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Stokes EC, Shoetan IO, Gillman AM, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Woodbury SE, Fallis IA, Pope SJA. Alkyl chain functionalised Ir(iii) complexes: synthesis, properties and behaviour as emissive dopants in microemulsions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6987-6997. [PMID: 38414995 PMCID: PMC10897649 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Six iridium(iii) complexes of the general form [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]X (where C^N = cyclometalating ligand; N^N = disubstituted 2,2'-bipyridine), and incorporating alkyl chains of differing lengths (C8, C10, C12), have been synthesised and characterised. The complexes have been characterised using a variety of methods including spectroscopies (NMR, IR, UV-Vis, luminescence) and analytical techniques (high resolution mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction). Two dodecyl-functionalised complexes were studied for their behaviour in aqueous solutions. Although the complexes did not possess sufficient solubility to determine their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in water, they were amenable for use as emissive dopants in a N-methyl C12 substituted imidazolium salt microemulsion carrier system with a CMC = 36.5 mM. The investigation showed that the metal doped microemulsions had increased CMCs of 40.4 and 51.3 mM and luminescent properties characterised by the dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Stokes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Ibrahim O Shoetan
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Alice M Gillman
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Peter N Horton
- Chemistry, UK National Crystallographic Service, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ England UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- Chemistry, UK National Crystallographic Service, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ England UK
| | - Simon E Woodbury
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Central Laboratory Sellafield, Seascale Cumbria CA20 1PG UK
| | - Ian A Fallis
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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2
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Vigor JE, Prentice DP, Xiao X, Bernal SA, Provis JL. The pore structure and water absorption in Portland/slag blended hardened cement paste determined by synchrotron X-ray microtomography and neutron radiography. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4389-4405. [PMID: 38304565 PMCID: PMC10831329 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The pore structures of hardened Portland/slag cement pastes (>75 wt% slag content), and the initial capillary absorption of moisture through these pores, were monitored using ex situ synchrotron X-ray computerised microtomography and in situ quantitative neutron radiography. The pore structure becomes more constricted as the cement hydrates and its microstructure develops. This mechanism was effective even at a slag content as high as 90 wt% in the cementitious blend, where the lowest total porosity and a significant pore refinement were identified at extended curing ages (360 d). By combining this information with neutron radiographic imaging, and directly quantifying both depth and mass of water uptake, it was observed that 90 wt% slag cement outperformed the 75 wt% slag blend at 90 days in terms of resistance to capillary water uptake, although the higher-slag blend had not yet developed such a refined microstructure at 28 days of curing. The assumptions associated with the "sharp front model" for water ingress do not hold true for highly substituted slag cement pastes. Testing transport properties at 28 days may not give a true indication of the performance of these materials in service in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Vigor
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2BX UK
| | - Dale P Prentice
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory 98 Rochester Road Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Susan A Bernal
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - John L Provis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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3
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Bradshaw G, O'Leary M, Purser ASF, Villagomez-Bernabe B, Wyett C, Currell F, Webb M. A new approach for simulating inhomogeneous chemical kinetics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14010. [PMID: 37640793 PMCID: PMC10462703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, inhomogeneous chemical kinetics are simulated by describing the concentrations of interacting chemical species by a linear expansion of basis functions in such a manner that the coupled reaction and diffusion processes are propagated through time efficiently by tailor-made numerical methods. The approach is illustrated through modelling [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-radiolysis in thin layers of water and at their solid interfaces from the start of the chemical phase until equilibrium was established. The method's efficiency is such that hundreds of such systems can be modelled in a few hours using a single core of a typical laptop, allowing the investigation of the effects of the underlying parameter space. Illustrative calculations showing the effects of changing dose-rate and water-layer thickness are presented. Other simulations are presented which show the approach's capability to solve problems with spherical symmetry (an approximation to an isolated radiolytic spur), where the hollowing out of an initial Gaussian distribution is observed, in line with previous calculations. These illustrative simulations show the generality and the computational efficiency of this approach to solving reaction-diffusion problems. Furthermore, these example simulations illustrate the method's suitability for simulating solid-fluid interfaces, which have received a lot of experimental attention in contrast to the lack of computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Bradshaw
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mel O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, West Lakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, CA24 3HA, UK
| | - Arthur S F Purser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Balder Villagomez-Bernabe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, West Lakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, CA24 3HA, UK
- St Luke's Cancer Centre, The Royal Hospital, Egerton Rd, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - Cyrus Wyett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, West Lakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, CA24 3HA, UK
| | - Frederick Currell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, West Lakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, CA24 3HA, UK
| | - Marcus Webb
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Tan Y, Gardner LJ, Walkley B, Hussein OH, Ding H, Sun S, Yu H, Hyatt NC. Optimization of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cements Using Ultrafine Fly Ash and Fly Ash. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:3194-3207. [PMID: 36874194 PMCID: PMC9976352 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrafine fly ash (UFA) and fly ash (FA) on the physical properties, phase assemblage, and microstructure of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) was investigated. This study revealed that the UFA addition does not affect the calorimetry hydration peak associated with MKPC formation when normalized to the reactive components (MgO and KH2PO4). However, there is an indication that greater UFA additions lead to an increased reaction duration, suggesting the potential formation of secondary reaction products. The addition of a UFA:FA blend can delay the hydration and the setting time of MKPC, enhancing workability. MgKPO4·6H2O was the main crystalline phase observed in all systems; however, at low replacement levels in the UFA-only system (<30 wt %), Mg2KH(PO4)2·15H2O was also observed by XRD, SEM/EDS, TGA, and NMR (31P MAS, 1H-31P CP MAS). Detailed SEM/EDS and MAS NMR investigations (27Al, 29Si, 31P) demonstrated that the role of UFA and UFA:FA was mainly as a filler and diluent. Overall, the optimized formulation was determined to contain 40 wt % fly ash (10 wt % UFA and 30 wt % FA (U10F30)), which achieved the highest compressive strength and fluidity and produced a dense microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshan Tan
- College
of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Laura J. Gardner
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Brant Walkley
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Oday H. Hussein
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Hao Ding
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Shikuan Sun
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- School
of Material Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Hongfa Yu
- Department
of Civil and Airport Engineering, Nanjing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Neil C. Hyatt
- NucleUS
Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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