1
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Yang S, Li X. Vibrational circular dichroism study and gas chromatographic analysis of chiral epichlorohydrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123237. [PMID: 37598448 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been numerous incidents of serious accidents related to impurities of optical isomers, particularly in pharmaceutical treatment, environmental problems, and pesticide application. Among these impurities, chiral epichlorohydrin (ECH) is an important C3 synthon and a potentially genotoxic impurity. The enantiopure forms of S-ECH and R-ECH are key raw materials for synthesizing many drugs, which make it important to accurately quantify the specific conformation of chiral epichlorohydrin in pharmaceuticals. In this paper, we achieved the separation of chiral ECH by gas chromatography (GC) and based on the combination of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) experiments and theoretical calculations, the qualitative method of chiral ECH was achieved without relying on a single enantiomeric standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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2
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Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with post-first dimension flow splitting for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300351. [PMID: 37464972 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a comprehensive achiral × chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation for enantioselective amino acid analysis coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry detection using data-independent acquisition. Flow splitting after the first and second dimension separation was utilized for volumetric flow reduction and for enabling a multi-detector approach (with ultraviolet, fluorescence, charged aerosol, and MS detection), respectively. Derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate provided a chromophore, a fluorophore, and an efficient mass tag for efficient ionization in positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Chiral columns often have limitations in terms of their chemoselectivity, which may be a problem when complex sample mixtures with structurally related compounds need to be separated. It can be alleviated by a reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional-liquid chromatography setup, in which the first dimension provides the chemoselectivity and a chiral tandem column constituted of quinine-carbamate derived weak anion-exchanger and zwitterionic ion-exchanger in the second dimension separation of D- and L-amino acid enantiomers. The method was used to control the stereointegrity of the therapeutic peptide octreotide. After hydrolysis, all amino acid constituents were detected with the correct configuration and composition. Some options for flow splitting and integration of destructive detectors in the first dimension separation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Dong Q, Guo X, Qu X, Bai S, You X, Cui H, Qin S, Gao L. Chiral covalent organic framework-based open tubular capillary electrochromatography column for enantioseparation of selected amino acids and pesticides. Talanta 2023; 258:124415. [PMID: 36907161 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel chiral covalent organic framework (CCOF) was synthesized with an imine covalent organic framework TpBD (synthesized via Schiff-base reaction between phloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD)) modified using (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonyl chloride as chiral ligand by chemical bonding method for the first time, and was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, thermogravimetry analysis, and zeta-potential. The results revealed that the CCOF had good crystallinity, high specific surface area and good thermal stability. Then, the CCOF was employed as stationary phase in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column (the CCOF-bonded OT-CEC column) for enantioseparation of 21 single chiral compounds (12 natural amino acids including acidic, neutral and basic, 9 pesticides including herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) and simultaneous enantioseparation of mixture amino acids and pesticides with similar structures or properties. Under the optimized CEC conditions, all the analytes reached the baseline separation with high resolutions of 1.67-25.93 and selectivity factors of 1.06-3.49 in 8 min. Finally, the reproducibility and stability of the CCOF-bonded OT-CEC column were measured. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and separation efficiency were 0.58-4.57% and 1.85-4.98%, and not obviously changed after 150 runs. These results demonstrate that COFs-modified OT-CEC explore a promising method to separate chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xinran Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Siqi Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xingyu You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Hongshou Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Shili Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Lidi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
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4
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Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive Online Reversed-Phase × Chiral Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Data-Independent Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-Ion Spectra-Acquisition for Untargeted Enantioselective Amino Acid Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17063-17072. [PMID: 36442145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an advanced analytical platform for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis (eAAA) by comprehensive achiral × chiral 2D-LC hyphenated to ESI-QTOF-MS/MS utilizing data-independent SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra) technology. The methodology involves N-terminal pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC; AccQ) as retention, selectivity, and MS tag, supporting retention and UV detection in RPLC (1D), chiral recognition, and thus enantioselectivity by the core-shell tandem column composed of a quinine carbamate weak anion exchanger (QN-AX) and a zwitterionic chiral ion-exchanger (ZWIX(+)) (2D) as well as the ionization efficiency during positive electrospray ionization due to a high proton affinity of the AQC label. Furthermore, the urea-type MS tag gives rise to the generation of AQC-tag characteristic signature fragments in MS2. The latter allows the chemoselective mass spectrometric filtering of targeted and untargeted N-derivatized amino acids or related labeled species. The chiral core-shell tandem column provides a complete enantioselective amino acid profile of all proteinogenic amino acids within 1 min, with full baseline separation of all enantiomers, but without resolution of isomeric Ile/allo-Ile (aIle)/Leu, which can be resolved by RPLC. The entire LC × LC separation occurs within a total run time of 60 min (1D), with the chiral 2D operated in gradient elution mode and a cycle time of 60 s. A strategy to mine the 2D-LC-SWATH data is presented and demonstrated for the qualitative eAAA of two peptide hydrolysate samples of therapeutic peptides containing common and uncommon as well as primary and secondary amino acids. Absolute configuration assignment of amino acids using template matching for all proteinogenic amino acids was made feasible due to method robustness and the inclusion of an isotopically labeled L-[U-13C15N]-AA standard. The quantification performance of this LC × LC-MS/MS assay was also evaluated. Accuracies were acceptable for the majority of AAs enabling AA composition determination in peptide hydrolysates simultaneously with configuration assignment, as exemplified by oxytocin. This methodology represents a step toward truly untargeted 2D enantioselective amino acid analysis and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Berger TA. The Evolution and Current State of Instrumentation for Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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6
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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7
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A perspective on enantioselective chromatography by comparing ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography through the use of a Pirkle-type stationary phase. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Broeckhoven K. Advances in the limits of separation power in supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Losacco GL, Wang H, Haidar Ahmad IA, DaSilva J, Makarov AA, Mangion I, Gasparrini F, Lämmerhofer M, Armstrong DW, Regalado EL. Enantioselective UHPLC Screening Combined with In Silico Modeling for Streamlined Development of Ultrafast Enantiopurity Assays. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1804-1812. [PMID: 34931812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective chromatography has been the preferred technique for the determination of enantiomeric excess across academia and industry. Although sequential multicolumn enantioselective supercritical fluid chromatography screenings are widespread, access to automated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) platforms using state-of-the-art small particle size chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is an underdeveloped area. Herein, we introduce a multicolumn UHPLC screening workflow capable of combining 14 columns (packed with sub-2 μm fully porous and sub-3 μm superficially porous particles) with nine mobile phase eluent choices. This automated setup operates under a vast selection of reversed-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, polar-organic mode, and polar-ionic mode conditions with minimal manual intervention and high success rate. Examples of highly efficient enantioseparations are illustrated from the integration of chiral screening conditions and computer-assisted modeling. Furthermore, we describe the nuances of in silico method development for chiral separations via second-degree polynomial regression fit using LC simulator (ACD/Labs) software. The retention models were found to be very accurate for chiral resolution of single and multicomponent mixtures of enantiomeric species across different types of CSPs, with differences between experimental and simulated retention times of less than 0.5%. Finally, we illustrate how this approach lays the foundation for a streamlined development of ultrafast enantioseparations applied to high-throughput enantiopurity analysis and its use in the second dimension of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jimmy DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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10
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Folprechtová D, Tesařová E, Kalíková K. The effect of tandem coupling of NicoShell and TeicoShell columns in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography on enantioresolution. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4048-4057. [PMID: 34490981 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of columns in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography presents a great opportunity for influencing the separation efficiency and extending the selectivity of the separation system. Combinations of different types of chiral stationary phases could positively affect the enantioresolution if single ones are complementary to each other. In this work, two superficially porous particle (2.7 μm) macrocyclic glycopeptide-based columns, namely TeicoShell and NicoShell, were serially coupled and tested in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography for the first time. The influence of the column arrangement on the enantioseparation of structurally diverse biologically active compounds was examined. The obtained results showed how the column order crucially affected the enantioresolution of compounds tested, but the retention was negligibly affected in most cases. We also demonstrated that single TeicoShell and NicoShell columns are very promising towards the development of highly efficient and fast/ultrafast sub/supercritical fluid chromatography methods for structurally different chiral compounds. The optimized methods for sub-minute enantioselective separation of certain biologically important compounds were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Folprechtová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tesařová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Carmo dos Santos NA, Badetti E, Begato F, Wurst K, Licini G, Zonta C. Mixed Multimetallic
tris
(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine Based Complexes: Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Federico Begato
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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12
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Sun D, Wu DR, Li P, Yip H, Wang B, Hou X, Zhao R, Zhang H, Kempson J, Mathur A. Large-scale supercritical fluid chromatography purification of unstable STING agonist intermediates. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462309. [PMID: 34147835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A regioisomeric mixture of the nucleoside derivative, Intermediate 1, required resolution by preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) in order to obtain the desired regioisomer as a key intermediate in a STING agonist program. Various chiral columns and solvents including methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol, and the mixture of acetonitrile and isopropanol as organic modifiers in carbon dioxide at different temperatures were screened to obtain the best regioisomeric resolution. A key issue associated with interconversion between the regioisomers via silyl migration during purification was investigated in methanol, acetonitrile, and the mixture of acetonitrile and isopropanol, and the optimal organic modifier in CO2 was established to mitigate the interconversion to an acceptable level (<5%). Taking into account peak resolution, throughput, interconversion and operation robustness, an efficient SFC method for large-scale purification was successfully developed and scaled up onto a 5 cm I. D. Chiralcel OJ-H column using 25% acetonitrile: isopropanol [1:1 (v/v)] with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide as the modifier in CO2 at a total flow rate of 270 mL/min and a temperature of 30°C. In addition, continual evaporation (i.e. every hour) of the desired isomer fraction stream post-separation ensured minimal further interconversion. A total of 258 grams were separated at a high throughput of 8.6 g/h. Regioisomeric purity of the desired isomer of Intermediate 1 was ≥98.2% and the recovery was ≥90.2%. A similar purification strategy was applied to the regioisomeric resolution of Intermediate 2, an analog of Intermediate 1. In total, 1028 grams of Intermediate 2 were processed at a high throughput of 12.5 g/h on a Viridis BEH 2-EP column. The regioisomeric purity of the desired isomer was ≥96.8% and the recovery was ≥90.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Henry Yip
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
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13
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Berkecz R, Tanács D, Péter A, Ilisz I. Enantioselective Liquid Chromatographic Separations Using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Selectors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113380. [PMID: 34205002 PMCID: PMC8199854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous chemical compounds of high practical importance, such as drugs, fertilizers, and food additives are being commercialized as racemic mixtures, although in most cases only one of the isomers possesses the desirable properties. As our understanding of the biological actions of chiral compounds has improved, the investigation of the pharmacological and toxicological properties has become more and more important. Chirality has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry; therefore, there is a continuous demand to extend the available analytical methods for enantiomeric separations and enhance their efficiency. Direct liquid chromatography methods based on the application of chiral stationary phases have become a very sophisticated field of enantiomeric separations by now. Hundreds of chiral stationary phases have been commercialized so far. Among these, macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance. This review focuses on direct liquid chromatography-based enantiomer separations, applying macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors. Special attention is paid to the characterization of the physico-chemical properties of these macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics providing detailed information on their applications published recently.
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14
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Tanács D, Orosz T, Ilisz I, Péter A, Lindner W. Unexpected effects of mobile phase solvents and additives on retention and resolution of N-acyl-D,L-leucine applying Cinchonane-based chiral ion exchangers. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462212. [PMID: 33992991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chiral ion exchangers based on quinine (QN) and quinidine (QD), namely Chiralpak QN-AX and QD-AX as anionic and ZWIX(+) and ZWIX(-) as zwitterionic ion exchanger chiral stationary phases (CSPs) have been investigated with respect to their retention and chiral resolution characteristics. For the evaluation of the effects of the composition of the polar organic bulk solvents of the mobile phase (MP) and those of the organic acid and base additives acting as displacers necessary for a liquid chromatographic ion-exchange process, racemic N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine and other related analytes were applied. The main aim was to evaluate the impact of the MP variations on the observed, and thus the apparent enantioselectivity (αapp), and the retention factor. Significant differences were found using either polar protic methanol (MeOH) or polar non-protic acetonitrile (MeCN) solvents in combination with the acid and base additives as counter- and co-ions. It became clear, that the charged sites of both the chiral selectors of the CSPs and the analytes get specifically solvated, accompanied by the adsorption of all MP components on the CSP, thereby building a stagnant "stationary phase layer" with a composition different from the bulk MP. Via a systematic change of the MP composition, trends of resulting αapp and retention factors have been identified and discussed. In a detailed set of experiments, the effect of the concentration of the acid component in the MP containing MeOH or MeCN was specifically investigated, with the acid considered to be a displacer in anion-exchange type chromatographic systems. Surprisingly, all four chiral columns retained and resolved the tested N-acyl-Leu analytes with αapp values up to 21 within a retention factor window of 0.03 and 10 with pure MeOH as eluent. However, using pure MeCN as eluent, an almost infinite-long retention of the acidic analyte was noticed in all cases. We suggest that the rather different thickness of the solvation shells generated by MeOH or MeCN around the charged/chargeable sites of the chiral selector determines eventually the strength of the electrostatic selector-selectand interactions. As a control experiment we included the non-chiral N-acylglycine derivatives as analyte in all cases to support the interpretations with respect to the contribution of the enantioselective and non-enantioselective retention factor increments as a part of the observed αapp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Tanács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, Hungary
| | - Tímea Orosz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, Hungary.
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Hefnawy M, Al-Majed A, Alrabiah H, Algrain N, Mohammed M, Jardan YB. Rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the enantioanalysis of verapamil in rat plasma using superficially porous silica isopropyl-cyclofructan 6 chiral stationary phase after SPE: Application to a stereoselective pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114108. [PMID: 33962179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the rapid and sensitive enantioselective analysis of verapamil (VER) in rat plasma was developed and validated using new superficially porous silica isopropyl-cyclofructan 6 chiral column (LarihcShell-P, LSP). The isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: trifluoroacetic acid: 10 mM ammonium formate (100 : 0.1 : 0.1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min was applied. Sulpride was utilized as the internal standard (IS). Positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for mass spectrometry analysis, and the process of analysis was run for 5.2 min. The (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-VER enantiomers with the IS were extracted from plasma by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure before the analysis. The C18 cartridge gave good recovery rates for both enantiomers without interference from plasma endogenous. The developed assay was successfully validated following the US-FDA guidelines. The method was linear over concentration ranges of 0.5-500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.997) for each enantiomer (plasma). The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for both isomers were 0.5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 8.7 % and the recoveries of (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-VER at three spiked levels of 1.5, 250.0 and 450.0 ranged from 92.0%-98.6%. The developed assay was effectively applied in monitoring the stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of VER enantiomers in rat plasma following oral administration of racemic VER. The pharmacokinetic parameters revealed that (S)-(-)-VER demonstrated prominently higher Cmax and AUC values than (R)-(+)-enantiomer. The newly developed approach is the first chiral LC-MS/MS for the quantification of (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-VER utilizing superficially porous silica isopropyl-cyclofructan 6 chiral column in rat plasma after SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Abdulrhman Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Alrabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Algrain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; National Organization for Drug Control and Research, P.O. Box 29, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Wahab MF, Roy D, Armstrong DW. The theory and practice of ultrafast liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1151:238170. [PMID: 33608081 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern high-throughput experimentation and challenging analytical problems of academic/industrial research have put the responsibility on separation scientists to develop new fast separation approaches. With the availability of high-pressure pumps, small particles with hydrolytically stable surface chemistries, reduced extra-column band broadening, and low volume detectors with fast signal processing, it is now feasible to do sub-minute to sub-second chromatography. Herein, the fundamental theoretical principles of ultrafast chromatography, along with practical solutions, are reviewed. Approaches for rapid separations in packed beds, narrow open tubular columns, and monoliths are demonstrated, along with the challenges that were faced. The instrumentation requirements (pumps, injection systems, detectors, column packing process) for using short columns ranging from 0.5 to 5 cm are examined, followed by real applications. One of the main problems in ultrafast chromatography is partial or complete peak overlap. As per Gidding's statistical overlap theory, peak overlap cannot be avoided for a completely random sample for a column with a given peak capacity. Signal processing techniques based on Fourier transform deconvolution of band broadening, power laws, derivatives, and iterative curve fitting are explained to help improve the chromatographic resolution. An example of ten peaks separated in under a second is shown and discussed. Other ultrafast separations in supercritical fluid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis are briefly mentioned to provide a complete understanding of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA.
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17
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Application of Chiral and Achiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Pesticide Analysis: A Review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Folprechtová D, Kalíková K. Macrocyclic glycopeptide‐based chiral selectors for enantioseparation in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Folprechtová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
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19
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Advancing stereoisomeric separation of an atropisomeric Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor by using sub-2 µm immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral columns in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Potential and current limitations of superficially porous silica as a carrier for polysaccharide-based chiral selectors in separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Fast enantiomeric separation of amino acids using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry on a chiral crown ether stationary phase. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:437-442. [PMID: 32616382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fast enantiomeric separation of amino acids was studied by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on a chiral crown ether stationary phase. A chiral crown ether bonded silica column (3 mm internal diameter (i.d.), 5 cm long) packed with 3 μm particles was employed instead of a 15 cm column packed with 5 μm particles used in our previous study. In addition, the extra-column variance, becoming more serious for smaller columns, was reduced by replacing 0.127 mm i.d. post-column tubes with shorter, smaller-diameter (0.0635 mm i.d.) tubes. The results demonstrated the benefits of using shorter columns packed with smaller particles and the reduction of the extra-column band broadening for fast enantiomeric separation. Finally, the enantiomeric separation of 18 pairs of proteinogenic amino acids was achieved within 2 min with a resolution (Rs) > 1.5 for each pair using an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid (ACN/W/TFA) = 96/4/0.5, and a flow rate 1.2 mL/min at 30°C. This is the highest throughput method for simultaneous chiral separation of all proteinogenic amino acids except proline to date.
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22
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Mazzoccanti G, Manetto S, Ricci A, Cabri W, Orlandin A, Catani M, Felletti S, Cavazzini A, Ye M, Ritchie H, Villani C, Gasparrini F. High-throughput enantioseparation of Nα-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl proteinogenic amino acids through fast chiral chromatography on zwitterionic-teicoplanin stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461235. [PMID: 32540075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 31 racemates of Nα-FMOC (fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) amino acids (AAs) with different chemico-physical characteristics (neutral nonpolar, neutral polar, acidic and basic) have been successfully resolved in fast enantioselective chromatography on recently-developed zwitterionic-teicoplanin chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The CSPs were prepared by covalently bonding the teicoplanin selector on fully-porous particles of narrow dispersion particle-size distribution (particle diameter 1.9 µm) and superficially-porous particles (2.0 µm). Both the zwitterionic-teicoplanin CSPs have proved to be ideal media for the separation of this important class of compounds. In particular, the zwitterionic CSP prepared on superficially-porous particles exhibited superior enantioselectivity and resolution, compared to that made of fully porous particles, in virtue of more favorable thermodynamics. The zwitterionic nature of these CSPs allowed avoiding the annoying effect of Donnan's exclusion of enantiomers from the stationary phase. This effect, on the opposite, was frequently observed on a commercial teicoplanin CSP (Teicoshell) employed for comparative purposes. Noticeably, on the zwitterionic-teicoplanin CSPs, by using either acetonitrile- or methanol-rich mobile phases (MPs), it was possible to favor speed over enantioresolution and vice versa. This work gives further replies to the request for rapid determination of enantiomeric excess of Nα-FMOC proteinogenic (and non-proteinogenic) AAs, typically used as preferred chiral synthons in the solid-phase synthesis of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Manetto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, 20063, Cernusco sul Naviglio (MI), Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, 20063, Cernusco sul Naviglio (MI), Italy; Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, via Selmi2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Orlandin
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, 20063, Cernusco sul Naviglio (MI), Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micheal Ye
- Sigma-Aldrich/ Supelco, 595 North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, PA, 16823, United States
| | - Harald Ritchie
- AMT Advanced Materials Technologies Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Kresge GA, Grosse S, Zimmer A, Grinias KM, De Pra M, Wong JMT, Steiner F, Grinias JP. Strategies in developing high-throughput liquid chromatography protocols for method qualification of pharmacopeial monographs. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2964-2970. [PMID: 32388922 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Method qualification is a key step in the development of routine analytical monitoring of pharmaceutical products. However, when relying on published monographs that describe longer method times based on older high-performance liquid chromatography column and instrument technology, this can delay the overall analysis process for generated drug products. In this study, high-throughput ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography techniques were implemented to decrease the amount of time needed to complete a 24-run sequence to identify linearity, recovery, and repeatability for both drug assay and impurity analysis in 16 min. Multiple experimental parameters were tested to identify a range of experimental settings that could be used for the sequence while still maintaining this fast analysis time. The full sequence was replicated on a different system and with different columns, further demonstrating its robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Alexis Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization , GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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24
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Hellinghausen G, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW. Improving peak capacities over 100 in less than 60 seconds: operating above normal peak capacity limits with signal processing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1925-1932. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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25
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Chankvetadze B. Recent trends in preparation, investigation and application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Wu D, Pan F, Tan W, Gao L, Tao Y, Kong Y. Recent progress of enantioseparation under scale production (2014–2019). J Sep Sci 2019; 43:337-347. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and TechnologySchool of Petrochemical EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and TechnologySchool of Petrochemical EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Tan
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Large Plastic Parts Intelligence ManufacturingChangzhou College of Information Technology Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and TechnologySchool of Petrochemical EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and TechnologySchool of Petrochemical EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and TechnologySchool of Petrochemical EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou P. R. China
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27
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Folprechtová D, Kozlov O, Armstrong DW, Schmid MG, Kalíková K, Tesařová E. Enantioselective potential of teicoplanin- and vancomycin-based superficially porous particles-packed columns for supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1612:460687. [PMID: 31727354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Application of the superficially porous particles (SPPs) grafted with chiral selectors can substantially improve resolution in chromatographic techniques. In this work, we carried out a deeper study on supercritical fluid chromatography systems with 2.7 µm SPPs bonded with teicoplanin and vancomycin. Fast separations of the majority of enantiomers of phytoalexins, substituted tryptophans, and ketamine derivatives, as representatives of important biologically active and structurally diverse chiral compounds have been achieved. The chromatographic behavior of the structurally different analytes served to characterize these separation systems. The influence of separation conditions, namely mobile phase composition, i.e. type of co-solvent and additive on retention, enantioselective resolution and enantioselectivity was examined. The success rate of baseline and partial separations in individual groups of compounds differed with the chiral stationary phase and also with mobile phase composition. The best, baseline separations for the phytoalexins were achieved on the TeicoShell column using methanol as a co-solvent and trifluoroacetic acid as an additive if used. Mostly partial separations were achieved on the vancomycin-based column for all groups of analytes. Complementary separation behavior of these CSPs was confirmed for the majority of the chiral compounds examined in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Folprechtová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Kozlov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Martin G Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Tesařová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Liu M, Chen L, Tian T, Zhang Z, Li X. Identification and Quantitation of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis and Circular Dichroism Independent of Single Enantiomer Standard. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13803-13809. [PMID: 31591882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification and quantitation of enantiomers is a critical and challenging step in the process of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis, especially when the optically pure enantiomers are expensive or commercially unavailable. Herein, a method of CE in combination with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy for the identification of enantiomeric peak independent of single enantiomer standard was proposed. By comparing the theoretical CD spectrum of the single enantiomer calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with the experimental CD spectrum of the enantiomeric mixture, the configuration of the dominant enantiomer in the nonracemic mixture was determined. Considering that the dominant enantiomer showed bigger peak area on the CE electrophoretogram, the enantiomeric peak was easily identified. Three kinds of enantiomers including seven chiral compounds (i.e., tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, Boc-valine, Boc-leucine, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were used to evaluate the reliability of the method. The concentration of the single enantiomer in the mixture can be further accurately quantified based on the total concentration of the mixture and the peak area ratio of a couple of enantiomers, and the accuracy was assessed by taking ibuprofen as an example. The developed CE-CD method provides an alternative tool for the analysis of nonracemic mixture with good ECD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tingting Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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29
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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30
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Kohout M, Hovorka Š, Herciková J, Wilk M, Sysel P, Izák P, Bartůněk V, von Baeckmann C, Pícha J, Frühauf P. Evaluation of silica from different vendors as the solid support of anion-exchange chiral stationary phases by means of preferential sorption and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3653-3661. [PMID: 31625277 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic performance of a chiral stationary phase is significantly influenced by the employed solid support. Properties of the most commonly used support, silica particles, such as size and size distribution, and pore size are of utmost importance for both superficially porous particles and fully porous particles. In this work, we have focused on evaluation of fully porous particles from three different vendors as solid supports for a brush-type chiral stationary phase based on 9-O-tert-butylcarbamoyl quinidine. We have prepared corresponding stationary phases under identical experimental conditions and determined the parameters of the modified silica by physisorption measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Enantiorecognition properties of the chiral stationary phases have been studied using preferential sorption experiments. The same material was slurry-packed into chromatographic columns and the chromatographic properties have been evaluated in liquid chromatography. We show that preferential sorption can provide valuable information about the influence of the pore size and total pore volume on the interaction of analytes of different size with the chirally-modified silica surface. The data can be used to understand differences observed in chromatographic evaluation of the chiral stationary phases. The combination of preferential sorption and liquid chromatography separation can provide detailed information on new chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Hovorka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Herciková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej Wilk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sysel
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Izák
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Chemical Processes Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Bartůněk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry-Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Frühauf
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Geibel C, Dittrich K, Woiwode U, Kohout M, Zhang T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Evaluation of superficially porous particle based zwitterionic chiral ion exchangers against fully porous particle benchmarks for enantioselective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:130-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Xiang P, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Chen M, Liu S. Ultrafast Gradient Separation with Narrow Open Tubular Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10738-10743. [PMID: 31288520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Separation speed and resolution are two important figures of merit in chromatography. Often, one gains the speed at the cost of the resolution, and vice versa. Scientists have employed short-packed columns for ultrafast separations but encountered challenges such as limited mobile phase velocity, extra-column effect caused band broadening, and column packing difficulty. We have recently demonstrated ultrahigh resolutions of narrow open tubular liquid chromatography (NOTLC); this allows us to trade some of the resolution for speed. In this work, we explored NOTLC for ultrafast LC separations. We used a 2.7 cm (effective length) narrow open tubular (NOT) column and showed a baseline separation of 6 amino acids in less than 700 ms. Ways to further increase the speed were discussed. Using short narrow open tubular (NOT) columns to perform ultrafast separation we overcame the challenges from using short packed columns. To demonstrate the feasibility of using this ultrafast separation technique for practical applications, we separated complex protein digests; peptides were nicely resolved in ∼1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piliang Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Zhitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Northeastern University , Shenyang 110819 , P. R. China
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
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Bajtai A, Lajkó G, Németi G, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Péter A, Ilisz I. High-performance liquid chromatographic and subcritical fluid chromatographic separation of α-arylated ß-carboline, N-alkylated tetrahydroisoquinolines and their bioisosteres on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2779-2787. [PMID: 31216124 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New, pharmacologically interesting chiral amino compounds, namely, stereoisomers of α-hydroxynaphthyl-ß-carboline, benz[d]azepine and benz[c]azepine analogs as well as N-α-hydroxynaphthylbenzyl-substituted isoquinolines were enantioseparated by high-performance liquid chromatographic and subcritical fluid chromatographic methods on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Separation of the stereoisomers was optimized in both subcritical fluid chromatography and normal phase liquid chromatographic modes by investigating the effects of the composition of the bulk solvent, temperature, and the structures of the analytes and selectors. Both normal phase liquid chromatography and subcritical fluid chromatography exhibited satisfactory performance, albeit with somewhat different effectiveness in the separation of the stereoisomers studied. The optimized methods offer the possibility to apply preparative-scale separations thereby enabling further pharmacological investigations of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bajtai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Lajkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Németi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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34
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Cheng L, Cai J, Fu Q, Ke Y. Efficient preparative separation of 6-(4-aminophenyl)-5-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone enantiomers on polysaccharide-based stationary phases in polar organic solvent chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2482-2490. [PMID: 31081221 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
6-(4-Aminophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone is a key synthetic intermediate for cardiotonic agent levosimendan. Very few studies address the use of chiral stationary phases in chromatography for the enantioseparation of this intermediate. This study presents two efficient preparative methods for the isolation of (R)(-)-6-(4-aminophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone in polar organic solvent chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases and volatile organic mobile phases without additives in isocratic mode. Under optimum conditions, Chiralcel OJ column showed the best performance (α = 1.71, Rs = 5.47) in polar organic solvent chromatography, while Chiralpak AS column exhibited remarkable separations (α = 1.81 and Rs = 6.51) in supercritical fluid chromatography with an opposite enantiomer elution order. Considering the sample solubility, runtime and solvent cost, the preparations were carried out on Chiralcel OJ column and Chiralpak AS column (250 × 20 mm i.d.; 10 µm) in polar organic mode and supercritical fluid chromatography mode with methanol and CO2 /methanol as mobile phases, respectively. By utilizing the advantages of chromatographic techniques and polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases, this work provides two methods for the fast and economic preparation of (R)(-)-6-(4-aminophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone, which are suitable for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingping Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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35
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Berger TA. Reduced Plate Height of 1.65 on a 20 × 3 mm Column Packed with 1.8 µm Particles in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Gritti F, Gilar M. Impact of frit dispersion on gradient performance in high-throughput liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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37
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Bennett R, Biba M, Liu J, Haidar Ahmad IA, Hicks MB, Regalado EL. Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography: A guide to scaling up from analytical to preparative separations. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:190-198. [PMID: 30803788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) instrumentation, improved detection capability, and expanded modifier range has led to extending the reach of SFC to the analysis of a broader spectrum of analytes beyond enantioselective separations. However, preparative SFC has yet to see the same technological revitalization, especially in regards to the purification of highly polar analytes. Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) has been demonstrated as one of the ways to extend the applicable range of SFC instrumentation to highly polar analytes such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleotides. Despite recent applications of EFLC for challenging mixtures of hydrophilic metabolites and analogs, its viability in preparative purification, which is of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry, remains unknown. Herein, multiple chromatographic parameters that are critical to achieve feasible EFLC purification methods were investigated, including system pressure as a function of modifier composition (for several MeOH:H2O ratios), effect of diluent injection conditions on peak shape, and optimization of mass load with diluent composition. The usage of 50% acetonitrile or methanol diluents provided the most volumetric loading capacity. In the case of sucrose, leveraging higher analyte solubility in water proved to be more favorable than the volumetric loading capacity of diluents with higher organic content. In fact, an 80 mg injection of sucrose was possible on a 2 cm preparative HILIC column with minimal peak shape degradation. The combined information led to the successful demonstration of EFLC for the preparative separation of sugars using readily available MS-directed SFC instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffeal Bennett
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Mirlinda Biba
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Jinchu Liu
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael B Hicks
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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38
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Harps LC, Joseph JF, Parr MK. SFC for chiral separations in bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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39
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Gumustas M, Zalewski P, Ozkan SA, Uslu B. The History of the Core–Shell Particles and Applications in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Via Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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High-Speed, High-Efficiency Achiral SFC on a 3 × 20-mm Column Packed with 1.8-µm Particles Facilitated by a Low-Dispersion Chromatograph. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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41
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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The Way to Ultrafast, High-Throughput Enantioseparations of Bioactive Compounds in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102709. [PMID: 30347852 PMCID: PMC6222346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until less than 10 years ago, chiral separations were carried out with columns packed with 5 or 3 μm fully porous particles (FPPs). Times to resolve enantiomeric mixtures were easily larger than 30 min, or so. Pushed especially by stringent requirements from medicinal and pharmaceutical industries, during the last years the field of chiral separations by liquid chromatography has undergone what can be defined a “true revolution”. With the purpose of developing ever faster and efficient method of separations, indeed, very efficient particle formats, such as superficially porous particles (SPPs) or sub-2 μm FPPs, have been functionalized with chiral selectors and employed in ultrafast applications. Thanks to the use of short column (1–2 cm long), packed with these extremely efficient chiral stationary phases (CSPs), operated at very high flow rates (5–8 mL/min), resolution of racemates could be accomplished in very short time, in many cases less than 1 s in normal-, reversed-phase and HILIC conditions. These CSPs have been found to be particularly promising also to carry out high-throughput separations under supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions. The most important results that have been recently achieved in terms of ultrafast, high-throughput enantioseparations both in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography with particular attention to the very important field of bioactive chiral compounds will be reviewed in this manuscript. Attention will be focused not only on the latest introduced CSPs and their applications, but also on instrumental modifications which are required in some cases in order to fully exploit the intrinsic potential of new generation chiral columns.
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D' Orazio G, Asensio-Ramos M, Fanali C. Enantiomers separation by capillary electrochromatography using polysaccharide-based stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:360-384. [PMID: 30198206 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The separation of chiral compounds is an interesting and important topic of research because these compounds are involved in some biological processes, fundamentally in human health. Among the various application fields where enantiomers are remarkable, drug analysis has to be considered. Most of the drugs contain enantiomers and very often one of the two isomers could be pharmacologically more active or even dangerous. Therefore, the separation of these compounds is very important. Among the different analytical techniques usually employed, capillary electrochromatography has demonstrated great capability in enantiomers resolution. The great potential of this electromigration technique stands mainly in its high efficiency due to the use of an electrosmotic flow (flat flow profile) and on the high selectivity because of the use of a stationary phase. Chiral separation can be obtained utilizing several chiral stationary phases including a polysaccharide derivative. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the main features of capillary electrochromatography and polysaccharide derivatives of chiral stationary phase. It also report examples of practical applications utilizing this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D' Orazio
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Italian National Research Council (C.N.R.), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - María Asensio-Ramos
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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44
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Power Law Approach as a Convenient Protocol for Improving Peak Shapes and Recovering Areas from Partially Resolved Peaks. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Hellinghausen G, Readel ER, Wahab MF, Lee JT, Lopez DA, Weatherly CA, Armstrong DW. Mass Spectrometry-Compatible Enantiomeric Separations of 100 Pesticides Using Core–Shell Chiral Stationary Phases and Evaluation of Iterative Curve Fitting Models for Overlapping Peaks. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Schmitt K, Woiwode U, Kohout M, Zhang T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Comparison of small size fully porous particles and superficially porous particles of chiral anion-exchange type stationary phases in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography: effect of particle and pore size on chromatographic efficiency and kinetic performance. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Khundadze N, Pantsulaia S, Fanali C, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. On our way to sub-second separations of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:37-43. [PMID: 30139619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study our preliminary attempt for obtaining fast and highly efficient separations of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography with slightly modified state-of-the-art commercial instrumentation is described. In order to reach this goal after careful selection of chiral analytes, the preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP), mobile phase composition and column dimensions were optimized. The concept of segmented chiral-achiral column was introduced. As the result of these optimizations baseline separation of enantiomers was achieved with the analysis time between 1-2 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Khundadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salome Pantsulaia
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, 90501 CA, USA
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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48
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Bezhitashvili L, Bardavelidze A, Mskhiladze A, Gumustas M, Ozkan SA, Volonterio A, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. Application of cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate covalently immobilized on superficially porous silica for the separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:132-139. [PMID: 30098733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies have demonstrated the applicability of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors in combination with superficially porous (or core-shell) silica (SPS) particles for the preparation of highly efficient chiral stationary phases (CSP). In earlier studies, CSPs were prepared by coating (adsorption) of the chiral selector onto the surface of silica. In this study we report for the first time the CSP obtained by covalent immobilization of a chiral selector onto the surface of SPS particles. The applicability of this CSP for the separation of enantiomers in pure methanol and acetonitrile, as well as in n-hexane/2-propanol mobile phases is shown. The effect of the injected sample amount, mobile phase flow rate and detection frequency on separation performance were studied, as well as high efficiency separation of enantiomers with the analysis time less than 30 s was attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Bezhitashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Anna Bardavelidze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Antonina Mskhiladze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia; Faculty of Natural Sciences and Healthcare, Sokhumi State University, Polytkovskaya 9, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mehmet Gumustas
- Ankara University, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Anadolu Ave, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Anadolu Ave, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Volonterio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta" Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7-20131, Milano, Italy; C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, 90501 CA, USA
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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49
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Fuchs D, Hamberg M, Sköld CM, Wheelock ÅM, Wheelock CE. An LC-MS/MS workflow to characterize 16 regio- and stereoisomeric trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2025-2033. [PMID: 30065010 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d087429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) are linoleic acid-derived oxylipins with potential physiological relevance in inflammatory processes as well as in maintaining an intact skin barrier. Due to the high number of possible TriHOME isomers with only subtle differences in their physicochemical properties, the stereochemical analysis is challenging and usually involves a series of laborious analytical procedures. We herein report a straightforward analytical workflow that includes reversed-phase ultra-HPLC-MS/MS for rapid quantification of 9,10,13- and 9,12,13-TriHOME diastereomers and a chiral LC-MS method capable of resolving all sixteen 9,10,13-TriHOME and 9,12,13-TriHOME regio- and stereoisomers. We characterized the workflow (accuracy, 98-120%; precision, coefficient of variation ≤6.1%; limit of detection, 90-98 fg on column; linearity, R2 = 0.998) and used it for stereochemical profiling of TriHOMEs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). All TriHOME isomers were increased in the BALF of COPD patients relative to that of smokers (P ≤ 0.06). In both COPD patients and smokers with normal lung function, TriHOMEs with the 13(S) configuration were enantiomerically enriched relative to the corresponding 13(R) isomers, suggesting at least partial enzymatic control of TriHOME synthesis. This method will be useful for understanding the synthetic sources of these compounds and for elucidating disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuchs
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Magnus Sköld
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lung-Allergy Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa M Wheelock
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Tiritan ME, Fernandes C, Maia AS, Pinto M, Cass QB. Enantiomeric ratios: Why so many notations? J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:1-7. [PMID: 30025608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The correct quantification of enantiomers is pivotal in a variety of fields, such as pharmacokinetic studies, enantioselective syntheses, chemical characterization of natural products, authentication of fragrance and food, biodegradation behavior, accurate evaluation of environmental risk, and it can also provide information for sentencing guidance in forensic field. Enantioselective chromatography is the first choice to assess the composition of an enantiomeric mixture. Different notations have been used to express the measured enantiomeric ratios, which compromise the results and represent a challenge for data comparison. This manuscript critically discusses the currently used notations and exemplifies with applications in different fields indicating the advantages and disadvantages of one of the adopted systems. In order to simplify the notations, the use of enantiomeric ratio (e.r.%) as standardization for nonchiroptical methods is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alexandra S Maia
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Quezia B Cass
- SEPARARE, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil.
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