patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hintze
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Sarah Limmer
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
| | | | - Birgit Berg
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Nicola Krieghoff
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Busch
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Schaaf
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (P.D.-S.); (B.B.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Peter Meinke
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)89-4400-57400; Fax: +49-(0)89-4400-57402
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4
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Hennermann JB, Arash-Kaps L, Fekete G, Schaaf A, Busch A, Frischmuth T. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of moss-aGalactosidase A in patients with Fabry disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:527-533. [PMID: 30746723 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moss-aGalactosidase A (moss-aGal) is a moss-derived version of human α-galactosidase developed for enzyme replacement therapy in patients with Fabry disease. It exhibits a homogenous N-glycosylation profile with >90% mannose-terminated glycans. In contrast to mammalian cell produced α-galactosidase, moss-aGal does not rely on mannose-6-phosphate receptor mediated endocytosis but targets the mannose receptor for tissue uptake. We conducted a phase 1 clinical trial with moss-aGal in six patients with confirmed diagnosis of Fabry disease during a 28-day schedule. All patients received a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg moss-aGal by i.v.-infusion. Primary endpoints of the trial were safety and pharmacokinetics; secondary endpoints were pharmacodynamics by analyzing urine and plasma Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 concentrations. In all patients, the administered single dose was well tolerated. No safety issues were observed. Pharmacokinetic data revealed a stable nonlinear profile with a short plasma half-life of moss-aGal of 14 minutes. After one single dose of moss-aGal, urinary Gb3 concentrations decreased up to 23% 7 days and up to 60% 28 days post-dose. Plasma concentrations of lyso-Gb3 decreased by 3.8% and of Gb3 by 11% 28 days post-dose. These data reveal that a single dose of moss-aGal was safe, well tolerated, and led to a prolonged reduction of Gb3 excretion. As previously shown, moss-aGal is taken up via the mannose receptor, which is expressed on macrophages but also on endothelial and kidney cells. Thus, these data indicate that moss-aGal may target kidney cells. After these promising results, phase 2/3 clinical trials are in preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Hennermann
- Villa Metabolica, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laila Arash-Kaps
- Villa Metabolica, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - György Fekete
- II. Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Hoernstein SNW, Fode B, Wiedemann G, Lang D, Niederkrüger H, Berg B, Schaaf A, Frischmuth T, Schlosser A, Decker EL, Reski R. Host Cell Proteome of Physcomitrella patens Harbors Proteases and Protease Inhibitors under Bioproduction Conditions. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3749-3760. [PMID: 30226384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins are inevitable contaminants of biopharmaceuticals. Here, we performed detailed analyses of the host cell proteome of moss ( Physcomitrella patens) bioreactor supernatants using mass spectrometry and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. Distinguishing between the apparent secretome and intracellular contaminants, a complex extracellular proteolytic network including subtilisin-like proteases, metallo-proteases, and aspartic proteases was identified. Knockout of a subtilisin-like protease affected the overall extracellular proteolytic activity. Besides proteases, also secreted protease-inhibiting proteins such as serpins were identified. Further, we confirmed predicted cleavage sites of 40 endogenous signal peptides employing an N-terminomics approach. The present data provide novel aspects to optimize both product stability of recombinant biopharmaceuticals as well as their maturation along the secretory pathway. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N W Hoernstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Fode
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Gertrud Wiedemann
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Lang
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Plant Genome and System Biology , Helmholtz Center Munich , D-85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Holger Niederkrüger
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Birgit Berg
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Schaaf
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Frischmuth
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine , University of Wuerzburg , D-97080 Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany.,BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , University of Freiburg , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
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Häffner K, Parsons J, Bohlender LL, Hoernstein S, Niederkrüger H, Fode B, Busch A, Krieghoff N, Koch J, Schaaf A, Frischmuth T, Zipfel PF, Pohl M, Reski R, Decker EL, Michelfelder S. Treatment of experimental C3 Glomerulopathy by human complement factor H produced in glycosylation-optimized Physcomitrella patens. Mol Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Michelfelder S, Parsons J, Bohlender LL, Hoernstein SNW, Niederkrüger H, Busch A, Krieghoff N, Koch J, Fode B, Schaaf A, Frischmuth T, Pohl M, Zipfel PF, Reski R, Decker EL, Häffner K. Moss-Produced, Glycosylation-Optimized Human Factor H for Therapeutic Application in Complement Disorders. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1462-1474. [PMID: 27932477 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in complement regulatory proteins can lead to severe renal diseases, including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathies, and age-related macular degeneration. The majority of the mutations found in patients with these diseases affect the glycoprotein complement factor H, the main regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Therapeutic options are limited, and novel treatments, specifically those targeting alternative pathway activation, are highly desirable. Substitution with biologically active factor H could potentially treat a variety of diseases that involve increased alternative pathway activation, but no therapeutic factor H is commercially available. We recently reported the expression of full-length recombinant factor H in moss (Physcomitrella patens). Here, we present the production of an improved moss-derived recombinant human factor H devoid of potentially immunogenic plant-specific sugar residues on protein N-glycans, yielding approximately 1 mg purified moss-derived human factor H per liter of initial P. patens culture after a multistep purification process. This glycosylation-optimized factor H showed full in vitro complement regulatory activity similar to that of plasma-derived factor H and efficiently blocked LPS-induced alternative pathway activation and hemolysis induced by sera from patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Furthermore, injection of moss-derived factor H reduced C3 deposition and increased serum C3 levels in a murine model of C3 glomerulopathy. Thus, we consider moss-produced recombinant human factor H a promising pharmaceutical product for therapeutic intervention in patients suffering from complement dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Michelfelder
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lennard L Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonas Koch
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Martin Pohl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and.,FRIAS Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Karsten Häffner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany;
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Shen JS, Busch A, Day TS, Meng XL, Yu CI, Dabrowska-Schlepp P, Fode B, Niederkrüger H, Forni S, Chen S, Schiffmann R, Frischmuth T, Schaaf A. Mannose receptor-mediated delivery of moss-made α-galactosidase A efficiently corrects enzyme deficiency in Fabry mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:293-303. [PMID: 26310963 PMCID: PMC4754329 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is an effective treatment for several lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Intravenously infused enzymes are taken up by tissues through either the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) or the mannose receptor (MR). It is generally believed that M6PR-mediated endocytosis is a key mechanism for ERT in treating LSDs that affect the non-macrophage cells of visceral organs. However, the therapeutic efficacy of MR-mediated delivery of mannose-terminated enzymes in these diseases has not been fully evaluated. We tested the effectiveness of a non-phosphorylated α-galactosidase A produced from moss (referred to as moss-aGal) in vitro and in a mouse model of Fabry disease. Endocytosis of moss-aGal was MR-dependent. Compared to agalsidase alfa, a phosphorylated form of α-galactosidase A, moss-aGal was more preferentially targeted to the kidney. Cellular localization of moss-aGal and agalsidase alfa in the heart and kidney was essentially identical. A single injection of moss-aGal led to clearance of accumulated substrate in the heart and kidney to an extent comparable to that achieved by agalsidase alfa. This study suggested that mannose-terminated enzymes may be sufficiently effective for some LSDs in which non-macrophage cells are affected, and that M6P residues may not always be a prerequisite for ERT as previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA.
| | | | - Taniqua S Day
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Xing-Li Meng
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Chun I Yu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, 75204, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sabrina Forni
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
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Büttner-Mainik A, Parsons J, Jérôme H, Hartmann A, Lamer S, Schaaf A, Schlosser A, Zipfel PF, Reski R, Decker EL. Production of biologically active recombinant human factor H in Physcomitrella. Plant Biotechnol J 2011; 9:373-83. [PMID: 20723134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The human complement regulatory serum protein factor H (FH) is a promising future biopharmaceutical. Defects in the gene encoding FH are associated with human diseases like severe kidney and retinal disorders in the form of atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis II (MPGN II) or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There is a current need to apply intact full-length FH for the therapy of patients with congenital or acquired defects of this protein. Application of purified or recombinant FH (rFH) to these patients is an important and promising approach for the treatment of these diseases. However, neither protein purified from plasma of healthy individuals nor recombinant protein is currently available on the market. Here, we report the first stable expression of the full-length human FH cDNA and the subsequent production of this glycoprotein in a plant system. The moss Physcomitrella patens perfectly suits the requirements for the production of complex biopharmaceuticals as this eukaryotic system not only offers an outstanding genetical accessibility, but moreover, proteins can be produced safely in scalable photobioreactors without the need for animal-derived medium compounds. Transgenic moss lines were created, which express the human FH cDNA and target the recombinant protein to the culture supernatant via a moss-derived secretion signal. Correct processing of the signal peptide and integrity of the moss-produced rFH were verified via peptide mapping by mass spectrometry. Ultimately, we show that the rFH displays complement regulatory activity comparable to FH purified from plasma.
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Muller C, Schaaf A, Sigal J. Biochronostratigraphie des formations d'âge crétacé dans les forages du DSDP dans l'Océan Atlantique Nord. Première partie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2516/ogst:1983042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stumpe M, Bode J, Göbel C, Wichard T, Schaaf A, Frank W, Frank M, Reski R, Pohnert G, Feussner I. Biosynthesis of C9-aldehydes in the moss Physcomitrella patens☆. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:301-12. [PMID: 16630744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
After wounding, the moss Physcomitrella patens emits fatty acid derived volatiles like octenal, octenols and (2E)-nonenal. Flowering plants produce nonenal from C18-fatty acids via lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase reactions, but the moss exploits the C20 precursor arachidonic acid for the formation of these oxylipins. We describe the isolation of the first cDNA (PpHPL) encoding a hydroperoxide lyase from a lower eukaryotic organism. The physiological pathway allocation and characterization of a downstream enal-isomerase gives a new picture for the formation of fatty acid derived volatiles from lower plants. Expression of a fusion protein with a yellow fluorescent protein in moss protoplasts showed that PpHPL was found in clusters in membranes of plastids. PpHPL can be classified as an unspecific hydroperoxide lyase having a substrate preference for 9-hydroperoxides of C18-fatty acids but also the predominant substrate 12-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid is accepted. Feeding experiments using arachidonic acid show an increase in the 12-hydroperoxide being metabolized to C8-aldehydes/alcohols and (3Z)-nonenal, which is rapidly isomerized to (2E)-nonenal. PpHPL knock out lines failed to emit (2E)-nonenal while formation of C8-volatiles was not affected indicating that in contrast to flowering plants, PpHPL is only involved in formation of a specific subset of volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stumpe
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Schaaf A, Tintelnot S, Baur A, Reski R, Gorr G, Decker EL. Use of endogenous signal sequences for transient production and efficient secretion by moss (Physcomitrella patens) cells. BMC Biotechnol 2005; 5:30. [PMID: 16271156 PMCID: PMC1291358 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient targeting to appropriate cell organelles is one of the bottlenecks for the production of recombinant proteins in plant systems. A common practice is to use the native secretory signal peptide of the heterologous protein to be produced. Though general features of secretion signals are conserved between plants and animals, the broad sequence variability among signal peptides suggests differing efficiency of signal peptide recognition. Results Aiming to improve secretion in moss bioreactors, we quantitatively compared the efficiency of two human signal peptides and six signals from recently isolated moss (Physcomitrella patens) proteins. We therefore used fusions of the different signals to heterologous reporter sequences for transient transfection of moss cells and measured the extra- and intracellular accumulation of the recombinant proteins rhVEGF and GST, respectively. Our data demonstrates an up to fivefold higher secretion efficiency with endogenous moss signals compared to the two utilised human signal peptides. Conclusion From the distribution of extra- and intracellular recombinant proteins, we suggest translational inhibition during the signal recognition particle-cycle (SRP-cycle) as the most probable of several possible explanations for the decreased extracellular accumulation with the human signals. In this work, we report on the supremacy of moss secretion signals over the utilised heterologous ones within the moss-bioreactor system. Though the molecular details of this effect remain to be elucidated, our results will contribute to the improvement of molecular farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaaf
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tintelnot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Armin Baur
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- greenovation Biotech GmbH, Boetzinger Str. 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gilbert Gorr
- greenovation Biotech GmbH, Boetzinger Str. 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Beynon V, Török HP, Glas J, Schaaf A, Wagner S, Lohse P, Ochsenkühn T, Mussack T, Folwaczny M, Folwaczny C. Trägern von Mutationen in beiden CARD15-Allelen (double-dose-Mutationen) zeigen eine gestörte monozytäre Zytokinproduktion nach Stimulation mit MDP. Z Gastroenterol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-921805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
New approaches to treat prostate cancer (PCA) are utilizing gene therapy and aim to correct the disease at the genetic level. Getting a gene efficiently into the target cell is the subject of much interest. We used a holmium laser for transfecting rat PCA cells with the reporter gene pEGFP. By FACS analysis and fluorescence microscopy, we could demonstrate that cellular delivery of plasmid DNA was possible with high efficiencies up to 41.3%. Therefore, transfection of PCA cells by holmium laser might offer a promising new gene transfer strategy to PCA with minimal invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sagi
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Germany
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15
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Schaaf A, Reski R, Decker EL. A novel aspartic proteinase is targeted to the secretory pathway and to the vacuole in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Eur J Cell Biol 2004; 83:145-52. [PMID: 15260436 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In seed plants aspartic proteases (APs) are known to reside in storage vacuoles. Targeting to this compartment is provoked by a secretory signal peptide and the plant-specific insert (PSI). In order to study secretory and vacuolar targeting in a seedless plant, the moss Physcomitrella patens, we isolated a cDNA encoding PpAP1, a novel aspartic proteinase. Sequence alignment with other members of the family of plant APs (EC 3.4.23) revealed a high overall identity and the Pfam motifs for aspartic proteinase and PSI were clearly recognised. In phylogenetic analysis PpAP1 was placed at a very basal position outside of the bigger clusters. Protoplasts transiently expressing the PpAP1 signal peptide fused to GFP showed fluorescence in a well-developed ER-Golgi network. A C-terminal fusion of GFP to the entire PpAP1 protein showed vacuolar fluorescence in transiently transfected protoplasts. Therefore, the vacuole is apparently the in-vivo target for PpAP1. In this study the three-dimensional peculiarity of the endomembrane continuum of ER and Golgi was visualised in a seedless plant for the first time. Above all the functionality of the secretory and the vacuolar targeting signals make them become useful tools for biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaaf
- Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Schaaf A, Langbein S, Knoll T, Alken P, Michel MS. In vitro transfection of human bladder cancer cells by acoustic energy. Anticancer Res 2003; 23:4871-5. [PMID: 14981938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine and quantify the shock-wave-induced transfection of human bladder carcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell suspensions were transfected with different concentrations of the pEGFP-N1 plasmid. Shock-waves were applied in a degassed water bath with different numbers of impulses at different energy levels. Additionally, the effects of different DNA concentrations, frequencies and the absence/presence of a liquid air border were examined. RESULTS After shock-wave application, the transfection rate increased up to a maximum of 27.10% after 1000 impulses at an energy level of 0.5 mJ/mm2. In comparison negative control groups were transfected significantly below 1%. An increase in acoustic power and frequency and of DNA concentration and the presence of a liquid-air border resulted in an increasing transfection rate. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that naked plasmid DNA can easily and effectively be delivered to malignant urothelial cells in vitro upon exposure to lithotripter-generated shock-waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schaaf
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
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17
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Schaaf A, McNealy T, Steidler A, Alken P, Michel MS. [A New Ex-Vivo 3D Bladder Matrix Model for Standardised Evaluation of Urothelial Transfection Methods]. Aktuelle Urol 2003; 34:172-5. [PMID: 14566689 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-40235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene therapy strategies are a promising new alternative option in the treatment of cancer diseases and great effort is dedicated to the development of new gene transfer methods. At present, in vitro cell culture experiments or in vivo animal trials are the only available alternatives in the search for new gene transfer methods. We attempted to develop and evaluate a new 3D matrix model as a step between in vitro experiments and animal trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated a convenient model with an agarose gel as a basis for small intestinal submucosa or a polyethylene membrane. The produced model consisting of human smooth muscle cells and human bladder carcinoma cells was transfected with a modified standard Lipofectamine trade mark 2000 transfection procedure and visualised by fluorescence microscopy after cryo-sectioning. RESULTS With the help of this new technique it is possible to generate three dimensional tissues consisting of different types of cells in which the cells are adherent on the polyethylene and the SIS-membrane during the entire treatment. The resulting model was successfully transfected with the pEGFP-N1 plasmid. CONCLUSIONS This new three dimensional model allows the standardised evaluation of new transfection methods on multilayered ex-vivo generated tissues consisting of different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schaaf
- Urologische Klinik des Universitätsklinikums Mannheim, Mannheim, Deutschland
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18
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Abstract
Expression of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) is important for the immune response against infectious agents and malignant cells. Association of single HLA antigens or HLA haplotypes with disease has been investigated previously, and positive correlations between HLA and some cancers, such as cervical or nasopharyngeal carcinomas have been reported. In the present study, HLA antigen frequencies of 65 adult Caucasian patients with low-grade, anaplastic, or malignant astrocytic glioma (WHO grades II-IV) were compared with 157 racially similar, asymptomatic control individuals. Both standard serologic and PCR techniques for HLA typing were employed for all patients and controls. Our results suggest a positive association between single HLA antigens and presence of symptomatic cerebral glioma. Compared with the control population, patients positive for HLA-A*25 had a 3.0-fold increased risk of glioma (p = 0.04), patients positive for HLA-B*27, a 2.7-fold risk (p = 0.03), and patients positive for HLA-DRB1*15, a 2.2-fold risk (p = 0.03), whereas HLA-DRB1*07 was associated with a 0.4-fold decreased risk of glioma (p = 0.02). Occurrence rate of some HLA antigen combinations and estimated haplotypes was also different in glioma patients. Thus, HLA-DRB1*15:DRB5*(51) occurrence in combination with HLA-DRB1*11 was associated with a 13.4-fold increased risk of glioma (p = 0.001), and the incidence of HLA-Cw*6:DRB1*07 with a 0.2-fold decreased risk of glioma (p = 0.03). In conclusion, single HLA antigens and their combinations and estimated haplotypes are possibly significantly more or less frequent in persons developing symptomatic cerebral glioma during their adult life, compared with asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Machulla
- Department GHATT, Institute of Medical Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
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19
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Machulla HK, Müller LP, Schaaf A, Kujat G, Schönermarck U, Langner J. Association of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with specific alleles of the HLA-DR4:DR53:DQ8 haplotype in German patients. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:203-7. [PMID: 11291046 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1167>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains unknown, though a genetic susceptibility has been suggested. Results of complete DNA typing of HLA alleles in CLL patients are lacking. We compared HLA class I and class II frequencies in 101 German CLL patients and 157 healthy German controls as determined by PCR-SSP/SSO DNA analysis and serologic typing. The most striking difference was the increased frequency of HLA-DRB4*0103 [relative risk (RR) = 2.74, p < 0.0025] among patients. The presence of alleles HLA-DRB1*0401, HLA-DQB1*0302 and HLA-DPB1*0301 as well as of homozygosity for HLA-DQB1 was also associated with a higher risk for CLL, though none of these differences remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No association was found for any HLA class I allele. Haplotype analysis revealed a CLL-specific linkage disequilibrium for HLA-DRB1*0401:DRB4*0103 and HLA-DRB4*0103:DQB1*0302. Our results suggest that CLL could be associated with distinct class II alleles of the Caucasian haplotype HLA-DR4:DR53:DQ8, which has also been related to a susceptibility for several auto-immune diseases. The positive, though weak, association of CLL with HLA-DPB1*0301 might represent an independent susceptibility factor since no linkage disequilibrium existed with any of the other CLL-associated alleles. None of the previously reported associations with HLA class I antigens was confirmed. Our results suggest that factors within or close to the human MHC class II region confer susceptibility to CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Machulla
- Interbranch HLA Laboratory, Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, Magdeburger Str. 16, D-06097 Halle, Germany.
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20
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MacHulla HK, Schönermarck U, Schaaf A, Müller LP, Kloss C, Krüger J, Kunze G, Schönermarck G, Langner J. HLA-A, B, Cw and DRB1, DRB3/4/5, DQB1, DPB1 frequencies in German immunoglobulin A-deficient individuals. Scand J Immunol 2000; 52:207-11. [PMID: 10931389 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
HLA class I and II frequencies and haplotype frequencies were determined in 80 German immunoglobulin (Ig)A-deficient individuals and 157 healthy controls with normal IgA levels using serological and DNA typing methods. For several alleles, significant associations were found, which could be explained mainly in the context of a positive association with three different extended haplotypes (HLA-B*08:DRB1*0301: DQB1*0201, HLA-B*14:DRB1*0102:DQB1*0501 and HLA-B*44:DRB1*0701:DQB1*0202) and a negative association with a fourth haplotype (HLA-B*07:DRB1*1501:DQB1*0602). Furthermore, for the first time this study reports a positive association of IgA deficiency with DPB1 alleles. Homozygosity rate for the gene loci DRB1 and DQB1 was increased in IgA deficiency. Further analysis suggested a different pattern of HLA associations depending on the degree of IgA deficiency and the gender of the IgA-deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K MacHulla
- Interbranch HLA Laboratory, Institute of Medical Immunology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany,
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21
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Schmittbuhl M, Le Minor JM, Allenbach B, Schaaf A. Shape of the orbital opening: individual characterization and analysis of variability in modern humans, Gorilla gorilla, and Pan troglodytes. Ann Anat 1999; 181:299-307. [PMID: 10363113 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(99)80049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The description of the human orbital shape is principally qualitative in the classical literature, and characterised by adjectives such as circular, rectangular or quadrangular. In order to provide a precise quantification and interpretation of this shape, a study based on automatic image analysis and Fourier analysis was carried out on 45 human skulls (30 males, 15 females), and for comparison on 61 skulls of Gorilla gorilla (40 males, 21 females), and 34 skulls of Pan troglodytes (20 males, 14 females). Sexual dimorphism in the shape of the orbital opening was not demonstrated. Its dominant morphological features could be characterized by Fourier analysis; elliptical elongation and quadrangularity were dominant morphological features of the shape of the orbital opening in the three species. Elliptical elongation was more marked in humans and Pan, whereas quadrangularity was particularly emphasized in Gorilla. An intraspecific variability of the shape of the orbital opening existed in humans, Gorilla and Pan, and seemed close in the three species. Interspecific partition between humans, Gorilla and Pan was demonstrated despite the variability observed in the three species studied. Interspecific differences between Gorilla and the Pan-humans group were principally explained by the differences in quadrangularity, and by differences in orientation of triangularity and pentagonality. Differences in the shape of the orbital opening between humans and Pan were principally explained by differences in hexagonality, and by differences in orientation of quadrangularity. A closeness of shape between some humans and some individuals in Pan and, to a lesser degree, with some individuals in Gorilla was observed, demonstrating the existence of a morphological continuum of the shape of the orbital opening in hominoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmittbuhl
- Fédération de Recherche Odontologique, Inserm U 424, Strasbourg, France
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22
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Schmittbuhl M, Le Minor JM, Allenbach B, Schaaf A. Shape of the piriform aperture in Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and modern Homo sapiens: characterization and polymorphism analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998; 106:297-310. [PMID: 9696146 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199807)106:3<297::aid-ajpa3>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
By using new methodologies based on automatic image analysis, the shape of the piriform aperture was analyzed in Gorilla gorilla (33 males, 13 females), Pan troglodytes (35 males, 22 females), and modern Homo sapiens (30 males, 12 females). The determination of the piriform aperture index (breadth/height) allowed the authors to demonstrate a marked elongation of the aperture in Homo compared with Gorilla and Pan. Individual characterization of the shape was possible with great precision and without ambiguity by using Fourier analysis. An absolute, interspecific partition between Gorilla, Pan, and Homo resulted from the canonical discriminant analysis of the Fourier descriptors. However, a closeness of shape between some individuals in Pan and some in Gorilla and Homo was observed, demonstrating a morphological continuum of the shape of the piriform aperture in hominoids: Pan was in intermediate position between Gorilla and Homo. Interspecific differences between Homo and the group Pan-Gorilla were explained principally by the differences in elongation (amplitude of the second harmonic) and pentagonality (amplitude of the fifth harmonic) and by differences in orientation of quadrangularity (phase of the fourth harmonic). Differences in the shape of the piriform aperture between Pan and Gorilla were explained by differences in orientation of elongation (phase of the second harmonic) and by differences in the component of triangularity (amplitude of the third harmonic). In Gorilla and Pan, the little, elongated, and relatively trapezoidal piriform aperture seems to be a shared primitive feature (plesiomorphic), whereas an elongated piriform aperture seems to be a characteristic and derived feature (apomorphic) of modern Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmittbuhl
- Federation of Odontological Research, INSERM U424, Strasbourg, France
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Wolf S, Knabben H, Krombach G, Schaaf A, Solbach U, Reim M. Indocyanine-green angiography in patients with occult choroidal neovascularization. Ger J Ophthalmol 1996; 5:251-6. [PMID: 8911945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have stressed the role of indocyanine-green (ICG) angiography in patients with occult choroidal neovascularization (O-CNV) secondary to age-related maculopathy (ARM). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the percentage of eyes that could be converted from O-CNV without suffering pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in well-defined CNV using ICG angiography with a scanning laser system. A total of 112 patients with ARM and O-CNV without PED were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent ICG angiography with a scanning laser system. The early phase (first 3 min) of the ICG angiogram was analyzed for the presence of a neovascular network, whereas focal or irregular hyperfluorescence was noted in the late phase. The early phase of the ICG angiograms revealed in 62 (55%) eyes a well-defined CNV. In 55 of these eyes, late irregular hyperfluorescent and hypofluorescent zones were observed. Another 27 eyes presented with focal hyperfluorescent areas in the latephase studies without having shown a well-demarcated area of neovascularization in the early phase of the ICG angiogram. This study confirms that ICG angiography is an important adjunctive method to fluorescein angiography. In more than 50% of eyes with O-CNV the ICG angiograms obtained with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope enable the visualization of a neovascular network in the early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wolf
- Augenklinik Medizinischen Fakultät der RWTH Aachen, Germany
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24
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Schmittbuhl M, Le Minor JM, Schaaf A. Relative position and extent of the nasal and orbital openings in Gorilla, Pan and the human species from the study of their areas and centres of area. Folia Primatol (Basel) 1996; 67:182-92. [PMID: 9159918 DOI: 10.1159/000157221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to quantify the relative position and extent of the nasal and orbital openings in hominoid primates, a new methodology based on image analysis was developed and applied to a series of 134 hominoid skulls (52 Gorilla gorilla; 30 Pan troglodytes; 44 Homo sapiens, and, as comparison material, 8 Pongo pygmaeus). The areas and the centres of area of the orbital and nasal openings were determined automatically. The orbitonasal triangle connecting these three centres of area was then constructed. This triangle was used to quantify the elongation of the face. It was most elongated in gorilla, shortest in the human species and intermediate in Pan; the elongation in Pongo was close to that in Gorilla. The proportions of the areas of the orbital and nasal openings in the face were related to the extent of the bony structures of the midface and were thus used to quantify the facial robustness. A robust face was demonstrated in Gorilla, but a gracile face in the human species. Robusticity in Pan was intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmittbuhl
- Institut d'Anatomie Normale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis-Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Machulla HK, Kunze G, Schaaf A, Hentschel M, Langner J, Seyfarth M. [HLA and selective IgA deficiency]. Immun Infekt 1994; 22:64-5. [PMID: 7959863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A selective deficiency of IgA is developed significantly (p < 0.05) more frequently by HLA-A2-negative than by HLA-A2-positive healthy persons. The frequent combination of A1/A3 is absent. The incidence of HLA-B8-positive persons is increased (p < 0.01). A selective disadvantage is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Machulla
- Interdisziplinäres HLA-Labor, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Halle-Wittenberg
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de Graciansky PC, Brosse E, Deroo G, Herbin JP, Müller C, Sigal J, Schaaf A, Montadert L. Organic-rich sediments and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of the Cretaceous North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.026.01.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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de Graciansky PC, Deroo G, Herbin JP, Montadert L, Müller C, Schaaf A, Sigal J. Ocean-wide stagnation episode in the late Cretaceous. Nature 1984. [DOI: 10.1038/308346a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Schaaf A, Abrahams D, Best ACH. The Dynamic Enabler. Br J Occup Ther 1976. [DOI: 10.1177/030802267603900809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Schaaf
- Diploma Occupational Therapy, Pretoria
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Wollmann H, Skaletzki B, Schaaf A. [Determination of polarity of drugs. 14. Contributions to problems of use of plastic containers for liquid drug preparations]. Pharmazie 1974; 29:708-11. [PMID: 4438412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Hollmann G, Schmidt HD, Drüner HU, Schaaf A. [Intravascular volumes and hydrogen-ion balance in standardized hemorrhagic shock in puppies]. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1968; 322:1267-77. [PMID: 5758724 DOI: 10.1007/bf02454046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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