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Kalam MN, Rasool MF, Rehman AU, Ahmed N. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Propranolol Hydrochloride: A Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:89-105. [PMID: 32286940 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200414094644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nobel laureate Sir James Black's molecule, propranolol, still has broad potential in cardiovascular diseases, infantile haemangiomas and anxiety. A comprehensive and systematic review of the literature for the summarization of pharmacokinetic parameters would be effective to explore the new safe uses of propranolol in different scenarios, without exposing humans and using virtual-human modeling approaches. OBJECTIVE This review encompasses physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction data of propranolol collected from various studies. METHODS Clinical pharmacokinetic studies on propranolol were screened using Medline and Google Scholar databases. Eighty-three clinical trials, in which pharmacokinetic profiles and plasma time concentration were available after oral or IV administration, were included in the review. RESULTS The study depicts that propranolol is well absorbed after oral administration. It has dose-dependent bioavailability, and a 2-fold increase in dose results in a 2.5-fold increase in the area under the curve, a 1.3-fold increase in the time to reach maximum plasma concentration and finally, 2.2 and 1.8-fold increase in maximum plasma concentration in both immediate and long-acting formulations, respectively. Propranolol is a substrate of CYP2D6, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, retaining potential pharmacokinetic interactions with co-administered drugs. Age, gender, race and ethnicity do not alter its pharmacokinetics. However, in renal and hepatic impairment, it needs a dose adjustment. CONCLUSION Physiochemical and pooled pharmacokinetic parameters of propranolol are beneficial to establish physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling among the diseased population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yuan J, Liu T, Li H, Shi T, Xu J, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang Q, Xu L, Wang Y, Li S. Oral sustained-release suspension based on a novel taste-masked and mucoadhesive carrier–ion-exchange fiber. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Partani P, Modhave Y, Gurule S, Khuroo A, Monif T. Simultaneous determination of propranolol and 4-hydroxy propranolol in human plasma by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:966-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gasco MR, Trotta M, Eandi M. The influence of bile salts on the absorption in vitro and in vivo of propranolol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 2:425-39. [PMID: 16867723 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/1983] [Revised: 11/08/1983] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilicity of propranolol is increased by some bile salts which form ion-pairs. In the presence of taurodeoxycholate, the logarithm of the apparent partition coefficient (log P) of propranolol is increased. Moreover, the apparent diffusion constants in vitro of propranolol as ion-pairs at pH 3.0-6.0 are about 5-6 times higher than those of propranolol alone. The area under the curve values of plasma concentration-time profiles of propranolol, following its oral administration to rabbits together with taurodeoxycholate, are about 1.4 times higher than those after administration of propranolol alone. Moreover, after the administration of propranolol with taurodeoxycholate the plasma concentration rises more rapidly, with a point of inflection between 0.5 and 1.5 h, than after administration of propranolol alone. Taurodeoxycholate does not modify the first-pass effect of propranolol in rabbits following intravenous and intraportal administration. The absorption of an oral dose of propranolol in the presence of taurodeoxycholate increases from 70% to 100%, due to the higher lipophilicity of the ion-pair. The plasma concentration-time curves suggest the hypothesis that greater absorption of the ion-pair occurs mainly in the upper region of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gasco
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica dell'Università, Corso Raffaello 31, Torino, Italy
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Sanches C, Galas FRBG, Silva AGODM, Carmona MJC, Auler JO, Santos SRCJ. Propranolol plasma monitoring in children submitted to surgery of tetralogy of Fallot by a micromethod using high performance liquid chromatography. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2007; 62:215-24. [PMID: 17589660 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322007000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the analytical micromethod using liquid chromatography for the quantification of propranolol in children submitted to surgery of tetralogy of Fallot (TLF). METHODS Only 0.2 mL of plasma is required for the assay. Peaks eluted at 8.4 (Propranolol) and 17.5 min (verapamil, internal standard) from a C18 column, with a mobile phase 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0, and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) at flow rate 0.7 mL/min, detected at 290 nm (excitation) and 358 nm (emission). Surgery was started 776 min of drug administration (8.7 mg, mean); seven blood samples were collected from six patients (4M/2F; 2.1 yrs;11.5 kg; 0.80 m; 18.9 kg/m(2)). RESULTS Confidence limits of the method showed high selectivity and recovery, sensitivity of 0.02ng/mL, good linearity (0.05-1000 ng/mL), precision of 8.6% and accuracy of 3.1%. The mean duration of surgery was 283.2 min, with the patients remaining under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for 114 min. A declining curve of propranolol plasma concentration was obtained after the last dose in the night that preceded the day of surgery. Plasma concentration also was normalized with hematocrit due to the hemodilution caused by the CPB procedure. On the other hand a decrease on drug plasma concentration was obtained between periods, the beginning of surgery to the postoperative day 2 (7.09 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL, p<0.05 respectively) and from the end of CPB to the postoperative day 2 (2.79 ng/mL e 0.05 ng/mL, p<0.05). CONCLUSION Propranolol monitoring of plasma concentrations of children (TLF) normalized after the last preoperative dose revealed a decline from the beginning of surgery to the second postoperative day, suggesting that, once redistribution was restored, propranolol washout was complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanches
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hanson LA, Bass AS, Gintant G, Mittelstadt S, Rampe D, Thomas K. ILSI-HESI cardiovascular safety subcommittee initiative: Evaluation of three non-clinical models of QT prolongation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 54:116-29. [PMID: 16843688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drugs that delay cardiac repolarization pose potential safety risks to patients and cause serious regulatory concern because of the link between QT interval prolongation and the potentially fatal arrhythmia torsades de pointes (TdP). Predicting which drugs will cause TdP is an inexact and difficult science. The utility of non-clinical assays was not well understood due in part to variability in methods, species, and consistency in the assays reported in the literature. The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI/HESI) outlined a set of studies to determine how well selected commonly used non-clinical assays identified compounds known to cause TdP and prolong QT interval in humans. METHODS Compounds known to prolong ventricular repolarization and compounds considered safe by years of clinical use were tested in three assays: HERG ionic current, Purkinje fiber repolarization, and in vivo QT studies in conscious telemeterized dogs. RESULTS The data from each of these assays demonstrate that compounds that may pose a proarrhythmia risk for patients can be distinguished from those that are considered safe. DISCUSSION Taken collectively, the in-vitro and in-vivo preclinical results can be integrated to develop an accurate preclinical risk assessment to support clinical safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Hanson
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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7
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Namdeo A, Jain N. Liquid crystalline pharmacogel based enhanced transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride. J Control Release 2002; 82:223-36. [PMID: 12175739 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel pharmacogel was developed for the enhanced transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride (PH). The synthesized prodrugs, propranolol palmitate hydrochloride (PPH) and propranolol stearate hydrochloride (PSH) self-assembled to form gel simply upon mixing alcoholic solution of prodrug with an aqueous solution in a specified ratio. By varying the ratio of prodrug, alcohol and water, three-component phase diagram was constructed which revealed isotropic-gel-vesicular dispersion regions, respectively concomitant to increasing the ratio of water. The gel phase is termed 'Pharmacogel' and exhibits birefringence under plane-polarized light corroborating the presence of lamellar liquid crystals. The pharmacogel by virtue of high chemical potential gradient and improved physicochemical properties showed the enhanced in-vitro skin permeation flux of 51.5+/-3.7 and 42.5+/-3.1 microg/cm(2)/h from PPH and PSH gel, respectively, as compared to 1.9+/-0.1 microg/cm(2)/h for control; and decrease in lag time (1.8 and 2.8 h for PPH and PSH gel, respectively) compared to control (7.6 h) was observed. The admixing of egg lecithin (EL) in increasing ratio concomitantly decreased the flux values to 31.7+/-2.1 microg/cm(2)/h (at a mole ratio of 50:50 PPH:EL) and increased the lag time. In the gel containing 50% EL, the addition of span 40 and cholesterol slightly reduced the permeation while sodium deoxycholate and Tween-80 improved it. The plasma drug levels following transdermal application of control were low (C(max)=23 ng/ml) while in PPH gel, it increased with time reaching C(max) of 94 ng/ml at 8 h post-application of PPH gel (C(max) of 75 ng/ml at 12 h post application of PL5 gel) and maintained for longer times. The AUC(0-32 h) for PPH gel was much higher (1968 ng h/ml) than control (AUC(0-18 h) was 239 ng h/ml), while EL mixed gel also showed better absorption (AUC(0-32 h) was 1707 ng h/ml). The gel formulations also caused less irritation than control, while mixed gel showed least irritation. This novel self-assembled pharmacogel providing high transdermal permeation with many variables to regulate the delivery is therefore having a great potential in percutaneous delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Namdeo
- Novel Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, (M.P.) Sagar 470 003, India.
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8
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Kim HK, Hong JH, Park MS, Kang JS, Lee MH. Determination of propranolol concentration in small volume of rat plasma by HPLC with fluorometric detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:539-45. [PMID: 11748690 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive fluorescence high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine propranolol concentration in the small volume of rat plasma without the solvent extraction step using pronethanol as the internal standard. The analysis was accomplished using a 5 microm CAPCELL PAK analytical cyano column at room temperature and a mobile phase consisted of 1% aqueous acetic acid containing 0.2% triethylamine and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v; pH 3.8). The flow-rate was kept at 0.5 mL/min and column effluent was monitored with a fluorescence detector at an excitation wavelength of 230 nm and an emission wavelength of 340 nm. Retention times for pronethalol and propranolol were 8.5 min and 10.5 min, respectively. Linear regressions for the standard curves were linear in the range 2-800 ng/mL, giving correlation coefficients above 0.998. The detection limit was 1.34 ng/mL. No analytical interference was observed from endogenous components in rat plasma. This simple and sensitive assay method was feasibly applied to the pharmacokinetic study of propranolol after intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of propranolol to normal and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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9
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Rekhi GS, Jambhekar SS, Souney PF, Williams DA. A fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method for the determination of propranolol in human serum/plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 13:1499-505. [PMID: 8788135 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and sensitive fluorimetric-high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of propranolol in human serum/plasma has been developed, without the need for solvent extraction. The procedure required 200 microliters of serum/plasma, and the addition of 1 ml of acetonitrile for protein precipitation followed by vortexing and centrifugation at 10 000 g. The clear supernatant was evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 50-60 degrees C, the residue was reconstituted in 100 microliters of methanol, and a 90 microliters portion was injected onto the high-performance liquid chromatograph for propranolol quantitation. Chromatography was accomplished using a Hypersil cyano column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile-aqueous acetic acid (1%) containing 0.2% triethylamine (35:65, v/v) (pH 3.6), a flow rate of 1.5 ml min-1, a fluorescence detector set at an excitation wavelength of 230 nm and an emission wavelength of 340 nm, and using pronethalol as the internal standard. Retention times for pronethalol and propranolol were 7.5 min and 9.5 min, respectively. Standard curves were linear in the range 5-200 ng ml-1. Relative standard deviations for both inter-day and intra-day precision analysis were less than 7% for serum. No interference was observed from endogenous serum/plasma components. Specificity was shown for some, but not all, commonly coadministered drugs tested. The advantages of this method include good precision, low sample volume, good reproducibility and recovery, and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Rekhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore 21201, USA
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10
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Ahn BN, Kim SK, Shim CK. Proliposomes as an intranasal dosage form for the sustained delivery of propranolol. J Control Release 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)00114-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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al-Angary AA, el-Sayed YM, al-Meshal MA, al-Dardiri MM, Mahrous GM. A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of propranolol in serum. J Clin Pharm Ther 1991; 16:93-101. [PMID: 1856255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1991.tb00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for quantitative determination of propranolol in serum. The assay is performed after single extraction of propranolol and indenolol [internal standard (IS)] from alkalinized serum into ether and eluted from C-18 U Bondapak column with a mobile phase composed of methanol: 0.01 M phosphate buffer pH 3.4 (40:60%, v/v). The column eluant was monitored on a fluorescence detector. Measurement was achieved by taking the peak height ratio of propranolol and comparing it to that of the IS. The detection limit for propranolol in serum is 2.5 ng/ml. Intraday coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 2.84 to 4.0% and interday (CVs) from 5.8 to 8.4% at three different concentrations. The relative and absolute recoveries varied from 93.8 to 102.3%. Preliminary stability tests showed that propranolol is stable for at least 3 weeks in serum after freezing. The method is applied for the determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of propranolol after intravenous administration (1 mg/kg) to rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A al-Angary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Morimoto K, Fukanoki S, Hatakeyama Y, Nagayasu A, Morisaka K, Hyon SH, Ikada Y. Design of a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogen containing phospholipid as controlled-release vehicle for rectal administration of (+/-)-propranolol HCl. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990; 42:720-2. [PMID: 1982145 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb06567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels which contained phospholipid, egg yolk lecithin or hydrogenated soya lecithin were designed as a transrectal delivery system for propranolol hydrochloride. The hydrogel preparations containing phospholipid were prepared by a low-temperature crystallization method. The release profile of propranolol from hydrogel preparations containing phospholipid complied with Fickian diffusion (Higuchi model). The release of propranolol from the hydrogel preparation decreased with higher contents of phospholipid (approximately 2% w/w). In rats plasma concentrations of propranolol after rectal administration of hydrogel preparations containing phospholipid (1 and 2% w/w) were prolonged compared with those of rats receiving preparations without phospholipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Morimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Carroll JD, Reidy M, Savundra PA, Cleave N, McAinsh J. Long-acting propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine: a comparative study of two doses. Cephalalgia 1990; 10:101-5. [PMID: 2193712 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1002101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A randomized double-blind, cross-over study using treatment periods of 12 weeks with a 2-week washout, comparing two long-acting formulations of propranolol ('Inderal' LA 160 mg daily and Half-'Inderal' LA 80 mg daily) was performed after a placebo run-in of 4 weeks on 51 patients. The study indicated that both long-acting formulations were significantly better than placebo in reducing the frequency of migraine attacks (p less than 0.01). After 12 weeks there was a significantly lower (p = 0.03) frequency of migraine attacks in patients on the higher dose formulation than in those on the lower dose formulation. There was no significant difference in the frequency of side effects produced by the two formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Carroll
- Regional Neurological Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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14
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Soltés L. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents in body fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 1989; 3:139-52. [PMID: 2574057 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several reports have been published reviewing high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the determination of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (beta-blockers) in biological materials (Flouvat et al., 1981; Mehta, 1983; Marko and Soltés, 1984; Ahnoff et al., 1985; Tkaczyková and Safarík, 1987). Of these, the paper by Mehta (1983) briefly summarizes the interrelationship between physiocochemical properties of beta-blockers with prechromatographic treatment of biological samples, as well as with the HPLC methods used for the determination of 12 beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The work by Ahnoff et al. (1985) concerning the monitoring of cardiovascular drugs also deals with HPLC assays of 18 beta-blockers in plasma. The Appendix to this report presents the great majority of HPLC methods for determining 30 beta-blockers in various body fluids. HPLC methods providing resolution and determination of individual beta-blocker enantiomers have not been included since this topic is being covered by Walle and Walle (1989). The Appendix is just a guide to the methods reviewed for the HPLC determination of parent beta-blockers as well as some of their metabolites co-assayed in various body fluids. It does not include details such as the internal standard, recovery, setting of the detector, limit of determination, etc., given in the individual methods listed. The isolation technique of the drug(s) from the given body fluid represents the main step in the sample work-up procedure. Along with this information, only the type of the HPLC column packing and the detection principle used by each method's developers are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soltés
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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Li WH, Lanman RC. Determination of Propranolol and Three Metabolites in Rat Bile by Gradient Elution HPLC. ANAL LETT 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718708067992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kwong EC, Shen DD. Versatile isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for propranolol and its basic, neutral and acidic metabolites in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 414:365-79. [PMID: 3571404 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for quantitating propranolol and its known metabolites in serum, bile and urine. Analysis was performed before and after incubation of the samples with beta-glucuronidase-arylsulfatase to quantitate both free and conjugate forms of the oxidative metabolites. Fractionation of the basic, neutral and acidic metabolites was achieved by differential pH solvent extraction. The basic and neutral metabolites were extracted from the biological samples at pH 10.5 with 2% n-butanol in dichloromethane. Additional clean-up of the basic fraction by back-extraction into dilute acid was needed for those samples that were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The original aqueous sample was titrated with acid to pH 1, followed by extraction of the remaining acidic metabolites into either n-butanol-dichloromethane (with unhydrolyzed serum) or carbon tetrachloride (with all other samples). Chromatographic separation of the metabolites in the different extracts was achieved on a reversed-phase C18 column, using a single isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.044 M pH 2.7 phosphate buffer, tetrahydrofuran, methanol and acetonitrile, with the addition of n-butylamine as a competing base to control retention volume and peak shape. Detection and quantitation of propranolol and its metabolites in the low nanogram to sub-nanogram range was afforded by fluorescence at a low UV excitation wavelength. The coefficients of variation for replicate assay of spiked samples were uniformly less than 6% for all the analytes.
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Yamamura Y, Uchino K, Kotaki H, Isozaki S, Saitoh Y. Quantitative determination of propranolol in plasma and plasma water from normal subjects and patients with angina pectoris by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1986; 374:311-9. [PMID: 3958089 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A precise and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a column packed with porous polystyrene gel is described for the determination of propranolol in plasma and plasma water from normal subjects and patients with angina pectoris. Propranolol in the samples was extracted with an n-heptane-isoamylalcohol (98.5:1.5) mixture after addition of penbutolol used as an internal standard. The extracts were chromatographed and detected with a spectrofluorophotometer. The quantitative limit of propranolol was 1 ng using 1 ml of plasma or 0.5 ml of plasma water. The present method should be useful for monitoring propranolol concentrations in plasma and plasma water during drug therapy and for pharmacokinetic study of propranolol.
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18
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Harrison PM, Tonkin AM, Cahill CM, McLean AJ. Rapid and simultaneous extraction of propranolol, its neutral and basic metabolites from plasma and assay by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 343:349-58. [PMID: 4066876 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of propranolol, its neutral and basic metabolites from a single plasma sample. These analytes were extracted simply and efficiently by a solid-phase extraction column based on C18 modified silica (C18 Bond-Elut). Propranolol, the 4-hydroxy and N-desisopropyl metabolites were separated on a mu Bondapak C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile--0.1% phosphoric acid. Propranolol glycol was selectively eluted from the C18 Bond-Elut column with acetonitrile and chromatographed separately with a mobile phase of acetonitrile--water. The recoveries of propranolol and all metabolites were greater than 78% with an intra-assay coefficient of variation between 4.9 and 7.3% at a concentration of 5-50 ng/ml. The minimum detectable levels in 1 ml of plasma were 1.0 ng/ml propranolol, 6.0 ng/ml 4-hydroxypropranolol, 1.0 ng/ml N-desisopropylpropranolol and 2.5 ng/ml propranolol glycol. Enzyme hydrolysis, Bond-Elut extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that propranolol, the neutral and basic metabolites were extensively conjugated in dog plasma (propranolol 67%, 4-hydroxypropranolol 98%, N-desisopropylpropranolol 55% and propranolol glycol 80%). With the use of pure enzymes and a selective inhibitor the nature of this conjugation appeared to involve both glucuronidation and sulfation. The conjugation of propranolol involved mainly glucuronidation (58-62%) compared to sulfation (7-12%), whilst that of 4-hydroxypropranolol mainly involved sulfation (55-65%) compared to glucuronidation (32-38%). The values for N-desisopropylpropranolol and propranolol glycol were 26-31% and 12% sulfation, 16-29% and 68-85% glucuronidation, respectively.
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Maury M, Berdeaux A, Kher A, Duhaze P, Giudicelli JF. Comparative beta-adrenoceptor blocking effect and pharmacokinetics of bucindolol and propranolol in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 27:649-56. [PMID: 2859199 DOI: 10.1007/bf00547043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties and pharmacokinetics of bucindolol 150 mg were compared to those of propranolol 80 mg and a placebo in a double-blind trial in 6 healthy volunteers. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at rest and during vigorous exercise, and plasma renin activity (PRA) at rest, were measured before and at intervals up to 24 h after oral administration of the drugs. Bucindolol reduced exercise tachycardia and decreased exercise PEFR, thus behaving as a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. In contrast to propranolol, bucindolol did not reduce resting HR and PRA, probably because of its intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It decreased resting DBP in relation to its peripheral vasodilator properties. The effects of bucindolol developed as early as 30 min after administration and lasted up to 24 h, whereas its Tmax and T 1/2 were 1.6 and 3.6 h respectively. Comparison of the time courses of plasma bucindolol and the cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade strongly suggests that in man bucindolol undergoes an extensive first-pass effect, leading to the formation of one or more active metabolites.
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Houston JB, Taylor G. Drug metabolite concentration-time profiles: influence of route of drug administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 17:385-94. [PMID: 6721984 PMCID: PMC1463397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the contribution of an active metabolite to the overall pharmacological response following drug administration it is necessary to characterise the metabolite concentration-time profile. The influence of route of drug administration on metabolite kinetics has been investigated by computer simulation. Comparisons between simulated profiles and published concentration-time data have been carried out. A route dependence in metabolite concentration-time curves is readily apparent provided the metabolite kinetics are formation rate limited and the hepatic clearance of drug is greater than 25 l/h (medium to highly cleared). Oral drug administration produces a triphasic metabolite concentration-time profile whereas only two phases are discernable after intravenous drug administration. The magnitude of the difference in maximum metabolite concentration is directly proportional to the hepatic clearance of drug due to first-pass metabolite production. The route dependence in the shape of the metabolite concentration-time curves is most dramatic when the absorption and distribution of drug and the elimination of metabolite is rapid. A reduction in the rate of either of these processes alters the shape of the metabolite concentration-time profile such that the consequence of first-pass metabolite formation may be reduced.
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Byrne AJ, McNeil JJ, Harrison PM, Louis W, Tonkin AM, McLean AJ. Stable oral availability of sustained release propranolol when co-administered with hydralazine or food: evidence implicating substrate delivery rate as a determinant of presystemic drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 17 Suppl 1:45S-50S. [PMID: 6743474 PMCID: PMC1463259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was made of the influence of hydralazine on the oral availability of a sustained release formulation of propranolol (Inderal LA). Sustained release propranolol 160 mg was given orally either alone or in combination with oral hydralazine 25 mg on separate occasions to six healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected post-dosing over 34 h. Peak concentrations of propranolol, time to peak and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were not altered by co-administration of hydralazine with sustained release propranolol. Similarly, there was no change in recovery of 11C-labelled propranolol and metabolites in those individuals to whom tracer label was given. These results contrast with previous reports of marked interaction between the conventional formulation of propranolol and hydralazine or food. Interactions were confirmed between hydralazine and conventional propranolol in three subjects who had been studied previously with sustained release propranolol. Analysis of metabolite profiles in one of these subjects established that the major metabolites do change under hydralazine stimulus. These results indicate that substrate delivery rates may determine presystemic drug interactions, suggesting capacity limitations of hydroxylation processes or short-term flow redistribution following hydralazine, resulting in functional shunting past the hydroxylation enzymes. These results exclude global or lasting enzyme inhibition by hydralazine or simple flow-sensitivity of presystemic clearance.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE AUSTRALASIAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGISTS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1983.tb00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Helboe P. Determination of impurities in propranolol hydrochloride by high-performance liquid chromatography on dynamically modified silica. J Chromatogr A 1982; 245:229-38. [PMID: 6290517 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been elaborated for the separation and determination of small amounts of impurities in propranolol hydrochloride. The separation was achieved on a column of bare silica (Zorbax SIL) with methanol-water-0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0 (70:25:5) containing 2.5 mM of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) bromide as the eluent. The concentrations of methanol and CTMA as well as the pH of the phosphate buffer were found greatly to affect the separation. The selectivity of the system towards a mixture of propranolol and three possible impurities was investigated using different brands of silica. Only minor variations were found relative to those of a chromatographic system based on chemically bonded ODS silicas from the same sources. The method is also suitable for identification purposes, being able to separate most beta-blocking drugs of structures similar to that of propranolol.
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Mihaly GW, Morgan DJ, Smallwood R, Hardy KJ. The developing liver: the steady-state disposition of propranolol in pregnant sheep. Hepatology 1982; 2:344-9. [PMID: 7076118 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state disposition of the beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug, propranolol, and its metabolite, 4-hydroxypropranolol, was studied in the anesthetized pregnant sheep near term. Following infusion of propranolol to the mother, steady-state plasma concentrations were obtained at three dosage levels in each of the eight animals studied. Blood samples were obtained from : (i) maternal facial artery and hepatic vein; (ii) umbilical vein, and (iii) fetal carotid artery, portal vein, and right hepatic vein. Although total propranolol concentrations in maternal plasma were different from those in umbilical venous plasma, the concentrations of unbound drug were similar, suggesting that unbound drug had equilibrated across the placenta. Approximately 10% of propranolol was unbound in maternal plasma, compared with 30% in fetal plasma. Hepatic extraction of propranolol by the maternal liver was high, so that only 3 to 4% of the drug presented to the liver escaped uptake. In contrast, fetal hepatic extraction was low. Negligible amounts were removed from portal vein blood (right lobe), although one third was extracted from umbilical vein blood (left lobe). Mean peripheral arterial concentrations of 4-hydroxypropranolol were 2- to 3-fold higher in the fetus than in the mother. We conclude that the fetus is exposed to significant concentrations of propranolol and that the fetal hepatic extraction of this drug is considerably less efficient than in the adult. In contrast to the adult liver, the fetal liver does not appear to act as a single homogeneous organ, but rather as two distinct subunits.
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