1
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Lommatzsch M, Eckardt M, Holzapfel J, Säger S, Simat TJ. Advanced separation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons by number of aromatic rings using donor-acceptor-complex chromatography to extend on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464600. [PMID: 38176352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An automated implementation for a subfractionation of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) into a mono-/di-aromatic fraction (MDAF) and a tri-/poly-aromatic fraction (TPAF) is presented, which is highly demanded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) respecting the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of MOAH. For this, donor-acceptor-complex chromatography (DACC) was used as a selective stationary phase to extend the conventional instrumental setup for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons via on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). A set of six new internal standards was introduced for the verification of the MOAH fractionation and a quantification of MDAF and TPAF, respectively. The automated DACC approach was applied to representative petrochemical references as well as to food samples, such as rice and infant formula, generally showing well conformity with results obtained by state-of-the-art analysis using two-dimensional GC (GCxGC). Relative deviations of DACC/LC-GC-FID compared to GCxGC-FID methods regarding the ≥ 3 ring MOAH content ranged between -50 and +6 % (median: -2 %, all samples, only values above limit of quantification). However, crucial deviations mainly result from "border-crossing" substances, e.g., dibenzothiophenes or partially hydrogenated MOAH. These substances can cause overestimations of ≥ 3 ring MOAH fraction during GCxGC analysis due to co-elution, which is mostly avoided using the DACC approach. Furthermore, the DACC approach can help to minimize underestimations of toxicologically relevant ≥ 3 ring MOAH caused by an unavoidable loss of MOAH during epoxidation, since natural olefins, such as terpenes, predominantly elute in MDAF, which was exemplarily shown for an olive oil and a terpene reference. The presented approach can be implemented easily in existing LC-GC-FID setup for an automated and advanced screening of MOAH to lower the need for elaborate GCxGC analysis also in routine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lommatzsch
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany.
| | - Johanna Holzapfel
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Sebastian Säger
- Laboratory Lommatzsch & Säger GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, Cologne 51105, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- TU Dresden, Chair of Food Science and Food Contact Materials, Bergstr. 66, Dresden 01062, Germany
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2
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Arena A, Zoccali M, Bonaccorsi I, Mondello M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Determination of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in Citrus essential oils by using on-line liquid-gas chromatography: critical aspects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:801-808. [PMID: 37505233 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The present manuscript reports and discusses critical issues related to the determination of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in Citrus essential oils (EOs); an on-line liquid-gas chromatography system equipped with a Y-interface was used (with no additional off-line step for pre-concentration). In total, eighteen samples were analyzed, specifically eleven cold-pressed (CP) and seven distilled EOs. With regard to the CP EOs, various degrees of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) contamination were detected, ranging between 10.7 and 338.4 mg kg-1 (only one sample was MOSH-free); different MOSH sub-fractions were determined, with the > C25- ≤ C35 sub-fraction always present, with an average concentration of 74.5 mg kg-1. Based on the EO composition, different sample amounts were injected to avoid the overloading of the LC column and consequently the GC one, thus leading to different limits of quantification (LoQ), which were either 2 mg kg-1 (for bergamot EO) or 5 mg kg-1 (for all the other investigated samples). For all samples, the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon level was always lower than the LoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Mondello
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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3
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Bauwens G, Gorska A, Purcaro G. The role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in mineral oil determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3. [PMID: 37147559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) contain a wide structural diversity of molecules, for which the reference method of analysis is the online coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). These compounds are very heterogeneous from a toxicological viewpoint, and an accurate risk assessment when dealing with a MOH contamination can only be performed if sufficient information is available on the types of structures present (i.e., number of carbons, degree of alkylation, number of aromatic rings). Unfortunately, the separation performances of the current LC-GC-FID method are insufficient for such characterization, not even mentioning the possible coelution of interfering compounds which additionally hinder MOH determination. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), while mostly used for confirmation purposes in the past, starts to prove its relevance for overcoming the weaknesses of the LC-GC method and reaching even better the analytical requirements defined in the latest EFSA opinion. The present paper therefore aims at highlighting how GC × GC has contributed to the understanding of the MOH topic, how it has developed to meet the requirements of MOH determination, and how it could play a role in the field for overcoming many of the current analytical and toxicological challenges related to the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Gorska
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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4
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Menegoz Ursol L, Conchione C, Peroni D, Carretta A, Moret S. A study on the impact of harvesting operations on the mineral oil contamination of olive oils. Food Chem 2023; 406:135032. [PMID: 36493572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the 2020-21 olive oil campaign, the contribution of harvesting operations to mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) contamination was studied. Oils extracted from hand-picked olives (15 different olive groves) generally had background MOSH (<2.7 mg/kg), and no quantifiable MOAH. In 40% of the cases, an important contamination increase was observed after harvesting operations. Except for one sample (325.8 and 111.0 mg/kg of MOSH and MOAH, respectively), other samples reached 4.3-33.7 mg/kg of MOSH and 1.1-11.3 mg/kg of MOAH. Accidental leaks of lubricants and/or contact with lubricated mechanical parts, were identified as important sources of contamination. Chromatographic traces obtained by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) allowed for source identification. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic platform (GC × GC) with parallel FID/MS detection was implemented for confirmation and to attempt the characterization of the contaminations. Good harvesting practices are suggested to minimize contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menegoz Ursol
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Peroni
- SRA Instruments SpA, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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5
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Hochegger A, Pantò S, Jones N, Leitner E. One-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches for the characterization of post-consumer recycled plastic materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2447-2457. [PMID: 36820911 PMCID: PMC10149440 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In September 2022, the European Commission published its new regulation on recycled plastic materials for food contact. It allows newly developed, non-authorized technologies and approaches, or so-called novel technologies, to be deployed in the field to generate the data needed for establishing regulatory and/or fit for purpose processes. The data shall be generated by using suitable methods, but the regulation does not give a more detailed description on those. In this study, commercially purchased buckets made of post-consumer recycled polypropylene were screened, using a number of different analytical approaches. Sample preparation methods, analysis techniques, and the data and information generated were compared. The results clearly demonstrate the need for a detailed characterization of such materials and the advantages and disadvantages of the analysis using conventional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometery as well as two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sebastiano Pantò
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nick Jones
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Leitner
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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6
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Hochegger A, Wagenhofer R, Savić S, Mayrhofer E, Washüttl M, Leitner E. Combination of Multidimensional Instrumental Analysis and the Ames Test for the Toxicological Evaluation of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16401-16409. [PMID: 36524957 PMCID: PMC9801419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs) include mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and are considered a potential health risk. Current methods address the total MOAH content but cannot address the actual toxicological hazard of individual components. This work presents a combined methodology closing those gaps: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine the MOAH content. To characterize present substance classes, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied. Preparative HPLC separated MOAHs into subgroups, which were tested with a miniaturized Ames test evaluating DNA reactivity of isolated fractions. Combining these methods allowed a correlation between present subgroups and DNA reactivity. The developed approach was applied to a mineral oil and distinguished between not DNA-reactive mono- and diaromatics and DNA-reactive tri- and polyaromatics, providing a proof of concept. Hereinafter, it will be applied to diverse sample matrices including mineral oils, food, and food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard Wagenhofer
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Savić
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Mayrhofer
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Washüttl
- Department
for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Austrian
Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology, Franz-Grill-Straße 5, Objekt
213, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Technology Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Nerín C. Development of an analytical method for the determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) from printing inks in food packaging. Food Chem 2022; 397:133745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Isola AL, Carrillo JC, Lemaire P, Niemelä H, Steneholm A. Lack of human-relevant adversity of MOSH retained in tissues: Analysis of adversity and implications for regulatory assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105284. [PMID: 36402242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mineral oils (food grade white oil or liquid paraffin) have historically been safely used in a number of sensitive end-uses, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. Recent concern that certain mineral hydrocarbons (branched and cyclo-alkanes) may accumulate in human tissues has prevented European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) from deriving guidance values for food exposures. Analysis of human and animal tissue indicate that an unresolved cloud of mostly highly branched alkanes and alkylated cycloalkanes within the C20-C35 range is consistently present in all tissues. This critical review thoroughly assesses the retention of "mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons" (MOSH) in human and animal tissues and evaluates if the presence of MOSH is considered adverse and appropriate to use for risk assessment, generation of guidance values for food exposure and/or generation of derivation of health-based guidance values. An adversity framework was utilized to perform an in-depth weight of the evidence analysis, and it was concluded that mere presence of MOSH does not translate to hazard identification, and is not considered adverse. In light of this conclusion, it would not be appropriate to utilize this endpoint as the point of departure to calculate a health guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Isola
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J C Carrillo
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., PO Box 162, 2051, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Lemaire
- Total Fluides, 24 Cours Michelet-La Défense 10, F-92069, Paris La Défense Cedex, France; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Niemelä
- CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - A Steneholm
- Nynas AB, PO Box 10 700, SE-121 29, Stockholm, Sweden; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Vera P, Nerín C. Migration of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) from hot melt adhesives used in food packaging materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL OIL IN FISH FEED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-COMPREHENSIVE MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER/FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Review on chromatographic and specific detection methodologies for unravelling the complexity of MOAH in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Carrillo JC, Kamelia L, Romanuka J, Kral O, Isola A, Niemelä H, Steneholm A. Comparison of PAC and MOAH for understanding the carcinogenic and developmental toxicity potential of mineral oils. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105193. [PMID: 35618173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity of unrefined mineral oil is related to its 3-7 ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) content. Therefore, refining operations focus on the targeted removal PAC from mineral oil that may contain aromatics of low toxicological concern. There are thus, two types of aromatic substances in mineral oil: hazardous and non-hazardous. The first type consists of 3-7 ring PAC which may be naked (unsubstituted) or lowly alkylated. The second type or non-hazardous consists of 1-7 ring aromatics with high degree of alkylation or lack of bay or fjord regions. Although these are toxicologically different, they may both elute in the same fraction when using chromatography. To understand how these two aromatic types are related we have assessed the entire mineral oil refinement process by measuring total mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) content by chromatography next to regulatory hazard tests which focus on 3-7 ring PAC. MOAH content is positively correlated to its molecular weight resulting in aromatic content bias for high viscosity substances. Hazard to 3-7 ring PAC is best controlled by the validated IP346 or modified Ames test. We explain the concept of high vs low alkylation by shortly reviewing new data on alkylated PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell Global Solutions B.V, PO Box 162, 2501, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Shell Global Solutions B.V, PO Box 162, 2501, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julija Romanuka
- Shell Global Solutions B.V, PO Box 162, 2501, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Kral
- Shell Deutschland Oil GmbH, Suhrenkamp 71-77, 22284, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Allison Isola
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc, 1545 US Highway 22 East Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Niemelä
- CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anna Steneholm
- Nynas AB, P.O. Box 10 700, SE-121 29, Stockholm, Sweden; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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14
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Carrillo JC, Shen H, Momin F, Kral O, Schnieder H, Kühn S. GTL synthetic paraffin oil shows low liver and tissue retention compared to mineral oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112701. [PMID: 34838897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral exposure to mineral oil may result in a narrow fraction of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) being retained in tissues. Excess of MOSH hepatic retention may lead to the formation of lipogranuloma caused by predominantly multiring cycloalkanes (naphthenics) in a critical range of C25-C35. Although hepatic lipogranuloma is of low pathological concern, MOSH tissue deposition could be minimized by using an oil of similar quality but devoid of naphthenic structures to decrease hepatic retention. Synthetic Gas to liquid (GTL) oils offer an alternative to petroleum derived mineral oils, because they do not contain naphthenic structures. To demonstrate this point, SD rats were fed either GTL oil (99% iso-alkanes) or naphthenic mineral oil (84% cycloalkanes) at 200 mg/kg bw/day for 90 or 134 days with a recovery group. Liver, fat and mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed for alkane sub-type levels using Online-HPLC-GC-FID and GCxGC-TOF-MS. Results indicate that at equal external dose, GTL hydrocarbons result in lower tissue levels and more rapid excretion than MOSH. GTL retained hepatic fractions were also qualitatively different than MOSH constituents. Because chemical composition differences, GTL oil show low absorption and tissue retention potential and thus an advantageous alternative to conventional mineral oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell International B.V., Shell Projects & Technology, Carel van Bylandlaan 16, 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Hua Shen
- Shell Oil Company, Shell Projects & Technology, Shell Woodcreek Complex, 150 N. Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX, 77079, USA
| | - Fayaz Momin
- Shell Oil Company, Shell Projects & Technology, Shell Woodcreek Complex, 150 N. Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX, 77079, USA
| | - Olaf Kral
- Shell Deutschland GmbH, Shell Projects & Technology, Suhrenkamp 71-77, 22284, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Schnieder
- Sustainable Chemistry Consult, Paul-Klee-Str. 27, 47877, Willich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kühn
- Institut Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH Part of Mérieux Nutrisciences, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Aziz AA, Nordin FNM, Zakaria Z, Abu Bakar NK. A systematic literature review on the current detection tools for authentication analysis of cosmetic ingredients. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:71-84. [PMID: 34658114 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cosmetic products is considered a necessity for beautification in our daily lives. Cosmetic products composed of natural oils or fats as a main ingredient for various beneficial properties. Fats and oils are composed of various type of fatty acids with different compositions. Hence, fatty acids profile can be an effective chemical fingerprint for authentication analysis of cosmetic products. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to enlighten the current detection tools developing for fatty acids profile authentication analyses of cosmetic ingredients based on the effectiveness, halal status, safety, advantages and disadvantages of the methods. METHODOLOGY The data were extracted from the scientific literatures published between October 2015 and 2020 in the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, and analyzed with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). FINDINGS Based on the systemic literature reviews, essential oil, argan oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, and jojoba oil were among the mostly studied ingredients in cosmetics. Furthermore, a combination of more than one analytical instrument was utilized to profile fatty acids while the determination of the origin of the fatty acids is under scrutiny. The portable mass spectrometer combined with a direct inlet membrane (DIM) probe seems to be the best tool in terms of time consumption, cost, requires no sample preparation with high efficiency. The current review showed that the best cosmetic base is when the oil is composed of high concentration of fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, stearic acid, and palmitic acids with concentration range from 19.7 - 46.30%, which offers various beneficial properties to cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Ab Aziz
- Universiti Malaya Halal Research Centre (UMHRC), HIR Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatin Nur Majdina Nordin
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zalina Zakaria
- Universiti Malaya Halal Research Centre (UMHRC), HIR Building, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Kartini Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Schoenmakers P. Latest Trends on the Future of Three-Dimensional Separations in Chromatography. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12016-12034. [PMID: 33878259 PMCID: PMC8517953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation and characterization of complex mixtures are of crucial importance in many fields, where extremely high separation power is required. Three-dimensional separation techniques can offer a path toward achieving high peak capacities. In this Review, online three-dimensional separation systems are discussed, including three-dimensional gas chromatography, and hyphenated combinations of two-dimensional gas chromatography with liquid chromatography or supercritical-fluid chromatography. Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides detailed information on complex samples and the need for higher peak capacities is pushing researchers toward online three-dimensional liquid chromatography. In this review, an overview of the various combinations are provided and we discuss and compare their potential performance, advantages, perspectives, and results obtained during the most recent 10-15 years. Finally, the Review will discuss a novel approach of spatial three-dimensional liquid separation to increase peak capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D, Woldhuis J. Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:418-455. [PMID: 34494504 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1944056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraffin waxes and white mineral oils are distinct petroleum products separated from a common feedstock by crystallization, where only n-alkanes, iso- and cyclo-alkanes with a linear backbone of ∼ 20 carbon atoms long, selectively crystalize out from the oil to form the wax, which is solid at room temperature, whereas oils remain liquid. Up until the 90's, these differences were reflected in separated regulatory assessments. A paradigm shift occurred when Fischer 344 rats (F-344) developed liver epithelioid granuloma following exposure to low and medium viscosity oils or waxes. This lesion was used as common denominator between these products to be jointly assessed under the common term "mineral hydrocarbons - MHC", obviating compositional differences. This regulatory paradigm dominated for the next 30 years, exacerbated by the EFSA 2012 evaluation using the analytical term "MOSH" (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) which encompassed these products under single chromatography fraction. The reconstruction of historical developments, together with recent EFSA-sponsored studies of toxicity and accumulation and supporting literature, has allowed us to understand the etiology of the F-344 rat hepatic epithelioid granuloma, which is presented in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Considering chemical composition, it clearly demonstrates that the hepatic effects in F-344 rats caused by linear alkanes of waxes are irrelevant for humans. Waxes are thus not MOSH and should thus be evaluated on their own merit. The term MOSH should not include n-alkanes and be exclusively used to mineral oil fractions when considering their chemical makeup for a relevant human hazard assessment.
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18
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) and Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography (APGC) coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF-MS) as alternative techniques to trace aromatic markers of mineral oils in food packaging. Talanta 2021; 227:122079. [PMID: 33714477 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to select and identify the best markers of aromatic hydrocarbon mineral oil (MOAH) in food packaging. For this purpose, a series of mineral oils was initially analysed. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the alkylated isomers of Methylnaphthalene (MNS), Diisopropylnaphtalene (DIPNs), Dibenzothiophenes (DBTS), Methyldibenzothiophene (MDBTs), Dimethyldibenzothiophenes (DMDBTs) and Benzonaphthiophenes (BNTS) were then explored. Their presence was confirmed by direct analysis of several mineral oils by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (ASAP-QTOF-MS). Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (APGC-QTOF-MS) was used to confirm the markers in different samples of oils, recycled PET (rPET), recycled cardboard and packaging of couscous and semolina to confirm the contamination. 27 markers were found in the mineral oil samples, 22 of them in rPET, 8 in recycled board and no MOAH were found in packaging of couscous and semolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janira Jaén
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Celia Domeño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Alfaro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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19
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Zoccali M, Salerno TMG, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Use of a low-cost, lab-made Y-interface for liquid-gas chromatography coupling for the analysis of mineral oils in food samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462191. [PMID: 34000596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are daily exposed to a range of mineral oil hydrocarbons via food consumption. Major sources of MOH in food are packaging and additives, processing aids, and lubricants. In 2019, an EU guidance was released covering specific directions for sampling and analysis of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in food and food contact materials within the frame of Recommendation (EU) 2017/84 for the monitoring of mineral oils. The parameters required by the guide are increasingly stringent, and coping with this type of analysis is now very challenging. It is within such a context that the present research is confined, inasmuch that it is focused on the construction of a low-cost, lab-made Y-interface for liquid-gas chromatography coupling used for the determination of MOSH and MOAH in foodstuffs. The response ratios of alkanes comprised between C10 and C50 were measured and were comprised between 0.9 and 1.1, with a maximum coefficient of variation of 4% (n = 5). Intermediate precision was evaluated for the fat/oil category during a period of 48 days obtaining a value of 10%. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of both MOSH and MOAH were performed in a single run and in a fully-automated manner. Seventeen different foods were analyzed in order to cover the categories reported in the EU guide. Saturated hydrocarbon contamination was detected only in a few samples (in the range 1-153 ppm); MOAH contamination was found only in one sample (sunflower oil: 15 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Tania M G Salerno
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Bauwens G, Pantó S, Purcaro G. Mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons quantification: Mono- and two-dimensional approaches. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462044. [PMID: 33744654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the level of mineral oil contamination in foods is a well-known problem. This class of contaminants is generally divided into mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons with different toxicological relevance and analytical challenges. Among the many challenges, data interpretation and integration represent an important source of uncertainty in the results provided by different laboratories leading to a variation evaluated on the order of 20%. The use of multidimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been proposed to support the data interpretation but the integration and the reliability of the results using this methodology has never been systematically evaluated. The aim of this work was to assess the integration and quantification performance of a two-dimensional (2D) software. The data were generated using a novel, completely automated platform, namely LC-GC × GC coupled to dual detectors, i.e., time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). From a systematic study of the failures of the two-dimensional quantification approach a novel solution was proposed for simplifying and automating the entire process. The novel algorithm was tested on ad hoc created samples (i.e. a paraffin mixture added of n-alkanes) and real-world samples proving the agreement of the results obtained by LC-GC × GC and the traditional mono-dimensional approach. Moreover, the benefits of using an entirely integrated platform were emphasized, particularly regarding the identity confirmation capability of the MS data, which can be easily translated into the 2D FID quantification feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Sebastiano Pantó
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium.
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21
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Research Progress of Analysis of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons using On-line High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Gas Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Sdrigotti N, Collard M, Purcaro G. Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis in food. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:464-482. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sdrigotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine Udine 33100 Italy
| | - Maurine Collard
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
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23
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Eyring P, Preiswerk T, Frandsen HL, Duedahl-Olesen L. Automated micro-solid-phase extraction clean-up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food oils for analysis by gas chromatography-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:600-608. [PMID: 33185942 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Food can contain unwanted compounds and need to be analyzed for compounds like carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to ensure consumer safety. The analytes need to be extracted from the sample matrix and cleaned-up to enable detection. However, established methods for clean-up are labor intensive and have a high expenditure on organic solvents. Here, we show a newly developed micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge method to automate the clean-up for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sunflower oil using gas chromatography with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry with a TriPlus autosampler. This automated micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge method needs only 4 μL of vegetable oil sample and requires only 360 μL acetonitrile for elution, and, therefore, it needs only small amounts of organic solvent. Two different micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge methods were developed, one using two commercially available cartridges with florisil and octadecylsilane/Z-Sep/CarbonX, and the other method using one commercially available cartridge with florisil followed by one self-made cartridge with octadecylsilane/Z-Sep. The latter method showed successful lipid removal and was further validated for 22 of 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in sunflower oil at a spiked level of 1090 μg/kg with recoveries ranging from 53 to 118% and relative standard deviation below 22%. This method shows promising short-time clean-up with low expenditure of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Eyring
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Dubois LM, Aczon S, Focant JF, Perrault KA. Translation of a One-Dimensional to a Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Method with Dual-Channel Detection for Volatile Organic Compound Measurement in Forensic Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10091-10098. [PMID: 32551508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After its introduction in the early 1990s, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has evolved from a separation science research tool to the central component of many industries. Despite the maturity of the technique, some fields remain reluctant to its use in routine applications. In the case of forensic science, some constraints are the strict requirements enforced in forensic laboratories and the time and effort that must be invested for intralaboratory method validation. Concerns may also arise about whether information could be lost when transitioning to a new technique. This study reports on a method translation from conventional one-dimensional (1D) GC to GC×GC, ensuring the integrity of data as conversion is made. The GC was retrofitted with a reverse fill/flush (RFF) flow modulator and equipped with dual-channel detection using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (qMS) and a flame ionization detector (FID). The parallel use of two detectors, where qMS was applied for qualitative identification and FID for quantification, allowed higher flows and slightly wider peaks to be exploited for the analysis of a volatile organic compound (VOC) reference mixture relevant to forensic VOC profiling. Peak quality assessment and calibration curves using GC-qMS and GC×GC-qMS/FID document the transfer and adaptation of the original method without a loss in data quality. Furthermore, the preprocessing and the data analysis processing steps, including calibration and peak quality assessment for each of the three data sets, are explained in detail. This information provides benchmark data for routine laboratories that want to implement a GC×GC approach into routine workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Dubois
- Molecular Systems, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Aczon
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, United States
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Molecular Systems, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Katelynn A Perrault
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, United States
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25
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D. Letter to the editor, regarding the publication by Pirow and colleagues "Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations". Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:272-275. [PMID: 32484074 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1749830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Koch M, Becker E, Päch M, Kühn S, Kirchhoff E. Separation of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons of three and more aromatic rings from those of one or two aromatic rings. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1089-1099. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Becker
- Institut Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH Berlin Germany
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27
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García-Cicourel AR, van de Velde B, Verduin J, Janssen HG. Comprehensive off-line silver phase liquid chromatography × gas chromatography with flame ionization and vacuum ultraviolet detection for the detailed characterization of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1607:460391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Rapid screening of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in grains by fluorescence spectroscopy. Food Chem 2019; 294:458-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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García-Cicourel AR, Janssen HG. Direct analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in purified mineral oils for foods and cosmetics applications using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Quantification of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) in Anhydrous Cosmetics Using 1H NMR. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/1680269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In cosmetic products, hydrocarbons from mineral oil origin are used as ingredients in a wide variety of consistency, from liquid oil to solid wax. Refined mineral oil hydrocarbons consist of MOSH (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) and a low proportion of MOAH (mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons). MOSH and MOAH comprise a variety of chemically similar single substances with straight or branched chains. In the context of precautionary consumer protection, it is crucial to determine hydrocarbons from mineral oil origin of inferior quality quickly and efficiently. This publication presents a rapid method for quantifying MOAH by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H qNMR) in anhydrous cosmetics such as lipstick, lip gloss, and lip balm. A sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for the complete removal of interfering aromatic substances to improve the robustness of the method for analysing compounded cosmetics. In preliminary trials using silica gel thin-layer chromatography, the retention behaviour of 21 common aromatic compounds was tested in eluents with different solvent strength including EtOAc, MeOH, cyclohexane, and dichloromethane. Based on these results, the SPE sample cleanup with silica gel and cyclohexane as an eluent was suggested as best suitable for the purpose. The SPE cleanup was successfully achieved for all tested potentially interfering aromatic cosmetic ingredients except for butylated hydroxytoluene. The recovery for lipophilic cosmetics is more than 80% based on naphthalene as calculation equivalent. Furthermore, a specific sample preparation for the examination of lipsticks was implemented. The SPE cleanup was validated, and the robustness of the method was tested on 57 samples from the retail trade. The 1H qNMR method is a good complement to the LC-GC-FID method, which is predominantly used for the determination of MOSH and MOAH. Chromatographic problems such as migration of MOSH into the MOAH fraction during LC-GC-FID can be avoided.
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31
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Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. On-line liquid chromatography-comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography with dual detection for the analysis of mineral oil and synthetic hydrocarbons in cosmetic lip care products. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1048:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Canavar Ö, Kappenstein O, Luch A. The analysis of saturated and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons in dry foods and from recycled paperboard packages by online HPLC–GC–FID. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2471-2481. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1543955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Öner Canavar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Crop Science Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
- Duke University, Biology Department, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Weber S, Schrag K, Mildau G, Kuballa T, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)-A Short Review. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2018; 13:1177390118777757. [PMID: 29887729 PMCID: PMC5989051 DOI: 10.1177/1177390118777757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oils (such as paraffinum liquidum or white oil), which consist of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), are widely applied in various consumer products such as medicines and cosmetics. Contamination of food with mineral oil may occur by migration of mineral oil containing products from packaging materials, or during the food production process, as well as by environmental contamination during agricultural production. Considerable analytical interest was initiated by the potential adverse health effects, especially carcinogenic effects of some aromatic hydrocarbons. This article reviews the history of mineral oil analysis, starting with gravimetric and photometric methods, followed by on-line-coupled liquid chromatography with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID), which still is considered as gold standard for MOSH-MOAH analysis. Comprehensive tables of applications in the fields of cosmetics, foods, food contact materials, and living organisms are provided. Further methods including GCxGC-MS methods are reviewed, which may be suitable for confirmation of LC-GC-FID results and identification of compound classes. As alternative to chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has recently been suggested for MOSH-MOAH analysis, especially with the possibility of detecting only the toxicologically relevant aromatic rings. Furthermore, NMR may offer potential as rapid screening especially with low-field instruments usable for raw material control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weber
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karola Schrag
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Mildau
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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34
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Bartsch N, Heidler J, Vieth B, Hutzler C, Luch A. Skin permeation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A solvent-based in vitro approach to assess dermal exposures against benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzopyrenes. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:969-979. [PMID: 27380454 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Consumer products with high contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were repeatedly identified by market surveillance authorities. Since several of the individual compounds have been identified as genotoxic carcinogens, there might be health risks associated with the usage of these items. It therefore becomes reasonable to argue to reduce PAH contents in consumer products to a level as low as possible. This study presents data on the migration of PAHs from consumer products into aqueous sweat simulant or aqueous ethanol and on its combined migration and penetration into human skin. Product specimens were either submerged in simulant, or placed directly on test skins in Franz cell chambers to simulate dermal contacts. Migration of hexacyclic dibenzopyrenes became detectable by using ethanolic simulant, but not in aqueous sweat simulant. Similarly, migration of the pentacyclic model carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) into aqueous sweat simulant was significantly lower when compared with human skin or skin models. The results point to a gross underestimation (about two orders of magnitude) when using aqueous sweat simulant instead of human skin for assessing PAH migration. On the other side, the usage of 20% ethanol as simulant revealed good agreement to the actual exposure of human skin against B[a]P migrating out of contaminated products. Our results underline that aqueous sweat simulant is not suitable to study dermal migration of highly lipophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bartsch
- a German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Berlin , Germany
| | - J Heidler
- a German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Berlin , Germany
| | - B Vieth
- a German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Berlin , Germany
| | - C Hutzler
- a German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Berlin , Germany
| | - A Luch
- a German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Berlin , Germany
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36
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Cacciola F, Donato P, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography and Other Liquid-Based Comprehensive Techniques Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 89:414-429. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciola
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche
e Funzionali, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche
e Funzionali, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit
of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Chromaleont
s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche
ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit
of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Chromaleont
s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche
ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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37
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Zoccali M, Barp L, Beccaria M, Sciarrone D, Purcaro G, Mondello L. Improvement of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons determination in edible oil by liquid-liquid-gas chromatography with dual detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:623-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariosimone Zoccali
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Laura Barp
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o “Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Roma Italy
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39
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Tranchida PQ, Purcaro G, Maimone M, Mondello L. Impact of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on food analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:149-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Tranchida
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Chromaleonts.r.l, c/o “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Mariarosa Maimone
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleonts.r.l, c/o “Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute” Department; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Roma Italy
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40
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Franchina FA, Maimone M, Sciarrone D, Purcaro G, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Evaluation of a novel helium ionization detector within the context of (low-)flow modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Križman M, Pušar A. Comprehensive thin layer chromatography×gas chromatography using headspace sampling modulation—A case study on fatty acid composition analysis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. On-Line Combination of High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: A Proof of Principle Study. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1911-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Centro
Integrato di Ricerca, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via
Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Chromaleont
s.r.l. A start-up of the University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di
Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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43
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for characterizing mineral oils in foods and distinguishing them from synthetic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1375:146-53. [PMID: 25526977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many foods are contaminated by hydrocarbons of mineral oil or synthetic origin. High performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (HPLC-GC-FID) is a powerful tool for the quantitative determination, but it would often be desirable to obtain more information about the type of hydrocarbons in order to identify the source of the contamination and specify pertinent legislation. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is shown to produce plots distinguishing mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) from polymer oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) and characterizing the degree of raffination of a mineral oil. The first dimension separation occurred on a phenyl methyl polysiloxane, the second on a dimethyl polysiloxane. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used for identification, FID for quantitative determination. This shows the substantial advances in chromatography to characterize complex hydrocarbon mixtures even as contaminants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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44
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Tranchida PQ, Donato P, Cacciola F, Beccaria M, Dugo P, Mondello L. Potential of comprehensive chromatography in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Barp L, Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. A high-sample-throughput LC-GC method for mineral oil determination. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3135-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barp
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Lanfranco S. Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; Università di Udine; Udine Italy
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46
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Purcaro G, Tranchida PQ, Barp L, Moret S, Conte LS, Mondello L. Detailed elucidation of hydrocarbon contamination in food products by using solid-phase extraction and comprehensive gas chromatography with dual detection. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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47
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte L. Sample pre-fractionation of environmental and food samples using LC-GC multidimensional techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 2: Migration from paperboard into dry foods: Interpretation of chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:76-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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