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Kim J, Han J, Woo Y. Development of a nondestructive assay method using Raman spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical production process of a
freeze‐dried
injection with gemcitabine as active pharmaceutical ingredient. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaejin Kim
- Chong Kun Dang Pharm Seobuk‐gu, Cheonan‐si Chungcheongnam‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Janghee Han
- Chong Kun Dang Pharm Seobuk‐gu, Cheonan‐si Chungcheongnam‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Ah Woo
- Chong Kun Dang Pharm Seobuk‐gu, Cheonan‐si Chungcheongnam‐do Republic of Korea
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2
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Kurmi M, Sahu A, Singh S. Stability behaviour of antiretroviral drugs and their combinations. 5: Characterization of novel degradation products of abacavir sulfate by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:372-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Utama RH, Jiang Y, Zetterlund PB, Stenzel MH. Biocompatible Glycopolymer Nanocapsules via Inverse Miniemulsion Periphery RAFT Polymerization for the Delivery of Gemcitabine. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2144-56. [PMID: 26027950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of hydrophilic cancer drugs in polymeric nanocapsules was achieved in a one-pot process via the inverse miniemulsion periphery RAFT polymerization (IMEPP) approach. The chosen guest molecule was gemcitabine hydrochloride, which is used as the first-line treatment of pancreatic cancer. The resulting nanocapsules were confirmed to be ∼200 nm, with excellent encapsulation (∼96%) and loading (∼12%) efficiency. Postpolymerization reaction was successfully conducted to create glyocopolymer nanocapsules without any impact on the loads as well as the nanocapsules size or morphology. The loaded nanocapsules were specifically designed to be responsive in a reductive environment. This was confirmed by the successful disintegration of the nanocapsules in the presence of glutathione. The gemcitabine-loaded nanocapsules were tested in vitro against pancreatic cancer cells (AsPC-1), with the results showing an enhancement in the cytotoxicity by two fold due to selective accumulation and release of the nanocapsules within the cells. The results demonstrated the versatility of IMEPP as a tool to synthesize functionalized, loaded-polymeric nanocapsules suitable for drug-delivery application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Utama
- ‡Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- †Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.,‡Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- †Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- †Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.,‡Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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4
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Stability-indicating HPLC determination of gemcitabine in pharmaceutical formulations. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:862592. [PMID: 25838825 PMCID: PMC4370102 DOI: 10.1155/2015/862592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determination of gemcitabine in injectable dosage forms using theophylline as internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Luna C-18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5μ) with a mobile phase consisting of 90% water and 10% acetonitrile (pH 7.00 ± 0.05). The signals of gemcitabine and theophylline were recorded at 275 nm. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.5–50 μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 or higher. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.1498 and 0.4541 μg/mL, respectively. The inter- and intraday precision were less than 2%. Accuracy of the method ranged from 100.2% to 100.4%. Stability studies indicate that the drug was stable to sunlight and UV light. The drug gives 6 different hydrolytic products under alkaline stress and 3 in acidic condition. Aqueous and oxidative stress conditions also degrade the drug. Degradation was higher in the alkaline condition compared to other stress conditions. The robustness of the methods was evaluated using design of experiments. Validation reveals that the proposed method is specific, accurate, precise, reliable, robust, reproducible, and suitable for the quantitative analysis.
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Kuwahara A, Minegaki T, Hamada M, Wakabayashi M, Asai M, Ohnishi Y, Fujimoto M, Kobatake M, Koyanagi S, Sunami H, Takamatsu M, Watamoto Y, Toyohara T, Tsujimoto M, Kataoka K, Nishiguchi K. Stability of Generic Versions of Gemcitabine Hydrochloride Preparation for Injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5649/jjphcs.41.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kuwahara
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Tetsuya Minegaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Miki Hamada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Miki Wakabayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mayuri Asai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuki Ohnishi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Misaki Fujimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Maki Kobatake
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Shiori Koyanagi
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Hiroko Sunami
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Misato Takamatsu
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Yukiko Watamoto
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Tomoko Toyohara
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | | | - Kazusaburo Kataoka
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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6
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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7
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Ziemkowski P, Felczak K, Poznański J, Kulikowski T, Zieliński Z, Cieśla J, Rode W. Interactions of 2'-fluoro-substituted dUMP analogues with thymidylate synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:37-43. [PMID: 17692822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2'-fluoro-substituted dUMP/FdUMP analogues were synthesized, their interaction with human recombinant thymidylate synthase investigated, and structural (1)H and (19)F NMR study of the corresponding nucleosides performed. While 2'-F-dUMP (fluorine in the "down" configuration), in striking contrast to 2'-F-ara-UMP (fluorine in the "up" configuration) and 2',2''-diF-dUMP, showed substrate activity, 2'-F-ara-UMP and 2',2''-diF-dUMP were classic inhibitors, and 2',5-diF-ara-UMP behaved as a strong slow-binding inhibitor, suggesting the 2'-F substituent in the "up" position to interfere with the active center cysteine thiol addition to the pyrimidine C(6) and the pyrimidine C(5)-F to prevent this interference. In support, the direct through space heteronuclear coupling J(HF) was observed for the fluorine "up" derivatives, 2'-F-ara-U and 2',5-diF-ara-U, causing the splitting of the H(6) resonance lines. The absence of such splitting in 2',2''-diF-dUrd, indicating an unusual orientation of the base in relation to the furanose, was associated with an exceptionally weak interaction with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Ziemkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Felczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kulikowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Zieliński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland.
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8
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Jansen PJ, Akers MJ, Amos RM, Baertschi SW, Cooke GG, Dorman DE, Kemp CA, Maple SR, McCune KA. The degradation of the antitumor agent gemcitabine hydrochloride in an acidic aqueous solution at pH 3.2 and identification of degradation products. J Pharm Sci 2000; 89:885-91. [PMID: 10861589 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6017(200007)89:7<885::aid-jps5>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A study of the degradation kinetics of gemcitabine hydrochloride (2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine) in aqueous solution at pH 3.2 was conducted. The degradation of gemcitabine followed pseudo first-order kinetics, and rate constants were determined at four different temperatures. These rates were used to construct an Arrhenius plot from which degradation rates at lower temperatures were extrapolated and activation energy calculated. Four major degradation products were identified. Only one of these degradation products, the uridine analogue of gemcitabine, was a known degradation product of gemcitabine and was identified by comparison with synthesized material. The other three degradation products were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Two of these products were determined to be the diastereomeric 6-hydroxy-5, 6-dihydro-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorouridines, and the other product was determined to be O(6),5'-cyclo-5,6-dihydro-2'-deoxy-2', 2'-difluorouridine. The mechanisms of formation of these degradation products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Jansen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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Abstract
Nucleic acid-derived drugs exhibit both chemical and physical instability. This mini-review focuses on the prevalent hydrolytic and oxidative pathways of chemical degradation as they are affected by various endogenous (primary structure, chemical modifications in bases, sugars and phosphate residues) and exogenous (pH, buffer concentration, metal cation presence, oxygen presence) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pogocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Beitz C, Bertsch T, Hannak D, Schrammel W, Einberger C, Wehling M. Compatibility of plastics with cytotoxic drug solutions-comparison of polyethylene with other container materials. Int J Pharm 1999; 185:113-21. [PMID: 10425371 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study low density polyethylene (LDPE)-containers were compared to glass bottles and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags in view of adsorption effects with antineoplastic drugs. The infusion containers were supplemented with therapeutic doses of the nine common cytotoxic drugs carboplatin, carmustine, cytarabine, dacarbazine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, melphalan, methotrexate and vinorelbine. 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride solution and 5% dextrose served as infusion solutions. The containers were stored at room temperature or at 4 degrees C, protected from light, for periods of up to 168 h. Turbidity, change of colour and visible crystallization were not observed. Samples were collected at different time intervals and drug contents were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Preparations of carmustine showed no adsorption phenomena when stored in LDPE or in glass at 4 degrees C. At room temperature in LDPE, a slight decrease in concentration due to adsorption was monitored. However the drug loss in PVC bags was greater. Dacarbazine and melphalan showed decreases in concentration, which were independent on the type of container material. The remaining analyzed agents showed no drug loss at all. In conclusion, investigated drugs were stable in all three container types, with the best stability in glass bottles, followed by LDPE and PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beitz
- Hospital Pharmacy, Klinikum Mannheim gGmbH, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135, Mannheim, Germany
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