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Patharapankal EJ, Ajiboye AL, Mattern C, Trivedi V. Nose-to-Brain (N2B) Delivery: An Alternative Route for the Delivery of Biologics in the Management and Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:66. [PMID: 38258077 PMCID: PMC10818989 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been a growing number of small and large molecules that could be used to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Nose-to-brain delivery can be a potential option for the direct transport of molecules from the nasal cavity to different brain areas. This review aims to provide a compilation of current approaches regarding drug delivery to the CNS via the nose, with a focus on biologics. The review also includes a discussion on the key benefits of nasal delivery as a promising alternative route for drug administration and the involved pathways or mechanisms. This article reviews how the application of various auxiliary agents, such as permeation enhancers, mucolytics, in situ gelling/mucoadhesive agents, enzyme inhibitors, and polymeric and lipid-based systems, can promote the delivery of large molecules in the CNS. The article also includes a discussion on the current state of intranasal formulation development and summarizes the biologics currently in clinical trials. It was noted that significant progress has been made in this field, and these are currently being applied to successfully transport large molecules to the CNS via the nose. However, a deep mechanistic understanding of this route, along with the intimate knowledge of various excipients and their interactions with the drug and nasal physiology, is still necessary to bring us one step closer to developing effective formulations for nasal-brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Patharapankal
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Adejumoke Lara Ajiboye
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
| | | | - Vivek Trivedi
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
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2
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Botti G, Bianchi A, Dalpiaz A, Tedeschi P, Albanese V, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Bonferoni MC, Beggiato S, Pavan B. Dimeric ferulic acid conjugate as a prodrug for brain targeting after nasal administration of loaded solid lipid microparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1657-1679. [PMID: 38014509 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2286369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ferulic acid (Fer) displays antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties useful against neurodegenerative diseases. To increase Fer uptake and its central nervous system residence time, a dimeric prodrug, optimizing the Fer loading on nasally administrable solid lipid microparticles (SLMs), was developed. METHODS The prodrug was synthesized as Fer dimeric conjugate methylated on the carboxylic moiety. Prodrug antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties and ability to release Fer in physiologic environments were evaluated. Tristearin or stearic acid SLMs were obtained by hot emulsion technique. In vivo pharmacokinetics were quantified by HPLC. RESULTS The prodrug was able to release Fer in physiologic environments (whole blood and brain homogenates) and induce in vitro antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects. Its half-life in rats was 18.0 ± 1.9 min. Stearic acid SLMs, exhibiting the highest prodrug loading and dissolution rate, were selected for nasal administration to rats (1 mg/kg dose), allowing to obtain high prodrug bioavailability and prolonged residence in the cerebrospinal fluid, showing AUC (Area Under Concentration) values (108.5 ± 3.9 μg∙mL-1∙min) up to 30 times over those of Fer free drug, after its intravenous/nasal administration (3.3 ± 0.3/5.16 ± 0.20 μg∙mL-1∙min, respectively) at the same dose. Chitosan presence further improved the prodrug brain uptake. CONCLUSIONS Nasal administration of prodrug-loaded SLMs can be proposed as a noninvasive approach for neurodegenerative disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation-Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Rassu G, Obinu A, Serri C, Piras S, Carta A, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Improving in vivo oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble drug: a case study on polymeric versus lipid nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1128-1139. [PMID: 36509967 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poorly soluble drugs must be appropriately formulated for clinical use to increase the solubility, dissolution rate, and permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Polymeric and lipid nanocarriers have been successfully investigated for this aim, and their physicochemical properties, and in particular, the surface chemistry, significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of the drugs after oral administration. In the present study, PLGA nanoparticles (SS13NP) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SS13SLN) loaded with SS13, a BCS IV model drug, were prepared. SS13 bioavailability following the oral administration of SS13 (free drug), SS13NP, or SS13SLN was compared. SS13NP had a suitable size for oral administration (less than 300 nm), a spherical shape and negative zeta potential, similarly to SS13SLN. On the contrary, SS13NP showed higher physical stability but lower encapsulation efficiency (54.31 ± 6.66%) than SS13SLN (100.00 ± 3.11%). When orally administered (0.6 mg of drug), SS13NP showed higher drug AUC values with respect to SS13SLN (227 ± 14 versus 147 ± 8 µg/mL min), with higher Cmax (2.47 ± 0.14 µg/mL versus 1.30 ± 0.15 µg/mL) reached in a shorter time (20 min versus 60 min). Both formulations induced, therefore, the oral bioavailability of SS13 (12.67 ± 1.43% and 4.38 ± 0.39% for SS13NP and SS12SLN, respectively) differently from the free drug. These in vivo results confirm that the chemical composition of nanoparticles significantly affects the in vivo fate of a BCS IV drug. Moreover, PLGA nanoparticles appear more efficient and rapid than SLN in allowing drug absorption and transport to systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Obinu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Serri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sandra Piras
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Nano-Spray-Dried Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride with Mucoadhesive Carriers and Cyclodextrins for Nasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020317. [PMID: 36839640 PMCID: PMC9966248 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antihistamines such as levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LC) are commercially used in oral tablets and oral drops to reduce allergic symptoms. In this study, LC was nano-spray-dried using three mucoadhesive polymers and four cyclodextrin species to form composite powders for nasal administration. The product was composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose polymer, including LC as a zwitterion, after neutralization by NaOH, and XRD investigations verified its amorphous state. This and a sulfobutylated-beta-cyclodextrin sodium salt-containing sample showed crystal peaks due to NaCl content as products of the neutralization reaction in the solutions before drying. The average particle size of the spherical microparticles was between 2.42 and 3.44 µm, except for those containing a polyvinyl alcohol excipient, which were characterized by a medium diameter of 29.80 µm. The drug was completely and immediately liberated from all the samples at pH 5.6 and 32 °C; i.e., the carriers did not change the good dissolution behavior of LC. A permeability test was carried out by dipping the synthetic cellulose ester membrane in isopropyl myristate using modified horizontal diffusion cells. The spray-dried powder with β-cyclodextrin showed the highest permeability (188.37 µg/cm2/h), as this additive was the least hydrophilic. Products prepared with other cyclodextrins (randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylated-beta-cyclodextrin sodium salt and (hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin) showed similar or slightly higher penetration abilities than LC. Other polymer excipients resulted in lower penetration of the active agent than the pure LC.
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Dextrin-Based Nanohydrogels for Rokitamycin Prolonged Topical Delivery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080490. [PMID: 36005092 PMCID: PMC9407297 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are widely used antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity. The development of drug carriers to deliver this type of antibiotics has attracted much research. The present study aims at developing new swellable dextrin-based nanohydrogels for the topical delivery of rokitamycin, as model macrolide. Rokitamycin is a synthetic analogous of macrolides with advantageous characteristics as far as bacterial uptake and post-antibiotic effect are concerned. It is also indicated for the treatment of severe infections caused by Acanthamoeba and for topical infections. The nanohydrogels have been prepared from two types of cross-linked polymers obtained by using β-cyclodextrin or Linecaps® was provided by the Roquette Italia SPA (Cassano Spinola, Al, Italy) as building blocks. The cross-linked polymers have been then formulated into aqueous nanosuspensions refined and tuned to achieve the incorporation of the drug. Cross-linked β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Linecaps® (LC) polymers formed dextrin-based nanohydrogels with high swelling degree and mucoadhesion capability. Rokitamycin was loaded into the nanohydrogels displaying an average size around 200 nm with negative surface charge. In vitro kinetic profiles of free and loaded drug in nanohydrogels were compared at two pH levels. Interestingly, a sustained and controlled release was obtained at skin pH level due to the high degree of swelling and a pH responsiveness possibly. The results collected suggest that these nanohydrogels are promising for the delivery of rokitamycin and may pave the way for the topical delivery of other macrolide antibiotics.
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Henriques P, Fortuna A, Doktorovová S. Spray dried powders for nasal delivery: Process and formulation considerations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:1-20. [PMID: 35568256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Powders for nasal delivery have been recognized as advantageous dosage forms over liquids due to increased stability and residence time on nasal mucosa, with improved bioavailability. They can be manufactured by spray-drying, allowing the optimization of the particle properties that are critical to guarantee nasal deposition, as size and shape. It is also a scalable and flexible method already explored extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to understand how process parameters, particle physical properties and formulation considerations affect the product performance. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of nasal powder formulation and processing through spray drying, with an emphasis on the variables that impact on performance. To this purpose, we describe the physical, biological and pharmacological phenomena prior to drug absorption as well as the most relevant powder properties. Formulation considerations including qualitative and quantitative composition are then reviewed, as well as manufacturing considerations including spray drying relevant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Henriques
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; R&D, Drug Product Development, Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6348
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8
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Miele D, Xia X, Catenacci L, Sorrenti M, Rossi S, Sandri G, Ferrari F, Rossi JJ, Bonferoni MC. Chitosan Oleate Coated PLGA Nanoparticles as siRNA Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1716. [PMID: 34684009 PMCID: PMC8539707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapeutics such as miRNAs and siRNAs represent a class of molecules developed to modulate gene expression by interfering with ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and protein synthesis. These molecules are characterized by strong instability and easy degradation due to nuclease enzymes. To avoid these drawbacks and ensure efficient delivery to target cells, viral and non-viral vectors are the two main approaches currently employed. Viral vectors are one of the major vehicles in gene therapy; however, the potent immunogenicity and the insertional mutagenesis is a potential issue for the patient. Non-viral vectors, such as polymeric nanocarriers, provide a safer and more efficient delivery of RNA-interfering molecules. The aim of this work is to employ PLGA core nanoparticles shell-coated with chitosan oleate as siRNA carriers. An siRNA targeted on HIV-1, directed against the viral Tat/Rev transcripts was employed as a model. The ionic interaction between the oligonucleotide's moieties, negatively charged, and the positive surface charges of the chitosan shell was exploited to associate siRNA and nanoparticles. Non-covalent bonds can protect siRNA from nuclease degradation and guarantee a good cell internalization and a fast release of the siRNA into the cytosolic portion, allowing its easy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Miele
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1218 Fifth Avenue, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
| | - John J. Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1218 Fifth Avenue, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Maria Cristina Bonferoni
- Department Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Vle Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (D.M.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (G.S.); (F.F.)
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9
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Rassu G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Pavan B, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Versatile Nasal Application of Cyclodextrins: Excipients and/or Actives? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081180. [PMID: 34452141 PMCID: PMC8401481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides widely used in the pharmaceutical field. In this review, a detailed examination of the literature of the last two decades has been made to understand the role of CDs in nasal drug delivery systems. In nasal formulations, CDs are used as pharmaceutical excipients, as solubilizers and absorption promoters, and as active ingredients due to their several biological activities (antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuroprotective). The use of CDs in nasal formulations allowed obtaining versatile drug delivery systems intended for local and systemic effects, as well as for nose-to-brain transport of drugs. In vitro and in vivo models currently employed are suitable to analyze the effects of CDs in nasal formulations. Therefore, CDs are versatile pharmaceutical materials, and due to the continual synthesis of new CDs derivatives, the research on the new nasal applications is an interesting field evolving in the coming years, to which Italian research will still contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.R.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079228754
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Essential Oil-Loaded NLC for Potential Intranasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081166. [PMID: 34452126 PMCID: PMC8399280 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicines represent an interesting field of research on which worldwide academics are focusing many efforts. In particular, the possibility to exploit pharmaceutical technology strategies, such as the nanoencapsulation, for the delivery of essential oils is emerging as a promising strategy not only in Italy but also all over the world. The aim of this work was the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of essential oils (Lavandula, Mentha, and Rosmarinus) by intranasal administration, an interesting topic in which Italian contributions have recently increased. Essential oil-loaded NLC, projected as a possible add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, were characterized in comparison to control formulations prepared with Tegosoft CT and Neem oil. Homogeneous (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) nanoparticles with a small size (<200 nm) and good stability were obtained. Morphological and physical-chemical studies showed the formation of different structures depending on the nature of the liquid oil component. In particular, NLC prepared with Lavandula or Rosmarinus showed the formation of a more ordered structure with higher cytocompatibility on two cell lines, murine and human fibroblasts. Taken together, our preliminary results show that optimized positively charged NLC containing Lavandula or Rosmarinus can be proposed as a potential add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through intranasal administration, due to the well-known beneficial effects of essential oils and the mucoadhesive properties of NLC.
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Targeting Systems to the Brain Obtained by Merging Prodrugs, Nanoparticles, and Nasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081144. [PMID: 34452105 PMCID: PMC8399330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
About 40 years ago the lipidization of hydrophilic drugs was proposed to induce their brain targeting by transforming them into lipophilic prodrugs. Unfortunately, lipidization often transforms a hydrophilic neuroactive agent into an active efflux transporter (AET) substrate, with consequent rejection from the brain after permeation across the blood brain barrier (BBB). Currently, the prodrug approach has greatly evolved in comparison to lipidization. This review describes the evolution of the prodrug approach for brain targeting considering the design of prodrugs as active influx substrates or molecules able to inhibit or elude AETs. Moreover, the prodrug approach appears strategic in optimization of the encapsulation of neuroactive drugs in nanoparticulate systems that can be designed to induce their receptor-mediated transport (RMT) across the BBB by appropriate decorations on their surface. Nasal administration is described as a valuable alternative to obtain the brain targeting of drugs, evidencing that the prodrug approach can allow the optimization of micro or nanoparticulate nasal formulations of neuroactive agents in order to obtain this goal. Furthermore, nasal administration is also proposed for prodrugs characterized by peripheral instability but potentially able to induce their targeting inside cells of the brain.
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12
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Zhang L, Xu X, Badawy S, Ihsan A, Liu Z, Xie C, Wang X, Tao Y. A Review: Effects of Macrolides on CYP450 Enzymes. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:928-937. [PMID: 32807049 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200817113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of haemoglobin, cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) participate in the metabolism of many substances, including endogenous substances, exogenous substances and drugs. It is estimated that 60% of common prescription drugs require bioconversion through CYP450. The influence of macrolides on CYP450 contributes to the metabolism and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of macrolides. At present, most studies on the effects of macrolides on CYP450 are focused on CYP3A, but a few exist on other enzymes and drug combinations, such as telithromycin, which can decrease the activity of hepatic CYP1A2 and CYP3A2. This article summarizes some published applications of the influence of macrolides on CYP450 and the DDIs of macrolides caused by CYP450. And the article may subsequently guide the rational use of drugs in clinical trials. To a certain extent, poisoning caused by adverse drug interactions can be avoided. Unreasonable use of macrolide antibiotics may enable the presence of residue of macrolide antibiotics in animal-origin food. It is unhealthy for people to eat food with macrolide antibiotic residues. So it is of great significance to guarantee food safety and protect the health of consumers by the rational use of macrolides. This review gives a detailed description of the influence of macrolides on CYP450 and the DDIs of macrolides caused by CYP450. Moreover, it offers a perspective for researchers to further explore in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sara Badawy
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Changqing Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Antioxidants as a Potential Tool for the Therapy of Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121246. [PMID: 33371285 PMCID: PMC7766211 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases and can be an important cause of the damages in cerebral ischemia. Oxidative stress arises from high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, on this rational base, antioxidants (many of natural origin) are proposed as potential drugs to prevent ROS noxious actions because they can protect the target tissues from the oxidative stress. However, the potential of antioxidants is limited, owing to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is difficult to cross with a consequent low bioavailability of the drug into the brain after systemic (intravenous, intraperitoneal, oral) administrations. One strategy to improve the delivery of antioxidants to the brain involves the use of the so-called nose-to-brain route, with the administration of the antioxidant in specific nasal formulations and its passage to the central nervous system (CNS) mainly through the olfactory nerve way. In the current literature, many examples show encouraging results in studies carried out in cell cultures and in animal models about the potential neuroprotective effects of antioxidants when administered through the nose. This review concerns the nose-to-brain route for the brain targeting of antioxidants as a potential tool for the therapy of neurological diseases.
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Rinaldi F, Hanieh PN, Imbriano A, Passeri D, Del Favero E, Rossi M, Marianecci C, De Panfilis S, Carafa M. Different instrumental approaches to understand the chitosan coated niosomes/mucin interaction. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sachan N, Bahadur S, Sharma PK. Recent Advances and Novel Approaches for Nose to Brain Drug Delivery for Treatment of Migraine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2210303109666190508083142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Nasal drug delivery has been used since ancient times for therapeutic and recreational
purposes. For the last decades, nasal drug delivery has been extended for drug delivery to the
brain. Therefore, it is important to understand the several physiological and physicochemical factors of
the nose for brain drug delivery.
Objective:
A major highlight of the present review article is the several aspects of the nose to brain delivery
for migraine treatment. This review will help to understand different factors which are needed to
be considered for intra-nasal formulations to achieve the desired therapeutic effects.
Method:
There are different drug delivery routes available for migraine treatment. Nasal route of administration
may be optimal for migraine treatment which has better drug concentration in the brain.
These approaches may be associated with limiting the adverse effects of drug therapeutics.
Results:
A list of total FDA approved approaches has been provided. Novel approaches used for drug
targeting to get maximum drug concentration in the brain have been highlighted. Several novel drug
delivery approaches such as nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, microspheres, etc. have been reported and better
therapeutic effects have been observed. Among the novel approaches, some of them are currently
under either Phase II or Phase III development but may prove to offer better clinical effects. These approaches
would become the alternate choice for migraine treatment with patients experiencing symptoms
consistent with gastrointestinal dysfunction associated with migraine.
Conclusion:
Intra-nasal administration of drugs for migraine treatment may offer an interesting alternative
for achieving therapeutic effects of drugs which are comparable to the parenteral route. Nasal drug
delivery can be an alternative route of drug administration for migraine treatment to achieve better
bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sachan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Bahadur
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bonferoni MC, Ferraro L, Pavan B, Beggiato S, Cavalieri E, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Uptake in the Central Nervous System of Geraniol Oil Encapsulated in Chitosan Oleate Following Nasal and Oral Administration. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030106. [PMID: 30832389 PMCID: PMC6471858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological activities of geraniol include anticancer and neuroprotective properties. However, its insolubility in water easily induces separation from aqueous formulations, causing administration difficulties. Here we propose new emulsified formulations of geraniol by using the amphiphilic polymer chitosan-oleate (CS-OA) as surfactant to combine mucoadhesive and absorption enhancer properties with stabilization effects on the oil dispersion. The formulation based on CS-OA 2% (w/w) (G-CS-OA-2.0%) showed viscosity values compatible with oral and nasal administration to rats, and mean diameter of the dispersed phase of 819 ± 104 nm. G-CS-OA-2.0% oral administration sensibly increases the geraniol bioavailability with respect to coarse emulsions obtained without CS-OA (AUC values in the bloodstream were 42,713 ± 1553 µg∙mL−1∙min and 2158 ± 82 µg∙mL−1∙min following administration of 50 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg, respectively), and enhances the aptitude of geraniol to reach the central nervous system from the bloodstream (AUC values in the cerebrospinal fluid were 7293 ± 408 µg∙mL−1∙min and 399 ± 25 µg∙mL−1∙min after oral administration of 50 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg, respectively). Moreover, relevant geraniol amounts were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid following the G-CS-OA-2% nasal administration (AUC values in the cerebrospinal fluid were 10,778 ± 477 µg∙mL−1∙min and 5571 ± 290 µg∙mL−1∙min after nasal administration of 4 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elena Cavalieri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Rassu G, Ferraro L, Pavan B, Giunchedi P, Gavini E, Dalpiaz A. The Role of Combined Penetration Enhancers in Nasal Microspheres on In Vivo Drug Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E206. [PMID: 30373187 PMCID: PMC6321492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microspheres based on both methyl-β-cyclodextrins and chitosan were prepared by spray-drying as nasal formulations of a model polar drug to analyze, firstly, how the composition of the carrier affects drug permeation across synthetic membranes and, secondly, how it induces systemic or brain delivery of the drug. Microparticles with different weight ratios of the two penetration enhancers (10⁻90, 50⁻50, 90⁻10) were characterized with respect to morphology, size, structural composition, water uptake, and the in vitro drug permeation profile. The leader formulation (weight ratio of 50⁻50) was then nasally administered to rats; systemic and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) over time. Microspheres obtained with a single enhancer, methyl-β-cyclodextrins or chitosan, were administered in vivo as a comparison. The in vitro properties of combined microspheres appeared modified with regard to the polymeric matrix ratio. In vivo results suggest that the optimal drug distribution between CSF and bloodstream can be easily obtained by varying the amount of these two penetration enhancers studied in the matrix of nasal microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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18
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Bourganis V, Kammona O, Alexopoulos A, Kiparissides C. Recent advances in carrier mediated nose-to-brain delivery of pharmaceutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:337-362. [PMID: 29733950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, etc.) represent a growing public health issue, primarily due to the increased life expectancy and the aging population. The treatment of such disorders is notably elaborate and requires the delivery of therapeutics to the brain in appropriate amounts to elicit a pharmacological response. However, despite the major advances both in neuroscience and drug delivery research, the administration of drugs to the CNS still remains elusive. It is commonly accepted that effectiveness-related issues arise due to the inability of parenterally administered macromolecules to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) in order to access the CNS, thus impeding their successful delivery to brain tissues. As a result, the direct Nose-to-Brain delivery has emerged as a powerful strategy to circumvent the BBB and deliver drugs to the brain. The present review article attempts to highlight the different experimental and computational approaches pursued so far to attain and enhance the direct delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain and shed some light on the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Bourganis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aleck Alexopoulos
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Chitosan Glutamate-Coated Niosomes: A Proposal for Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020038. [PMID: 29565809 PMCID: PMC6027090 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study is to prepare and characterize drug free and pentamidine loaded chitosan glutamate coated niosomes for intranasal drug delivery to reach the brain through intranasal delivery. Mucoadhesive properties and stability testing in various environments were evaluated to examine the potential of these formulations to be effective drug delivery vehicles for intranasal delivery to the brain. Samples were prepared using thin film hydration method. Changes in size and ζ-potential of coated and uncoated niosomes with and without loading of pentamidine in various conditions were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), while size and morphology were also studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Bilayer properties and mucoadhesive behavior were investigated by fluorescence studies and DLS analyses, respectively. Changes in vesicle size and ζ-potential values were shown after addition of chitosan glutamate to niosomes, and when in contact with mucin solution. In particular, interactions with mucin were observed in both drug free and pentamidine loaded niosomes regardless of the presence of the coating. The characteristics of the proposed systems, such as pentamidine entrapment and mucin interaction, show promising results to deliver pentamidine or other possible drugs to the brain via nasal administration.
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Pavan B, Dalpiaz A, Marani L, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Canistro D, Paolini M, Vivarelli F, Valerii MC, Comparone A, De Fazio L, Spisni E. Geraniol Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability and Its Multiple Effects on the Liver Antioxidant and Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29422862 PMCID: PMC5788896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Geraniol is a natural monoterpene showing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective and anticancer effects. No pharmacokinetic and bioavailability data on geraniol are currently available. We therefore performed a systematic study to identify the permeation properties of geraniol across intestinal cells, and its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after intravenous and oral administration to rats. In addition, we systematically investigated the potential hepatotoxic effects of high doses of geraniol on hepatic phase I, phase II and antioxidant enzymatic activities and undertook a hematochemical analysis on mice. Permeation studies performed via HPLC evidenced geraniol permeability coefficients across an in vitro model of the human intestinal wall for apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical transport of 13.10 ± 2.3 × 10-3 and 2.1 ± 0.1⋅× 10-3 cm/min, respectively. After intravenous administration of geraniol to rats (50 mg/kg), its concentration in whole blood (detected via HPLC) decreased following an apparent pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-life of 12.5 ± 1.5 min. The absolute bioavailability values of oral formulations (50 mg/kg) of emulsified geraniol or fiber-adsorbed geraniol were 92 and 16%, respectively. Following emulsified oral administration, geraniol amounts in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats ranged between 0.72 ± 0.08 μg/mL and 2.6 ± 0.2 μg/mL within 60 min. Mice treated with 120 mg/kg of geraniol for 4 weeks showed increased anti-oxidative defenses with no signs of liver toxicity. CYP450 enzyme activities appeared only slightly affected by the high dosage of geraniol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pavan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Marani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria C Valerii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Comparone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigia De Fazio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jug M, Hafner A, Lovrić J, Kregar ML, Pepić I, Vanić Ž, Cetina-Čižmek B, Filipović-Grčić J. An overview of in vitro dissolution/release methods for novel mucosal drug delivery systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:350-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Tiozzo Fasiolo L, Manniello MD, Tratta E, Buttini F, Rossi A, Sonvico F, Bortolotti F, Russo P, Colombo G. Opportunity and challenges of nasal powders: Drug formulation and delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 113:2-17. [PMID: 28942007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nasal drug delivery, among the preparations defined by the European Pharmacopoeia, nasal powders facilitate the formulation of poorly water-soluble active compounds. They often display a simple composition in excipients (if any), allow for the administration of larger drug doses and enhance drug diffusion and absorption across the mucosa, improving bioavailability compared to nasal liquids. Despite the positive features, however, nasal products in this form still struggle to enter the market: the few available on the market are Onzetra Xsail® (sumatriptan) for migraine relief and, for the treatment of rhinitis, Rhinocort® Turbuhaler® (budesonide), Teijin Rhinocort® (beclomethasone dipropionate) and Erizas® (dexamethasone cipecilate). Hence, this review tries to understand why nasal powder formulations are still less common than liquid ones by analyzing whether this depends on the lack of (i) real evidence of superior therapeutic benefit of powders, (ii) therapeutic and/or commercial interest, (iii) efficient manufacturing methods or (iv) availability of suitable and affordable delivery devices. To this purpose, the reader's attention will be guided through nasal powder formulation strategies and manufacturing techniques, eventually giving up-to-date evidences of therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Advancements in the technology of insufflation devices will also be provided as nasal drug products are typical drug-device combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tiozzo Fasiolo
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Dario Manniello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Elena Tratta
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bortolotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Rassu G, Soddu E, Posadino AM, Pintus G, Sarmento B, Giunchedi P, Gavini E. Nose-to-brain delivery of BACE1 siRNA loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles for Alzheimer's therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:296-301. [PMID: 28126681 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We designed a delivery system to obtain an efficient and optimal nose-to-brain transport of BACE1 siRNA, potentially useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We selected a cell-penetrating peptide, the short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein known as RVG-9R, to increase the transcellular pathway in neuronal cells. The optimal molar ratio between RVG-9R and BACE1 siRNA was elucidated. The complex between the two was then encapsulated. We propose chitosan-coated and uncoated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a nasal delivery system capable of exploiting both olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. The coating process had an effect on the zeta potential, obtaining positively-charged nanoparticles, and on siRNA protection. The positive charge of the coating formulation ensured mucoadhesiveness to the particles and also prolonged residence time in the nasal cavity. We studied the cellular transport of siRNA released from the SLNs using Caco-2 as a model of epithelial-like phenotypes. We found that siRNA permeates the monolayer to a greater extent when released from any of the studied formulations than from bare siRNA, and primarily from chitosan-coated SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Soddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra-PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23a, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23a, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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Langasco R, Cadeddu B, Formato M, Lepedda AJ, Cossu M, Giunchedi P, Pronzato R, Rassu G, Manconi R, Gavini E. Natural collagenic skeleton of marine sponges in pharmaceutics: Innovative biomaterial for topical drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:710-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Concepts, technologies, and practices for drug delivery past the blood–brain barrier to the central nervous system. J Control Release 2016; 240:251-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Yalcin A, Soddu E, Turunc Bayrakdar E, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Armagan G, Rassu G, Gavini E, Giunchedi P. Neuroprotective Effects of Engineered Polymeric Nasal Microspheres Containing Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on β-Amyloid (1-42)-Induced Toxicity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2372-80. [PMID: 27353207 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) plaques are the key neurotoxic assemblies in Alzheimer disease. It has been suggested that an interaction occurs between membrane cholesterol and Aβ aggregation in the brain. Cyclodextrins can remove cholesterol from cell membranes and change receptor function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-CD) polymeric microspheres, based on chitosan or sodium alginate, on the levels of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial function in brain synaptosomes. The effect of microspheres on DNA fragmentation, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Apex1 mRNAs in rat hippocampus after Aβ(1-42) peptide-induced neurotoxicity was also evaluated. Comparison with HP-CD raw material was performed. Aβ(1-42) treatment significantly decreased the mitochondrial activity of Apex1 and Bcl-2 mRNAs, induced DNA fragmentation, and increased mRNA levels of Bax. Treatment with HP-CD microspheres against Aβ(1-42) significantly reduced DNA fragmentation and increased the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio and mitochondrial function. In addition, HP-CD microspheres used against Aβ(1-42) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species production. These results indicate that nasally administered spray-dried HP-CD microspheres are able to provide protection against Aβ(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity, due to the suppressed levels of oxidative stress and apoptotic signals in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Yalcin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Health Science Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Elena Soddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ezgi Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Science Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
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Rassu G, Soddu E, Cossu M, Gavini E, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Particulate formulations based on chitosan for nose-to-brain delivery of drugs. A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Recent progresses in bioadhesive microspheres via transmucosal administration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 140:361-372. [PMID: 26774569 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on the advantages of adhesion preparations and the application status of microspheres (MSs) in mucous delivery, this paper primarily reviews the bioadhesive MSs via transmucosal administration routes, including the mucosa in alimentary tract and other lumens. Particularly, the detailed researches about of celladhesive MSs and some new-style bioadhesive MSs are mentioned. Furthermore, this review attempts to reveal the advances of bioadhesive MSs as cell-selective bioadhesion systems and the stimuli-responsive MSs as location-specific drug delivery systems. Although these MSs show powerful strength, some far-sighted ideas should be brought on agendas. In the future, mechanisms should be put under tight scrutiny and more attention should be focused on the excellent bioadhesive materials and the 'second generation mucoadhesives'. Meaningful clinical applications of these novel MSs are also of current concerns and need more detailed researches.
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29
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Dalpiaz A, Fogagnolo M, Ferraro L, Capuzzo A, Pavan B, Rassu G, Salis A, Giunchedi P, Gavini E. Nasal chitosan microparticles target a zidovudine prodrug to brain HIV sanctuaries. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:146-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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From naturally-occurring neurotoxic agents to CNS shuttles for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 74:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Rassu G, Soddu E, Cossu M, Brundu A, Cerri G, Marchetti N, Ferraro L, Regan RF, Giunchedi P, Gavini E, Dalpiaz A. Solid microparticles based on chitosan or methyl-β-cyclodextrin: a first formulative approach to increase the nose-to-brain transport of deferoxamine mesylate. J Control Release 2015; 201:68-77. [PMID: 25620068 PMCID: PMC4330128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose the formulation and characterization of solid microparticles as nasal drug delivery systems able to increase the nose-to-brain transport of deferoxamine mesylate (DFO), a neuroprotector unable to cross the blood brain barrier and inducing negative peripheral impacts. Spherical chitosan chloride and methyl-β-cyclodextrin microparticles loaded with DFO (DCH and MCD, respectively) were obtained by spray drying. Their volume-surface diameters ranged from 1.77 ± 0.06 μm (DCH) to 3.47 ± 0.05 μm (MCD); the aerodynamic diameters were about 1.1 μm and their drug content was about 30%. In comparison with DCH, MCD enhanced the in vitro DFO permeation across lipophilic membranes, similarly as shown by ex vivo permeation studies across porcine nasal mucosa. Moreover, MCD were able to promote the DFO permeation across monolayers of PC 12 cells (neuron-like), but like DCH, it did not modify the DFO permeation pattern across Caco-2 monolayers (epithelial-like). Nasal administration to rats of 200 μg DFO encapsulated in the microparticles resulted in its uptake into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with peak values ranging from 3.83 ± 0.68 μg/mL (DCH) to 14.37 ± 1.69 μg/mL (MCD) 30 min after insufflation of microparticles. No drug CSF uptake was detected after nasal administration of a DFO water solution. The DFO systemic absolute bioavailabilities obtained by DCH and MCD nasal administration were 6% and 15%, respectively. Chitosan chloride and methyl-β-cyclodextrins appear therefore suitable to formulate solid microparticles able to promote the nose to brain uptake of DFO and to limit its systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Soddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Cossu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Brundu
- Department of Natural and Territorial Sciences, University of Sassari, via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Guido Cerri
- Department of Natural and Territorial Sciences, University of Sassari, via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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32
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Chitosan in nasal delivery systems for therapeutic drugs. J Control Release 2014; 190:189-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Dellera E, Bonferoni MC, Sandri G, Rossi S, Ferrari F, Del Fante C, Perotti C, Grisoli P, Caramella C. Development of chitosan oleate ionic micelles loaded with silver sulfadiazine to be associated with platelet lysate for application in wound healing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:643-50. [PMID: 25128852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of chronic wounds, topical application of anti-infective drugs such as silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) is of primary importance to avoid infections and accelerate wound repair. AgSD is used in burns and chronic wounds for its wide antibacterial spectrum, but presents limitations due to poor solubility and cytotoxicity. In the present work polymeric micelles obtained by self-assembling of chitosan ionically modified by interaction with oleic acid were developed as carriers for AgSD to overcome the drawbacks of the drug. The AgSD loaded micelles were intended to be associated in wound healing with platelet lysate (PL), a hemoderivative rich in growth factors. Unloaded micelles demonstrated good compatibility with both fibroblasts and PL. The relevance of chitosan concentration and of the ratio between chitosan and oleic acid to the drug loading and the particle size of nanoparticles was studied. A marked increase (up to 100 times with respect to saturated solution) of AgSD concentration in micelle dispersion was obtained. Moreover, the encapsulation reduced the cytotoxic effect of the drug towards fibroblasts and the drug incompatibility with PDGF-AB (platelet derived growth factor), chosen as representative of platelet growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Fante
- Immunohaematology and Transfusion Service, Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cesare Perotti
- Immunohaematology and Transfusion Service, Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Grisoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Caramella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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34
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Pavan B, Paganetto G, Rossi D, Dalpiaz A. Multidrug resistance in cancer or inefficacy of neuroactive agents: innovative strategies to inhibit or circumvent the active efflux transporters selectively. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1563-71. [PMID: 24929222 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a crucial issue in the treatment of cancer cells that protect themselves by overexpression of active efflux transporters (AETs). AET expression maintains the homeostasis in healthy tissues and in the blood-brain barrier it often prevents drugs from reaching the brain. Inhibition of AETs could therefore be a valuable solution for preventing MDR; but nonselective long-term AET blocking can be harmful toward healthy tissues and, in particular, the brain. This review looks at the development of innovative formulations suitable for selectively blocking or avoiding AETs as promising ways to overcome the challenges of MDR and inefficacy of neuroactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pavan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Damiano Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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35
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Mittal D, Md S, Hasan Q, Fazil M, Ali A, Baboota S, Ali J. Brain targeted nanoparticulate drug delivery system of rasagiline via intranasal route. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:130-9. [PMID: 24786489 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.907372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to prepare and evaluate a rasagiline-loaded chitosan glutamate nanoparticles (RAS-CG-NPs) by ionic gelation of CG with tripolyphosphate anions (TPP). RAS-loaded CG-NPs were characterized for particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release. The mean particles size, polydispersity index (PDI) and encapsulation efficiency was found to be 151.1 ± 10.31, 0.380 ± 0.01 and 96.43 ± 4.23, respectively. Biodistribution of RAS formulations in the brain and blood of mice following intranasal (i.n.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration was performed using HPLC analytical method. The drug concentrations in brain following the i.n. of CG-NPs were found to be significantly higher at all the time points compared to both drug (i.n.) and drug CG-NPs (i.v.). The Cmax (999.25 ng/ml) and AUC (2086.60 ng h/ml) of formulation CG-NPs (i.n) were found to be significantly higher than CG-NPs (i.v.) and RAS solution (i.n.). The direct transport percentage (DTP%) values of RAS-loaded CG-NPs (i.n.) as compared to drug solution (i.n.) increased from 66.27 ± 1.8 to 69.27 ± 2.1%. The results showed significant enhancement of bioavailability in brain, after administration of the RAS-loaded CG-NPs which could be a substantial achievement of direct nose to brain targeting in Parkinson's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quamrul Hasan
- b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
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36
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Dalpiaz A, Ferraro L, Perrone D, Leo E, Iannuccelli V, Pavan B, Paganetto G, Beggiato S, Scalia S. Brain uptake of a Zidovudine prodrug after nasal administration of solid lipid microparticles. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1550-61. [PMID: 24717116 DOI: 10.1021/mp400735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous results demonstrated that a prodrug obtained by the conjugation of the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (AZT) with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) represents a potential carrier for AZT in the central nervous system, thus possibly increasing AZT efficiency as an anti-HIV drug. Based on these results and in order to enhance AZT brain targeting, the present study focuses on solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) as a carrier system for the nasal administration of UDCA-AZT prodrug. SLMs were produced by the hot emulsion technique, using tristearin and stearic acid as lipidic carriers, whose mean diameters were 16 and 7 μm, respectively. SLMs were of spherical shape, and their prodrug loading was 0.57 ± 0.03% (w/w, tristearin based) and 1.84 ± 0.02% (w/w, stearic acid based). The tristearin SLMs were able to control the prodrug release, whereas the stearic acid SLMs induced a significant increase of the dissolution rate of the free prodrug. The free prodrug was rapidly hydrolyzed in rat liver homogenates with a half-life of 2.7 ± 0.14 min (process completed within 30 min). The tristearin SLMs markedly enhanced the stability of the prodrug (75% of the prodrug still present after 30 min), whereas the stabilization effect of the stearic acid SLMs was lower (14% of the prodrug still present after 30 min). No AZT and UDCA-AZT were detected in the rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after an intravenous prodrug administration (200 μg). Conversely, the nasal administration of stearic acid based SLMs induced the uptake of the prodrug in the CSF, demonstrating the existence of a direct nose-CNS pathway. In the presence of chitosan, the CSF prodrug uptake increased six times, up to 1.5 μg/mL within 150 min after nasal administration. The loaded SLMs appear therefore as a promising nasal formulation for selective zidovudine brain uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
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37
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Sharma N, Kulkarni GT, Sharma A, Bhatnagar A, Kumar N. Natural mucoadhesive microspheres of Abelmoschus esculentus polysaccharide as a new carrier for nasal drug delivery. J Microencapsul 2013; 30:589-98. [PMID: 23379506 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.764941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation and evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres, using Abelmoschus esculentus polysaccharide as a novel carrier for safe and effective delivery of rizatriptan benzoate into nasal cavity. The polysaccharide was extracted from the fruit of A. esculentus and mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by emulsification, followed by crosslinking using epichlorohydrin. Prepared microspheres were evaluated for size, morphology, swelling properties, mucoadhesive strength, encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Microspheres were found to release 50% of drug within 15 min and rest of the drug was released within 60 min. The drug release was found to decrease with increasing concentration of polysaccharide. To determine the retention time of the microspheres in the nasal cavity of rabbits, the microspheres were radiolabelled with (99m)Tc and subjected to gamma scintigraphy. The results showed a significant improvement in the nasal retention of the microspheres as compared to the aqueous solution of radiolabelled free-drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpalli, Hyderabad, India.
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38
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Gavini E, Rassu G, Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Alhalaweh A, Velaga S, Marchetti N, Bandiera P, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Influence of polymeric microcarriers on the in vivo intranasal uptake of an anti-migraine drug for brain targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 83:174-83. [PMID: 23153670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polymeric microcarriers on the in vivo intranasal uptake of an anti-migraine drug for brain targeting. Mucoadhesive powder formulations consisted of antimigraine drug, zolmitriptan, and chitosans (various molecular weights and types) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Their suitability for nasal administration was evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo mucoadhesion and permeation tests. The formulations based on chitosan glutamate (CG) or HPMC were tested in vivo because they showed good mucoadhesive properties and altered the permeation rate of the drug. The in vivo results from intravenous infusion and nasal aqueous suspension of the drug or nasal particulate powders were compared. The plasmatic AUC values obtained within 8h following intravenous administration appeared about three times higher than those obtained by nasal administration, independent of the formulations. Zolmitriptan concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained from nasal and intravenous administrations were, respectively, 30 and 90 times lower than the concentrations of the drug in the blood. Thus, nasal administration potentiated the central zolmitriptan activity, allowing a reduction in the drug peripheral levels, with respect to the intravenous administration. Among nasally administered formulations, CG microparticles showed the highest efficacy in promoting the central uptake of zolmitriptan within 1h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Sitaram Velaga
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | | | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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39
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Sezer AD, Cevher E. Topical drug delivery using chitosan nano- and microparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1129-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.702752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Saladini B, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Microparticles based on chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complexes for nasal delivery of tacrine hydrochloride. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2012; 3:33-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Dalpiaz A, Marchetti N, Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Velaga S, Gavini E, Beggiato S, Ferraro L. Quantitative determination of zolmitriptan in rat blood and cerebrospinal fluid by reversed phase HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis: application to in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 901:72-8. [PMID: 22743338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A fast HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of the potent and selective antimigraine zolmitriptan in rat blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The assay has been then applied for in vivo preclinical studies. The analytical determination has been used to obtain pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan in the two biological matrices after its intravenous or nasal administration. Liquid-liquid extraction of zolmitriptan was performed from 100 μL rat blood samples in the presence of N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (internal standard) with the employment of ethyl acetate. Calibration standards were prepared by using blood matrix and following the same liquid-liquid extraction procedure. CSF samples were analyzed without any pre-treatment steps and by using an external calibration method in pure water matrix. Chromatographic separation was performed under reversed phase and a gradient elution condition on a C18 packed column (100 × 2.0 mm, 2.5 μm particles diameter). The mobile phase was a mixture between acetonitrile, water and formic acid (0.1% v/v). The applied HPLC-MS/MS method allowed low limits of detection, as calculated from calibration curves, of 6.6 and 24.4 ng/mL for water matrix and rat blood extracts, respectively. Linearity of the calibration curves was established up to 5 μM (1.44 μg/mL), as well as good assay accuracy. The intravenous infusion of 20 μg zolmitriptan to male Sprague-Dawley rats produced blood concentrations ranging from 9.4±0.7 to 1.24±0.07 μg/mL within 10 h, with a terminal half-life of 3.4±0.2h. The nasal administration of a water suspension of 20 μg zolmitriptan produced blood concentrations ranging from 2.92±0.21 to 0.85±0.07 μg/mL within 6h. One hour after zolmitriptan intravenous infusion or nasal administration, its CSF concentrations were 0.0539±0.0016 and 0.0453±0.0012 μg/mL, respectively. This study determined the suitability of the herein proposed method to investigate the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan after its administration by means of novel formulations and, hence, to evaluate the efficacy of innovative nose-to-brain drug delivery in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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42
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Privalova AM, Gulyaeva NV, Bukreeva TV. Intranasal administration: a prospective drug delivery route to the brain. NEUROCHEM J+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712412020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Dalpiaz A, Paganetto G, Pavan B, Fogagnolo M, Medici A, Beggiato S, Perrone D. Zidovudine and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Conjugation: Design of a New Prodrug Potentially Able To Bypass the Active Efflux Transport Systems of the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:957-68. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Fogagnolo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Medici
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Biology, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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44
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Elshaer A, Hanson P, Worthington T, Lambert P, Mohammed AR. Preparation and characterization of amino acids-based trimethoprim salts. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:179-96. [PMID: 24300187 PMCID: PMC3834905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethoprim (TMP) is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor which prevents the conversion of dihydrofolic acid into tetrahydrofolic acid, resulting in the depletion of the latter and leading to bacterial death. Oral bioavailability of TMP is hindered by both its low solubility and low permeability. This study aims to prepare novel salts of TMP using anionic amino acids; aspartic and glutamic acid as counter ions in order to improve solubility and dissolution. TMP salts were prepared by lyophilisation and characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both the amino acids formed salts with TMP in a 1:1 molar ratio and showed a 280 fold improvement in solubility. Investigation of the microbiological activity of the prepared salts against TMP sensitive Escherichia coli showed that the new salts not only retained antibacterial activity but also exhibited higher zone of inhibition which was attributed to improved physicochemical characters such as higher solubility and dissolution. The results are an important finding that could potentially impact on faster onset of antibacterial activity and reduced therapeutic dose when administered to patients. Studies are underway investigating the effect of ion-pairing TMP with amino acids on the permeability profile of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Elshaer
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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45
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Dalpiaz A, Cacciari B, Vicentini CB, Bortolotti F, Spalluto G, Federico S, Pavan B, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. A novel conjugated agent between dopamine and an A2A adenosine receptor antagonist as a potential anti-Parkinson multitarget approach. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:591-604. [PMID: 22292533 DOI: 10.1021/mp200489d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a potential antiparkinsonian prodrug DP-L-A(2A)ANT (2) obtained by amidic conjugation of dopamine (1) via a succinic spacer to a new triazolo-triazine A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist A(2A)ANT (3). The affinity of 2 and its hydrolysis products-1, 3, dopamine-linker DP-L (4) and A(2A)ANT-linker L-A(2A)ANT (5)-was evaluated for hA(1), hA(2A), hA(2B) and hA(3) ARs and rat striatum A(2A)ARs or D(2) receptors. The hydrolysis patterns of 2, 4 and 5 and the stabilities of 1 and 3 were evaluated by HPLC analysis in human whole blood and rat brain homogenates. High hA(2A) affinity was shown by compounds 2 (K(i) = 7.32 ± 0.65 nM), 3 (K(i) = 35 ± 3 nM) and 5 (K(i) = 72 ± 5 nM), whose affinity values were similar in rat striatum. These compounds were not able to change dopamine affinity for D(2) receptors but counteracted the CGS 21680-induced reduction of dopamine affinity. DP-L (4) was inactive on adenosine and dopaminergic receptors. As for stability studies, compounds 4 and 5 were not degraded in incubation media. In human blood, the prodrug 2 was hydrolyzed (half-life = 2.73 ± 0.23 h) mainly on the amidic bound coupling the A(2A)ANT (3), whereas in rat brain homogenates the prodrug 2 was hydrolyzed (half-life > eight hours) exclusively on the amidic bound coupling dopamine, allowing its controlled release and increasing its poor stability as characterized by half-life = 22.5 ± 1.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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