1
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Pont D. Predicting downstream transport distance of fish eDNA in lotic environments. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13934. [PMID: 38318749 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an effective tool for describing fish biodiversity in lotic environments, but the downstream transport of eDNA released by organisms makes it difficult to interpret species detection at the local scale. In addition to biophysical degradation and exchanges at the water-sediment interface, hydrological conditions control the transport distance. A new eDNA transport model described in this paper considers downstream retention and degradation processes in combination with hydraulic conditions and assumes that the sedimentation rate of very fine particles is a correct estimate of the eDNA deposition rate. Based on meta-analyses of available studies, the particle size distribution of fish eDNA (PSD), the relationship between the sedimentation rate and the size of very fine particles in suspension, and the influence of temperature on the degradation rate of fish eDNA were successively modelled. After combining the results in a mechanistic-based model, the eDNA uptake distances (distance required to retain 63.21% of the eDNA particles in the riverbed) observed in a compilation of previous experimental studies were correctly simulated. eDNA degradation is negligible at low flow and temperature but has a comparable influence to background transfer when hydraulic conditions allow a long uptake distance. The wide prediction intervals associated with the simulations reflect the complexity of the processes acting on eDNA after shedding. This model can be useful for estimating eDNA detection distance downstream from a source point and discussing the possibility of false positive detection in eDNA samples, as shown in an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Pont
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Schwarz K, Struß N, Banari L, Hohlfeld JM. Quantifying Exhaled Particles in Healthy Humans During Various Respiratory Activities Under Realistic Conditions. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:51-63. [PMID: 38285475 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2022.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantitatively collecting and characterizing exhaled aerosols is vital for infection risk assessment, but the entire droplet size spectrum has often been neglected. We analyzed particle number and size distribution of healthy participants in various respiratory activities, considering inter-individual variability, and deployed a simplified far-field model to inform on infection risks. Methods: Participants repeated the same respiratory activities on two visits. Particles were collected using an airtight extraction helmet supplied with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtered air. The sampling volume flow was transported to two particle counters covering the small and large particle spectrum. The applied simple mass balance model included respiratory activity, viral load, room size, and air exchange rates. Results: Thirty participants completed the study. The major fraction of the number-based size distribution was <5 μm in all respiratory activities. In contrast, the major fraction of the volume-based size distribution was 2-12 μm in tidal breathing, but >60 μm in all other activities. Aerosol volume flow was lowest in tidal breathing, 10-fold higher in quiet/normal speaking, deep breathing, coughing, and 100-fold higher in loud speaking/singing. Intra-individual reproducibility was high. Between participants, aerosol volume flow varied by two orders of magnitude in droplets <80 μm, and three orders of magnitude in droplets >80 μm. Simple model calculations not accounting for potential particle size-dependent differences in viral load and infection-related differences were used to model airborne pathogen concentrations. Conclusions: Quantitative analysis of exhaled aerosols for the entire droplet size spectrum as well as the variability in aerosol emission between individuals provides information that can support infection research. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04771585.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadja Struß
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Liudmila Banari
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover BREATH, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Zeng J, Xia J. Light Scattering Method for Aerosol Sizing Based on Machine Learning. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1208-1217. [PMID: 38466967 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Optical scattering has been widely used for aerosol sizing due to its noninvasive and real-time measurement. However, it is crucial to retrieve the particle size distribution (PSD) of aerosols without prior knowledge of the refractive index. Now, it has been a great challenge to measure the refractive index in situ. In this study, a novel PSD sensing method utilizing the light scattering angular spectrum (LSAS) and machine learning techniques is proposed to address this challenge. The complex nonlinear relationship between LSAS and PSD can be constructed while accounting for the refractive index of aerosols. A miniaturized prototype sensor is designed and tested on different sizes of aerosol samples. The experiment results showed that the maximum Kullback-Leibler divergence (DKL) of PSD is 0.07, which indicates that the sensing method can provide the ability for highly accurate aerosol PSD measurement without requiring prior knowledge of the refractive index. The compacted prototype sensor shows great potential for aerosol analysis in conventional field measurements outside the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zeng
- School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, P. R. China
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4
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Su J, Qiu X, Pei Y, Zhang Z, Liu G, Luan J, Nie J, Li X. Physical Stability of Lotus Seed and Lily Bulb Beverage: The Effects of Homogenisation on Particle Size Distribution, Microstructure, Rheological Behaviour, and Sensory Properties. Foods 2024; 13:769. [PMID: 38472882 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The lotus seed and lily bulb beverage (LLB) has a problem with solid particle sedimentation. To address this issue, LLB was homogenised twice at different pressures (0~100 MPa) using a homogeniser. This study aims to investigate the changes in the particle size distribution (PSD), microstructure, rheological behaviour, sedimentation index (IS), turbidity, physicochemical properties, and sensory quality of LLBs after homogenisation treatments. The results regarding PSD and microstructure showed that the suspended particles were decomposed at high pressure with increasing homogenisation pressure, forming small particles of cellular material, cell wall fragments, fibre fractions, and polymers. The LLB showed shear-thinning behaviour and weak gelation characteristics (G' > G″) and rheological properties. Among all homogenisation pressures, the 60 MPa sample showed the lowest sedimentation rate and the highest turbidity. When the pressure was increased from 0 to 100 MPa, the total soluble solid (TSS) content showed an upward trend, while the ascorbic acid content (AAC) gradually decreased. The highest sensory evaluation was observed in the 60 MPa sample in terms of overall acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Su
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaokun Qiu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi Pei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jiaojiao Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jiangli Nie
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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5
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Xiao X, Zhu M, Wang Q, Yuan X, Lin M. A Three-Wavelength Optical Sensor for Measuring the Multi-Particle-Size Channel Mass Concentration of Thermal Power Plant Emissions. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1424. [PMID: 38474960 DOI: 10.3390/s24051424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Emissions from thermal power plants have always been the central consideration for environmental protection. Existing optical sensors in thermal power plants usually measure the total mass concentration of the particulate matter (PM) by a single-wavelength laser, bearing intrinsic errors owing to the variation in particle size distribution (PSD). However, the total mass concentration alone cannot characterize all the harmful effects of the air pollution caused by the power plant. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the mass concentration and PSD simultaneously, based on which we can obtain multi-particle-size channel mass concentration. To achieve this, we designed an optical sensor based on the three-wavelength technique and tested its performance in a practical environment. Results showed that the prototype cannot only correctly measure the mass concentration of the emitted PM but also determine the mean diameter and standard deviation of the PSDs. Hence, the mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 are calculated, and the air pollutants emission by a thermal power plant can be estimated comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengxue Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Wuhan 430074, China
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6
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Gong Y, Barretto FX, Tsong Y, Mousa Y, Ren K, Kozak D, Shen M, Hu M, Zhao L. Development of Quantitative Comparative Approaches to Support Complex Generic Drug Development. AAPS J 2024; 26:15. [PMID: 38267593 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
On October 27-28, 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Center for Research on Complex Generics (CRCG) hosted a virtual public workshop titled "Best Practices for Utilizing Modeling Approaches to Support Generic Product Development." This report summarizes the presentations and panel discussions for a session titled "Development of Quantitative Comparative Approaches to Support Complex Generic Drug Development." This session featured speakers and panelists from both the generic industry and the FDA who described applications of advanced quantitative approaches for generic drug development and regulatory assessment within three main topics of interest: (1) API sameness assessment for complex generics, (2) particle size distribution assessment, and (3) dissolution profile similarity comparison. The key takeaways were that the analysis of complex data poses significant challenges to the application of conventional statistical bioequivalence methods, and there are various opportunities for using data analytics approaches for developing and applying suitable equivalence assessment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Gong
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | | | - Yi Tsong
- Division of Biometrics VI, Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Youssef Mousa
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Ke Ren
- Division of Bioequivalence III, Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Meiyu Shen
- Division of Biometrics VI, Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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7
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Khan SA, Johnson ME, Kalan MS, Montoro Bustos AR, Rabb SA, Strenge IH, Murphy KE, Croley TR. Characterization of nanoparticles in silicon dioxide food additive. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:9-21. [PMID: 38175170 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2297420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide (SiO2), in its amorphous form, is an approved direct food additive in the United States and has been used as an anticaking agent in powdered food products and as a stabilizer in the production of beer. While SiO2 has been used in food for many years, there is limited information regarding its particle size and size distribution. In recent years, the use of SiO2 food additive has raised attention because of the possible presence of nanoparticles. Characterization of SiO2 food additive and understanding their physicochemical properties utilizing modern analytical tools are important in the safety evaluation of this additive. Herein, we present analytical techniques to characterize some SiO2 food additives, which were obtained directly from manufacturers and distributors. Characterization of these additives was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) after the food additive materials underwent different experimental conditions. The data obtained from DLS, spICP-MS, and electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nanosized (1-100 nm) primary particles, as well as aggregates and agglomerates of aggregates with sizes greater than 100 nm. SEM images demonstrated that most of the SiO2 food additives procured from different distributors showed similar morphology. The results provide a foundation for evaluating the nanomaterial content of regulated food additives and will help the FDA address current knowledge gaps in analyzing nanosized particles in commercial food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afrin Khan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Monique E Johnson
- Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Matthew S Kalan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Antonio R Montoro Bustos
- Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Savelas A Rabb
- Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ingo H Strenge
- Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Karen E Murphy
- Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Timothy R Croley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Anand V, Ksh V, Vasudev S, Kumar M, Kaur C. Investigating the effect of wall material and pressure homogenisation on encapsulation parameters and thermal stability in chia seed oil microcapsules. J Microencapsul 2024; 41:66-78. [PMID: 38096025 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2023.2292228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of different wall material (WM) matrices followed by homogenisation to encapsulate chia seed oil (CSO) using freeze drying technology. METHODS CSO was encapsulated using three ratios (100/0, 50/50, and 100/0) of two WM matrices: MTS/WPC (modified tapioca starch-whey protein concentrate) and MD/WPC (maltodextrin-whey protein concentrate). The evaluation included encapsulation efficiency (EE), oxidative stability, and α-linolenic acid (ALA) retention. Homogenised microcapsules (-H) were then assessed for storage and thermal stability, along with cumulative oil release. RESULTS The MD-WPC-H 50/50 microcapsules had superior EE (97.32%), higher ALA retention (60.2%), storage stability (up to 30 days), higher thermal stability (up to 700 °C), and desirable oil release in simulated condition. CONCLUSION Selecting suitable WM and homogenisation is key for improving EE, storage, thermal stability, and targeted release. The CSO microcapsule can serve as a functional ingredient to improve the quality of diverse food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Anand
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikono Ksh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
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Petrakis E. Effect of Size-Distribution Environment on Breakage Parameters Using Closed-Cycle Grinding Tests. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7687. [PMID: 38138828 PMCID: PMC10744837 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The so-called population balance model (PBM) is the most widely used approach to describe the grinding process. The analysis of the grinding data is carried out using-among others-the one-size fraction BII method. According to the BII method, the breakage parameters can be determined when a narrow particle size fraction is used as feed material to the mill. However, it is commonly accepted that these parameters are influenced by changing the particle size distribution in the mill. Thus, this study examines the breakage parameters through kinetic testing in different natural-size distribution environments generated by closed-cycle grinding tests that simulate industrial milling conditions. The differentiation of the milling environments was accomplished using various reference sieves in the closed-cycle tests. The experimentally determined breakage parameters were back-calculated and then used to simulate the closed-cycle tests using the MODSIMTM software. Additionally, the energy efficiency was evaluated based on the specific surface area of the grinding products and the energy consumption. The results of the kinetic tests showed that the breakage rate of the coarse particles increases as the aperture size of the reference sieve decreases, and consequently, the content of fines in the mill increases. The back-calculated breakage parameters can be reliably used to simulate closed-cycle circuits, thus helping control industrial milling operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Petrakis
- School of Mineral Resources Engineering, University Campus, Technical University of Crete, Kounoupidiana, 73100 Chania, Greece
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López-Domínguez P, Saldívar-Guerra E, Trevino ME, Zapata-González I. Precise Modeling of the Particle Size Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization: Numerical and Experimental Studies for Model Validation under Ab Initio Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4467. [PMID: 38006191 PMCID: PMC10674919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The particle size distribution (PSD) in emulsion polymerization (EP) has been modeled in the past using either the pseudo bulk (PB) or the 0-1/0-1-2 approaches. There is some controversy on the proper type of model to be used to simulate the experimental PSDs, which are apparently broader than the theoretical ones. Additionally, the numerical technique employed to solve the model equations, involving hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with moving and possibly steep fronts, has to be precise and robust, which is not a trivial matter. A deterministic kinetic model for the PSD evolution of ab initio EP of vinyl monomers was developed to investigate these issues. The model considers three phases, micellar nucleation, and particles that can contain n≥0 radicals. Finite volume (FV) and weighted-residual methods are used to solve the system of PDEs and compared; their limitations are also identified. The model was validated by comparing predictions with data of monomer conversion and PSD for the batch emulsion homopolymerization of styrene (Sty) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/potassium persulfate (KPS) at 60 °C, as well as the copolymerization of Sty-MMA (50/50; mol/mol) at 50 and 60 °C. It is concluded that the PB model has a structural problem when attempting to adequately represent PSDs with steep fronts, so its use is discouraged. On the other hand, there is no generalized evidence of the need to add a stochastic term to enhance the PSD prediction of EP deterministic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (P.L.-D.); (M.E.T.); (I.Z.-G.)
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He Z, Rogers SI, Nam S, Klasson KT. The Effects of Oil Content on the Structural and Textural Properties of Cottonseed Butter/Spread Products. Foods 2023; 12:4158. [PMID: 38002215 PMCID: PMC10670118 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based butters from nuts and seeds have steadily increased in consumer popularity due to their unique flavors and healthy nutritional properties. Oil content is a critical parameter to measure the proper consistency and stability of plant butter and spread products. Previous work has shown that glandless cottonseed can be used to formulate cottonseed butter products to increase the values of cottonseed. As part of the efforts made in the valorization of cottonseed, this work evaluated the effects of oil content on the microstructural and textural properties of cottonseed butter/spread products. While the oil content in the raw cottonseed kernels was 35% of the kernel biomass, additional cottonseed oil was added to make cottonseed butter products with six oil content levels (i.e., 36, 43, 47, 50, 53, and 57%). The values of three textural parameters, firmness, spreadability, and adhesiveness, decreased rapidly in an exponential mode with the increasing oil content. The particle size population in these butter samples was characterized by similar trimodal distribution, with the majority in the middle mode region with particle sizes around 4.5-10 μm. Higher oil content decreased the butter particle size slightly but increased oil separation during storage. The oxidation stability with a rapid oxygen measurement was gradually reduced from 250 min with 36% oil to 65 min with 57% oil. The results of this work provide information for the further optimization of formulation parameters of cottonseed butter products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (S.I.R.); (S.N.); (K.T.K.)
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12
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Shyichuk A, Ziółkowska D, Szulc J. Coagulation of Hydrophobic Ionic Associates of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Carrageenan. Molecules 2023; 28:7584. [PMID: 38005305 PMCID: PMC10673590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In aqueous solutions, cetyltrimethylammonium cations bind to carrageenan polyanions, and the resulting ionic associates form macroscopic aggregates due to hydrophobic interaction. At certain ratios of cetyltrimethylammonium to carrageenan, the resulting colloidal particles auto-flocculate. According to visual observations, the ratio ranges from 1 to 3 mmol/g; otherwise the suspensions are stable. By measuring the sedimentation rate and particle size distribution, the most extensive flocculation was found to be from 1.7 to 2.3 mmol/g. The ratio corresponding to the fastest auto-flocculation was precisely determined by titrating the reagents with small increments and recording the turbidity. The turbidimetric titration plots contain distinct break points corresponding to the most extensive flocculation. These break points occur at the same ratio of carrageenan to cetyltrimethylammonium over a wide range of reagent concentrations. The precise values of the critical ratio were found to be 1.78 and 1.53 mmol/g, respectively, during the titration of cetyltrimethylammonium with carrageenan and vice versa. The number of anionic sulfate groups in carrageenan was measured by ICP OES and found to be 1.35 mmol/g. This value is consistent with the critical ratio of the auto-flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Ziółkowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.)
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Sebastian M, Goldrick S, Cheeks M, Turner R, Farid SS. Enhanced harvest performance predictability through advanced multivariate data analysis of mammalian cell culture particle size distribution. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37916475 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The industry's pursuit for higher antibody production has led to increased cell density cultures that impact the performance of subsequent product recovery steps. This increase in cell concentration has highlighted the critical role of solids concentration in centrifugation yield, while recent product degradation cases have shed light on the impact of cell lysis on product quality. Current methods for measuring solids concentration and cell lysis are not suited for early-stage high-throughput experimentation, which means that these cell culture outputs are not well characterized in early process development. This article describes a novel approach that leveraged the data from a widely-used automated cell counter (Vi-CELL™ XR) to accurately predict solids concentration and a common cell lysis indicator represented as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. For this purpose, partial least squares (PLS) models were derived with k-fold cross-validation from the particle size distribution data generated by the cell counter. The PLS models showed good predictive potential for both LDH release and solids concentration. This novel approach reduced the time required for evaluating the solids concentration and LDH for a typical high-throughput cell culture system (with 48 bioreactors in parallel) from around 7 h down to a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sebastian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Goldrick
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Turner
- Purification Process Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suzanne S Farid
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Sedova A, Bermudez D, Tellez-Cruz MM, Falcony C. Tunable Mie resonance in complex-shaped gadolinium niobate. Nanotechnology 2023; 35:025705. [PMID: 37820635 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale particles described by Mie resonance in the UV-vis-NIR region are in high demand for optical applications. Controlling the shape and size of these particles is essential, as it results in the ability to control the wavelength of the Mie resonance peak. In this work, we study the extensive scattering properties of gadolinium niobate particles with complex bar- and cube-like shapes in the UV-vis-NIR region. We perform our experimental analysis by characterizing the morphology and extinction spectra, and our theoretical study by implementing a Mie scattering model for a distribution of spherical particles. We can accurately model the size distribution and extinction spectra of complex shaped particles and isolate the contribution of aggregates to the extinction spectra. We can separate the contributions of dipoles, quadrupoles, and octupoles to the Mie resonances for their respective electric and magnetic parts. Our results show that we can tune the broad Mie resonance peak in the extinction spectra by the nanoscale properties of our system. This behavior can aid in the design of lasing and luminescence-enhanced systems. These dielectric gadolinium niobate submicron particles are excellent candidates for light manipulation on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Sedova
- Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, A P 14-740, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Bermudez
- Departamento de Física, Cinvestav, A P 14-740, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miriam M Tellez-Cruz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, A P 14-740, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ciro Falcony
- Departamento de Física, Cinvestav, A P 14-740, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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15
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Ryabova AE, Semipyatny VK, Galstyan AG. Effects of storage conditions on milk powder properties. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6741-6758. [PMID: 37236830 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the storage stability of milk powder are currently fragmented and mainly affect only the area of above-zero temperatures. At the same time, there are no studies that consider the load factor when milk powder is stored in bags on a pallet. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of various factors of industrial storage (temperature, height or layer number, and time) on the change in quality and technological properties of powdered dairy products. We placed skim milk powder (SMP) and whole milk powder (WMP) in 10 × 14 × 2 cm resealable plastic bags on a model stand simulating an industrial layout on pallets. The samples were stored for 18 mo at temperatures -30 ± 1°C, 6 ± 1°C, and 25 ± 3°C and 40 to 80% relative humidity. Samples from the control (0), 5, and 10 (lower) layers of pallets were selected for analysis on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 mo of storage for each of the temperatures. As a result, we did not detect any changes in the storage process for water activity and mass fraction of moisture. The particle size distribution of all the SMP and WMP samples changed over time. The greatest changes were observed in the WMP samples placed on the 10th layer of pallets at 25 ± 3°C, from 0 to 18 mo of storage, the mean particle size (D[4,3]) increased from 120 to 258 μm (90% of all sample particle sizes ranging from 209 to 559 μm). We found significant clumping in the WMP samples (lumps up to 5 cm), correlating with the layer and storage time. The contact angle of the samples increased from 17° (SMP) and 53° (WMP) to 40° and 71°, respectively. The insolubility index and titratable acidity did not change only in the SMP samples stored with no load applied at -30 ± 1°C and 6 ± 1°C. The heat stability of all samples stored at 25 ± 3°C showed the lowest values. The data obtained allowed us to rank the factors as "layer - time - temperature." Only the temperature of 25 ± 3°C caused critical changes in the product properties. Thus, the possibility of industrial storage of the product for up to 15 mo over the entire temperature range is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Ryabova
- All-Russian Dairy Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 115093.
| | - V K Semipyatny
- All-Russian Dairy Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 115093
| | - A G Galstyan
- All-Russian Dairy Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 115093
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16
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Bai Y, Zhu H, Zu L, Zhang Y, Bi H. Environment-friendly, efficient process for mechanical recovery of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries. Waste Manag Res 2023; 41:1549-1558. [PMID: 37070218 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231164325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Technology for recycling retired lithium batteries has become increasingly environment-friendly and efficient. In traditional recovery methods, pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy is often used as an auxiliary treatment method, which results in secondary pollution and increases the cost of harmless treatment. In this article, a new method for combined mechanical recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is proposed to realize the classification and recycling of materials. Appearance inspections and performance tests were conducted on 1000 retired LFP batteries. After discharging and disassembling the defective batteries, the physical structure of the cathode binder was destroyed under ball-milling cycle stress, and the electrode material and metal foil were separated using ultrasonic cleaning technology. After treating the anode sheet with 100 W of ultrasonic power for 2 minutes, the anode material was completely stripped from the copper foil, and no cross-contamination between the copper foil and graphite was observed. After the cathode plate was ball-milled for 60 seconds with an abrasive particle size of 20 mm and then ultrasonically treated for 20 minutes with a power of 300 W, the stripping rate of the cathode material reached 99.0%, and the purities of the aluminium foil and LFP reached 100% and 98.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Bai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huabing Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Haijun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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17
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Lipsa D, Magrì D, Della Camera G, La Spina R, Cella C, Garmendia-Aguirre I, Mehn D, Ruiz-Moreno A, Fumagalli F, Calzolai L, Gioria S. Differences in Physico-Chemical Properties and Immunological Response in Nanosimilar Complex Drugs: The Case of Liposomal Doxorubicin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13612. [PMID: 37686418 PMCID: PMC10487543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to highlight the impact of physicochemical properties on the behaviour of nanopharmaceuticals and how much carrier structure and physiochemical characteristics weigh on the effects of a formulation. For this purpose, two commercially available nanosimilar formulations of Doxil and their respective carriers were compared as a case study. Although the two formulations were "similar", we detected different toxicological effects (profiles) in terms of in vitro toxicity and immunological responses at the level of cytokines release and complement activation (iC3b fragment), that could be correlated with the differences in the physicochemical properties of the formulations. Shedding light on nanosimilar key quality attributes of liposome-based materials and the need for an accurate characterization, including investigation of the immunological effects, is of fundamental importance considering their great potential as delivery system for drugs, genes, or vaccines and the growing market demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorelia Lipsa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Davide Magrì
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Giacomo Della Camera
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita La Spina
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia Cella
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Irantzu Garmendia-Aguirre
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Francesco Fumagalli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (D.L.); (D.M.); (G.D.C.); (R.L.S.); (C.C.); (I.G.-A.); (D.M.); (A.R.-M.); (F.F.); (L.C.)
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18
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Pervez S, Nasir F, Hidayatullah T, Khattak MA, Alasmari F, Zainab SR, Gohar S, Tahir A, Maryam GE. Transdermal Delivery of Glimepiride: A Novel Approach Using Nanomicelle-Embedded Microneedles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2019. [PMID: 37631233 PMCID: PMC10459310 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glimepiride (GM) is a hydrophobic drug that dissolves slowly and yields inconsistent clinical responses after oral administration. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is an appropriate alternative to oral administration. Microneedles (MNs) offer a promising delivery system that penetrates the skin, while polymeric micelles can enhance the solubility; hence, the combination of both results in high drug bioavailability. This study aims to improve glimepiride's solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability by incorporating nanomicelles into MNs for TDD. The nanomicelles formulated with 10% Soluplus® (SP) and 40% GM had a mean particle size of 82.6 ± 0.54, PDI of 0.1 ± 0.01, -16.2 ± 0.18 zeta potential, and achieved a 250-fold increase in solubility. The fabricated pyramid shaped GM-dissolving MNs were thermally stable and had no formulation incompatibility, as confirmed by thermal and FTIR analysis. The in vitro dissolution profile revealed that the GM release from nanomicelles and nanomicelle-loaded DMN was concentration-independent following non-Fickian transport mechanism. Improved pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with dose of 240 µg as compared to 1 mg of GM oral tablet, in healthy human volunteers. The observed Cmax, Tmax and MRT were 1.56 μg/mL ± 0.06, 4 h, and 40.04 h ± 3.37, respectively. The safety profile assessment indicated that microneedles are safe with no adverse effects on skin or health. This study provides an alternative delivery system for the administration of glimepiride, resulting in improved bioavailability, enhanced patient compliance, and reduced dosing frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Pervez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Fazli Nasir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Talaya Hidayatullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Muzna Ali Khattak
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syeda Rabqa Zainab
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Shazma Gohar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Arbab Tahir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (S.P.); (T.H.); (M.A.K.); (S.R.Z.); (S.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Gul e Maryam
- Department of Pharmacy, Qurtaba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
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19
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Sonntag E, Kolář J, Djukaj S, Lehocký R, Štěpánek F. Accelerated reactive dissolution model of drug release from long-acting injectable formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00156-X. [PMID: 37321329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable formulations represent a rapidly emerging category of drug delivery systems that offer several advantages compared to orally administered medicines. Rather than having to frequently swallow tablets, the medication is administered to the patient by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of a nanoparticle suspension that forms a local depot from which the drug is steadily released over a period of several weeks or months. The benefits of this approach include improved medication compliance, reduced fluctuations of drug plasma level, or the suppression of gastrointestinal tract irritation. The mechanism of drug release from injectable depot systems is complex, and there is a lack of models that would enable quantitative parametrisation of the process. In this work, an experimental and computational study of drug release from a long-acting injectable depot system is reported. A population balance model of prodrug dissolution from asuspension with specific particle size distribution has been coupled with the kinetics of prodrug hydrolysis to its parent drug and validated using in vitro experimental data obtained from an accelerated reactive dissolution test. Using the developed model, it is possible to predict the sensitivity of drug release profiles to the initial concentration and particle size distribution of the prodrug suspension, and subsequently simulate various drug dosing scenarios. Parametric analysis of the system has identified the boundaries of reaction- and dissolution-limited drug release regimes, and the conditions for the existence of a quasi-steady state. This knowledge is crucial for the rational design of drug formulations in terms of particle size distribution, concentration and intended duration of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sonntag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolář
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Suada Djukaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Lehocký
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Godaert R, Zwertvaegher I, Hornetz S, Verboven P, Nuyttens D. Dust drift during mechanical and pneumatic wheat sowing and insights into the physicochemical characteristics of the abraded dust. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:1987-1998. [PMID: 36661135 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During sowing, plant protection products (PPP)-laden dust particles can be abraded from coated seeds and emitted into the atmosphere. Drift of these particles is a very complex phenomenon and depends on many factors, including the physicochemical characteristics of the dust. Currently, the available data needed to obtain a better understanding of the phenomenon and to build a risk assessment tool remain very limited. In this study, new data on dust drift and on the physochemical characteristics of dust abraded from wheat seeds generated using a pneumatic and a mechanical seeder were obtained. These data will serve as input to optimize a much-needed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. RESULTS The dust generated by the pneumatic seeder contained a greater volume of smaller particles (<150 μm) than the mechanical seeder dust, which contained a greater volume of larger particles (>1000 μm) than pneumatic seeder dust. Compared to the pneumatic seeder, the mechanical seeder showed lower drift values. With both seeders, the drift depositions decreased with increasing distance from the sowing area but no clear relationship between dust drift and wind speed could be found. CONCLUSION The gathered physicochemical and drift data for wheat seed drilling extend the current dust drift database, and help to better understand the complex dust drift phenomenon. These data will serve as input to refine and validate a CFD dust drift model. Such a model will allow a better and quicker assessment of different scenarios (e.g. varying wind speeds and direction, treatment, drilling technique) at a lower cost than conducting more field trials. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout Godaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Zwertvaegher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - David Nuyttens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
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21
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Habiba U, Hebert RJ. Powder Spreading Mechanism in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: Experiments and Computational Approach Using Discrete Element Method. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2824. [PMID: 37049118 PMCID: PMC10095776 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) has been adopted by various industries as a novel manufacturing technology. Powder spreading is a crucial part of the LPBF AM process that defines the quality of the fabricated objects. In this study, the impacts of various input parameters on the spread of powder density and particle distribution during the powder spreading process are investigated using the DEM (discrete element method) simulation tool. The DEM simulations extend over several powder layers and are used to analyze the powder particle packing density variation in different layers and at different points along the longitudinal spreading direction. Additionally, this research covers experimental measurements of the density of the powder packing and the powder particle size distribution on the construction plate.
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Sivakumar C, Findlay CRJ, Karunakaran C, Paliwal J. Non-destructive characterization of pulse flours-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1613-1632. [PMID: 36880584 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of plant-based proteins sourced from pulses is sustainable from the perspective of agriculture, environment, food security, and nutrition. Increased incorporation of high-quality pulse ingredients into foods such as pasta and baked goods is poised to produce refined food products to satisfy consumer demand. However, a better understanding of pulse milling processes is required to optimize the blending of pulse flours with wheat flour and other traditional ingredients. A thorough review of the state-of-the-art on pulse flour quality characterization reveals that research is required to elucidate the relationships between the micro- and nanoscale structures of these flours and their milling-dependent properties, such as hydration, starch and protein quality, components separation, and particle size distribution. With advances in synchrotron-enabled material characterization techniques, there exist a few options that have the potential to fill knowledge gaps. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive review of four high-resolution nondestructive techniques (i.e., scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray microtomography, synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectromicroscopy) and a comparison of their suitability for characterizing pulse flours. Our detailed synthesis of the literature concludes that a multimodal approach to fully characterize pulse flours will be vital to predicting their end-use suitability. A holistic characterization will help optimize and standardize the milling methods, pretreatments, and post-processing of pulse flours. Millers/processors will benefit by having a range of well-understood pulse flour fractions to incorporate into food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Sivakumar
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | - Jitendra Paliwal
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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23
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Vasileiadou AC, Karageorgos FF, Kiparissides C. Model-based Optimization of Drug Release Rate from a Size Distributed Population of Biodegradable Polymer Carriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 186:112-131. [PMID: 36870398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a comprehensive polymer degradation-drug diffusion model is developed to describe the polymer degradation kinetics and quantify the release rate of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from a size-distributed population of drug-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) carriers in terms of material and morphological properties of the drug carriers. To take into account the spatial-temporal variation of the drug and water diffusion coefficients, three new correlations are developed in terms of spatial-temporal variation of the molecular weight of the degrading polymer chains. The first one relates the diffusion coefficients with the time-spatial variation of the molecular weight of PLGA and initial drug loading and, the second one with the initial particle size, and the third one with evolution of the particle porosity due to polymer degradation. The derived model, comprising a system of partial differential and algebraic equations, is numerically solved using the method of lines and validated against published experimental data on the drug release rate from a size distributed population of piroxicam-PLGA microspheres. Finally, a multi-parametric optimization problem is formulated to calculate the optimal particle size and drug loading distributions of drug-loaded PLGA carriers to realize a desired zero-order drug release rate of a therapeutic drug over a specified administration period of several weeks. It is envisaged that the proposed model-based optimization approach will aid the optimal design of new controlled drug delivery systems and, consequently, the therapeutic outcome of an administered drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C Vasileiadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Filippos F Karageorgos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Tan Y, Gardner LJ, Walkley B, Hussein OH, Ding H, Sun S, Yu H, Hyatt NC. Optimization of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cements Using Ultrafine Fly Ash and Fly Ash. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:3194-3207. [PMID: 36874194 PMCID: PMC9976352 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrafine fly ash (UFA) and fly ash (FA) on the physical properties, phase assemblage, and microstructure of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) was investigated. This study revealed that the UFA addition does not affect the calorimetry hydration peak associated with MKPC formation when normalized to the reactive components (MgO and KH2PO4). However, there is an indication that greater UFA additions lead to an increased reaction duration, suggesting the potential formation of secondary reaction products. The addition of a UFA:FA blend can delay the hydration and the setting time of MKPC, enhancing workability. MgKPO4·6H2O was the main crystalline phase observed in all systems; however, at low replacement levels in the UFA-only system (<30 wt %), Mg2KH(PO4)2·15H2O was also observed by XRD, SEM/EDS, TGA, and NMR (31P MAS, 1H-31P CP MAS). Detailed SEM/EDS and MAS NMR investigations (27Al, 29Si, 31P) demonstrated that the role of UFA and UFA:FA was mainly as a filler and diluent. Overall, the optimized formulation was determined to contain 40 wt % fly ash (10 wt % UFA and 30 wt % FA (U10F30)), which achieved the highest compressive strength and fluidity and produced a dense microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshan Tan
- College
of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Laura J. Gardner
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Brant Walkley
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Oday H. Hussein
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Hao Ding
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Shikuan Sun
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- School
of Material Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Hongfa Yu
- Department
of Civil and Airport Engineering, Nanjing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Neil C. Hyatt
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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Zhou B, Feng Q, Li C, Jiao L, Cheng K, Ho SSH, Wen Z, Li J. Molecular Composition, Seasonal Variation, and Size Distribution of n-Alkanes, PAHs, and Saccharides in a Medium-Sized City of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China: Evaluation of Control Measures Executed in the Past Decade. Toxics 2023; 11:164. [PMID: 36851039 PMCID: PMC9959670 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Baoji is a medium-sized city in the Guanzhong Plain of northwest China. The compositions of three important organic groups, namely n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and saccharides in atmospheric aerosol with different aerodynamic diameters in power were determined. Both seasonal and daily trends of the target organic chemical groups were demonstrated. The concentration levels of total quantified n-alkanes and saccharides in total suspended particles (TSP) in winter were 541 ± 39 and 651 ± 74 ng·m-3, respectively, much higher than those of the other three seasons. A high total quantified PAHs concentration level of 59.6 ± 6.4 ng·m-3 was also seen in wintertime. n-Alkanes showed a bimodal percent distribution in spring, autumn, and winter. Two peaks were found with the particle sizes of 0.7 μm < Dp < 2.1 μm and 3.3 μm < Dp < 4.7 μm, respectively. In summer, a unimodal was seen with a peak of 4.7 μm < Dp < 5.8 μm. Dehydrated saccharides and PAHs present a unimodal size distribution peaking at the aerodynamic diameters of 0.7 µm < Dp < 2.1 µm. In contrast to glucose and fructose, they mainly exist in the coarse mode particles and have the highest concentrations at aerodynamic diameters of 4.7 µm < Dp < 9.0 µm. The geometric mean diameters (GMD) of n-alkanes and saccharides of the fine particles in winter were higher than in the other seasons. Compared with the data in 2008, the fossil fuel-derived n-alkanes and PAHs in winter decreased by nearly an order of magnitude in 2017. Both the carbon preference index (CPI) of n-alkanes and the diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggest that coal combustion and vehicle exhaust were the major pollution sources of the organic groups in the two decades. It should be noted that the contribution of traffic emissions greatly increased from 2008 to 2017, consistently with a large raise of registered vehicles in Baoji city. The overall results confirm that the control measures conducted by the local government in the recent decade mitigated the air pollution in this city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianhong Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qiao Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Lihua Jiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Kaijing Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Zhongtao Wen
- Baoji Ecological Environment Science and Technology Service Center, Baoji 721000, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
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Behnsen JG, Black K, Houghton JE, Worden RH. A Review of Particle Size Analysis with X-ray CT. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1259. [PMID: 36770266 PMCID: PMC9920517 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Particle size and morphology analysis is a problem common to a wide range of applications, including additive manufacturing, geological and agricultural materials' characterisation, food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Here, we review the use of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) for particle analysis. We give an overview of different sample preparation methods, image processing protocols, the morphology parameters that can be determined, and types of materials that are suitable for analysis of particle sizes using X-ray CT. The main conclusion is that size and shape parameters can be determined for particles larger than approximately 2 to 3 μm, given adequate resolution of the X-ray CT setup. Particles composed of high atomic number materials (Z > 40) require careful sample preparation to ensure X-ray transmission. Problems occur when particles with a broad range of sizes are closely packed together, or when particles are fused (sintered or cemented). The use of X-ray CT for particle size analysis promises to become increasingly widespread, offering measurements of size, shape, and porosity of large numbers of particles within one X-ray CT scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Behnsen
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Kate Black
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - James E. Houghton
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Richard H. Worden
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
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Rajabimashhadi Z, Naghizadeh R, Zolriasatein A, Esposito Corcione C. Novel Synthesis of Nano Mg(OH) 2 by Means of Hydrothermal Method with Different Surfactants. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13030454. [PMID: 36770415 PMCID: PMC9919068 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium hydroxide (MOH) is a widely used inorganic chemical owing to its various properties. Hence, researchers have long studied its synthesis and its unique features. However, the morphological consequences have rarely been studied. Despite having several benefits for synthesizing nanoparticles, the hydrothermal method's main drawbacks are its lengthy processing time and the high cost of raw materials. This research aimed to use more easily obtainable raw materials in a reasonably short time to synthesize MOH in various morphologies. For this purpose, we prepared different samples using the same hydrothermal method to investigate the effects of the precursor and surfactant on the structure, morphology, and size of MOH particles. The results of XRD and FTIR analysis demonstrated that a temperature of 180 °C and a duration of 18 h is not sufficient for MgO as a precursor to obtaining MOH in the hydrothermal method. However, in the presence of different surfactants, MgCl2 resulted in nanoparticles with hexagonal structure and plate, flake, spherical, and disc morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rajabimashhadi
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Rahim Naghizadeh
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
- Correspondence: (R.N.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Ashkan Zolriasatein
- Non-Metallic Materials Research Department, Niroo Research Institute, Tehran 1466-5517, Iran
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.N.); (C.E.C.)
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Creedon AC, Hung ES, Dimidi E, Grassby T, Berry SE, Whelan K. Particle Size Distribution and Predicted Lipid Bioaccessibility of Almonds and the Effect of Almond Processing: A Randomised Mastication Study in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030489. [PMID: 36771196 PMCID: PMC9919979 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Almonds are rich in unsaturated lipids, which play a role in some of the reported benefits of almond consumption for human health. Almond lipids are poorly bioaccessible due to almonds' unique physicochemical properties that influence particle size distribution (PSD) following mastication, allowing much intracellular lipid to escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. To investigate the impact of commercial processing (grinding almonds into flour), on PSD and predicted lipid bioaccessibility following mastication, a randomised cross-over design mastication study was conducted in healthy adults. The PSDs of masticated whole and ground almonds was assessed using two laboratory methods (mechanical sieving and laser diffraction). PSD from mechanical sieving was used to calculate lipid bioaccessibility using a theoretical mathematical model. Thirty-one healthy adults (18-45 years) completed both mastication sessions. Following mastication, ground almonds had a PSD with significantly fewer larger particles and more smaller particles, compared with whole almonds. Predicted lipid bioaccessibility of masticated ground almonds (10.4%, SD 1.8) was marginally but significantly greater than the predicted lipid bioaccessibility of masticated whole almonds (9.3%, SD 2.0; p = 0.017). Commercial grinding of almonds significantly influences the PSD of almonds following mastication, which results in a modest but significant increase in predicted lipid bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C. Creedon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Estella S. Hung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Eirini Dimidi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Terri Grassby
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sarah E. Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Schnepf U. Realistic Risk Assessment of Soil Microplastics Is Hampered by a Lack of Eligible Data on Particle Characteristics: A Call for Higher Reporting Standards. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3-4. [PMID: 36509544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schnepf
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Research Unit Biodiversity and Scientific Diving, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70659 Stuttgart, Germany
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Álvarez‐Arroyo R, Pérez JI, Ruiz LM, Gómez MÁ. Analysis of the evolution of ultra-filtered water quality in a drinking water distribution system by particle size distribution: Influence of pre-ozonation. Water Environ Res 2023; 95:e10840. [PMID: 36744443 PMCID: PMC10107322 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An experimental drinking water distribution system (DWDS) was used to evaluate the evolution of particle size distribution (PSD) and basic quality parameters of ultrafiltered water with or without pre-ozonation. An ultrafiltration (UF) module was set up, associated with a pre-ozonation system (3.7 g O3 /m3 ). The permeate was circulated in the DWDS (300 m; 0.9 m/s) with 0.4 mg/L of chlorine, and the analysis of the PSD was performed using a β-variable mathematical model. A better control of membrane fouling was obtained with pre-ozonation, and PSD was necessary to observe water quality differences between permeates and in the DWDS. A decrease in particle concentration of 1.8 logarithms was obtained with the application of UF membranes, while a decrease of only 1.2 logarithms was obtained with pre-ozonation. The system without pre-ozonation showed a higher efficiency at removing smaller particles (around 2 μm), with the absence of particles larger than 23 μm during both stages. The PSD revealed a worsening of water quality in the DWDS with an increase of particles smaller than 5 μm during the application of UF membranes, while with pre-ozonation, all particle sizes analyzed increased their concentration. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Pre-ozonation led to a better control of membrane fouling, but a worsening of permeate quality according to particle size distribution. Pre-ozonation does not improve the turbidity, dissolved organic carbon or UV254 removal capacity of ultrafiltration during drinking water treatment. Particles size distribution reveals the deterioration of water quality in a drinking water distribution system better than turbidity or DOC. Ozone prior to ultrafiltration membranes led to a worsening of permeate quality, more significant in the drinking water distribution system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Álvarez‐Arroyo
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Jorge Ignacio Pérez
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Luz Marina Ruiz
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
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Zakharova J, Pouran H, Wheatley A, Arif M. Assessment of oil-interceptor performance for solid removal in highway runoff. Environ Technol 2023; 44:197-210. [PMID: 34380379 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1968040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oil interceptors are traditional SuDS devices used in highway runoff treatment to remove both floatable impurities (leaves, oil) and total suspended solids (TSS). This paper presents the results of an examination of the performance of an oil interceptor based on particle size distribution (PSD) and TSS during three rainfall events. The interceptor is situated on one of the busiest motorways in the UK (where peak traffic flow is 30,000 vehicles per hour). Although the overall data collected for this study provided evidence that the interceptor removed, in most cases, 70% of TSS, the data for particle size distribution (PSD) showed that the interceptor did not always cope with particle separation for particles of less than 25 μm diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zakharova
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Hamid Pouran
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Andrew Wheatley
- School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mohammed Arif
- School of Computing, Engineering and Maths, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Lee J, Bae J, Kim W, Lee S. A Study on Aqueous Dispersing of Carbon Black Nanoparticles Surface-Coated with Styrene Maleic Acid (SMA) Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36559821 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) particles tend to aggregate in aqueous solutions, and finding an optimum dispersing condition (e.g., selection of the type of dispersant) is one of the important tasks in related industries. In the present study, three types of styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymer dispersants were synthesized, labeled respectively 'SMA-1000', 'SMA-2000', and 'SMA-3000', which have 1, 2, and 3 styrene groups in their repeating units. Then, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) was employed to measure the particle size distributions of the aqueous CB dispersions. For the particle size analysis of the CB dispersions, dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed relatively lower reproducibility than AsFlFFF. AsFlFFF showed that the use of SMA-3000 yielded a CB dispersion with the most uniform particle size distribution. When the SMA-3000 dispersant was used, the particle size tended to increase after 1 h of milling as the milling time increased, probably due to the re-agglomeration of the particles by excessive milling. The particle size distributions from AsFlFFF were consistent with the colorimetric observations. With the SMA-3000 dispersant, the lowest L∗ value was observed after 1 h of milling. The AsFlFFF and colorimetric analyses suggest that a stable CB dispersion can be obtained by either 3-h of milling with the SMA-2000 or 1-h of milling with the SMA-3000.
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Hetzer B, Gräf V, Walz E, Greiner R. Characterisation of iron oxide-containing pearlescent pigments used as food colourants: nano-labelling required in the EU? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1933-41. [PMID: 36305852 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2134592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pearlescent pigments are used as colourants to increase the attractiveness of food products, especially in the patisserie and confectionery sector. They can be seen as composite materials and consist of thin potassium aluminium silicate (E 555, mica) platelets as carrier material, coated with a thin metal oxide layer of TiO2 (E 171) and/or iron oxides (E 172). The European Food Safety Authority stated in 2020 that mica-based pearlescent pigments as a whole should be evaluated as new food additives. Obtaining dependable data for particle size and layer thickness of these pigments is crucial both for the demanded food additive evaluation itself and also for the nanomaterial labelling assessment of products containing these food colourants according to the 'Food Information to Consumers' regulation. Since it was found in a previous study on TiO2-containing pearlescent pigments (silver and golden coloured) that the coating consisted of nanoscaled constituent titanium oxide particles, in this follow-up study we investigated whether Fe2O3-containing pearlescent pigments exhibit a similar nanostructured morphology. For this purpose, five commercially-available food products containing these pigments were investigated. Static light scattering and flow particle image analysis were used as screening methods to determine the mica platelet size. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used for nanostructure analysis of the metal oxide coating. The carrier mica platelets were 34-96 µm in diameter and 300-800 nm thick. The coating thickness was found to be in the range of 75-105 nm, with the constituent round shaped iron oxide particles contained therein having a minimum Feret diameter of 37-64 nm.
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Cichońska P, Domian E, Ziarno M. Application of Optical and Rheological Techniques in Quality and Storage Assessment of the Newly Developed Colloidal-Suspension Products: Yogurt-Type Bean-Based Beverages. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22218348. [PMID: 36366047 PMCID: PMC9656516 DOI: 10.3390/s22218348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the properties of the yogurt-type bean-based beverages B and BG produced from the nongerminated and germinated beans, respectively, by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and fermentation with three starter cultures. Optical techniques were used to evaluate the particle size distribution (PSD), color parameters, and instability during storage, while rheological tests were used to evaluate the shear viscosity, flow behavior, and viscoelastic properties. The BG compared to B, irrespective of the starter culture used, showed a higher mean diameter and Span of PSD (d4,3 ≈ 76.8-84.2, Span ≈ 2.24-2.35 for BG vs. d4,3 ≈ 38.2-47.0, Span ≈ 1.90-2.00 for B). The BG vs. B showed lower viscosity (0.47 Pa·s for BG vs. 0.81 Pa·s for B at shear rate 75 s-1) and slightly lower but satisfactory stability (after 21 days at 6 °C, the Turbiscan Stability Index TSI ≈ 1.3-2.0 for BG vs. TSI ≈ 0.6-0.9 for B). Both B and BG were characterized by light-yellow color and showed the characteristics of a viscoelastic fluid. The HPH and germination mainly affected the properties of the tested plant tissue, which has a direct impact on the properties of the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Cichońska
- Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Domian
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Ziarno
- Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Sipkens TA, Corbin JC, Koukoulas T, Oldershaw A, Lavoie T, Norooz Oliaee J, Liu F, Leroux ID, Smallwood GJ, Lobo P, Green RG. Comparison of measurement systems for assessing number- and mass-based particle filtration efficiency. J Occup Environ Hyg 2022; 19:629-645. [PMID: 35994755 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of a respirator or face mask is one of its key properties. While the physics of particle filtration results in the PFE being size-dependent, measurement standards are specified using a single, integrated PFE, for simplicity. This integrated PFE is commonly defined concerning either the number (NPFE) or mass (MPFE) distribution of particles as a function of size. This relationship is non-trivial; it is influenced by both the shape of the particle distribution and the fact that multiple practical definitions of particle size are used. This manuscript discusses the relationship between NPFE and MPFE in detail, providing a guide to practitioners. Our discussion begins with a description of the theory underlying different variants of PFE. We then present experimental results for a database of size-resolved PFE (SPFE) measurements for several thousand candidate respirators and filter media, including filter media with systematically varied properties and commercial samples that span 20%-99.8% MPFE. The observed relationships between NPFE and MPFE are discussed in terms of the most-penetrating particle size (MPPS) and charge state of the media. For the sodium chloride particles used here, we observed that the MPFE was greater than NPFE for charged materials and vice versa for uncharged materials. This relationship is observed because a shift from NPFE to MPFE weights the distribution toward larger sizes, while charged materials shift the MPPS to smaller sizes. Results are validated by comparing the output of a pair of automated filter testers, which are used in gauging standards compliance, to that of MPFE computed from a system capable of measuring SPFE over the 20 nm-500 nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Joel C Corbin
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | | | - Andrew Oldershaw
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Thierry Lavoie
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Jalal Norooz Oliaee
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Fengshan Liu
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Ian D Leroux
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Gregory J Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Prem Lobo
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Richard G Green
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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36
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Zhu M, Xie G, Liu L, Yang P, Qu H, Zhang C. Influence of Mechanical Grinding on Particle Characteristics of Coal Gasification Slag. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6033. [PMID: 36079414 PMCID: PMC9457477 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the test results of laser particle size analyzer, specific surface area analyzer and infrared spectrometer, the grinding kinetics of coal gasification slag (CGS) was systematically described by using Divas-Aliavden grinding kinetics, Rosin-Rammler-Bennet (RRB) distribution model and particle size fractal theory. The influence of grinding time and particle group of CGS on the strength activity index of mortar was studied by using the strength activity index of mortar and grey correlation analysis. The results show that the particles are gradually refined before mechanical grinding of CGS for 75 min. When the mechanical grinding time is greater than 75 min, the "agglomeration phenomenon" of fine CGS particles led to the decrease in various properties. Divas-Aliavden grinding kinetics, the RRB model and fractal dimension can characterize the change of CGS particle size in the grinding process quantitatively. The strength activity index of CGS at different curing ages is positively correlated with grinding time, and the influence on the later strength activity index is the most obvious. The relationship between CGS particle size distribution and strength activity index were probed using grey correlation analysis. The CGS particle groups with the particle size of 20~30 μm and 10~20 μm have the greatest impact on the early and late strength activity index, respectively. Therefore, the optimal grinding time of CGS as auxiliary cementing material is 75 min, considering factors, such as economy and performance, and the specific surface area (SSA) is 4.4874 m2·g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbo Zhu
- College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Research Center for Functional Backfill Technology in Mine, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Western Mines and Hazards Prevention, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Geng Xie
- College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Research Center for Functional Backfill Technology in Mine, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Lang Liu
- College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Research Center for Functional Backfill Technology in Mine, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Western Mines and Hazards Prevention, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Pan Yang
- College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Research Center for Functional Backfill Technology in Mine, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Huisheng Qu
- College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Research Center for Functional Backfill Technology in Mine, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Caixin Zhang
- College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- Research Center for Functional Backfill Technology in Mine, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
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37
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Lin HC, Buu A, Su WC. Disposable E-Cigarettes and Associated Health Risks: An Experimental Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph191710633. [PMID: 36078349 PMCID: PMC9518067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including disposable e-cigarettes, has been prevalent. Existing chemical analyses of ENDS focused on e-liquids rather than aerosols and failed to consider particle sizes and aerosol respiratory deposition fractions, which are key factors for inhalation doses. This study investigated the organic chemical and metal constituents in size-segregated ENDS aerosol and assessed the deposited doses and health risks of these substances. Aerosol chemical analyses were conducted on two popular disposable ENDS products: Puff Bar (Grape) and Air Bar (Watermelon Ice). An ENDS aerosol was generated and delivered into a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor to collect size-segregated aerosol samples, in which organic chemicals and metals were analyzed. Daily and lifetime doses for each chemical were estimated. Cancer and non-cancer risk assessments were conducted based on the deposited doses. We found that e-cigarette aerosol contains certain harmful organic chemicals and metals documented to result in respiratory problems. Estimated respiratory cancer risks corresponding to chromium from both ENDS products and nickel from Air Bar (Watermelon Ice) were substantially above the conventionally acceptable risk. The method, findings, and implications can contribute to the extant literature of ENDS toxicity studies as well as inform tobacco regulation and future large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th St., SPH 116, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(713)-500-9251
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Yue J, Chen Y, Luo Z, Wang S, Su H, Gao H, Li Y, Li P, Ma C. Experimental Study on Effects of Aging Time on Dry Shrinkage Cracking of Lime Soils. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5785. [PMID: 36013920 PMCID: PMC9416348 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aging on the internal mechanism of the dry shrinkage cracking of lime soil was studied from the perspective of macroscopic cracking phenomenon and microscopic composition change, and the reasonable aging time of lime soil was determined. Large numbers of cracks often occur in buildings constructed using lime soil, which impacts sustainable development and building environmental protection. This study explored the influence of aging time on the mechanical properties and shrinkage cracking of lime soil. The influence of aging time was evaluated using a triaxial compression test; using the dry-wet cycle, sieving, pH, and other tests, the influence of aging time on volume crack rate, expansion shrinkage rate, particle size distribution, and pH was analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments were used to analyze changes in the lime soil particle structure for different aging times and the formation of new substances. The results show that as aging time increases, the stress-strain curve of the soil softens significantly, shear strength deteriorates, and cohesion decreases. When the aging time is 6 h, the expansion rate and shrinkage rate at the center of the soil sample are the maximum. The volume fracture and expansion shrinkage rates decrease first, and then plateau with aging time, with the changes remaining stable after 72 h; these rate decreases are positively correlated with the change rate of pH. The formation of Ca(OH)2 affects the sample pH, and the changes in pH, Ca(OH)2, and CaO tend to be stable. With an increase in aging time, the proportion of particles of a size less than 0.1 mm decreases, and that of particles of size 0.1-0.5 mm increases. After 72 h of aging, the particle size proportion remains unchanged. Reasonable aging time can, thus, reduce the hydration reaction of lime, improve particle agglomeration effects, and reduce the crack development of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yue
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Zhenxian Luo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Architectural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huicong Su
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Huijie Gao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Can Ma
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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39
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Hu W, Wu Y, Chen H, Gao J, Tong P. Effects of Glucose and Homogenization Treatment on the Quality of Liquid Whole Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162521. [PMID: 36010521 PMCID: PMC9407130 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of glucose on the protein structure, physicochemical and processing properties of liquid whole eggs (LWE) under homogenization, different concentrations of glucose (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 g/mL) were added into LWE, followed by homogenizing at different pressures (5, 10, 20, 40 MPa), respectively. It was shown that the particle size and turbidity of LWE increased with the increase in glucose concentration while decreasing with the increase in homogenization pressure. The protein unfolding was increased at a low concentration of glucose combined with homogenization, indicating a 40.33 ± 5.57% and 165.72 ± 33.57% increase in the fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity under the condition of 0.02 g/mL glucose at 20 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the remarkable increments in foaming capacity, emulsifying capacity, and gel hardness of 47.57 ± 5.1%, 66.79 ± 9.55%, and 52.11 ± 9.83% were recorded under the condition of 0.02 g/mL glucose at 20 MPa, 0.04 g/mL glucose at 20 MPa, and 0.02 g/mL glucose at 40 MPa, respectively. Reasonably, glucose could improve the processing properties of LWE under homogenization, and 0.02 g/mL–0.04 g/mL and 20–40 MPa were the optimal glucose concentration and homogenization pressure. This study could contribute to the production of high-performance and stable quality of LWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (P.T.)
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40
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Ahmed J, Mulla MZ, Al-Attar H, AlZuwayed S, Ejaz M, Al-Jassar S, Jacob H, Thomas L, Al-Ruwaih N, Joseph A. Thermal, structural, antimicrobial, and physicochemical characterisation of thyme essential oil encapsulated in β- and γ-cyclodextrin. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:364-379. [PMID: 35713549 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2090626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to encapsulate the thyme essential oil (TEO) in β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and γ-cyclodextrin (GCD) complexes in two selected cyclodextrin (CD) to TEO ratios (85/15 and 80/20 w/w) and compare the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the encapsulated powders. The inclusion complexes between CD and TEO were prepared by blending aqueous CD and TEO in ethanol followed by freeze-drying. The powder properties were assessed by measuring particle size and microstructure using SEM, FTIR, and XRD. The median values of the particle sizes (GCD: 92.0 ± 4.69 and BCD: 46.2 ± 2.56-mm) significantly influenced the encapsulation efficiency, resulting in a higher encapsulation efficiency of the GCD (92.02 ± 10.79%) than that of the BCD (56.30 ± 12.19%). The encapsulated GCD/TEO (80/20) showed higher antioxidant activity and an antimicrobial inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium. Overall, the GCD acts as a superior wall material to the BCD in the TEO encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim Ahmed
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mehrajfatema Z Mulla
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Hassan Al-Attar
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Shaikhah AlZuwayed
- Energy and Building Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mohammed Ejaz
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Sarah Al-Jassar
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Harsha Jacob
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Linu Thomas
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Noor Al-Ruwaih
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Antony Joseph
- Energy and Building Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
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41
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Alanazi AK. An Innovative Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Nanocellulose Fibers (NCF) Using Ultrasonic Waves. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101930. [PMID: 35631813 PMCID: PMC9144760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, environmental and ecological concerns have become a major issue owing to the shortage of resources, high cost, and so forth. In my research, I present an innovative, environmentally friendly, and economical way to prepare nanocellulose from grass wastes with a sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution of different concentrations (1−6% mol) at different times 10−80 min, washed with distilled water, and treated with ultrasonic waves. The optimum yield of the isolated cellulose was 95%, 90%, and 87% NaClO at 25 °C for 20 min and with NaOH and H2SO4 at 25 °C with 5% M, respectively. The obtained samples were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of test temperature and reaction times on the crystallinity index (IC) of GNFC with different treated mediums was carried out and investigated. The IC was analyzed using the diffraction pattern and computed according to the Segal empirical method (method A), and the sum of the area under the crystalline adjusted peaks (method B) and their values proved that the effect of temperature is prominent. In both methods, GNFC/H2SO4 had the highest value followed by GNFC/NaOH, GNFC/NaClO and real sample nano fiber cellulose (RSNFC). The infrared spectral features showed no distinct changes of the four cellulose specimens at different conditions. The particle size distribution data proved that low acid concentration hydrolysis was not sufficient to obtain nano-sized cellulose particles. The Zeta potential was higher in accordance with (GNFC/H2SO4 > GNFC/NaOH > GNFC/NaClO), indicating the acid higher effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah K Alanazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Alexandra Mészáros L, Farkas A, Madarász L, Bicsár R, László Galata D, Nagy B, Kristóf Nagy Z. UV/VIS imaging-based PAT tool for drug particle size inspection in intact tablets supported by pattern recognition neural networks. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121773. [PMID: 35487400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of machine vision systems has not currently been exploited for pharmaceutical applications, although expected to provide revolutionary solutions for in-process and final product testing. The presented paper aimed to analyze the particle size of meloxicam, a yellow model active pharmaceutical ingredient, in intact tablets by a digital UV/VIS imaging-based machine vision system. Two image processing algorithms were developed and coupled with pattern recognition neural networks for UV and VIS images for particle size-based classification of the prepared tablets. The developed method can identify tablets containing finer or larger particles than the target with more than 97% accuracy. Two algorithms were developed for UV and VIS images for particle size analysis of the prepared tablets. According to the applied statistical tests, the obtained particle size distributions were similar to the results of the laser diffraction-based reference method. Digital UV/VIS imaging combined with multivariate data analysis can provide a new non-destructive, rapid, in-line tool for particle size analysis in tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Alexandra Mészáros
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Lajos Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Rozália Bicsár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Dorián László Galata
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary.
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43
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Qing Y, Guo K, Liu C, Qin Y, Zhan Y, Shuo S, Wei Y, Yu B, Liu C. Impact of Atomization Pressure on the Particle Size of Nickel-Based Superalloy Powders by Numerical Simulation. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15093020. [PMID: 35591362 PMCID: PMC9102421 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Vacuum induction melting gas atomization (VIGA) has evolved as an important production technique of superalloy powders used in additive manufacturing. However, the development of powder preparation techniques is limited because the crushing process of gas-atomized metal melt is difficult to characterize by conventional experimental methods. Herein, we report the application of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the breaking behavior of droplets in the process of preparing nickel-based superalloy powders by VIGA, as well as the results on the effect of gas pressure on the atomization process and powder particle size distribution of metal melt. In the process of primary atomization, the crushing morphology of superalloy melt shows an alternate transformation of umbrella shapes and inverted mushroom cloud shapes, and with the increase in atomization pressure, the disorder of the two-phase flow field increases, which is conducive to sufficient breakage of the melt. Most importantly, in the process of secondary atomization and with the increasing atomization pressure, the particle size distribution becomes narrower, the median particle diameter and average particle size decrease, and the decreasing trend of the particle size increases gradually. The simulation results are compliant with the performed nickel-based superalloy powder preparation tests. This study provides insight into the production and process optimization of superalloy powder prepared by the VIGA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Qing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Kuaikuai Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Youyi Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Shang Shuo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yanpeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Changsheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (C.L.)
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44
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Hussein T, Al-Abdallat A, Saleh SSA, Al-Kloub M. Estimation of the Seasonal Inhaled Deposited Dose of Particulate Matter in the Respiratory System of Urban Individuals Living in an Eastern Mediterranean City. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19074303. [PMID: 35409983 PMCID: PMC8998606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an estimation for the inhaled deposited dose rate in adult males and females during common exposure scenarios to urban background aerosols in an Eastern Mediterranean city (Amman, Jordan) based on a one-year database of measured particle number size distribution. The dose rates show seasonal variations reflecting the physical characteristics (i.e., modal structure) of the particle number size distribution. An additional factor was the varying deposition fraction (DF) for different regions and different human activities (exercising versus resting). The total dose rate was 3 × 109-65 × 109 particles/h (PM2.5 and PM10 doses 1-22 µg/h and 9-210 µg/h; respectively) depending on the gender, activity, and season. Based on the particle number metrics, the inhaled deposited dose in the head, Tracheobronchial, and alveolar were 7-16%, 16-28%, and 56-76%; respectively. Based on the PM2.5 metric, the corresponding dose rate was 9-41%,13-19%; and 46-72% respectively. As for the PM10 metric, they were 25-75%, 7-35%, and 15-55%; respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Hussein
- Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.-K.)
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Asal Al-Abdallat
- Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.-K.)
| | | | - Marwan Al-Kloub
- Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.-K.)
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45
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Mikheev VB, Ivanov A. Analysis of the Aerosol Generated from Tetrahydrocannabinol, Vitamin E Acetate, and Their Mixtures. Toxics 2022; 10:88. [PMID: 35202274 PMCID: PMC8878975 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak was linked to vitamin E acetate (VEA) used as a solvent for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Several studies were conducted to assess the products of VEA (and THC/VEA mixtures) thermal degradation as a result of vaporizing/aerosolizing from a traditional type (coil-cotton wick) and ceramic type coil vape pens. The particle size distribution (PSD) of VEA aerosol and the temperature VEA and THC/VEA mixtures are heated to were also measured for a few types of traditional and ceramic vape pens. The current study assessed the PSD of the aerosol generated from THC, VEA, and a number of THC/VEA mixtures using a dab-type vape pen under two different temperature settings and two puffing flow rates. Thermal degradation of THC, VEA, and THC/VEA mixtures were also assessed, and coil temperature was measured. Results showed the dependence of the PSD upon the chemical content of the aerosolized mixture as well as upon the puffing flow rate. Minimal thermal degradation was observed. Flaws in the vape pen's design, which most likely affected results, were detected. The suitability of VEA, THC, and THC/VEA mixtures with certain types of vape pens was discussed.
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46
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Young Z, Qu M, Coday MM, Guo Q, Hojjatzadeh SMH, Escano LI, Fezzaa K, Chen L. Effects of Particle Size Distribution with Efficient Packing on Powder Flowability and Selective Laser Melting Process. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15030705. [PMID: 35160651 PMCID: PMC8836489 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The powder bed-based additive manufacturing (AM) process contains uncertainties in the powder spreading process and powder bed quality, leading to problems in repeatability and quality of the additively manufactured parts. This work focuses on identifying the uncertainty induced by particle size distribution (PSD) on powder flowability and the laser melting process, using Ti6Al4V as a model material. The flowability test results show that the effect of PSDs on flowability is not linear, rather the PSDs near dense packing ratios cause significant reductions in flowability (indicated by the increase in the avalanche angle and break energy of the powders measured by a revolution powder analyzer). The effects of PSDs on the selective laser melting (SLM) process are identified by using in-situ high-speed X-ray imaging to observe the melt pool dynamics during the melting process. The results show that the powder beds made of powders with dense packing ratios exhibit larger build height during laser melting. The effects of PSD with efficient packing on powder flowability and selective laser melting process revealed in this work are important for understanding process uncertainties induced by feedstock powders and for designing mitigation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Young
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; (Z.Y.); (M.M.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
| | - Minglei Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Meelap Michael Coday
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; (Z.Y.); (M.M.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Qilin Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad H. Hojjatzadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; (Z.Y.); (M.M.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Luis I. Escano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
| | - Kamel Fezzaa
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, X-ray Science Division, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
| | - Lianyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA; (Z.Y.); (M.M.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.Q.); (Q.G.); (S.M.H.H.); (L.I.E.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence:
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47
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Ye R, Sheng MJ, Jiang YB, Wu YS, Huang TY. [Distribution of Typical Pollutants from Rainwater Sewer Sediments in Suzhou City]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:277-284. [PMID: 34989512 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we separately collected rainwater sewer sediments from typical samples in Suzhou city, such as the urban commercial district, historical and cultural protection area, cultural and educational area, and living area, and analyzed the particle size distribution of the sediments and the characteristics of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus content, and pollution load distribution under each graded particle size. The median particle size D50 of each sample point was 16.55-327.50 μm, and the particle size trend was as follows:commercial area > living area > historical and cultural protection area > cultural and educational area. D50 was related to the total organic carbon (TOC). The total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) were significantly positively correlated, as were the pollutants. The spatial difference of ω(TOC), ω(TN), ω(TP), and ω(NH4+-N) in rainwater sewer sediments from different regions was as follows:commercial area > historical and cultural protection area > living area > cultural and educational area, in which ω(TOC) was 0.84%-6.76%, and ω(TN), ω(TP), and ω(NH4+-N) were 917.5-12707.1, 196.1-2524.8, and 9.3-156.8 mg·kg-1, respectively. TOC, TP, and NH4+-N pollution loads were mainly concentrated on particles ≤ 75 μm and 250-1000 μm. Street dust pollutants highly differed spatially, with a high content of attached pollutants on street dust particles with a particle size of ≤ 75 μm. Various pollutants migrated into the street dust-pipes, and TP and TN showed certain enrichment characteristics in the sewer. Controlling the transportation of street dust and the accumulation of sediments in the sewer can reduce the pollution of sediment into the rivers during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | | | - Yong-Bo Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Tian-Yin Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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48
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Long DK, Bangerth W, Handwerk DR, Whitehead CB, Shipman PD, Finke RG. Estimating reaction parameters in mechanism-enabled population balance models of nano particle size distributions: A Bayesian inverse problem approach. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:43-56. [PMID: 34672375 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to quantitatively predict nano- as well as other particle-size distributions, one needs to have both a mathematical model and estimates of the parameters that appear in these models. Here, we show how one can use Bayesian inversion to obtain statistical estimates for the parameters that appear in recently derived mechanism-enabled population balance models (ME-PBM) of nanoparticle growth. The Bayesian approach addresses the question of "how well do we know our parameters, along with their uncertainties?." The results reveal that Bayesian inversion statistical analysis on an example, prototype Ir 0 n nanoparticle formation system allows one to estimate not just the most likely rate constants and other parameter values, but also their SDs, confidence intervals, and other statistical information. Moreover, knowing the reliability of the mechanistic model's parameters in turn helps inform one about the reliability of the proposed mechanism, as well as the reliability of its predictions. The paper can also be seen as a tutorial with the additional goal of achieving a "Gold Standard" Bayesian inversion ME-PBM benchmark that others can use as a control to check their own use of this methodology for other systems of interest throughout nature. Overall, the results provide strong support for the hypothesis that there is substantial value in using a Bayesian inversion methodology for parameter estimation in particle formation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny K Long
- Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bangerth
- Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Derek R Handwerk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher B Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick D Shipman
- Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard G Finke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Luo B, Han Z, Yang J, Wang Q. Assessment of Erosion Characteristics in Purple and Yellow Soils Using Simulated Rainfall Experiments. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:357. [PMID: 35010617 PMCID: PMC8744854 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion of sloped lands is one of the important sources of substantive sediments in watersheds. In order to investigate erosion characteristics of sloped lands during rainfall events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, erosion processes of purple and yellow soils under different slope gradients and rainfall intensities were studied by using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the sediment concentration in runoff was closely correlated with rainfall intensity. The sediment concentration in runoff gradually rose to a peak with time, and then gradually declined and approach a steady rate during simulation rainfall events. The particle size distribution of surface soils before the rainfall was different from that after the rainfall. Soil erosion mainly resulted in the loss of fine particles of surface soil through runoff, and the fine particles of soil were enriched in sediments. Soil erosion rates were gradually increased with the slope gradient when the slope gradient was less than 10°, and significantly increased when the slope gradient was more than 10°. The slope factor of yellow soil could be fitted well to that calculated by the formula of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The trend of the slope factor of purple soil was similar to that of the slope factor that was derived from USLE. Therefore, the effect of slope gradients on soil erosion need to be further researched when USLE was applied to predict erosion in purple soil area.
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50
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Markova N, Cairns S, Jankevics-Jones H, Kaszuba M, Caputo F, Parot J. Biophysical Characterization of Viral and Lipid-Based Vectors for Vaccines and Therapeutics with Light Scattering and Calorimetric Techniques. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 35062710 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel vaccine platforms for delivery of nucleic acids based on viral and non-viral vectors, such as recombinant adeno associated viruses (rAAV) and lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), hold great promise. However, they pose significant manufacturing and analytical challenges due to their intrinsic structural complexity. During product development and process control, their design, characterization, and quality control require the combination of fit-for-purpose complementary analytical tools. Moreover, an in-depth methodological expertise and holistic approach to data analysis are required for robust measurements and to enable an adequate interpretation of experimental findings. Here the combination of complementary label-free biophysical techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), multiangle-DLS (MADLS), Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), multiple detection SEC and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), have been successfully used for the characterization of physical and chemical attributes of rAAV and LNPs encapsulating mRNA. Methods' performance, applicability, dynamic range of detection and method optimization are discussed for the measurements of multiple critical physical-chemical quality attributes, including particle size distribution, aggregation propensity, polydispersity, particle concentration, particle structural properties and nucleic acid payload.
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