ESPGHAN recommendations on treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and children including those living in resource-limited settings

Health-related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents After Successful Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C With Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir: One-year Outcomes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The aim of this study was to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of children with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) at 1 year after the effective treatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL).

METHODS

All 50 patients treated for CHC with a fixed dose SOF/VEL in the noncommercial, nonrandomized, open-label PANDAA-PED study achieved sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Evaluation of HRQL at 1-year posttreatment was compared with the baseline (before the treatment) assessment. KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaires, which included 5 dimensions of HRQL, for child self-reporting and parent proxy reporting were used. The normal range for the population was set to T values of 40-60 points. Child-parent agreement was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

RESULTS

Mean T values were within the normal range for all HRQL dimensions. A significant improvement in "autonomy & parent relation" in children's self-assessment (from 48.3 to 51.5, P = 0.03) was observed. In parent proxy assessment, a significant decrease occurred in "school" dimension (from 49.5 to 45.8, P = 0.03), which was not revealed at 3-month posttreatment. Older age was associated with worse HRQL scores in all dimensions. Evaluation of the ICC for child self-reports versus parent proxy reports revealed poor-to-moderate agreement for most single measures, lower than at 3-month posttreatment analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to present the long-term influence of treatment with direct-acting antivirals on patient-reported outcomes in children. At 1 year after effective treatment with SOF/VEL, an improvement in some areas of children's well-being was revealed, which may indicate also some patient-reported outcomes benefits of direct-acting antiviral therapy. Despite the improvement in the child self-report of "autonomy & parent relation," there was a more pronounced discrepancy between children self-reports and parents proxy reports in all dimensions of HRQL. Older patients' age correlated with worse HRQL assessment. If this finding is mediated by the duration of hepatitis C virus infection, it would support recommendation for the treatment of younger children.

Long-term efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral regimens in paediatric patients with hepatitis C virus infection: an international registry study

BACKGROUND

Direct-acting antiviral treatment is associated with high rates of sustained virological response and has a favourable safety profile in children aged 3-17 years with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but data describing the durability of sustained virological response and its effects on growth and sexual development are needed. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and long-term effects of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral regimens on growth and development in the paediatric population.

METHODS

In this international, multicentre, observational registry study, children aged 3-17 years with HCV who received sofosbuvir plus ribavirin, ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin, sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir, or sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir plus voxilaprevir in previous clinical trials were eligible for follow-up of growth and sexual development parameters for up to 5 years. Registry baseline was documented as the last follow-up visit under the parent study protocol and follow-up consisted of clinical visits every 6 months for the first 2 years and every 12 months thereafter for up to 5 years, during which symptom-directed physical examination, height and weight measurements, Tanner pubertal stage assessment, procedure-related adverse events documentation, and blood sampling collection were completed. The primary endpoints were changes, relative to baseline, in height, weight, BMI Z scores, and Tanner pubertal stage. Height, weight, BMI, and corresponding percentiles and Z scores were summarised using descriptive statistics. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02510300).

FINDINGS

Between October 2015 and June 2021, 461 participants were enrolled in the registry. 426 (92%) participants had at least one post-baseline assessment and were included in the analysis. 93 (20%) participants were previously treated with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin, 192 (42%) with ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin, 158 (34%) with sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir, and 18 (4%) with sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir plus voxilaprevir. Most participants included in the analysis were female (247 [58%] participants; sex assigned at birth) and White (342 [80%] participants). The most common HCV genotypes were GT1 (281 [66%] participants) and GT3 (88 [21%] participants). Clinical assessments continued until January 2023. The median follow-up was 3·7 years (IQR 2·7-4·6) among the 426 participants, 302 (71%) of whom completed at least 3 years of follow-up. 424 (>99%) of 426 participants had previously achieved sustained virological response during their parent studies. With a mean age of 12 years (SD 4·1) at baseline, the median change in median Z scores during follow-up was 0·0 (IQR -0·2 to 0·4) for height, 0·1 (-0·3 to 0·5) for weight, and 0·0 (-0·3 to 0·5) for BMI. Increases in Tanner stage were consistent with age, regardless of sex or which secondary sexual characteristic was assessed.

INTERPRETATION

No change in growth or sexual development was detected during prolonged follow-up of paediatric patients who had completed treatment with sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antivirals for chronic HCV. Prolonged clinical follow-up of children who have achieved sustained virological response might not be necessary.

FUNDING

Gilead Sciences.

Effectiveness and Safety of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in Italian Children and Adolescents With Chronic Hepatitis C: A Real-Word, Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) has been approved by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) and by the US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) for the treatment of children and adolescents from 3 years of age with chronic hepatitis C virus (CHC) infection. The aim of this study was to confirm the real-world effectiveness and safety of GLE/PIB in children and adolescents (3 to < 18 years old) with CHC.

METHODS

This prospective, multicentre study involved 11 Italian centres. Children and adolescents (from 3 to < 18 years of age) received a weight-based dose (up to 300/120 mg) of GLE/PIB once daily for 8 weeks. The effectiveness endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Safety was assessed by adverse events (AE) and clinical/laboratory data.

RESULTS

Sixty-one patients (median age 12 years, interquartile range 5) were enrolled and treated between June 2020 and October 2023. Genotype distribution was as follows: 24/61 genotype 1 (39.4%), 13/61 genotype 2 (21.3%), 18/61 genotype 3 (29.5%) and 6/61 genotype 4 (9.8%). Sixty (98.4%) patients completed treatment and follow-up. SVR12 was obtained by 60/61 patients (98.4%). One patient died because of an oncological illness while on treatment. AE occurred in 13.1% of the patients, were mild and no patients prematurely stopped treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirmed the real-life effectiveness and safety of the 8-week therapy with GLE/PIB for treatment of CHC in children and adolescents.

The Influence of Treatment With Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir on Children's Growth-Results of the PANDAA-PED Study

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of treatment of hepatitis C with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) on children's growth.

METHODS

Fifty children 6-18 years of age were successfully treated for hepatitis C with a 12-week course of SOF/VEL fixed dose adjusted to the body weight in the PANDAA-PED (Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children 6-18 years of age using a pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) project. Growth parameters were compared at 1 year after treatment with baseline (at the start of treatment) and 12-week-posttreatment values. Body mass index (BMI), weight and height Z scores adjusted to sex and age were calculated according to the World Health Organization reference data.

RESULTS

Forty-nine participants (23 boys and 26 girls) completed all the visits. The mean age at 1 year after treatment was 10.9 ± 2.5 years, and all children had undetectable hepatitis C virus RNA at this point. Significant weight and height gains were observed after treatment irrespective of the patients' age and sex. Height Z scores did not vary significantly both at 12 weeks and 1 year after treatment, confirming a normal increase in participants' height. Weight Z scores for 16 children below 10 years of age decreased at 1 year after treatment. BMI Z score values decreased at 12 weeks after treatment compared to the baseline in boys, but no difference was found between 1-year posttreatment and baseline BMI Z scores in both girls and boys.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of the PANDAA-PED study showed normal growth up to 1 year after successful treatment with SOF/VEL in children 6-18 years of age. Despite the decrease in BMI Z score in boys observed at 12 weeks after treatment, no differences were found between baseline and 1-year posttreatment values. Our observations confirm the long-term safety of the SOF/VEL treatment in children 6-18 years of age.

Transition Readiness in Pediatric Chronic Digestive Diseases: A Regional Perspective from North-Eastern Romania

Background: The transition from the pediatric to the adult healthcare system is a challenging process involving adolescents, parents, and pediatric and adult specialists. For a successful approach for an organized transition program, we must assess the level of training of adolescents facing transition. Methods: We applied a clinic-based questionnaire measuring perceived self-management skills, adherence to health-related tasks, medication knowledge, and social adjustment to pediatric patients with chronic digestive diseases from North-East Romanian medical units, including a tertiary center and private practice offices. Results: There were 124 participants; 73.38% from rural areas, 26.62% from urban areas; 59.67% were females, and 40.33% were males; 91.93% attended school and 73.4% declared wanting to pursue university classes after turning 18. Adolescents from urban areas showed better medication managerial (p < 0.01) and tracking healthcare change skills. Significant correlations were found between medication and appointment making, tracking health dynamics, and communication skills. Other correlations were found between communication skills and medication knowledge, appointments management, and tracking healthcare dynamics. All the investigated domains were positively correlated with the overall scores, highlighting the potential impact of active targeted interventions during transition. Conclusions: We identified significant areas to address and potentially influence during an organized transition program such as communication skills and knowledge regarding the chronic disease and the followed medication.

Hepatitis co-infection in paediatric HIV: progressing treatment and prevention

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To analyse the main evidence and recommendations for the management of hepatitis co-infection in children living with HIV.

RECENT FINDINGS

We analysed available data pertaining to the natural history of liver disease and treatment of co-infected children.

SUMMARY

Viral hepatitis co-infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV) is a global problem owing to the shared routes of transmission, particularly in areas of high endemicity for the three viruses. Viral hepatitis co-infection can accelerate liver disease progression and increase morbidity and mortality, even in patients on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART). Viral hepatitis should be routinely screened in PLHIV and, once diagnosed with viral hepatitis, PLHIV should be closely monitored for liver disease progression and complications. Children living with HIV-HBV co-infection should be treated with ART containing agents which are active against both viruses. Children living with HIV-HCV co-infection should receive directly acting antivirals (DAA) to eradicate HCV infection. Prevention measures to reduce vertical and horizontal transmission of HBV and HCV (anti-HBV vaccination and immunoglobulins, anti-HBV treatment in pregnancy, anti-HCV DAAs in people of childbearing age, avoiding blood contact, sexual barrier precautions) should be adopted and encouraged, particularly in high endemicity countries.

Hepatitis C in Children-An Asia-Pacific Concise Perspective

Since the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989, we now have curative treatment options with direct-acting antiviral therapies. By increasing the rate of treatment and reducing transmission, the eradication of HCV is potentially achievable. Nonetheless, the feasibility and implementation of this goal remains challenging. This article sums up the approach to managing children with HCV in the Asia-Pacific region and lists some of the difficulties and complexities surrounding this issue.