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Kurd M, Sadegh Malvajerd S, Rezaee S, Hamidi M, Derakhshandeh K. Oral delivery of indinavir using mPEG-PCL nanoparticles: preparation, optimization, cellular uptake, transport and pharmacokinetic evaluation. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2123-2133. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1616553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Kurd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Soroor Sadegh Malvajerd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Katayoun Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Nasiri M, Azadi A, Zanjani MRS, Hamidi M. Indinavir-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Brain Drug Delivery: Optimization, Characterization and Neuropharmacokinetic Evaluation. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:341-354. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190123124429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:
As an anti-retroviral Protease Inhibitor (PI), Indinavir (IDV) is part of the regimen known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) widely used for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The drug efficiency in treatment of the brain manifestations of HIV is, however, limited which is mainly due to the efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed at the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB).
Methods:
To overcome the BBB obstacle, NLCs were used in this study as carriers for IDV, which were optimized through two steps: a “one-factor-at-a-time” screening followed by a systematic multiobjective optimization. Spherical smooth-surfaced Nanoparticles (NPs), average particle size of 161.02±4.8 nm, Poly-Dispersity Index (PDI) of 0.293±0.07, zeta potential of -40.62±2.21 mV, entrapment efficiency of 93±1.58%, and loading capacity of 9.15±0.15% were obtained after optimization which were, collectively, appropriate in terms of the objective of this study.
Result:
The surface of the optimized NPs was, then, modified with human Transferrin (TR) to improve the drug delivery. The particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of the TR-modified NLCs were 185.29±6.7nm, -28.68±3.37 mV, and 0.247±0.06, respectively. The in vitro release of IDV molecules from the NPs was best fitted to the Weibull model indicating hybrid diffusion/erosion behavior.
Conclusion:
As the major in vivo findings, compared to the free drug, the NLCs and TR-NLCs displayed significantly higher and augmented concentrations in the brain. In this case, NLC and TR-NLC were 6.5- and 32.75-fold in their values of the brain uptake clearance compared to free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 7146864685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saghatchi Zanjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 45139-56184, Zanjan, Iran
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Karami Z, Saghatchi Zanjani MR, Rezaee S, Rostamizadeh K, Hamidi M. Neuropharmacokinetic evaluation of lactoferrin-treated indinavir-loaded nanoemulsions: remarkable brain delivery enhancement. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:736-744. [PMID: 30640551 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1569039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indinavir (IDV), an antiretroviral protease inhibitor used in treatment of HIV infection, has limited entry into brain due to efflux by the P-glycoprotein presented in blood-brain barrier. The aim of present study was to develop lactoferrin-treated nanoemulsion containing indinavir (Lf-IDV-NEs) for delivery to brain. METHODS Indinavir-loaded nanoemulsions (IDV-NEs) were prepared by high-speed homogenization method, and then lactoferrin was coupled to IDV-NEs by water soluble EDC method. RESULTS The hydrodynamic diameters, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of IDV-NEs were 112 ± 3.5 nm, 0.20 ± 0.02, and -33.2 ± 2.6 mV, respectively. From in vivo studies in animal model of rats, the AUC0-4 h of brain concentration-time profile of IDV-NEs and Lf-IDV-NEs were 1.6 and 4.1 times higher than free drug, respectively. The brain uptake clearance of IDV-NEs and Lf-IDV-NEs were, interestingly, 393- and 420-times higher than the free drug. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that applying both lactoferrin-treated and non-treated nanoemulsions clearly leads to significant brain penetration enhancement of indinavir, an effect which is more pronounced in the case of Lf-IDV-NEs with the higher drug residence time in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karami
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saghatchi Zanjani
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,c Department of Clinical Sciences , Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaee
- b Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,d Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Kobra Rostamizadeh
- b Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,e Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
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Abstract
Research in the many areas of HIV treatment, eradication and prevention has necessitated measurement of antiretroviral (ARV) concentrations in nontraditional specimen types. To determine the knowledgebase of critical details for accurate bioanalysis, a review of the literature was performed and summarized. Bioanalytical assays for 31 ARVs, including metabolites, were identified in 205 publications measuring various tissues and biofluids. 18 and 30% of tissue or biofluid methods, respectively, analyzed more than one specimen type; 35-37% of the tissue or biofluid methods quantitated more than one ARV. 20 and 76% of tissue or biofluid methods, respectively, were used for the analysis of human specimens. HPLC methods with UV detection predominated, but chronologically MS detection began to surpass. 40% of the assays provided complete intra- and inter-assay validation data, but only 9% of publications provided any stability data with even less for the prevalent ARV in treatments.
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Bollam S, Kandadi P, Apte SS, Veerabrahma K. Development of indinavir submicron lipid emulsions loaded with lipoamino acids-in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain-specific delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:422-30. [PMID: 21360313 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our present work was to develop indinavir O/W submicron lipid emulsions (SLEs) loaded with lipoamino acids for specific delivery to brain. Tetradecyl aspartic acid (A) and decyl glutamic acid (G) loaded stable SLEs of indinavir having a mean size range of 210-220 nm and average zeta potential of -23.54±1.2 mV were developed using homogenization and ultrasonication. The cumulative % drug release from different SLEs varied in between 26% and 85%. The formulations, SLE, SLE-A3, and SLE-G3 were stable to the centrifugal stress, dilution stress, and storage at RT. The total drug content and entrapment efficiency were determined by HPLC method. During pharmacokinetic studies in male Wistar rats there was no significant difference in the serum levels of indinavir for SLE, SLE-A3 and SLE-G3 formulations at all time points. In tissue distribution studies, the therapeutic availability (TA) of indinavir in brain and kidneys for SLE-A3 were 4.27- and 2.66-fold whereas for SLE-G3 were 2.94 and 2.12 times, respectively, higher than that of indinavir solution. But when compared with that of SLE, in brain tissue the levels of indinavir from SLE-G3 and SLE-A3 varied in between 2.5- and 3.38-fold. While in case of the kidney, it was between 1.23- and 1.54-fold only. However, the TA is not significantly different in tissues like the heart, liver, and spleen. Thus, brain-specific delivery of indinavir was improved by including tetradecyl aspartic acid and decyl glutamic acid in submicron lipid emulsions.
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Kandadi P, Syed MA, Goparaboina S, Veerabrahma K. Brain specific delivery of pegylated indinavir submicron lipid emulsions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:423-32. [PMID: 21292000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop stable parenteral pegylated indinavir submicron lipid emulsions (SLEs) for improving brain specific delivery. The O/W SLEs were prepared by homogenization and ultra sonication process. The sizes of oil globules varied from 241.5 to 296.4nm and zeta potential from -26.6 to -42.4mV. During in vitro drug release studies the cumulative amount of drug released within 12h from SLE-5, DSP2-3 and DPP5-3 was 71.8±0.76, 66.09±1.45 and 68.33±1.29, respectively. The total drug content and entrapment efficiencies were determined. The optimized formulations were stable for the effect of centrifugal stress, thermal stress, dilution stress and storage. In vivo pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies were performed in Swiss albino mice, the therapeutic availability (TA) of DSP2-3 was 3.59 times and 2.36 times in comparison to drug solution and SLE-5 respectively, where as DPP5-3 showed TA 2.8 and 1.84 times the drug solution and SLE-5, respectively. The brain to serum ratio of indinavir from DSP2-3 and DPP5-3 varied between 0.4 and 0.7 at all time points indicated the preferential accumulation of drug in brain. In conclusion, pegylated SLEs improved brain specific delivery of indinavir and will be useful in treating chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Kandadi
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranya Puri, Warangal 506009, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hamidi M. Pharmacokinetic properties of indinavir in rat: some limitations of noncompartmental analysis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903173564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) distribution kinetics of indinavir were extensively evaluated using a combinational in-vivo model comprising the integration plot method (a single-passage approach) and neuropharmacokinetic method (a multiple-passage approach). A 5 mg kg−1 dose of indinavir was administered intravenously to rats. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and whole brain were collected from the animals at specified time points and the drug concentration in each sample was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. For the neuropharmacokinetic study, the simultaneous plasma, CSF and brain concentrations were fitted to an integrated model, which resulted in the estimation of the influx (Kin) and efflux (Kout) rate constants of the drug to/from CSF and brain parenchyma. The integration plot method involved plotting the brainplasma or CSF-plasma concentration ratios (Kp,app) against AUC0r̊t/Cp(t), and estimating the uptake clearance of the drug by brain/CSF from the slope of the initial linear portion of the plot. The Kin and Kout values of the drug to/from CSF were estimated to be 2.42 times 10−2 and 13.26 times 10−2min−1, respectively, and the corresponding values for brain parenchyma were 1.02 times 10−2 and 1.32 times 10−2 min−1, respectively. The uptake clearances of indinavir by CSF and brain parenchyma were 8.89 and 8.38 μLmin−1 g−1, respectively. The permeability surface area products of the drug for the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier were estimated as 1.05 times 10−2 and 2.45 times 10−2 mL min−1 g−1, respectively. The estimated kinetic parameters indicated limited CNS entry of the drug because of the limited blood-brain barrier permeability and the efficient drug efflux from CNS, particularly from CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
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Toteva MM, Zanon R, Ostovic D. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrolytic Degradation of Indinavir: Intramolecular Catalysis. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3810-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hamidi M. Role of P-glycoprotein in tissue uptake of indinavir in rat. Life Sci 2006; 79:991-8. [PMID: 16793066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of p-glycoprotein inhibition on tissue distribution of indinavir, an anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) protease inhibitor drug, has been evaluated. Indinavir was co-administered intravenously in rats along with a p-glycoprotein inhibitor, PSC833, and the drug concentrations in plasma and various tissues were determined using a HPLC method. Additionally, initial uptake clearance of indinavir was evaluated in the brain and testes. The highest increasing effect of p-glycoprotein inhibition on the tissue uptake ratios of indinavir was found in central nervous system (CNS). The estimated tissue extraction the drug was indicative of (i) limited drug entry to brain parenchyma, which was increased significantly by p-glycoprotein inhibition, (ii) non-restricted drug entry to testes, heart and spleen, which was increased significantly in the case of heart and decreased in the case of testes and spleen as a result of p-glycoprotein inhibition, and (iii) drug accumulation in liver and small intestine and, to a lesser extent, kidney, which was not affected by p-glycoprotein inhibition. The uptake clearances of indinavir by brain parenchyma in PSC833-treated and control rats were 68.80+/-8.65 and 21.63+/-4.28 micro/min/g and the corresponding values for the testes were 39.84+/-4.90 and 36.65+/-2.54 microl/min/g. The difference was significant only in the case of brain parenchyma (P<0.001). These data showed that p-glycoprotein inhibition increases the CNS uptake of indinavir markedly and has some transient minor effects on drug uptake by some other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. BOX 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
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