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Bahrami A, Hassanian SM, Khazaei M, Gharib M, Rahmani M, Fiuji H, Jazayeri MH, Moetamani-Ahmadi M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The 9p21 locus as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:463-474. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related-death worldwide. Despite extensive efforts to identify valid biomarkers for the risk stratification of CRC patients, there are few of proven clinical utility. It is recognized that genetic factors play a major role in determining susceptibility to CRC. Recent genome-wide association studies have demonstrated common genetic variants in a region on chromosome 9p21 associated with an increased risk of CRC. Several genetic polymorphisms have been identified in this region that are associated with CRC. Three genes are located at this locus; CDKN2B(encoding-p15ink4b), CDKN2A (encoding-p16ink4a/p14ARF) and 3′ end of CDKN2BAS (termed-antisense-noncoding-RNA in the INK4-locus [ANRIL]). ANRIL has a post-transcriptional modulatory activity, which has been shown to perturb the expression of nearby genes. It also plays an important role in coordinating tissue remodeling through regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, aging, extra-cellular matrix remodeling and inflammatory response. However, the role of ANRIL is not well understood in CRC. Hypermethylation of the p14ARF and p16INK4a genes is often found in some tumors, including CRC. However, further studies are necessary to explore the clinical utility of these putative markers in risk stratification, and in the assessment of prognosis. In this review, we have summarized the prognostic and therapeutic potential of the p14ARF and p16INK4a genes in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies; School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rahmani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Immunology Research Center, and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex B. 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhou N, Gu Q. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of p16 protein aberrant expression in colorectal cancer: A PRISMA-compliant Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0195. [PMID: 29561443 PMCID: PMC5895319 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have examined the potential role of p16 protein expression as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cancers. However, it remains unclear whether p16 protein expression is a prognostic and diagnostic factor for colorectal cancer. Therefore, this meta-analysis is conducted to evaluate the associations of p16 protein expression with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. METHODS According to PRISMA guideline, relevant literatures were identified by searching Medicine, Web of Science, WanFang, and CNKI databases. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from included studies to assess the association between p16 protein expression and OS of patients with colorectal cancer. Other relevant data were extracted to evaluate the correlations of p16 protein expression with risk and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. Stata 12.0 software was applied to calculate the strength of association between p16 protein expression and colorectal cancer. RESULTS Forty-one studies were included to evaluate the association between p16 protein expression and colorectal cancer. Nine studies involving 1731 patients with colorectal cancer found that there was no association between p16 protein expression and OS of colorectal cancer in the overall analysis (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.55-1.10). However, p16 protein overexpression was significantly associated with a better prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer when cut-off value of p16 protein expression was <10% (HR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.66). The results of subgroup analysis based on ethnicity indicated that p16 protein overexpression was a risk factor for the occurrence of colorectal cancer in Caucasians (odds ratio = 28.95, 95% CI: 6.08-137.89), but not in Asians. Furthermore, p16 protein overexpression was significantly associated with the Dukes stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, and Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis-stage of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS p16 protein overexpression might be a useful biomarker to predict the clinicopathological progress and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
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Veganzones S, Maestro ML, Rafael S, de la Orden V, Vidaurreta M, Mediero B, Espantaleón M, Cerdán J, Díaz-Rubio E. Combined methylation of p16 and hMLH1 (CMETH2) discriminates a subpopulation with better prognosis in colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite instability tumors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3853-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Chen YZ, Liu D, Zhao YX, Wang HT, Gao Y, Chen Y. Relationships between p16 gene promoter methylation and clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 27 cohort studies. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:729-38. [PMID: 24979649 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many existing studies have demonstrated that p16 promoter methylation might be correlated with the clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer (CRC), but individually published results are inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the relationships between p16 promoter methylation and the clinicopathologic features of CRC. We searched the CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from inception through August 1, 2013. Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated under fixed- or random-effects models. Twenty-seven clinical cohort studies were included with a total of 3311 CRC patients. Our meta-analysis results revealed that p16 promoter methylation was associated with pathological characteristics of CRC (tumor, nodes, metastasis stage: OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.14-2.13, p=0.006; lymph node metastasis: OR=2.40, 95% CI: 1.37-4.19, p=0.002; histologic grade: OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.63-4.54, p<0.001; Dukes stage: OR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.57-2.71, p=0.002; tumor size: OR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.03-3.85, p=0.041; location: OR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.95-3.18, p<0.001, respectively). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that there were also significant correlations between p16 gene promoter methylation and pathological characteristics of CRC among both Caucasian and Asian populations (all p<0.05). Our meta-analysis suggests that promoter methylation of the p16 gene may be strongly correlated with the clinicopathologic features of CRC. Thus, p16 gene promoter methylation may be a potential biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhi Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Expression of p16INK4a, Alone or Combined With p53, is Predictive of Better Prognosis in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Tunisian Patients. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011; 19:562-8. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3182143380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shima K, Nosho K, Baba Y, Cantor M, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Prognostic significance of CDKN2A (p16) promoter methylation and loss of expression in 902 colorectal cancers: Cohort study and literature review. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1080-94. [PMID: 20473920 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN2A (p16/Ink4a) is a tumor suppressor and upregulated in cellular senescence. CDKN2A promoter methylation and gene silencing are associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colon cancer. However, prognostic significance of CDKN2A methylation or loss of CDKN2A (p16) expression independent of CIMP status remains uncertain. Using a database of 902 colorectal cancers in 2 independent cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study), we quantified CDKN2A promoter methylation and detected hypermethylation in 269 tumors (30%). By immunohistochemistry, we detected loss of CDKN2A (p16) expression in 25% (200/804) of tumors. We analyzed for LINE-1 hypomethylation and hypermethylation at 7 CIMP-specific CpG islands (CACNA1G, CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1); microsatellite instability (MSI); KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations; and expression of TP53 (p53), CTNNB1 (β-catenin), CDKN1A (p21), CDKN1B (p27), CCND1 (cyclin D1), FASN (fatty acid synthase) and PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2). CDKN2A promoter methylation and loss of CDKN2A (p16) were associated with shorter overall survival in univariate Cox regression analysis [hazard ratio (HR): 1.36, 95% CI: 1.10-1.66, p = 0.0036 for CDKN2A methylation; HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.03-1.63, p = 0.026 for CDKN2A (p16) loss] but not in multivariate analysis that adjusted for clinical and tumor variables, including CIMP, MSI and LINE-1 methylation. Neither CDKN2A promoter methylation nor loss of CDKN2A (p16) was associated with colorectal cancer-specific mortality in uni- or multivariate analysis. Despite its well-established role in carcinogenesis, CDKN2A (p16) promoter methylation or loss of expression in colorectal cancer is not independently associated with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Csepregi A, Ebert MPA, Röcken C, Schneider-Stock R, Hoffmann J, Schulz HU, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Promoter methylation of CDKN2A and lack of p16 expression characterize patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:317. [PMID: 20569442 PMCID: PMC2927998 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The product of CDKN2A, p16 is an essential regulator of the cell cycle controlling the entry into the S-phase. Herein, we evaluated CDKN2A promoter methylation and p16 protein expression for the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other liver tumors. METHODS Tumor and corresponding non-tumor liver tissue samples were obtained from 85 patients with liver tumors. CDKN2A promoter methylation was studied using MethyLight technique and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). In the MethyLight analysis, samples with > or = 4% of PMR (percentage of methylated reference) were regarded as hypermethylated. p16 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue sections (n = 148) obtained from 81 patients using an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0 (no expression) to 6 (strong expression). RESULTS Hypermethylation of the CDKN2A promoter was found in 23 HCCs (69.7%; mean PMR = 42.34 +/- 27.8%), six (20.7%; mean PMR = 31.85 +/- 18%) liver metastases and in the extralesional tissue of only one patient. Using MSP, 32% of the non-tumor (n = 85), 70% of the HCCs, 40% of the CCCs and 24% of the liver metastases were hypermethylated. Correspondingly, nuclear p16 expression was found immunohistochemically in five (10.9%, mean IRS = 0.5) HCCs, 23 (92%; mean IRS = 4.9) metastases and only occasionally in hepatocytes of non-lesional liver tissues (mean IRS = 1.2). The difference of CDKN2A-methylation and p16 protein expression between HCCs and liver metastases was statistically significant (p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Promoter methylation of CDKN2A gene and lack of p16 expression characterize patients with HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/analysis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Csepregi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Hufeland Klinikum GmbH Bad Langensalza, 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Matthias PA Ebert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrecht University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hoffmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schulz
- Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Albert Roessner
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Mitomi H, Fukui N, Tanaka N, Kanazawa H, Saito T, Matsuoka T, Yao T. Aberrant p16((INK4a)) methylation is a frequent event in colorectal cancers: prognostic value and relation to mRNA expression and immunoreactivity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:323-31. [PMID: 19779933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant p16((INK4a)) promoter methylation is common in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its clinicopathological significance remains controversial. The present study was therefore conducted to analyze p16((INK4a)) methylation and its relationship to clinicopathological features, mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in a series of lesions. METHODS p16((INK4a)) methylation was assessed for normal mucosa (n = 30) and CRC samples (n = 212) by methylation-specific real-time quantitative PCR, and p16((INK4a)) expression by immunostaining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. In addition, fresh DNA (n = 61) was analyzed for relationships to p16((INK4a)) mRNA by reverse-transcription PCR. RESULTS The p16((INK4a)) methylation index of normal mucosa samples ranged from 0 to 2% (mean, 0.23%; median, 0.02%), while the values for tumor samples varied widely from 0 to 100% (mean, 25.7%; median, 7.1%), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.001). Of 151 paraffin-embedded CRC tissue samples, 51 (34%), 54 (36%), and 46 (30%) were classified as low, intermediate, and high for aberrant methylation of p16((INK4a)). High p16((INK4a)) methylation was significantly associated with large tumor size (P = 0.025). Patients with higher methylation further showed more frequent recurrence as compared with the low-methylation group, and shortened cancer-related survival (Hazard ratio [HR], 3.379; P < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (HR, 3.962; P < 0.001 on multivariate analysis). A significant inverse relationship was apparent between the p16((INK4a)) methylation and immunoreactivity (P = 0.017). A similar tendency was also observed for the methylation status and the mRNA level (P = 0.195). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that p16((INK4a)) methylation results in transcriptional silencing and defines a group of CRCs with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mitomi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Khin SS, Kitazawa R, Win N, Aye TT, Mori K, Kondo T, Kitazawa S. BAMBI gene is epigenetically silenced in subset of high-grade bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:328-38. [PMID: 19326429 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) is a transmembrane TGFRI/BMPRI-related pseudoreceptor, antagonizes transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta/BMP signaling by inhibiting the formation of functional authentic receptor complexes (TGFRI/BMPRI and TGFRII/BMPRII). On the assumption that BAMBI gene expression is epigenetically altered during human bladder cancer progression, we screened the expression of BAMBI protein by immunohistochemistry and the methylation status of the BAMBI promoter. In the normal or reactive urothelium, BAMBI expression was mostly overlapped with that of BMPRI, and a similar colocalization pattern was noted in low-grade papillary cancers. In high-grade and invasive cancers, however, mainly two reciprocal immunohistochemical expression patterns were observed: BAMBI-low/BMPRI-high, and BAMBI-high/BMPRI-low, indicating that BAMBI expression is controlled such that it does not interfere with the responsiveness of high-grade cancer cells to TGF-beta/BMP signaling. Moreover, methylation of the BAMBI gene correlated significantly with negative BAMBI expression in bladder tumors. Although BAMBI overexpression significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in T24 line, knock-down small interfering RNA showed no remarkable change. Cell motility assay revealed that on treatment with either TGF-beta1 or BMP2, T24 and HTB9 lines showed a marked increase in the number of migrated cells which, however, decreased significantly through the forced expression of BAMBI. Since certain subsets of aggressive tumors often promote cell motility, invasion and survival by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through TGF-beta/BMP in an autocrine and paracrine manner, hypermethylation of the BAMBI gene promoter that leads to BAMBI gene suppression may be one of the epigenetic events affecting the invasiveness or aggressiveness of bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sann Sanda Khin
- Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Lam AKY, Ong K, Giv MJ, Ho YH. p16 expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma: marker of aggressiveness and morphological types. Pathology 2008; 40:580-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020802320713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Vidaurreta M, Maestro ML, Sanz-Casla MT, Maestro C, Rafael S, Veganzones S, Moreno J, Blanco J, Silmi A, Arroyo M. Inactivation of p16 by CpG hypermethylation in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2008; 26:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kazama Y, Watanabe T, Kanazawa T, Tanaka J, Tanaka T, Nagawa H. Poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas show higher rates of microsatellite instability and promoter methylation of p16 and hMLH1: a study matched for T classification and tumor location. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97:278-83. [PMID: 18161865 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive genetic and epigenetic analysis of poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas (Por) has been difficult, as the number of cases is too small. METHODS We investigated genetic and epigenetic alterations of 53 cases of Por and 53 cases of well-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas (WD) to clarify their differences. The cases of WD were matched with the cases of Por for T classification and tumor location, which influence genetic and epigenetic alterations. We evaluated microsatellite instability (MSI) status and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of four loci (2p, 5q, 17p, 18q), and defined "MSI tumors" as those that showed MSI-H, and "chromosomal instability (CIN) tumors" as those that showed LOH but not MSI-H. Further, we evaluated the methylation status of the hMLH1 and p16 promoter region. RESULTS MSI tumors were significantly more frequent in Por (22.6%) than in WD (3.8%; P = 0.0041). CIN tumors were significantly less frequent in Por (64.2%) than in WD (83.0%; P = 0.046). Further, methylation of the p16 and hMLH1 promoter region was significantly more frequent in Por than in WD (P = 0.037, P = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Por tumorigenesis strongly correlates with MSI and methylation of the p16 and hMLH1 promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kazama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fujiwara S, Noguchi T, Takeno S, Kimura Y, Fumoto S, Kawahara K. Hypermethylation of p16 gene promoter correlates with loss of p16 expression that results in poorer prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Dis Esophagus 2008; 21:125-31. [PMID: 18269647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze loss of p16 expression and its relationship to hypermethylation, clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Tissue samples from 60 ESCC were subjected to histological analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for p16 expression was performed. DNA was extracted from these primary esophageal tumors and from sera from another 38 ESCC patients. The DNA was modified with bisulfite and analyzed for p16 promoter methylation by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Twelve out of the 60 tumors (20%) were methylated at the p16 promoter and 48 tumors (80%) were unmethylated. There were no significant correlations between the methylation of the p16 promoter and clinicopathological parameters. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that 41 of the 60 tumors (68.3%) were p16-negative and 19 tumors (31.7%) were p16-positive. The correlation between negative p16 immunohistochemical staining and methylation was statistically significant (P = 0.0084). No instances of p16 methylation and p16 positive immunostaining were found. There was a close correlation between loss of p16 expression and poorer prognosis in ESCC (P = 0.0517 in overall survival, P = 0.0478 in disease-free survival). The p16 gene promoter hypermethylation was detected in the serum of two of 38 (5.2%) patients with ESCC. This indicates that p16 promoter methylation suppresses p16 expression and that the loss of expression has a close relationship with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC. The present results may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies, such as p16(INK4A) gene therapy, to treat patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujiwara
- Department of Oncological Science (Surgery 2), Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
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Agnese V, Corsale S, Calò V, Augello C, Bruno L, Calcara D, Crosta A, Rodolico V, Rinaldi G, Cicero G, Latteri F, Agrusa A, Morello V, Adamo V, Altavilla G, Di Fede G, Fiorentino E, Grassi N, Latteri MA, Valerio MR, Tomasino RM, Colucci G, Bazan V, Russo A. Significance of P16INK4A hypermethylation gene in primary head/neck and colorectal tumors: it is a specific tissue event? Results of a 3-year GOIM (Gruppo Oncologico dell'Italia Meridionale) prospective study. Ann Oncol 2008; 17 Suppl 7:vii137-41. [PMID: 16760277 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation of the p16 promoter is one of the most frequent mechanisms of gene inactivation; its incidence is extremely variable according to the type of tumor involved. Our purpose was to analyze the hypermethylation of the p16 promoter in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC), salivary gland (SG) tumors and in colorectal cancer (CRC), to detect any possible association with the clinicopathological features and to determine the prognostic significance of the p16 gene in the tumors analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS The hypermethylation of the p16 promoter was prospectively analyzed, by MSP, in a consecutive series of 64 locally advanced LSCC patients, in a consecutive series of 33 SG tumor patients and in a consecutive series of 66 sporadic CRC patients. RESULTS Hypermethylation was observed in 9% of the LSCC cases, in all cases of SG cancer and in 21% of the CRC cases. No significant association was observed between p16 hypermethylation and clinicopathological variables in all the tissue samples analyzed. Moreover at univariate analysis p16 mutations were not independently related at disease relapse and death in LSCC and CRC. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the lack of p16 function could happen in advanced stage of SG tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Agnese
- Section of Medical Oncology, Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical and Oncology, Section of General Surgery, Department of Human Pathology, Università di Palermo
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Campan M, Weisenberger DJ, Laird PW. DNA Methylation Profiles of Female Steroid Hormone-Driven Human Malignancies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 310:141-78. [PMID: 16909910 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31181-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor DNA contains valuable clues about the origin and pathogenesis of human cancers. Alterations in DNA methylation can lead to silencing of genes associated with distinct tumorigenic pathways. These pathway-specific DNA methylation changes help define tumor-specific DNA methylation profiles that can be used to further our understanding of tumor development, as well as provide tools for molecular diagnosis and early detection of cancer. Female sex hormones have been implicated in the etiology of several of the women's cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, and proximal colon cancers. We have reviewed the DNA methylation profiles of these cancers to determine whether the hormonal regulation of these cancers results in specific DNA methylation alterations. Although subsets of tumors in each of these four types of cancers were found to share some DNA methylation alterations, we did not find evidence for global hormone-specific DNA methylation alterations, suggesting that female sex hormones may participate in different tumorigenic pathways that are associated with distinct DNA methylation-based molecular signatures. One such pathway may include MLH1 methylation in the context of the CpG island methylator phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campan
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-9176, USA
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King-Yin Lam A, Ong K, Ho YH. Colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma: the clinicopathologic features and significance of p16 and p53 expression. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:1275-83. [PMID: 16912910 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to examine the clinicopathologic features and p53 and p16 expressions in colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma. METHODS The clinicopathologic features of 36 patients with colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma were analyzed and compared with 228 patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. The p53 and p16 expressions in the colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma accounted for 14 percent of colorectal cancer. The median age at presentation was 67 years. Family history of colorectal cancer in their first-degree relatives was seen in 14 percent of these patients. Fifty-six percent of the carcinomas were located in the proximal colorectum, most commonly in the transverse colon. Two patients had ulcerative colitis. Compared with the usual colorectal adenocarcinoma, colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma was found more often in proximal colorectum (P = 0.002), larger (P = 0.05), and in advanced stages (P = 0.018). Forty-four percent (n = 16) of the colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma showed p53 expression. All the patients with colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma with a positive family history of colorectal adenocarcinoma had tumors that showed p53 expression (P = 0.012). Seventy-eight percent (n = 28) of the tumors showed p16 expression. The median survival of the patients with these tumors was 23 months. The survival of these patients with colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma was poorer if the lesions were of advanced stages (P = 0.023) or with family history of colorectal cancer (P = 0.0015). Also, patients with colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma that did not express p16 and p53 had better survival than other patients (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma had distinctive clinicopathologic features. Tumor staging, family history of colorectal cancer, and status of p53 and p16 expressions might predict prognosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Division of Pathology, Griffith Medical School, Medicine and Oral Health Center, PMB 50 GCMC Bundall, Gold Coast, Queensland 9726, Australia.
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Li G, Qian XL, Cui J, Wang ZQ, Ye YP, Yang XY, Li YZ. Role of DNA methylation in control of tumor suppressor gene and oncogene expression in colorectal carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1699-1703. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i17.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between DNA methylation and expression of p16, Rb, and cyclin D1 in the carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinoma.
METHODS: Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) was used to detect the methylation status of p16, Rb, and cyclin D1 in the specimens from colorectal carcinoma, cancer-adjacent tissues of carcinoma and adenoma, and normal colorectal mucosa, respectively. The correlations of methylation with protein expression and the clinicopathological indexes were analyzed.
RESULTS: For the levels of p16 and Rb methylation, there were increased tendencies in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer, while for the level of cyclin D1 methylation, there was a decreased tendency. The expression of p16 and cyclin D1 protein were inversely correlated with the methylation status of p16 (normal mucosa: r = -0.185, P = 0.173; adenoma: r = -0.381, P = 0.013; cancer-adjacent tissues: r = -0.419, P = 0.001; cancer tissues: r = -0.516, P = 0.000) and cyclin D1 gene (normal mucosa: r = -0.282, P = 0.035; adenoma: r = -0.329, P = 0.033; cancer-adjacent tissues: r = -0.298, P = 0.026; cancer tissues: r = -0.618, P = 0.000). The levels of p16 and cyclin D1 methylation were significantly correlated with the degrees of differentiation (p16: χ2 = 11.232, P = 0.002, cyclin D1: χ2 = 9.144, P = 0.015), the depth of invasion (p16: χ2 = 6.229, P = 0.013; cyclin D1: χ2 = 8.023, P = 0.006) and the metastasis of lymph node (p16: χ2 = 5.707, P = 0.016; cyclin D1: χ2 = 7.794, P = 0.005). The methylation of Rb gene didn't play a main role in the inhibition of Rb protein expression during colorectal carcinogenesis.
CONCLUSION: Aberrant methylations of p16 and cyclin D1 are the main mechanisms of p16 inactivation and cyclin D1 over-expression, which play important roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. They are valuble in the early diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma.
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Giordano A, Macaluso M. Prognostic significance of pRb family and p16INK4 alterations in colorectal cancer: An interesting point of view in a complex net of molecular signals. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:1171-2. [PMID: 15492982 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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