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Biondi L, Nairn JG. High Performance Liquid Chromato-Graphic Assay For 5-Fluorouracil and 5-Fluorocytosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918508074102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Nilsson-ehle I. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Analyses of Antibiotics in Biological Fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918308062876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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José Ruiz‐Angel M, Berthod A, Carda‐Broch S, Celia García‐Álvarez‐Coque M. Analytical Techniques for Furosemide Determination. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110600671726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Carda-Broch S, Esteve-Romero J, García-Alvarez-Coque MC. Furosemide assay in pharmaceuticals by Micellar liquid chromatography: study of the stability of the drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:803-17. [PMID: 11022906 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simplified high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of furosemide (4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulphamoylanthranillic acid), which makes use of UV detection, a C18, reversed-phase column, and micellar mobile phases of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 1-propanol at pH 3 buffered with phosphate system. The most adequate experimental conditions to handle furosemide solutions in the analytical laboratory are studied. The mixture of furosemide and its degradation products which are formed upon light exposition was resolved with a mobile phase of 0.04 M SDS-2% propanol. Separation of furosemide from its common impurities and the hydrolytic product, 4-chloro-5-sulphamoylanthranillic acid, was also possible. A mobile phase of larger elution strength, such as 0.06 M SDS-8%, propanol was preferred to assay furosemide in several dosage forms (tablets, capsules, injectables and drops). The validity of the procedure was checked by analysing 27 pharmaceuticals commercialised in several countries. The label claim percentages and coefficients of variation were in the 95-102% and 0.05-1.3% ranges, respectively. The results showed that the procedure is suitable for routine analysis of the diuretic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carda-Broch
- Department de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Abou-Auda HS, Al-Yamani MJ, Morad AM, Bawazir SA, Khan SZ, Al-Khamis KI. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of furosemide in plasma and urine and its use in bioavailability studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 710:121-8. [PMID: 9686878 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and efficient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is reported for the determination of furosemide in human plasma and urine. The method has a sensitivity limit of 5 ng/ml in plasma, with acceptable within- and between-day reproducibilities and good linearity (r2>0.99) over a concentration range from 0.05 to 2.00 microg/ml. The one-step extract of furosemide and the internal standard (warfarin) from acidified plasma or urine was eluted through a muBondapak C18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.01 M potassium dihydrogenphosphate and acetonitrile (62:38, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.0. Within-day coefficients of variation (C.V.s) ranged from 1.08 to 8.63% for plasma and from 2.52 to 3.10% for urine, whereas between-day C.V.s ranged from 4.25 to 10.77% for plasma and from 5.15 to 6.81% for urine at three different concentrations. The minimum quantifiable concentration of furosemide was determined to be 5 ng/ml. The HPLC method described has the capability of rapid and reproducible measurement of low levels of furosemide in small amounts of plasma and urine. This method was utilized in bioavailability/pharmacokinetic studies for the routine monitoring of furosemide levels in adults, children and neonate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Abou-Auda
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Yu Z, Westerlund D, Boos KS. Evaluation of liquid chromatographic behavior of restricted-access media precolumns in the course of direct injection of large volumes of plasma samples in column-switching systems. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 704:53-62. [PMID: 9518177 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of an alkyl-diol silica (ADS, 25 x 4 mm I.D.) and a semipermeable surface (SPS, 10 x 10 mm I.D.) supports two types of restricted-access media (RAM), which served as precolumns in column-switching systems for direct injection of large volumes of plasma samples (500 microl), was studied with regard to peak performance, retention and column back pressure. The adsorption of matrix proteins both on sealings (porous frits and sieves) and packings was also examined. Columns of ADS and SPS were unchanged after the injection of 10-20 ml human plasma under normal working conditions. Even when changes occurred on the precolumns (>50 ml of plasma in total), it was still possible to regenerate the column performance by replacing the column sieves, or by washing and removing columns from the system for a period, since the changes were more related to the blockage of sealings and/or the adsorption of proteins on the hydrophilic surfaces. Proteins could eventually be unspecifically adsorbed on the hydrophobic ligand of the support. It was found on one ADS column that the retention decreased by 20% and the pressure increased 30 bar after an intensive loading of 75 ml plasma (injection volume, 500 microl) without reconditioning procedure. Studies showed that the column sealings played the most important role for the lifetime of RAM columns. For ADS columns, using sieves without polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nets were the best. No significant difference in column life span between SPS and ADS was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yu
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University Biomedical Centre, Sweden
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7
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Lalljie SP, Barroso MB, Steenackers D, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM, Sandra P. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography as a fast screening method for the determination of the doping agents furosemide and piretanide in urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:71-8. [PMID: 9029315 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)88057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the screening of the loop diuretics piretanide and furosemide in urine was studied. A fast and simple method with good repeatability is described. The method was applied to urine samples collected from a healthy volunteer after oral administration of therapeutic doses of each compound. Positive identification in the urine matrix was possible through recording diode array spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Lalljie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Cleary JD, Chapman SW, Hardin TC, Rinaldi MG, Spencer JL, Deng J, Pennick GJ, Lobb CJ. Amphotericin B enzyme-linked immunoassay for clinical use: comparison with bioassay and HPLC. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31:39-44. [PMID: 8997463 DOI: 10.1177/106002809703100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for amphotericin B in serum samples. Results are compared with those obtained by HPLC and bioassay. DESIGN Comparison of results obtained by ELISA, HPLC, and bioassay. METHODS We developed a new ELISA using a polyclonal rabbit antibody to measure serum amphotericin B concentrations. Blinded samples of amphotericin B in concentrations of 0.15-78 micrograms/mL were prepared in human serum and assayed simultaneously by the ELISA, HPLC, and bioassay. The results of each assay were derived from standard curves and evaluated by using the Table Curve 2D computer program. These data were compared by using correlation analysis with evaluation of Pearson's correlation coefficient by Student's t-test. RESULTS ELISA and bioassay compared favorably at amphotericin B concentrations of 0.3-20 micrograms/mL with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.993, while ELISA and HPLC compared with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.944. The average coefficient of variation over the range 0.3-20.0 micrograms/mL was 28% +/- 7% for HPLC, 26% +/- 9% for ELISA, and 13% +/- 4% for bioassay. Comparison of all three assays revealed the highest correlation with the ELISA assay (r = 0.998) for the range of concentrations (0.3-20 micrograms/mL) routinely achieved. Samples containing concentrations in excess of 20 micrograms/mL could be diluted. Desiccation for concentrations less than 0.3 microgram/mL was not tested. CONCLUSION The determination of serum amphotericin B concentrations by ELISA gave results similar to those obtained by a bioassay and HPLC technique. Although variability appears greater with ELISA, the ease of performing yjis assay expedites the evaluation of amphotericin B concentrations from lipid formulations without interference from coadministered antibacterials of azole antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Cleary
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Jackson 31926, USA
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9
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Barroso MB, Jiménez RM, Alonso RM, Ortiz E. Determination of piretanide and furosemide in pharmaceuticals and human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 675:303-12. [PMID: 8852719 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection (ED) has been developed for the determination of two diuretics: 4-phenoxy-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid (piretanide) and 4-chloro-2-furfurylamino-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid (furosemide). The chromatographic separation was performed on a mu Bondapak C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (40:60) containing 5 mM KH2PO4/K2HPO4 and with a flow-rate of 1 ml/min (69 bar). The temperature was optimized at 30 +/- 0.2 degrees C. The amperometric detector equipped with a glassy carbon electrode was operated at +1200 mV versus Ag/AgCl in the direct current mode. The method was applied to the determination of these compounds in two concentration ranges (ppm and ppb), obtaining a reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviations lower than 1% for within-day and 4% for day-to-day and determination limits of 15 ppb for both compounds. Recoveries greater than 90% were obtained for spiked urine samples, using a liquid-liquid extraction method in the sample clean-up procedure. The LC-ED method was applied to commercially available pharmaceuticals (Seguril, furosemide 40 mg, and Perbilén, piretanide 6 mg) and urine samples obtained from healthy volunteers and hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Barroso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Barroso M, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM. Electrochemical determination of the loop diuretics piretanide and furosemide in pharmaceutical formulations and urine. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00373-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Hara A, Machiki K, Senarita M, Komeno M, Kusakari J. Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in endolymph. Auris Nasus Larynx 1993; 20:247-54. [PMID: 8172536 DOI: 10.1016/s0385-8146(12)80116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the pharmacokinetics of organic anions in the endolymph of the guinea pig, 100 mg/kg furosemide, an organic anion, was intravenously given to measure the concentration in the cochlear endolymph by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. In the endolymph, the concentration of the furosemide increased slowly for 1 hr to 1.6 micrograms/ml and gradually declined thereafter. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg probenecid, an anion transport inhibitor, had no effect on the furosemide elimination in the endolymph except on the concentration at 2 hr. This was contrary to the drastic change observed in the perilymph of the scala tympani by the same pretreatment. Analogous to the effect in the endolymph, probenecid showed no change in the concentration of the serum, while a pronounced gradient of furosemide concentration existed between them. The present results suggest that the furosemide passively transfers from blood to the endolymph at a relatively low penetrability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hara
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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12
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Prandota J, Pruitt AW. Pharmacokinetic, biliary excretion, and metabolic studies of 14C-furosemide in the rat. Xenobiotica 1991; 21:725-36. [PMID: 1949904 DOI: 10.3109/00498259109039512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Partition of furosemide into organic solvents at pH 3.8 was greatest for ethyl acetate (33:1) greater than 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (10:1) greater than ethyl ether (6:1). 2. Furosemide was highly bound to human, bovine, rabbit, and rat plasma or albumin (97.4-98.4%). 3. Furosemide was highly bound to rat tissues. One hour after i.p. injection of the drug, tissue to plasma concentration ratios were: adrenals (10:1), lung (4:1), kidney (4:1), spleen (3:1). 4. In rats with ligated renal pedicles, furosemide was excreted in bile, at least in part, by active transport. Hepatic clearance of a 1 mg/kg i.v. dose contributed 20% to total body clearance. Large doses (50 mg/kg and more) of furosemide exerted a choleretic effect. 5. Chromatography of bile showed that i.v. administration of 50 mg/kg and higher doses of furosemide to rats resulted in saturation of hepatic drug metabolism. 6. The bile of rats contained the parent drug, 4-chloro-5-sulphamoyl-anthranilic acid, and at least two unknown metabolites with the furan ring intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Prandota
- J. Korczak Memorial Children's Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Pramar Y, Gupta VD, Bethea C. Quantitation of 5-Flucytosine in capsules using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049109043819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Radeck W, Heller M. Improved method for the determination of furosemide in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 497:367-70. [PMID: 2625477 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(89)80045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Singh AK, McArdle C, Gordon B, Ashraf M, Granley K. Simultaneous analysis of furosemide and bumetanide in horse plasma using high performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1989; 3:262-5. [PMID: 2620147 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of furosemide and bumetanide in horse plasma. The C8 (3 microns) reversed phase column (4.8 x 150 mm) provided clear separation of furosemide and bumetanide with other components present in the horse plasma. The detection limit for both the drugs was 10 ng/mL. Both drugs were stable in plasma (at natural or acidic pH) for up to 24 h. The method is sufficiently sensitive to detect furosemide levels in plasma obtained from horses receiving a therapeutic dose of furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
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Hosotsubo H. Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of 5-fluorocytosine in human plasma by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 487:183-8. [PMID: 2715264 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Hosotsubo
- Central Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
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Adamovics JA. Determination of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents in human serum by direct injection onto silica liquid chromatographic columns. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1987; 5:267-74. [PMID: 16867523 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(87)80030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1985] [Revised: 03/24/1986] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics and antimicrobial agents are therapeutically monitored by the direct injection of untreated human serum onto silica columns. This simple approach does not lead to rapid column deterioration since the eluents utilized are almost totally aqueous and, consequently, prevent precipitation of the serum protein on the column. Column capacity of the drugs studied varies due to the mutual interaction of the eluent ionic buffer and organic modifiers. The influence of the number of serum injections on column-back pressure, column capacity and quantitative analyses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Adamovics
- Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Guermouche S, Guermouche MH, Mansouri M, Abed L. Determination of furosemide in rat plasma using HPLC and liquid scintillation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1985; 3:453-8. [PMID: 16867658 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(85)80060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1984] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and convenient HPLC method for the determination of furosemide in plasma is described. The method uses a buffered mobile phase containing 22% (v/v) acetonitrile. The precision, detection limit and the correlation between the HPLC method and a liquid scintillation determination of furosemide are satisfactory. A pharmacokinetic study of furosemide in the rat is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guermouche
- Institute de Chimie, USTHB, B.P. no. 9, Dar-El-Beida, Alger, Algeria
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Lacroix C, Levert P, Laine G, Goulle J, Gringore A. Microdosage de la 5-fluorocytosine par chromatographie en phase liquide et détection fluorimétrique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Neil J, Fell A, Smith G. Evaluation of the stability of frusemide in intravenous infusions by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Pharm 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(84)90050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Schwertschlag U, Nakata LM, Gal J. Improved procedure for determination of flucytosine in human blood plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 26:303-5. [PMID: 6508261 PMCID: PMC176157 DOI: 10.1128/aac.26.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Several high-pressure liquid chromatography procedures for the determination of flucytosine in serum or plasma have appeared. Some of these suffer from significant disadvantages, and none was applicable in our routine clinical therapeutic-drug-monitoring laboratory. A new high-pressure liquid chromatography assay for flucytosine was therefore developed. A 100-microliter sample of plasma was treated with an aqueous 5-iodocytosine internal-standard solution, and the mixture was deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid. A portion of the protein-free supernatant was diluted with 0.1 M ammonium phosphate, and an aliquot of the resulting solution was injected into the high-pressure liquid chromatography system. Chromatography was performed on a strong-cation-exchange column with a mobile phase containing aqueous ammonium phosphate, phosphoric acid, methanol, and acetonitrile. Detection was at 254 nm. The assay was shown to be linear in the 10 to 200-micrograms/ml drug-concentration range. Forty other drugs were tested for potential interference with the assay, and none was found. For routine use, a single-point working standard containing 75 micrograms of flucytosine per ml was used, giving intraassay coefficients of variation at 50 and 150 micrograms/ml of 1.8 and 2.3% respectively, whereas the day-to-day coefficient of variation at 50 micrograms/ml was 10.0%. Advantages of the procedure include the small sample size, the use of a convenient and reliable internal standard, speed, and simplicity. The assay is highly suitable for routine clinical drug-analysis laboratories.
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Uchino K, Isozaki S, Saitoh Y, Nakagawa F, Tamura Z, Tanaka N. Quantitative determination of furosemide in plasma, plasma water, urine and ascites fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(84)80213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Some characteristics of a protein-coated ODS column and its use for the determination of drugs by the direct injection analysis of plasma samples. Chromatographia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02687789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Faed EM. Properties of acyl glucuronides: implications for studies of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acidic drugs. Drug Metab Rev 1984; 15:1213-49. [PMID: 6396057 DOI: 10.3109/03602538409033562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Rapaka R, Roth J, Prasad V. The analysis of 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid in the bulk material and pharmaceutical preparations of furosemide by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Int J Pharm 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(82)90042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Wesley-Hadzija B, Mattocks AM. Thin-layer chromatographic determination of furosemide and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl anthranilic acid in plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 229:425-32. [PMID: 7096477 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Kerremans AL, Tan Y, Van Ginneken CA, Gribnau FW. Specimen handling and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of furosemide. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 229:129-39. [PMID: 7085820 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)86044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method to measure furosemide in plasma and urine is described. Furosemide fluoresces best, but is unstable, at acidic pH and is subject to photochemical degradation. These factors were analysed and the results prompted changes in previously described methods. All specimens were very carefully protected from light; extraction and acidification were done with acetic acid instead of hydrochloric acid. With these precautions no 4-chloro-5-sulphamoylanthranilic acid was found in biological specimens. The main metabolite was furosemide glucuronide (20% of furosemide excretion). Sensitivity was 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/ml for plasma and urine, respectively. The applicability of our method for furosemide studies is demonstrated.
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Rapaka RS, Roth J, Viswanathan C, Goehl TJ, Prasad VK, Cabana BE. Improved method for the analysis of furosemide in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 227:463-9. [PMID: 7061658 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of existing rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic procedures for the determination of furosemide in plasma were made in order to achieve greater sensitivity. To a small volume of plasma was added in internal standard structurally related to furosemide. Then, following previously described procedures, acetonitrile was added to precipitate the proteins and the clear supernatant was separated. However prior to injection of the supernatant the pH and composition of the sample were adjusted. This modification of the sample enabled an injection volume of up to 300 microliters of the supernatant to be injected onto the chromatographic column. The effluent was monitored spectrofluorimetrically. A standard linear calibration curve with a mean precision of +/- 4.4% was obtained for plasma samples containing 20--900 ng/ml of furosemide. Two structurally related compounds were used as internal standards in the furosemide assay.
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Blanchard J. Evaluation of the relative efficacy of various techniques for deproteinizing plasma samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 226:455-60. [PMID: 7320173 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)86080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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32
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Lagerström PO. Liquid chromatographic determination of drugs in urine by direct injection on to a reversed-phase column: fluorescence versus UV detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 225:476-81. [PMID: 7298783 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Andrews FA, Peterson LR, Beggs WH, Crankshaw D, Sarosi GA. Liquid chromatographic assay of ketoconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 19:110-3. [PMID: 6264840 PMCID: PMC181366 DOI: 10.1128/aac.19.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the rapid and quantitative determination of ketoconazole has been developed. Drug levels from 0.5 to 10 microgram/ml can be determined in either yeast nitrogen base medium or human serum by using an octadecylsilane column. A retention time of 4.9 +/- 0.1 min resulted when the drug was eluted from a column with 75% methanol-25% 0.02 M (pH 7.5) phosphate buffer at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Optimum sensitivity was obtained at a wavelength of 231 nm.
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Po ALW, Irwin WJ. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS. J Clin Pharm Ther 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1980.tb00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Lin ET, Smith DE, Benet LZ, Hoener BA. High-performance liquid chromatographic assays for furosemide in plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1979; 163:315-21. [PMID: 541387 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Swezey SE, Meffin PJ, Blaschke TF. Measurement of furosemide by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1979; 174:469-73. [PMID: 546902 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)86026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of furosemide in man: a review. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1979; 7:1-27. [PMID: 458552 DOI: 10.1007/bf01059438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of furosemide and the attempt to correlate biological fluid measurements with diuretic response have been the subject of a large number of studies since the original reports of Hajdú, Rupp, and coworkers in the mid-1960s. This article attempts to critically review these studies under seven different sections: furosemide pharmacokinetics in normal volunteers, furosemide pharmacokinetics in patients with decreased renal function, furosemide pharmacokinetics in patients with congestive heart failure, furosemide metabolism and assay methods, furosemide bioavailability, dose-response relationships, and the role of inhibitors and mediators on furosemide effects. The literature is reviewed through August 1978.
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Nation RL, Peng GW, Chiou WL. Quantitative analysis of furosemide in micro plasma volumes by high-performance liquid column chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1979; 162:88-93. [PMID: 762213 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Ryan JJ, McLeod HA. Chemical methods for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in foods. Part I. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1979; 71:1-82. [PMID: 396621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6185-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Teare FW, Yadav RN, Spino M. Determination of flucytosine in tablets by differential pulse polarography. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67:1641-2. [PMID: 712613 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600671140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A differential pulse polarographic assay was developed for determining flucytosine in tablets. The drug is extracted from the sample with water and hydrochloric acid and, after the pH is adjusted, an aliquot is added to the cell and the solution is polarographed at the dropping mercury electrode versus the saturated calomel electrode with 0.066 M Sørensen phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as the supporting electrolyte. The polarographic peak height enables precise quantitative determination. The Ep value for flucytosine is--1.54 v versus the saturated calomel electrode. The mean recovery of the drug is 101.5% +/- 1.9 (SD). The method is simple, rapid, and precise.
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Carr K, Rane A, Frölich JC. A simplified assay of furosemide in plasma and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1978; 145:421-7. [PMID: 26691 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A simplified high-pressure liquid chromatograhic method for determination of furosemide in plasma and urine has been developed using a fluorometric detector directly coupled to the column effluent. The method includes an ether extraction from acidified biologic samples. The mobile phase used for chromatography on a reversed-phase column (C15 hydrocarbon permanently bonded to silica particles) is sufficiently acidic to induce fluorescence of furosemide. The methylester of furosemide is employed as an internal standard. The sensitivity is 0.1 and 0.25 microgram per ml plasma and urine, respectively. The applicability to pharmacokinetic studies of furosemide is shown.
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Anhalt JP. Assay of gentamicin in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977; 11:651-5. [PMID: 856016 PMCID: PMC352044 DOI: 10.1128/aac.11.4.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A procedure is described that uses high-pressure liquid chromatography for assay of gentamicin in serum. The technique involves extraction of gentamicin from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and analysis by reverse-phase, ion-pair chromatography. Continuous-flow, post-column derivatization with o-phthaladehyde is used to form fluorescent products for detection. The possible scope of this method for analysis of other aminoglycoside antibiotics is illustrated by application to sisomicin and netilmicin.
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Christopher TG, Blair AD, Forrey AW, Cutler RE. Hemodialyzer clearances of gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, ethambutol, procainamide, and flucytosine, with a technique for planning therapy. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1976; 4:427-41. [PMID: 1003328 DOI: 10.1007/bf01062830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nilsson-Ehle I, Yoshikawa TT, Schotz MC, Guze LB. Quantitation of antibiotics using high-pressure liquid chromatography: tetracycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 9:754-60. [PMID: 821388 PMCID: PMC429616 DOI: 10.1128/aac.9.5.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for quantitative determination of tetracycline in serum, using high-pressure liquid chromatography, is reported. After extraction of the drug from serum, using methanol-trichloroacetic acid solution, tetracycline was separated by reverse-phase chromatography. Quantitation of tetracycline was based on a linear relationship between peak heights in the chromatograms and known concentrations of the drug in the original serum samples. Serum tetracycline concentrations as low as 0.3 mug/ml could be accurately measured. Serum samples obtained after a single intravenous injection of tetracycline to three human volunteers and six dogs were assayed by microbiological and chemical assays. Correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.97, respectively, were found. This chemical method is rapid (less than 30 min), accurate, sensitive, and reproducible, and it seems feasible for routine clinical use.
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