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Advances in amphiphilic polylactide/vinyl polymer based nano-assemblies for drug delivery. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102483. [PMID: 34274723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Micelles from self-assembled amphiphilic copolymers are highly attractive in drug delivery, due to their small size and hydrophilic stealth corona allowing prolonged lifetimes in the bloodstream and thus improved drug bioavailability. Polylactide (PLA)-based amphiphilic copolymer micelles are key candidates in this field, owing to the well-established biodegradability and biocompatibility of PLA. While PLA-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block copolymer micelles can be seen as the "gold standard" in drug delivery research so far, the progresses in controlled radical polymerizations (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Transfer and Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization) have offered new opportunities in the design of advanced amphiphilic copolymers for drug delivery due to their flexibility in many regards: (i) they can be easily combined with ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide, with a diversity in types of architectures (e.g., block, graft, star), (ii) they allow (co)polymerization of a wide range of vinyl monomers, possibly circumventing PEG limitations, (iii) functionalization (with biomolecules or stimuli-cleavable moieties) is versatile due to end-group fidelity and copolymerization ability with reactive/functional comonomers. In this review, we report on the advances in the past decade of such amphiphilic PLA/vinyl polymer based nano-carriers, regarding key properties such as stealth character, cell targeting and stimuli-responsiveness.
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Animasawun RK, Taresco V, Swainson SME, Suksiriworapong J, Walker DA, Garnett MC. Screening and Matching Polymers with Drugs to Improve Drug Incorporation and Retention in Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2083-2098. [PMID: 32348676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Key challenges hindering the clinical translation of the use of nanoparticles (NP) for delivery of drugs to tumors are inadequate drug loading and premature drug release. This study focused on understanding the conditions required to produce nanoparticles that can reach their target site with sufficient drug loading and drug retention for effective pharmacological action. Etoposide, etoposide phosphate, and teniposide were screened against modified poly(glycerol) adipate (PGA) based polymers by monitoring drug release from 40% drug in polymer films and using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurements to help understand the release results. Polymers were matched with the specific drugs based on the interactions observed. NP were then prepared by an interfacial deposition method. NPs were characterized and resulted in drug loadings ranging from 3.5% and 5%, respectively, for etoposide phosphate and etoposide with PGA modified with stearate (PGA85%C18) up to 13.4% for teniposide with PGA modified with tryptophan (PGA50%Try) and drug release of just 22-35% over 24 h. Assessment of cytotoxicity showed that etoposide nanoparticles with PGA85%C18 were more potent than an equivalent amount of free drug. This screening method to match polymers to drugs to monitor based drug and polymer interactions thus resulted in the formulation of nanoparticles with higher drug loading and slower release and potential for further development for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidat K Animasawun
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sadie M E Swainson
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiraphong Suksiriworapong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David A Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Garnett
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang JZ, Yan CH, Zhang XR, Tu QB, Xu Y, Sheng S, Wu FA, Wang J. A novel nanoparticle loaded with methyl caffeate and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against Ralstonia solanacearum—a plant pathogenic bacteria. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3978-3990. [PMID: 35492651 PMCID: PMC9049244 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09441e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a novel agent and understanding the interaction model between multipolymer nanoparticles and bacteria could be worthwhile to induce the protection of crops with the prevalence of frequent hazards because of the use of pesticides and chemical resistance. Unlike metal nanoparticles, multipolymer nanoparticles have bacteriostatic properties against Ralstonia solanacearum that can trigger bacterial wilt by infecting the plant. Therefore, a novel poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle containing caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and methyl caffeate (MC) was prepared with the sustained-release property (for 10 d at pH 6.5); here, 50% of the cumulative release rate was achieved. It was observed that the cytomembrane of R. solanacearum was jeopardized by the nanoparticle by the creation of large holes on the bacterial surface. The nanoparticle has an approximate EC50 value of 0.285 mg mL−1 with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), while the drug dosage could be reduced by 2/3. Furthermore, to reveal the possible mechanism of interaction between the multipolymer nanoparticles and bacteria, a formidable inhibition effect was observed; the pathogenicity-related genes, namely, phcA, phcB, pehC, egl, pilT, and polA, of R. solanacearum were downregulated by 1/2, 1/42, 1/13, 1/6, 1/2, and 1/8, respectively, showing significant effects on the major virulence-related genes. Hence, a novel nanoparticle with excellent antibacterial and sustained-release properties has been prepared, possessing the potential to replace chemical pesticides and serve as a new control strategy for mulberry blight disease. Developing a novel agent and understanding an interaction model between multipolymer nanoparticles and bacteria could be worthwhile to induce the protection of crops with the prevalence of frequent hazards because of the use of chemical pesticides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
| | - Cheng-Hai Yan
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
| | - Qing-Bo Tu
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute
| | - Sheng Sheng
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute
| | - Fu-An Wu
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang 212018
- PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute
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Chowdhury P, Nagesh PK, Khan S, Hafeez BB, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M, Yallapu MM. Development of polyvinylpyrrolidone/paclitaxel self-assemblies for breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:602-614. [PMID: 30109184 PMCID: PMC6090082 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to develop and demonstrate a polymer/paclitaxel self-assembly (PTX-SA) formulation. Polymer/PTX-SAs were screened based on smaller size of formulation using dynamic light scattering analysis. Additionally, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry studies exhibited that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based PTX-SAs (PVP/PTX-SAs) had superior cellular internalization capability in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The optimized PVP/PTX-SAs exhibited less toxicity to human red blood cells indicating a suitable formulation for reducing systemic toxicity. The formation of PVP and PTX self-assemblies was confirmed using fluorescence quenching and transmission electron microscopy which indicated that the PVP/PTX-SAs were spherical in shape with an average size range of 53.81 nm as detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR spectral analysis demonstrates incorporation of polymer and paclitaxel functional groups in PVP/PTX-SAs. Both proliferation (MTS) and clonogenic (colony formation) assays were used to validate superior anticancer activity of PVP/PTX-SAs in breast cancer cells over paclitaxel. Such superior anticancer activity was also demonstrated by downregulation of the expression of pro-survival protein (Bcl-xL), upregulation of apoptosis-associated proteins (Bid, Bax, cleaved caspase 7, and cleaved PARP) and β-tubulin stabilization. These results support the hypothesis that PVP/PTX-SAs improved paclitaxel delivery to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Ramesh K, Gundampati RK, Singh S, Mitra K, Shukla A, Jagannadham MV, Chattopadhyay D, Misra N, Ray B. Self-assembly, doxorubicin-loading and antibacterial activity of well-defined ABA-type amphiphilic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(d,l-lactide)-b-poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) triblock copolymers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis, self-assembly, DOX-loading and antibacterial activity of well-defined ABA-type amphiphilic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(d,l-lactide)-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) triblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221005
- India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gundampati
- Molecular Biology Unit
- Institute of Medical Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221005
- India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221005
- India
| | - Kheyanath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221005
- India
| | - Ankita Shukla
- Molecular Biology Unit
- Institute of Medical Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221005
- India
| | | | | | - Nira Misra
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Biswajit Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221005
- India
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Palao-Suay R, Rodrigáñez L, Aguilar MR, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Parra F, Fernández M, Parra J, Riestra-Ayora J, Sanz-Fernández R, San Román J. Mitochondrially Targeted Nanoparticles Based on α-TOS for the Selective Cancer Treatment. Macromol Biosci 2015; 16:395-411. [PMID: 26632009 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is the preparation of an active nanovehicle for the effective administration of α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS). α-TOS is loaded in the core of nanoparticles (NPs) based on amphiphilic pseudo-block copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and a methacrylic derivative of α-TOS. These well-defined spherical NPs have sizes below 165 nm and high encapsulation efficiencies. In vitro activity of NPs is tested in hypopharynx squamous carcinoma (FaDu) cells and nonmalignant epithelial cells, demonstrating that the presence of additional α-TOS significantly enhances its antiproliferative activity; however, a range of selective concentrations is observed. These NPs induce apoptosis of FaDu cells by activating the mitochondria death pathway (via caspase-9). Both loaded and unloaded NPs act via complex II and produce high levels of reactive oxygen species that trigger apoptosis. Additionally, these NPs effectively suppress the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These results open the possibility to use this promising nanoformulation as an α-TOS delivery system for the effective cancer treatment, effectively resolving the current limitations of free α-TOS administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Palao-Suay
- Group of Biomaterials, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain
| | - Laura Rodrigáñez
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 500, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosa Aguilar
- Group of Biomaterials, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain
| | - Carolina Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 500, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,European University of Madrid, C/Tajo s/n. 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Parra
- Group of Biomaterials, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Fernández
- Group of Biomaterials, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain
| | - Juan Parra
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain.,Clinical Research and Experimental Biopathology Unit, Healthcare Complex of Ávila, SACYL. C/Jesús del Gran Poder 42, 05003, Ávila, Spain
| | - Juan Riestra-Ayora
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 500, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sanz-Fernández
- Foundation for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 500, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,European University of Madrid, C/Tajo s/n. 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio San Román
- Group of Biomaterials, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain
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7
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Fernandes B, Silva R, Ribeiro A, Matamá T, Gomes AC, Cavaco-Paulo AM. Improved Poly (D,L-lactide) nanoparticles-based formulation for hair follicle targeting. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:282-90. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Fernandes
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - R. Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. Ribeiro
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - T. Matamá
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. C. Gomes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. M. Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB); University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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9
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Saadati R, Dadashzadeh S. Marked effects of combined TPGS and PVA emulsifiers in the fabrication of etoposide-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2014; 464:135-44. [PMID: 24451238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) alone or in combination with other emulsifiers in the fabrication of etoposide-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation or single-emulsion solvent evaporation method using TPGS alone or in combination with other surfactants. These nanoparticles were fully characterized by different techniques. For nanoprecipitation preparations, by adding 0.1% TPGS to polyvinyl alcohol in the aqueous phase, encapsulation efficiency markedly increased (up to 82%); moreover, drug release was readily controlled up to 3 days. Regarding emulsion solvent evaporation method, the highest encapsulation efficiency was obtained for nanoparticles emulsified with polyvinyl alcohol or TPGS; however, the burst release was high. When the combination of TPGS and polyvinyl alcohol was applied a marked increase in encapsulation efficiency (∼ 90%) was observed and the drug release was extended to more than one week. Pharmacokinetic measurements showed that the optimum formulation generated 14.4 times higher AUC and lasted 5.1 times longer when compared to free drug. Overall, using TPGS in combination with polyvinyl alcohol as an emulsifier in preparing etoposide loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles markedly increased the encapsulation efficiency, sustained drug release and resulted in nanoparticles with noticeable sustainable in vivo disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roonak Saadati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Folate-modified poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) as hydrophilic corona in polymeric micelles for enhanced intracellular doxorubicin delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Development and in vitro evaluation of a novel lipid nanocapsule formulation of etoposide. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:172-80. [PMID: 23831519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive carcinoma in thoracic oncology, unfortunately, despite chemotherapy, relapse is constant. The effect of etoposide, a major drug used against SCLC, can potentially be enhanced after its encapsulation in nanocarriers. The aim of this study was to use the technology of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) to obtain nanocarriers with drug loadings compatible with clinical use and with an industrial process. Solubility studies with different co-solvent were first performed, then several process were developed to obtain LNCs. LNCs were then characterized (size, zeta potential, and drug loading). The best formulation called Ω-LNCs had a size of 54.1±2.0 nm and a zeta potential of -5.8±3.5 mV and a etoposide drug loading of 5.7±0.3mg/g. The characteristics of this formulation were maintained after freeze drying and after a 15× scale-up. Release studies in a media mimicking plasma composition showed that 40% of the drug was released from the LNCs after 48 h. Moreover the activity of etoposide after encapsulation was enhanced on H209 cells, IC50 was 100 μM and 2.5 μM for etoposide and etoposide LNCs respectively. Unfortunately the formulation failed to be more cytotoxic than etoposide alone on H69AR cells that are resistant to etoposide. This study showed that is was possible to obtain a new etoposide nanocarrier without the use of organic solvent, that the process is suitable for scale-up and freeze drying and finally that etoposide activity is maintained which is very promising for future treatment of SCLC.
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Shakya AK, Nandakumar KS. Applications of polymeric adjuvants in studying autoimmune responses and vaccination against infectious diseases. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20120536. [PMID: 23173193 PMCID: PMC3565688 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers as an adjuvant are capable of enhancing the vaccine potential against various infectious diseases and also are being used to study the actual autoimmune responses using self-antigen(s) without involving any major immune deviation. Several natural polysaccharides and their derivatives originating from microbes and plants have been tested for their adjuvant potential. Similarly, numerous synthetic polymers including polyelectrolytes, polyesters, polyanhydrides, non-ionic block copolymers and external stimuli responsive polymers have demonstrated adjuvant capacity using different antigens. Adjuvant potential of these polymers mainly depends on their solubility, molecular weight, degree of branching and the conformation of polymeric backbone. These polymers have the ability not only to activate humoral but also cellular immune responses in the host. The depot effect, which involves slow release of antigen over a long duration of time, using different forms (particulate, solution and gel) of polymers, and enhances the co-stimulatory signals for optimal immune activation, is the underlying principle of their adjuvant properties. Possibly, polymers may also interact and activate various toll-like receptors and inflammasomes, thus involving several innate immune system players in the ensuing immune response. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy production and purification, and non-toxic properties of most of the polymers make them attractive candidates for substituting conventional adjuvants that have undesirable effects in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Paclitaxel is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs ever developed and is active against a broad range of cancers, such as lung, ovarian, and breast cancers. Due to its low water solubility, paclitaxel is formulated in a mixture of Cremophor EL and dehydrated ethanol (50:50, v/v) a combination known as Taxol. However, Taxol has some severe side effects related to Cremophor EL and ethanol. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of alternative Taxol formulations. The encapsulation of paclitaxel in biodegradable and non-toxic nano-delivery systems can protect the drug from degradation during circulation and in-turn protect the body from toxic side effects of the drug thereby lowering its toxicity, increasing its circulation half-life, exhibiting improved pharmacokinetic profiles, and demonstrating better patient compliance. Also, nanoparticle-based delivery systems can take advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for passive tumor targeting, therefore, they are promising carriers to improve the therapeutic index and decrease the side effects of paclitaxel. To date, paclitaxel albumin-bound nanoparticles (Abraxane®) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, there are a number of novel paclitaxel nanoparticle formulations in clinical trials. In this comprehensive review, several types of developed paclitaxel nano-delivery systems will be covered and discussed, such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based formulations, polymer conjugates, inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanocrystals, and cyclodextrin nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ma
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Synthesis of well-defined amphiphilic poly(d,l-lactide)-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) block copolymers using ROP and xanthate-mediated RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Callewaert M, Dukic S, Van Gulick L, Vittier M, Gafa V, Andry MC, Molinari M, Roullin VG. Etoposide encapsulation in surface-modified poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles strongly enhances glioma antitumor efficiency. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1319-27. [PMID: 23065812 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is a hydrophobic anticancer agent inhibiting Topoisomerase II, commonly used in pediatric brain chemotherapeutic schemes as mildly toxic. Unfortunately, despite its appropriate solubilization in vehicle solvents, its poor bioavailability and limited passage of the blood-brain barrier concur to disappointing results requiring the development of new delivery system forms. In this study, etoposide formulated as a parenteral injectable solution (Teva®) was loaded into all-biocompatible poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or PLGA/P188-blended nanoparticles (size 110-130 nm) using a fully biocompatible nanoprecipitation technique. The presence of coprecipitated P188 on encapsulation efficacies and in vitro drug release was investigated. Drug encapsulation was determined using HPLC. Inflammatory response was checked by FACS analysis on human monocytes. Cytotoxic activity of the various simple (Teva®) or double (Teva®-loaded NPs) formulations was studied on the murine C6 and F98 cell lines. Obtained results suggest that, although noninflammatory neither nontoxic by themselves, the use of PLGA and PLGA/P188 nanoencapsulations over pre-existing etoposide formulation could induce a greatly improved cytotoxic activity. This approach demonstrated a promising perspective for parenteral delivery of VP16 and potential development of a therapeutic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Callewaert
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR UMR CNRS 7213), School of Pharmacy, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
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16
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Zhang F, Koh GY, Hollingsworth J, Russo PS, Stout RW, Liu Z. Reformulation of etoposide with solubility-enhancing rubusoside. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:453-9. [PMID: 22698860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (ETO), a widely used anti-cancer drug, is constrained by its low aqueous solubility and by side effects from both the drug and its solubilizing excipients. In this study, a recently discovered natural solubilizer rubusoside (RUB) was used to achieve the solubilization of ETO. Dynamic light scattering and freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy studies showed that ETO and RUB formed ETO-RUB nanoparticles (∼6 nm in diameter). The powder of ETO-RUB nanoparticles was completely reconstitutable in water and remained stable in this solution at 25 and 37°C for at least 24h. Under other physiologic conditions, ETO solution was clear and free of precipitation at 25°C, but underwent various structural transformations. In PBS and simulated intestinal fluid, RUB-solubilized ETO underwent epimerization and equilibrated to cis-ETO. In simulated gastric fluid, RUB-solubilized ETO degraded to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-beta-d-glucoside and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin. Higher temperatures favored epimerization or degradation. Furthermore, a side-by-side comparison with DMSO-solubilized ETO confirmed that the RUB-solubilized ETO showed no significant differences in cytotoxicity in colon, breast and prostate cancer cell lines. RUB effectively solubilized and stabilized etoposide, which sets the stage for further toxicology, bioavailability, and efficacy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rogue, LA 70803, USA
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17
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Xing J, Deng L, Xie C, Xiao L, Zhai Y, Jin F, Li Y, Dong A. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b
-poly(octadecanoic anhydride)-b
-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic triblock copolymer nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for paclitaxel. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Jang MK, Jeong YI, Nah JW. Characterization and preparation of core–shell type nanoparticle for encapsulation of anticancer drug. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 81:530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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A novel size-tunable nanocarrier system for targeted anticancer drug delivery. J Control Release 2010; 144:314-23. [PMID: 20211210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a nanocarrier drug-delivery system based on micelles formed by a new class of well-defined linear PEGylated two-arm oligomer of cholic acids in aqueous solution. By varying the length of the linear PEG chains and the configuration of cholic acid oligomer, one can easily fine-tune the physicochemical properties of the amphiphilic polymers and the resulting micelles. These include particle size, critical micelle concentration, and drug-loading capacity. High level of hydrophobic anticancer drugs such as PTX, etoposide and SN-38 can be readily loaded into such nanocarriers. The loading capacity of the nanocarrier for PTX (PTX) is extremely high (12.0mg/mL), which is equivalent to 37.5% (w/w) of the total mass of the micelle. PTX-loaded nanocarriers are much more stable than Abraxane (PTX/human serum albumin nanoaggregate) when stored in bovine serum albumin solution or dog plasma. PTX release profile from the micelles is burst-free and sustained over a period of seven days. The anti-tumor activity of PTX-loaded nanocarriers against ovarian cancer cell line in vitro, with continuous drug exposure, is similar to Taxol (formulation of PTX dissolved in Cremophor EL and ethanol) or Abraxane. Targeted drug delivery to tumor site with these novel micelles was demonstrated by near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging in nude mice bearing ovarian cancer xenograft. Furthermore, PTX-loaded nanocarriers demonstrated superior anti-tumor efficacy compared to Taxol at equivalent PTX dose in ovarian cancer xenograft model.
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20
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Huang MH, Chou AH, Lien SP, Chen HW, Huang CY, Chen WW, Chong P, Liu SJ, Leng CH. Formulation and immunological evaluation of novel vaccine delivery systems based on bioresorbable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone). J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 90:832-41. [PMID: 19280632 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel emulsion-type vaccine delivery systems based on the amphiphilic bioresorbable polymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PLACL) and selected oils were developed here. Physicochemical characterizations such as stability, a droplet test, microscopic aspects, and in vitro release showed that PEG-b-PLACL-emulsified formulations have several advantages over traditional vaccine adjuvants in that they are stable, reproducible, and homogeneous fine particles with an appropriate size to facilitate the induction of potent immune responses. Different dispersion-type emulsions have provided different release profiles using ovalbumin in model studies. Immunogenicity studies in mice have shown that antigen-specific antibody titers and T-cell proliferative responses, as well as the secretion of IFN-gamma, were significantly enhanced for ovalbumin after formulation with PEG-b-PLACL-based emulsions. These features are of great interest for applications in delivery systems of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsi Huang
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
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21
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Siao SY, Lin LH, Chen WW, Huang MH, Chong P. Characterization and emulsifying properties of block copolymers prepared from lactic acid and poly(ethylene glycol). J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Development of Multi-Phase Emulsions Based on Bioresorbable Polymers and Oily Adjuvant. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1856-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Gaucher G, Asahina K, Wang J, Leroux JC. Effect of Poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone)-block-poly(d,l-lactide) as Coating Agent on the Opsonization, Phagocytosis, and Pharmacokinetics of Biodegradable Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:408-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bm801178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Gaucher
- Canada Research Chair in Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-428, Los Angeles, California 90033, and Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Kinji Asahina
- Canada Research Chair in Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-428, Los Angeles, California 90033, and Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Jiaohong Wang
- Canada Research Chair in Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-428, Los Angeles, California 90033, and Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Canada Research Chair in Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-428, Los Angeles, California 90033, and Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire, Los Angeles, California 90073
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