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Jeong K, Chang J, Park SM, Kim J, Jeon S, Kim DH, Kim YE, Lee JC, Im S, Jo Y, Min JY, Lee H, Yeom M, Seok SH, On DI, Noh H, Yun JW, Park JW, Song D, Seong JK, Kim KC, Lee JY, Park HJ, Kim S, Nam TG, Lee W. Rapid discovery and classification of inhibitors of coronavirus infection by pseudovirus screen and amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105473. [PMID: 36435212 PMCID: PMC9682871 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify potent antiviral compounds, we introduced a high-throughput screen platform that can rapidly classify hit compounds according to their target. In our platform, we performed a compound screen using a lentivirus-based pseudovirus presenting a spike protein of coronavirus, and we evaluated the hit compounds using an amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay (alpha) test with purified host receptor protein and the receptor binding domain of the viral spike. With our screen platform, we were able to identify both spike-specific compounds (class I) and broad-spectrum antiviral compounds (class II). Among the hit compounds, thiosemicarbazide was identified to be selective to the interaction between the viral spike and its host cell receptor, and we further optimized the binding potency of thiosemicarbazide through modification of the pyridine group. Among the class II compounds, we found raloxifene and amiodarone to be highly potent against human coronaviruses including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. In particular, using analogs of the benzothiophene moiety, which is also present in raloxifene, we have identified benzothiophene as a novel structural scaffold for broad-spectrum antivirals. This work highlights the strong utility of our screen platform using a pseudovirus assay and an alpha test for rapid identification of potential antiviral compounds and their mechanism of action, which can lead to the accelerated development of therapeutics against newly emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwiwan Jeong
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon, South Korea,Corresponding author
| | - JuOae Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sun-mi Park
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | | | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Young-Eui Kim
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Joo Chan Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Somyoung Im
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Yejin Jo
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | | | - Hanbyeul Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Seok
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, ChunCheon, South Korea
| | - Da In On
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuna Noh
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, ChunCheon, South Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea,Corresponding author
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea,Corresponding author
| | - Tae-gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea,Corresponding author
| | - Wonsik Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea,Corresponding author
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2
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Korzekwa K, Nagar S. On the Nature of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models -A Priori or A Posteriori? Mechanistic or Empirical? Pharm Res 2016; 34:529-534. [PMID: 28028770 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models explicitly incorporate tissue-specific blood flows, partition coefficients, and metabolic processes. Since PBPK models are derived using physiologic parameters and interactions of the compound with tissue components, these models are considered to be "bottom up" as opposed to "top down". Modeling approaches can be characterized as either a posteriori (observational) or a priori (based solely on theory). Furthermore, approaches can be mechanistic (structure and components based on mechanisms) or empirical (based on observations alone). Both "bottom up" and "top down" approaches can incorporate either empirical or mechanistic components. In this perspective, we discuss some of the methods and assumptions of current PBPK modeling approaches. Specifically, we discuss drug partitioning into phospholipids and neutral lipids, use of blood-plasma ratios to estimate basic drug tissue partitioning, and clearance of neutral and acidic drugs. Based on these discussions, we believe that current PBPK models are mechanistic but a posteriori and semi-empirical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA.
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, USA
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3
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Lokajová J, Holopainen JM, Wiedmer SK. Comparison of lipid sinks in sequestering common intoxicating drugs. J Sep Sci 2013; 35:3106-12. [PMID: 23175140 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsion is a recommended treatment for local anesthetic intoxication. The lipid sink theory hypothesizes that the mechanism behind the lipid treatment is the entrapment of toxic drugs in plasma, preventing them from reaching target receptors. Lipid sink treatment has also been used as a last refuge treatment for severe tricyclic antidepressant intoxication with seemingly beneficial results. We selected three drugs, i.e. amiodarone, ketamine, and amitriptyline, that can cause severe intoxication and compared their interactions with two commercial fat emulsions (Intralipid® and ClinOleic®) and one synthetic liposome (80:20 mol% phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol) dispersion. The interaction studies were carried out by capillary electrokinetic chromatography and the retention factors and distributions constants of the drugs were calculated. The results demonstrate that there is stronger interaction between the drugs and the synthetic liposome dispersion than with the commercial emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lokajová
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Yoshida MI, Lima Gomes EC, Vianna Soares CD, Oliveira MA. Thermal behavior study and decomposition kinetics of amiodarone hydrochloride under isothermal conditions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:638-47. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.534099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Maresova L, Muend S, Zhang YQ, Sychrova H, Rao R. Membrane hyperpolarization drives cation influx and fungicidal activity of amiodarone. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2795-2802. [PMID: 19054772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic amphipathic drugs, such as amiodarone, interact preferentially with lipid membranes to exert their biological effect. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, toxic levels of amiodarone trigger a rapid influx of Ca(2+) that can overwhelm cellular homeostasis and lead to cell death. To better understand the mechanistic basis of antifungal activity, we assessed the effect of the drug on membrane potential. We show that low concentrations of amiodarone (0.1-2 microm) elicit an immediate, dose-dependent hyperpolarization of the membrane. At higher doses (>3 microm), hyperpolarization is transient and is followed by depolarization, coincident with influx of Ca(2+) and H(+) and loss in cell viability. Proton and alkali metal cation transporters play reciprocal roles in membrane polarization, depending on the availability of glucose. Diminishment of membrane potential by glucose removal or addition of salts or in pma1, tok1Delta, ena1-4Delta, or nha1Delta mutants protected against drug toxicity, suggesting that initial hyperpolarization was important in the mechanism of antifungal activity. Furthermore, we show that the link between membrane hyperpolarization and drug toxicity is pH-dependent. We propose the existence of pH- and hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+) channels in yeast, similar to those described in plant root hair and pollen tubes that are critical for cell elongation and growth. Our findings illustrate how membrane-active compounds can be effective microbicidals and may pave the way to developing membrane-selective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Maresova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Muend
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Yong-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hana Sychrova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rajini Rao
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
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6
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048609031569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Lamprecht A, Bouligand Y, Benoit JP. New lipid nanocapsules exhibit sustained release properties for amiodarone. J Control Release 2002; 84:59-68. [PMID: 12399168 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone is widely used in heart diseases but also provokes severe adverse effects due to its accumulation in other tissues than the heart. In order to circumvent side effects colloidal drug carriers have been designed to deliver the drug specifically to the site of action. Many preparation methods have been described and most have been reported to involve a high initial drug loss when introduced in an aqueous environment. Lipid nanocapsules (LNC) were prepared by a new phase inversion procedure and characterized in terms of size, surface potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release pattern. The encapsulation rate was varying between 92 and 94%. LNC did not display a distinct initial burst effect while the drug release of amiodarone can be prolonged over a significant period. Acceptor phase interfaces such as liposomes or blank LNC were applied to the release medium to enable a drug release to larger extents. The release was triggered by the pH of the release medium showing a faster release for lower pH; t(50%) values vary from 25.6 h (pH 2) to 236.3 h (pH 7.4). Moreover, LNC were prepared of different sizes (24.7+/-2.0 to 102.5+/-0.9 nm) showing only slight influences on their drug release profiles. It was concluded that the LNC surface is able to retain amphiphilic drugs. Such properties could allow drug delivery to the site of action without high initial drug loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Lamprecht
- INSERM ERIT-M 0104 (Ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire), Immeuble IBT, Université d'Angers, 10 rue André Boquel, France
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8
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Poulin P, Theil FP. Prediction of pharmacokinetics prior to in vivo studies. 1. Mechanism-based prediction of volume of distribution. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:129-56. [PMID: 11782904 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In drug discovery and nonclinical development the volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) of each novel drug candidate is commonly determined under in vivo conditions. Therefore, it is of interest to predict V(ss) without conducting in vivo studies. The traditional description of V(ss) corresponds to the sum of the products of each tissue:plasma partition coefficient (P(t:p)) and the respective tissue volume in addition to the plasma volume. Because data on volumes of tissues and plasma are available in the literature for mammals, the other input parameters needed to estimate V(ss) are the P(t:p)'s, which can potentially be predicted with established tissue composition-based equations. In vitro data on drug lipophilicity and plasma protein binding are the input parameters used in these equations. Such a mechanism-based approach would be particularly useful to provide first-cut estimates of V(ss) prior to any in vivo studies and to explore potential unexpected deviations between sets of predicted and in vivo V(ss) data, when the in vivo data become available during the drug development process. The objective of the present study was to use tissue composition-based equations to predict rat and human V(ss) prior to in vivo studies for 123 structurally unrelated compounds (acids, bases, and neutrals). The predicted data were compared with in vivo data obtained from the literature or at Roche. Overall, the average ratio of predicted-to-experimental rat and human V(ss) values was 1.06 (SD = 0.817, r = 0.78, n = 147). In fact, 80% of all predicted values were within a factor of two of the corresponding experimental values. The drugs can therefore be separated into two groups. The first group contains 98 drugs for which the predicted V(ss) were within a factor of two of those experimentally determined (average ratio of 1.01, SD = 0.39, r = 0.93, n = 118), and the second group includes 25 other drugs for which the predicted and experimental V(ss) differ by a factor larger than two (average ratio of 1.32, SD = 1.74, r = 0.42, n = 29). Thus, additional relevant distribution processes were neglected in predicting V(ss) of drugs of the second group. This was true especially in the case of some cationic-amphiphilic bases. The present study is the first attempt to develop and validate a mechanistic distribution model for predicting rat and human V(ss) of drugs prior to in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Non-Clinical Development-Drug Safety, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Boury F, Gautier JC, Bouligand Y, Proust JE. Interfacial properties of amiodarone: the stabilizing effect of phosphate anions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2001; 20:219-227. [PMID: 11172977 DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(00)00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone, a drug used in heart therapy, is poorly soluble in water at room temperature, but forms transparent phases much more concentrated than the critical micellar concentration (CMC), when crystals are heated (above 60 degrees C) in presence of water and cooled down to room temperature. These pseudosolutions were supposed to be made of a complex system of micelles. In order to better understand the effects of pH and ion species on the supramolecular organization of amiodarone, interfacial pressure measurements were performed at the air/water interface on a Langmuir trough. Monolayers spread from chloroformic solutions over non bufferered subphases were insoluble at basic pH (NaOH, pH 10) but soluble at acidic pH (HCl, pH 4). However, a higher ionic strength obtained by adding NaCl (0.15 N) or NaH(2)PO(4) (0.15 N) to the subphase stopped the amiodarone solubilization. On an acidic phosphate subphase (NaH(2)PO(4), pH 4.4, 0.15 N), abnormally high surface pressures (>1 mN/m) were measured for high molecular areas (80-200 Å(2)/molecule) suggesting a supramolecular organization of the surface film. Insoluble monolayers were also obtained when the amiodarone supramolecular pseudosolution was spread on neutral (NaH(2)PO(4), pH 6.25, 0.15 N) or acidic (NaH(2)PO(4), pH 4.4, 0.15 N) subphases. However, a great instability on basic subphase (phosphate buffer pH 8.8) indicated the breakage of the supramolecular structure during spreading. These results are discussed taking into account the amiodarone state of ionization and the electrostatic interactions with counterions. Combining the use of phosphate counterions and that of acidic pH opens new perspectives in the optimization of amiodarone intravenous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boury
- Unité de vectorisation particulaire UPRES EA 2169, Faculté de Pharmacie, 16 Bd Daviers, 49100, Angers, France
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Connolly
- McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Postiglione Mansani F, Dinis TCP, Skare Carnieri EG, Madeira VMC. Neutrality of amiodarone on the initiation and propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation. Cell Biochem Funct 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0844(199906)17:2<131::aid-cbf821>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Paillous N, Fery-Forgues S. Is there a link between the phototoxic or antioxidant properties of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, and its lipophilic character? Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:851-7. [PMID: 8093096 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Paillous
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, URA-CNRS 470, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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13
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Abstract
Amiodarone is a complex molecule with multiple pharmacologic properties and a complex electrophysiologic profile. Its disposition kinetics and relation between plasma drug concentration and efficacy can be analyzed using principles identical to those applicable to other antiarrhythmic drugs. However, the drug's affinity for lipophilic tissues, its extremely slow elimination rate, and the likelihood that some of its effects may not be mediated by the usual antiarrhythmic mechanisms confounds traditional pharmacokinetic analysis. Further data that deal with the fundamental mechanisms of action of the drug, in addition to the nature of the relation between dose and uptake into cellular and subcellular fractions and its pharmacologic effects, will be of value in understanding how the drug exerts salutary actions in cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Roden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602
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14
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Sautereau AM, Tournaire C, Suares M, Tocanne JF, Paillous N. Interactions of amiodarone with model membranes and amiodarone-photoinduced peroxidation of lipids. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:2559-66. [PMID: 1632814 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The potent antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone (AMIO) exhibits phototoxicity, which is thought to be related to its interaction with biological membranes. We report here a spectroscopic study of the interactions of this drug with phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes used as membrane model systems. A linear increase in absorbance at 300 nm was observed with increasing addition of AMIO to dimyristoyl-DL-PC (DMPC) liposomes over all the drugs-lipid molar ratio (Ri)s tested. In contrast, in the dimyristoyl-DL-PG (DMPG) liposomes, there was a dramatic increase in absorbance at values of Ri above unity. Light scattering by DMPG liposomes at 350 nm increased with increasing AMIO concentration up to a Ri = 1, and then decreased with increasing drug concentration. Such changes were not observed with the DMPC liposomes. Moreover, addition of AMIO changed the fluorescence polarization rate of 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene embedded in these liposomes. It reduced the rate below the phase transition temperature (Tt) of the lipid, but increased it above this temperature. These effects on the lipidic phases observed at low Ri were more pronounced on the DMPG than on the DMPC liposomes. The strong interactions of AMIO with phospholipids, especially the acidic ones, were confirmed by liposome size determinations. All these data strongly suggest that the drug was incorporated in the core of the lipid bilayers. Such a penetration would favor a drug-photoinduced peroxidation of lipids. Indeed, UV irradiation of AMIO-DOPG mixtures led to the disappearance of the unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids, checked by gas chromatography measurements, which was correlated with the amount of oxygen consumed. This showed that AMIO did photosensitize phospholipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sautereau
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, LP du CNRS, Toulouse, France
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15
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Chatelain P, Brasseur R. A conformational analysis study of the interaction of amiodarone and cholesterol with lysophosphatidylcholine. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:1639-47. [PMID: 2043153 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The spatial configuration of amiodarone (in both its protonated and neutral forms) and a hydroxylated analog was studied using conformational analysis in a simulated membrane-water environment. The three compounds and cholesterol were studied as isolated molecules and in interaction with lysophosphatidylcholine. The association of the molecules with lysophosphatidylcholine was further characterized by incorporation in a phosphatidylcholine matrix. Calculation of the mean interaction energy, the surface charge density and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean molecular areas showed that the protonated form of amiodarone, and to a lesser extent cholesterol form a stable association with lysophosphatidylcholine. This association was further stabilized when incorporated into a phosphatidylcholine matrix so that the mean interaction energy increased to -96.1 kJ/mol (i.e. 60% higher than the mean lipid-lipid energy of interaction). Lysophosphatidylcholine was shown to possess a cone-shaped structure whilst amiodarone was shown to be in the form of an inverted cone. This association of the two cones forms a stable cylindrical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chatelain
- Sanofi-Labaz Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Hein L, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Mohr K. Human accumulation potential of xenobiotics: potential of catamphiphilic drugs to promote their accumulation via inducing lipidosis or mucopolysaccharidosis. Xenobiotica 1990; 20:1259-67. [PMID: 2125772 DOI: 10.3109/00498259009046842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Drug accumulation without a concomitant elevation of blood level may occur if the capacity of the tissue to bind drug increases during chronic treatment. 2. This special type of accumulation is found with cationic-amphiphilic drugs, which induce the formation of lysosomal inclusion bodies containing undergraded lipids or mucopolysaccharides (drug-induced lipidosis or mucopolysaccharidosis, respectively); the stored material provides the additional binding sites for the drug. 3. Factors determining the potential for inducing lipidosis or mucopolysaccharidosis are: (a) affinity of the drugs to phospholipid layers (governed by hydrophobicity) or mucopolysaccharides (drug-induced lipidosis or mucopolysaccharidosis, respectively); the free intra-lysosomal concentration, which is elevated compared with the blood level due to lysosomal trapping (especially with dicationic drugs); (c) the therapeutically required drug concentration in the blood: the therapeutic concentrations are high with drugs that do not act via binding to specific high-affinity receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hein
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kiel, FRG
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17
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Reasor MJ, Lee P, Kirk RG. Application of X-ray microanalysis to the study of drug uptake in cell culture. Exp Mol Pathol 1990; 53:64-71. [PMID: 2209809 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(90)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
X-ray microanalysis has been used previously to study the accumulation of iodine in alveolar macrophages of rats treated with the iodinated drug, amiodarone. Due to metabolism of the drug in vivo, primarily to desethylamiodarone, it was not possible to identify the source of the iodine signal. In the present study we have utilized primary cell cultures of alveolar macrophages to study the intracellular accumulation of each of these drug species in vitro. Neither drug is metabolized by these cells in culture, permitting characterization of the accumulation of each independent of the other. Cells were incubated with equimolar concentrations of either amiodarone or desethylamiodarone for 42 hr, and X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried cryosections of cells was used to quantify accumulation by monitoring the iodine signal associated with each drug. For both drug exposures, the highest iodine content was present in amorphous bodies and dense granules, consistent with the pattern following in vivo exposure. Higher levels of desethylamiodarone, compared to amiodarone, were measured in all compartments of the cells. The results of the in vitro investigation further demonstrate the utility of X-ray microanalysis in the study of the cellular response to amiodarone and desethylamiodarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Reasor
- Department of Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown 26506
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18
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Chatelain P, Laruel R, Vic P, Brotelle R. Differential effects of amiodarone and propranolol on lipid dynamics and enzymatic activities in cardiac sarcolemmal membranes. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:1231-9. [PMID: 2539821 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic cationic cardioactive drugs (pindolol, propranolol and amiodarone) were tested for their effects on lipid dynamics (measured by fluorescence depolarization) and on enzymatic activities up to 1 mM in purified cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles from adult rat. The vesicles were enriched 12- to 37-fold (with respect to tissue homogenate) in Na+/K+ ATPase, K+-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase, 5'nucleotidase and adenylate cyclase, all of which are believed to be components of sarcolemma. Phospholipids and cholesterol content were enriched 5- and 13-fold respectively. There was very little contamination of the sarcolemmal vesicles by sarcoplasmic reticulum (as judged by Ca2+ ATPase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities) or mitochondria (as judged by cytochrome-c-oxidase activity). Pindolol had no effect on lipid dynamics and enzyme activities except for the isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase. The latter was also totally inhibited at 1 microM by propranolol which inhibited Mg2+ ATPase and increased fluidity above 20 microM. Amiodarone affected all the enzyme activities (except Na+/K+ ATPase): isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate (IC50 = 30 microM), Mg2+ ATPase (IC50 = 20 microM) and K+-stimulated-p-nitrophenylphosphatase were inhibited; 5'nucleotidase was activated above 2 microM. By contrast with propranolol, amiodarone decreased lipid mobility. The effect was linear with the concentration of the drug above 1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chatelain
- SANOFI, Centre de Recherche Labaz-Sanofi, Brussels, Belgium
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Nokin P, Blondiaux JP, Schaeffer P, Jungbluth L, Lugnier C. Amiodarone is a potent calmodulin antagonist. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1989; 339:367-73. [PMID: 2544810 DOI: 10.1007/bf00736049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The possible interaction between amiodarone, a potent antiarrhythmic and antianginal agent, and calmodulin (CaM) was investigated by three avenues of approach: (a) Effect of amiodarone on cardiac and vascular Ca2+/calmodulin-activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CaM-PDE); (b) Effect on the CaM-activated (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase from human erythrocytes; (c) Direct interaction between amiodarone and calmodulin measured by the effect of the drug on the fluorescence of 9-anthroylcholine (9AC) bound to calmodulin. Results show that amiodarone did not interact with basal activities of CaM-PDE and other isolated CaM-insensitive PDE forms as well as with (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. Amiodarone inhibited calmodulin-activation of aortic CaM-PDE (Ki = 650 nM, substrate cGMP) and calmodulin-activation of erythrocyte ghosts (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase (IC50 = 4.5 microM) in an apparently competitive manner. Amiodarone decreased the fluorescence of the hydrophobic probe 9AC bound to calmodulin (IC50 = 5 microM). It is concluded that amiodarone is a potent calmodulin antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nokin
- Sanofi-Labaz Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
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Veronese ME, McLean S, Hendriks R. Plasma protein binding of amiodarone in a patient population: measurement by erythrocyte partitioning and a novel glass-binding method. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 26:721-31. [PMID: 3242577 PMCID: PMC1386587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug whose therapeutic usefulness is limited by variable pharmacokinetics and considerable toxicity. Total plasma concentrations are not reliably related to therapeutic effect, but if plasma protein binding varies between patients, then free drug concentrations may provide a better measure of drug effectiveness. 2. The plasma protein binding of amiodarone was measured by erythrocyte partitioning, and found to be the same in six healthy subjects and eight patients being treated for cardiac arrhythmias (mean = 99.98%; range 99.97-99.99%). The free fraction of amiodarone was independent of the total drug concentration (r = -0.41, P greater than 0.50) and albumin level (r = -0.31, P greater than 0.50). 3. These data show no advantage in monitoring free concentrations of amiodarone. On the other hand, the patients in this study did not receive very high doses of amiodarone, and were free from drug side effects and biochemical abnormalities. Possibly a more heterogeneous group of patients would show variability in amiodarone binding. This should be examined, especially for patients with variations in alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, a major ligand for basic drugs and a likely major binding protein for amiodarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Veronese
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Australia
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Trumbore M, Chester DW, Moring J, Rhodes D, Herbette LG. Structure and location of amiodarone in a membrane bilayer as determined by molecular mechanics and quantitative x-ray diffraction. Biophys J 1988; 54:535-43. [PMID: 3207838 PMCID: PMC1330352 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(88)82986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is a drug used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and is believed to have a persistent interaction with cellular membranes. This study sought to examine the structure and location of amiodarone in a membrane bilayer. Amiodarone has a high membrane partition coefficient on the order of 10(6). Small angle x-ray diffraction was used to determine the position of the iodine atoms of amiodarone in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers under conditions of low temperature and hydration where the DPPC bilayer is in the gel state. The time-averaged position of the iodine atoms was determined to be approximately 6 A from the center (terminal methyl region) of the lipid bilayer. A dielectric constant of kappa = 2, which approximates that of the bilayer hydrocarbon core region, was used in calculating a minimum energy structure for membrane-bound amiodarone. This calculated structure when compared with the crystal structure of amiodarone demonstrated that amiodarone could assume a conformation in the bilayer significantly different from that in the crystal. The results reported here are an attempt to correlate the position of a membrane-active drug in a lipid bilayer with its time-averaged conformation. This type of analysis promises to be of great use in the design of drugs with greater potency and higher specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trumbore
- Department of Radiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032
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22
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Abstract
The pulmonary toxicity associated with amiodarone therapy is clinically complex and likely reflects underlying mechanisms of lung injury that result from direct toxic effects of the drug (or its metabolites) as well as indirect inflammatory and immunologic processes induced by the drug therapy (Fig 2). A role for the direct toxicity of the drug is likely because (a) toxicity in part is related to dosage and duration of therapy, (b) many patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity have no evidence of an inflammatory or immune response in the lung, (c) in vitro studies indicate that amiodarone can be directly toxic to cultured lung cells or perfused isolated lung tissue, and (d) recent studies suggest plausible biochemical mechanisms that may explain in part the mechanism(s) of direct toxicity of the drug. A role for indirect inflammatory or immune processes within the lung of some patients with APT is supported by: (a) variable relationship of pulmonary toxicity to amiodarone dosages and blood levels, (b) preliminary studies suggest altered immunologic markers in the blood and lungs of some patients with APT, and (c) the cellular findings of bronchoalveolar lavage indicating a CD8 lymphocytosis with or without influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which is consistent with previous studies of hypersensitivity reactions. As our understanding of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms of APT improve, a number of key clinical issues may be clarified: (1) risk factor assessment for APT, (2) criteria for early diagnosis of APT, and (3) improved therapeutic approach to patients with APT.
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Ferreira J, Chatelain P, Caspers J, Ruysschaert JM. Ionization state of amiodarone mediates its mode of interaction with lipid bilayers. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:4245-50. [PMID: 3689449 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone is a potent antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug which affects the lipid dynamics. The influence of amiodarone ionization on the lipid transition temperature and enthalpy associated to the liquid crystalline to gel state transition was studied in multilamellar vesicles (MLV) of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) by differential scanning measurements (DSC) at different pH. These data were correlated with the calculated number of charged amiodarone molecules inserted into the lipid vesicles. The procedure of calculation requires the knowledge of the intrinsic ionization constant of amiodarone and the area occupied per amiodarone molecule in the close packed state; it can be applied successfully to water insoluble amphiphilic molecules. Only the ionized form of amiodarone molecule destabilizes the lipid matrix organisation whereas no effect was observed with the uncharged form. This destabilizing effect could be explained in terms of a modification of the drug structure induced by its ionization state or in terms of its distribution in the lipid matrix, as an isolated molecule or assembled in clusters depending on its ionization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ferreira
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique des Macromolécules aux Interfaces, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Chatelain P, Gremel M, Brotelle R. Prevention by amiodarone of phospholipid depletion in isoproterenol-induced ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 144:83-90. [PMID: 3436363 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work was performed to study phospholipid metabolism in isoproterenol-induced ischemic heart and the possible protective effect of amiodarone (Am) and chlorpromazine (CPZ). Heart weight increased 24 h after subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (40 mg/kg) whereas myocardial phospholipid content and creatine kinase activity decreased without modification of the cholesterol content. The phospholipid content was significantly correlated with creatine kinase activity (P less than 0.001). Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) in the isoproterenol group whereas the lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine content increased. The lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratios consequently increased to a significant degree (P less than 0.01) suggesting indirectly the activation of phospholipases A in the ischemic myocardium. Free fatty acid content increased, indicating hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Intravenous injection of Am (20 mg/kg) or intraperitoneal injection of CPZ (30 mg/kg) prior to isoproterenol injection provided complete protection against phospholipid depletion and against increase of the lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratios which returned to control values. Neither substance had any effect on the heart weight increase due to an edematous and inflammatory process. The total protection by both substances against phospholipid depletion was not sufficient to prevent the creatine kinase activity decrease. The improved phospholipid degradation in the ischemic myocardium is discussed in relation to the in vitro inhibitory effect of Am or CPZ on phospholipases A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chatelain
- Sanofi, Centre de Recherche Labaz-Sanofi, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Chatelain P, Brotelle R, Laruel R. Decrease in lipid mobility in rat erythrocyte membrane after amiodarone chronic treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:1564-5. [PMID: 3579992 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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