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Rajaraman S, Rakshit S. Multiscale topology optimization of pelvic bone for combined walking and running gait cycles. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:796-812. [PMID: 37129885 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a multiscale topology optimization procedure of pelvic bone using weighted compliance minimization. In macroscale optimization, a level set-based method is used, which gives a binary structure. In microscale optimization, cubic lattice-based homogenization is done while keeping the global geometry fixed. For the macroscale, a volume constraint equal to the volume of the pelvic bone is imposed, whereas, for the microscale, a mass constraint equal to the mass of the pelvic bone is imposed. The optimal geometries are compared with pelvic bone using different metrics and show good similarity with the same. Designed geometries are additively manufactured and experimentally tested for stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajaraman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sourav Rakshit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Ozturk G, Paviani B, Rai R, Robinson RC, Durham SD, Baller MI, Wang A, Nitin N, Barile D. Investigating Milk Fat Globule Structure, Size, and Functionality after Thermal Processing and Homogenization of Human Milk. Foods 2024; 13:1242. [PMID: 38672914 PMCID: PMC11049580 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides bioactive compounds such as milk fat globules (MFGs), which promote brain development, modulate the immune system, and hold antimicrobial properties. To ensure microbiological safety, donor milk banks apply heat treatments. This study compares the effects of heat treatments and homogenization on MFG's physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and bioavailability. Vat pasteurization (Vat-PT), retort (RTR), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) were performed with or without homogenization. UHT, RTR, and homogenization increased the colloidal dispersion of globules, as indicated by increased zeta potential. The RTR treatment completely inactivated xanthine oxidase activity (a marker of MFG bioactivity), whereas UHT reduced its activity by 93%. Interestingly, Vat-PT resulted in less damage, with 28% activity retention. Sialic acid, an important compound for brain health, was unaffected by processing. Importantly, homogenization increased the in vitro lipolysis of MFG, suggesting that this treatment could increase the digestibility of MFG. In terms of color, homogenization led to higher L* values, indicating increased whiteness due to finer dispersion of the fat and casein micelles (and thus greater light scattering), whereas UHT and RTR increased b* values associated with Maillard reactions. This study highlights the nuanced effects of processing conditions on MFG properties, emphasizing the retention of native characteristics in Vat-PT-treated human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulustan Ozturk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bruna Paviani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Rewa Rai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Randall C. Robinson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Sierra D. Durham
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Mara I. Baller
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.P.); (R.R.); (R.C.R.); (S.D.D.); (M.I.B.); (A.W.); (N.N.)
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wang M, Bian Z, Zhu A, Cai Y, Zhang D, Wu Y, Cui S, Chen D, Wang H. Optimizing the Heat Treatment Method to Improve the Aging Response of Al-Fe-Ni-Sc-Zr Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1772. [PMID: 38673129 PMCID: PMC11050896 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This work has studied the co-addition of Sc and Zr elements into the Al-1.75wt%Fe-1.25wt%Ni eutectic alloy. The changes in the microstructure, electrical conductivity, and Vickers hardness of the Al-1.75wt%Fe-1.25wt%Ni-0.2wt%Sc-0.2wt%Zr alloy during heat treatment were studied. The results showed that two-step aging can effectively improve the aging response of the alloy over the single-step aging method. This was ascribed to the minimization of the diffusion difference between Sc and Zr elements. Furthermore, the homogenization treatment can also improve the aging response of the alloy by alleviating the uneven distribution of Sc and Zr. Nevertheless, the micro-alloyed elements exceeded the solid solubility limit in the Al-1.75wt%Fe-1.25wt%Ni-0.2wt%Sc-0.2wt%Zr alloy, and their strengthening effect has ever achieved the best prospect. Finally, both Sc and Zr contents were reduced simultaneously, and the aging response of the Al-1.75wt%Fe-1.25wt%Ni-0.15wt%Sc-0.1wt%Zr alloy was improved by optimized heat treatment. The underlying mechanisms for this alloy design and the corresponding microstructure-mechanical property relationship were analytically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.Z.); (D.C.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Alumics Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Anhui), Huaibei 235000, China
- Anhui Province Industrial Generic Technology Research Center for Alumics Materials, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Zeyu Bian
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Ailin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.Z.); (D.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Yulong Cai
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Yanlai Wu
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuai Cui
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.Z.); (D.C.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Alumics Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Anhui), Huaibei 235000, China
- Anhui Province Industrial Generic Technology Research Center for Alumics Materials, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Haowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.Z.); (D.C.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Alumics Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Anhui), Huaibei 235000, China
- Anhui Province Industrial Generic Technology Research Center for Alumics Materials, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
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Jazmati N, Liebold C, Offerhaus C, Volkenand A, Grote S, Pöpsel J, Körber-Irrgang B, Hoppe T, Wisplinghoff H. Rapid high-throughput processing of tissue samples for microbiological diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections using bead-beating homogenization. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0148623. [PMID: 38415637 PMCID: PMC11005376 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01486-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of periprosthetic tissue samples in blood culture bottles (BCBs) for microbiological diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) is more reliable than the use of an enrichment broth. Nevertheless, the extremely time-consuming homogenization of the samples for BCB processing has so far limited its use, especially in high-throughput settings. We aimed to establish a highly scalable homogenization process of tissue samples for long-term incubation in BCBs. A protocol for homogenization of tissue samples using bead beating was established and validated. In a second step, the use of the homogenate for enrichment in BCBs was compared to the use of thioglycolate broth (TB) in terms of diagnostic accuracy using clinical tissue samples from 150 patients with suspected PJI. Among 150 analyzed samples, 35 samples met the microbiological criteria for PJI. Using BCB, 32 of 35 (91.4%) PJI were detected compared to 30 of 35 (85.7%) by TB. The use of BCB had a lower secondary contamination rate (2/115; 1.7% vs 4/115; 3.5%) but the trend was not significant due to low numbers of samples (P = 0.39). The time to process a batch of 12 samples using the established homogenization method was 23 ± 5 min (n = 10 batches). We established and validated a homogenization workflow that achieves the highest sensitivity in the microbiological diagnostic of PJI. The enrichment of the tissue homogenate in BCBs showed equally good results as the use of enrichment broth and allows semi-automated high-throughput processing while demonstrating lower contamination rates in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jazmati
- Wisplinghoff Laboratories, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Offerhaus
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Sana Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grote
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Handsurgery, Brother of Mercy Hospital St. Elisabeth Straubing GmbH, Straubing, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hilmar Wisplinghoff
- Wisplinghoff Laboratories, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Paraskevopoulos AW, Sanders NJ, Resasco J. Temperature-driven homogenization of an ant community over 60 years in a montane ecosystem. Ecology 2024:e4302. [PMID: 38594213 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms underlying the changes in the distribution of species is critical to accurately predict how species have responded and will respond to climate change. Here, we take advantage of a late-1950s study on ant assemblages in a canyon near Boulder, Colorado, USA, to understand how and why species distributions have changed over a 60-year period. Community composition changed over 60 years with increasing compositional similarity among ant assemblages. Community composition differed significantly between the periods, with aspect and tree cover influencing composition. Species that foraged in broader temperature ranges became more widespread over the 60-year period. Our work highlights that shifts in community composition and biotic homogenization can occur even in undisturbed areas without strong habitat degradation. We also show the power of pairing historical and contemporary data and encourage more mechanistic studies to predict species changes under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna W Paraskevopoulos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathan J Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julian Resasco
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Zhang A, Song H, Liu Z, Cui H, Ding H, Chen S, Xiao S, An L, Cardoso P. Effects of plant taxonomic position on soil nematode communities in Antarctica. Conserv Biol 2024:e14264. [PMID: 38563105 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Antarctica terrestrial ecosystems are facing the most threats from global climate change, which is altering plant composition greatly. These transformations may cause major reshuffling of soil community composition, including functional traits and diversity, and therefore affect ecosystem processes in Antarctica. We used high-throughput sequencing analysis to investigate soil nematodes under 3 dominant plant functional groups (lichens, mosses, and vascular plants) and bare ground in the Antarctic region. We calculated functional diversity of nematodes based on their diet, life histories, and body mass with kernel density n-dimensional hypervolumes. We also calculated taxonomic and functional beta diversity of the nematode communities based on Jaccard dissimilarity. The presence of plants had no significant effect on the taxonomic richness of nematodes but significantly increased nematode functional richness. The presence of plants also significantly decreased taxonomic beta diversity (homogenization). Only mosses and vascular plants decreased nematode functional beta diversity, which was mostly due to a decreased effect of the richness difference component. The presence of plants also increased the effect of deterministic processes potentially because environmental filtering created conditions favorable to nematodes at low trophic levels with short life histories and small body size. Increasing plant cover in the Antarctic due to climate change may lead to increased diversity of nematode species that can use the scarce resources and nematode taxonomic and functional homogenization. In a future under climate change, community restructuring in the region is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanwen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ding
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lizhe An
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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da Silva LP, Mata VA, Lopes PB, Pinho CJ, Chaves C, Correia E, Pinto J, Heleno RH, Timoteo S, Beja P. Dietary metabarcoding reveals the simplification of bird-pest interaction networks across a gradient of agricultural cover. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17324. [PMID: 38506491 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Agriculture is vital for supporting human populations, but its intensification often leads to landscape homogenization and a decline in non-provisioning ecosystem services. Ecological intensification and multifunctional landscapes are suggested as nature-based alternatives to intensive agriculture, using ecological processes like natural pest regulation to maximize food production. Birds are recognized for their role in increasing crop yields by consuming invertebrate pests in several agroecosystems. However, the understanding of how bird species, their traits and agricultural land cover influence the structure of bird-pest interactions remains limited. We sampled bird-pest interactions monthly for 1 year, at four sites within a multifunctional landscape, following a gradient of increasing agricultural land cover. We analysed 2583 droppings of 55 bird species with DNA metabarcoding and detected 225 pest species in 1139 samples of 42 bird species. As expected, bird-pest interactions were highly variable across bird species. Dietary pest richness was lower in the fully agricultural site, while predation frequency remained consistent across the agricultural land cover gradient. Network analysis revealed a reduction in the complexity of bird-pest interactions as agricultural coverage increased. Bird species abundance affected the bird's contribution to the network structure more than any of the bird traits analysed (weight, phenology, invertebrate frequency in diet and foraging strata), with more common birds being more important to network structure. Overall, our results show that increasing agricultural land cover increases the homogenization of bird-pest interactions. This shows the importance of maintaining natural patches within agricultural landscapes for biodiversity conservation and enhanced biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P da Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A Mata
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pedro B Lopes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Catarina J Pinho
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catia Chaves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Edna Correia
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente e Do Mar, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ruben H Heleno
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sergio Timoteo
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pan J, Yu Z, Dai J, Jiang H, Shi C, Du Q, Zhu W, Bari L, Fan R, Wang J, Yang Y, Han R. Impact of Processing Methods on the Distribution of Mineral Elements in Goat Milk Fractions. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00575-7. [PMID: 38490559 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are excellent sources of mineral elements, including Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and Zn. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of non-thermal (homogenization) and thermal (heat treatment) treatments on the distribution of mineral elements in 4 milk fractions: fat, casein, whey protein, and aqueous phase. The study results revealed that the distribution of mineral elements (such as Mg and Fe) in fat fractions is extremely low, while significant mineral elements such as Ca, Zn, Fe, and Cu are mostly dispersed in casein fractions. For non-treated goat milk, Mo is the only element identified in the whey protein fraction, while K and Na are mostly found in the aqueous phase. Mineral element concentrations in fat (K, Zn, etc.) and casein fraction (Fe, Mo, etc.) increased dramatically after homogenization. Homogenization greatly decreased the concentration of mineral elements in the whey protein fraction (Ca, Na, etc.) and aqueous phase (Fe, Cu, etc.). After heat treatment, the element content in the fat fraction and casein fraction increased greatly when compared with raw milk, such as Cu and Mg in the fat fraction, Na and Cu in the whey protein fraction, the concentration of components such as Mg and Na in casein fraction increased considerably. On the other hand, after homogenization, Zn in the aqueous phase decreased substantially, whereas Fe increased significantly. Therefore, both homogenization and heat treatment have an effect on the mineral element distribution in goat milk fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Pan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Zhongna Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Division of Biosciences, University College London
| | - Hongning Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Cuiping Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Qijing Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Wanting Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Latiful Bari
- Food & Agriculture Research Division, Center for Advance Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka
| | - Rongbo Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Yongxin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University; Bathurst Future Agri-Tech Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University; Bathurst Future Agri-Tech Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University.
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Garcia S, Kovarik A, Maiwald S, Mann L, Schmidt N, Pascual-Díaz JP, Vitales D, Weber B, Heitkam T. The Dynamic Interplay Between Ribosomal DNA and Transposable Elements: A Perspective From Genomics and Cytogenetics. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae025. [PMID: 38306580 PMCID: PMC10946416 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although both are salient features of genomes, at first glance ribosomal DNAs and transposable elements are genetic elements with not much in common: whereas ribosomal DNAs are mainly viewed as housekeeping genes that uphold all prime genome functions, transposable elements are generally portrayed as selfish and disruptive. These opposing characteristics are also mirrored in other attributes: organization in tandem (ribosomal DNAs) versus organization in a dispersed manner (transposable elements); evolution in a concerted manner (ribosomal DNAs) versus evolution by diversification (transposable elements); and activity that prolongs genomic stability (ribosomal DNAs) versus activity that shortens it (transposable elements). Re-visiting relevant instances in which ribosomal DNA-transposable element interactions have been reported, we note that both repeat types share at least four structural and functional hallmarks: (1) they are repetitive DNAs that shape genomes in evolutionary timescales, (2) they exchange structural motifs and can enter co-evolution processes, (3) they are tightly controlled genomic stress sensors playing key roles in senescence/aging, and (4) they share common epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone modification. Here, we give an overview of the structural, functional, and evolutionary characteristics of both ribosomal DNAs and transposable elements, discuss their roles and interactions, and highlight trends and future directions as we move forward in understanding ribosomal DNA-transposable element associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ales Kovarik
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sophie Maiwald
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ludwig Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicola Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Vitales
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica–Unitat Associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Beatrice Weber
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tony Heitkam
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Li R, Li X, Yang R, Farooq M, Tian Z, Xu Y, Shao N, Liu S, Xiao W. Bioassessment of Macroinvertebrate Communities Influenced by Gradients of Human Activities. Insects 2024; 15:131. [PMID: 38392550 PMCID: PMC10889158 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of anthropogenic land use changes on the macroinvertebrate community structure in the streams of the Cangshan Mountains. Through field collections of macroinvertebrates, measurement of water environments, and delineation of riparian zone land use in eight streams, we analyzed the relationship between land use types, stream water environments, and macroinvertebrate diversities. The results demonstrate urban land use type and water temperature are the key environmental factors driving the differences in macroinvertebrate communities up-, mid-, and downstream. The disturbed streams had lower aquatic biodiversity than those in their natural state, showing a decrease in disturbance-sensitive aquatic insect taxa and a more similar community structure. In the natural woodland area, species distributions may be constrained by watershed segmentation and present more complex community characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Xianfu Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Ronglong Yang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaning Xu
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Nan Shao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Shuoran Liu
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali 671003, China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Yunling Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkey Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali 671003, China
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11
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Aristeidakis JS, Haidemenopoulos GN, Bjørge R, Marioara CD, Kamoutsi H, Giarmas E, Rafailidis N. Microstructural Evolution in a 6060 Extrudable Al-Alloy: Integrated Modeling and Experimental Validation. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:545. [PMID: 38591390 PMCID: PMC10856554 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Desirable properties including strength, ductility and extrudability of 6060 Al-alloys are highly dependent on processing to control the development of microstructural features. In this study, the process chain of an extrudable 6060 Al-alloy was modeled in an Integrated Computational Materials Engineering framework and validated experimentally via quantitative SEM-EDX and TEM. All critical processing stages were considered including casting, homogenization heating and holding, extrusion cooling and two-stage aging. Segregation and intermetallics formation were accurately predicted and experimentally verified in the as-cast condition. Diffusion simulations predicted the dissolution of intermetallics and completion of β-AlFeSi to α-AlFeSi transformation during homogenization, in excellent agreement with quantitative SEM-EDX characterization. Precipitation simulations predicted the development of a β″ strengthening dispersion during extrusion cooling and aging. Needle-shaped β″ precipitates were observed and analyzed with quantitative high-resolution TEM, validating predictions. Ensuing precipitation strengthening was modeled in terms of aging time, presenting good agreement with yield strength measurements. Precipitate-Free Zones and coarse, metastable β-type particles on dispersoids and grain boundaries were investigated. The proposed integrated modeling and characterization approach considers all critical processing stages and could be used to optimize processing of extrudable 6xxx Al-alloys, providing insight to mechanisms controlling microstructural evolution and resulting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Aristeidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece;
| | | | - Ruben Bjørge
- Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway; (R.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Calin D. Marioara
- Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway; (R.B.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Helen Kamoutsi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Giarmas
- Alumil Aluminium Industry S.A., 61100 Kilkis, Greece; (E.G.); (N.R.)
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12
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Sankara H, Baillis D, Coulibaly O, Coquard R, Naouar N, Saghrouni Z. Computational Model of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Green Insulating Fibrous Media. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:252. [PMID: 38204104 PMCID: PMC10780280 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Modelling effective thermal properties is crucial for optimizing the thermal performance of materials such as new green insulating fibrous media. In this study, a numerical model is proposed to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of these materials. The fibers are considered to be non-overlapping and randomly oriented in space. The numerical model is based on the finite element method. Particular attention is paid to the accuracy of the results and the influence of the choice of the representative elementary volume (REV) for calculation (cubic or rectangular parallelepiped slice). The calculated effective thermal conductivity of fibrous media under different boundary conditions is also investigated. A set of usual mixed boundary conditions is considered, alongside the uniform temperature gradient conditions. The REV rectangular slice and uniform temperature gradient boundary conditions provide a more accurate estimate of the effective thermal conductivity and are therefore recommended for use in place of the usual cubic representative elementary volume and the usual mixed boundary conditions. This robust model represents a principal novelty of the work. The results are compared with experimental and analytical data previously obtained in the literature for juncus maritimus fibrous media, for different fiber volume fractions, with small relative deviations of 7%. Analytical laws are generally based on simplified assumptions such as infinitely long fibers, and may neglect heat transfer between different phases. Both short and long fiber cases are considered in numerical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Sankara
- LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5259, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (D.B.); (N.N.)
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (ED-ST/LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Dominique Baillis
- LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5259, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (D.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Ousmane Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (ED-ST/LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Rémi Coquard
- EC2 Modélisation Campus Lyon Tech, 69603 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Naïm Naouar
- LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5259, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (D.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Zahia Saghrouni
- Laboratory of Thermal and Energetic Systems Studies (LESTE), National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia;
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13
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Alatawi HM, Alhwiti SS, Alsharif KA, Albalawi SS, Abusaleh SM, Sror GK, Qushawy M. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) as Effective Drug Delivery Systems: Methods of Preparation and their Therapeutic Applications. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2024; 18:179-189. [PMID: 38197417 DOI: 10.2174/1872210517666230120142439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
One of the drug delivery technologies is nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), which improve drug permeability and thus bioavailability. NLCs are nanoparticles made from a lipid matrix made up of a mixture of solid and liquid lipids. The inclusion of liquid lipids is useful in lowering the ordered structure of solid lipids, increasing nanoparticle loading capacity, and drug entrapment efficiency within NLCs. Hot homogenization, cold homogenization, micro-emulsion, emulsification-solvent diffusion, high shear homogenization, and/or ultrasonication techniques, double emulsion technique, melting dispersion method, membrane contractor technique, and evaporation solvent injection are some of the methods that can be used to make NLCs. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic medicines can be carried out by NLCs. They can deliver medications in a variety of ways, including oral, topical, transdermal, parenteral, and ophthalmic. During the process of preparing this review article, several distinct studies and patent reports about various methods of NLCs formulations, their various therapeutic applications, and various routes of administration were investigated and discussed. The study conducts an in-depth evaluation of the most recent research publications and patents. NLCs have been utilized to treat a variety of disorders, including cancer, fungal infections, bacterial infections, inflammation, liver diseases, and ocular infections, due to their benefits. They can deliver medications to specific locations throughout the body, allowing for drug targeting and a reduction in unwanted side effects. They can also be used to improve bioavailability, reduce the medication's supplied dose, and improve the drug's pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind M Alatawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shemah S Alhwiti
- Pharm D program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khwlah A Alsharif
- Pharm D program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shyma S Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shroug M Abusaleh
- Pharm D program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada K Sror
- Pharm D program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Qushawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Alarish, North Sinai, 45511, Egypt
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14
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Colella AP, Prakash A, Miklavcic JJ. Homogenization and thermal processing reduce the concentration of extracellular vesicles in bovine milk. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:131-140. [PMID: 38268886 PMCID: PMC10804120 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bovine milk confer beneficial physiologic effects to consumers. Industrial processing treatments may affect the amount or bioactivity of EVs intrinsic to bovine milk. We investigated how the content and concentration of EVs were affected by homogenization and thermal processing of raw bovine milk. Raw milk was processed by homogenization, low-temperature (LT) heat, or pasteurization [high-temperature short-time (HTST) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT)] in a pilot processing facility. EVs were isolated from the raw and processed bovine milk using differential ultracentrifugation and quantified using a nanoparticle tracking analyzer. Bovine milk EVs were assessed for total miRNA and protein concentrations standardized to particle count using a fluorometric assay. There were 1.01 × 1010 (±3.30 × 109) EV particles per ml of bovine milk. All industrial processing treatments caused >60% decrease in EV concentration compared to the raw bovine milk. Homogenization and heat treatments independently and additively reduced the content of EVs in bovine milk. The averages of total miRNA/particle and total protein/particle concentrations were elevated threefold by low-temperature heat-processing treatment relative to HTST and UHT pasteurizations. The average diameter of EVs was reduced by 11%-16% by low temperature compared to raw milk (127 ± 13 nm). Homogenization and pasteurization indiscriminately reduce the EV concentration of bovine milk. Smaller EVs with higher protein content resist degradation when processing bovine milk at sub-pasteurization temperature. This new foundational knowledge may contribute to food product development on the preservation of EVs in processed dairy products, including bovine milk-based infant formulas that some newborns are dependent on for adequate growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Colella
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anuradha Prakash
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - John J. Miklavcic
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- School of PharmacyChapman UniversityIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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15
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Sun Y, Wu M, Xie S, Zang J, Wang X, Yang Y, Li C, Wang J. Homogenization of bacterial plastisphere community in soil: a continental-scale microcosm study. ISME Commun 2024; 4:ycad012. [PMID: 38328447 PMCID: PMC10848224 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics alter niches of soil microbiota by providing trillions of artificial microhabitats, termed the "plastisphere." Because of the ever-increasing accumulation of microplastics in ecosystems, it is urgent to understand the ecology of microbes associated with the plastisphere. Here, we present a continental-scale study of the bacterial plastisphere on polyethylene microplastics compared with adjacent soil communities across 99 sites collected from across China through microcosm experiments. In comparison with the soil bacterial communities, we found that plastispheres had a greater proportion of Actinomycetota and Bacillota, but lower proportions of Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, and Bacteroidota. The spatial dispersion and the dissimilarity among plastisphere communities were less variable than those among the soil bacterial communities, suggesting highly homogenized bacterial communities on microplastics. The relative importance of homogeneous selection in plastispheres was greater than that in soil samples, possibly because of the more uniform properties of polyethylene microplastics compared with the surrounding soil. Importantly, we found that the degree to which plastisphere and soil bacterial communities differed was negatively correlated with the soil pH and carbon content and positively related to the mean annual temperature of sampling sites. Our work provides a more comprehensive continental-scale perspective on the microbial communities that form in the plastisphere and highlights the potential impacts of microplastics on the maintenance of microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mochen Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxi Zang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Department of Soil and Water Science, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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16
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Chu HY, Shiue RK, Cheng SY. The Effect of Homogenization Heat Treatment on 316L Stainless Steel Cast Billet. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:232. [PMID: 38204084 PMCID: PMC10779761 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This investigation aims to analyze the effect of homogenization heat treatment at 1240 °C for 2 and 6 h on the hardness, distribution, morphology, and chemical composition of the δ-ferrite and sigma phases in 316L stainless steel cast billet. A field emission scanning electron microscope, combined with electron back-scattered diffraction, a field emission electron probe microanalyzer with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer, and a Vickers microhardness tester are applied to identify various phase evolutions in the cast billet. The morphology of the δ-ferrite and sigma phases in the austenite matrix of the 316L cast billet are strongly related to the subsequent hot and cold wire drawings. The homogenization heat treatment is expected to provide a driving force to form spheroid interdendritic δ-ferrite and to minimize the amount of the brittle sigma intermetallic compound in the austenite matrix. The homogenization heat treatment at 1240 °C effectively spheroidized all δ-ferrites into blunt ones in the cast billet. The transformation of δ-ferrite into sigma is dominated by temperature and cooling rate. The fast air cooling after homogenization between 1240 and 850 °C retards the precipitation of the sigma in the δ-ferrite. There are two δ-ferrite transformation mechanisms in this experiment. The direct transformation of the δ-ferrite into sigma is observed in the as-cast 316L stainless steel billet. In contrast, the eutectoid transformation of the δ-ferrite into the sigma and austenite dominates the 316L cast billet homogenized at 1240 °C, with a slow furnace cooling rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yang Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ren-Kae Shiue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Yuan Cheng
- Stainless Steel Business Group, Walsin Lihwa Co., Tainan City 73743, Taiwan;
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17
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Kuś W, Mucha W, Jiregna IT. Multiscale Analysis of Composite Structures with Artificial Neural Network Support for Micromodel Stress Determination. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:154. [PMID: 38204008 PMCID: PMC10780044 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Structures made of heterogeneous materials, such as composites, often require a multiscale approach when their behavior is simulated using the finite element method. By solving the boundary value problem of the macroscale model, for previously homogenized material properties, the resulting stress maps can be obtained. However, such stress results do not describe the actual behavior of the material and are often significantly different from the actual stresses in the heterogeneous microstructure. Finding high-accuracy stress results for such materials leads to time-consuming analyses in both scales. This paper focuses on the application of machine learning to multiscale analysis of structures made of composite materials, to substantially decrease the time of computations of such localization problems. The presented methodology was validated by a numerical example where a structure made of resin epoxy with randomly distributed short glass fibers was analyzed using a computational multiscale approach. Carefully prepared training data allowed artificial neural networks to learn relationships between two scales and significantly increased the efficiency of the multiscale approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waldemar Mucha
- Department of Computational Mechanics and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (W.K.); (I.T.J.)
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18
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Zheng X, Huang Q, Mao H, Li K, Xiao N, Li X, Du Y, Liu Y, Kong Y. A Yield Stress and Work Hardening Model of Al-Mg-Si Alloy Considering the Strengthening Effect of β" and β' Precipitates. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7183. [PMID: 38005112 PMCID: PMC10672743 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Precipitates are the primary source of strength for the Al-Mg-Si alloy. Aluminum alloy in the peak-aged state mainly contains β" and β' precipitates. Most of the literature has only considered the strengthening effect of β". Here, we develop a single-crystal intensity model including both precipitate enhancement effects for the first time. This model was subsequently implemented into a crystal plastic finite-element method to model the uniaxial tensile process of a polycrystalline aggregate model of Al-Mg-Si alloy. The simulation results for uniaxial stretching are in good agreement with the experimental results, confirming that the constitutive parameters used for the single-crystal strength model with two precipitates are based on realistic physical implications. Furthermore, by comparing the uniaxial tensile simulation results of a peak-aged alloy considering the actual precipitated phase composition of the alloy with those assuming that the precipitated phase is only the β" phase, the predicted tensile strength of the former is around 5.65% lower than that of the latter, suggesting that the two kinds of precipitation should be separately considered when simulating the mechanical response of Al-Mg-Si alloy. It is highly expected that the present simulation strategy is not limited to Al-Mg-Si alloys, and it can be equally applied to the other age-enhanced alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hong Mao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China;
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Namin Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Aero Engine Corporation of China, Beijing 100095, China; (N.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xingwu Li
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Aero Engine Corporation of China, Beijing 100095, China; (N.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (Q.H.); (K.L.); (Y.D.)
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19
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Anderson C, Ntala C, Ozel A, Reuben RL, Chen Y. Computational homogenization of histological microstructures in human prostate tissue: Heterogeneity, anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2023; 39:e3758. [PMID: 37477174 PMCID: PMC10909480 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Human prostatic tissue exhibits complex mechanical behaviour due to its multiphasic, heterogeneous nature, with hierarchical microstructures involving epithelial compartments, acinar lumens and stromal tissue all interconnected in complex networks. This study aims to establish a computational homogenization framework for quantifying the mechanical behaviour of prostate tissue, considering its multiphasic heterogeneous microstructures and the mechanical characteristics of tissue constituents. Representative tissue microstructure models were reconstructed from high-resolution histology images. Parametric studies on the mechanical properties of the tissue constituents, particularly the fibre-reinforced hyper-elasticity of the stromal tissue, were carried out to investigate their effects on the apparent tissue properties. These were then benchmarked against the experimental data reported in literature. Results showed significant anisotropy, both structural and mechanical, and tension-compression asymmetry of the apparent behaviours of the prostatic tissue. Strong correlation with the key microstructural indices such as area fractions of tissue constituents and the tissue fabric tensor was also observed. The correlation between the stromal tissue orientation and the principal directions of the apparent properties suggested an essential role of stromal tissue in determining the directions of anisotropy and the compression-tension asymmetry characteristics in normal human prostatic tissue. This work presented a homogenization and histology-based computational approach to characterize the apparent mechanical behaviours of human prostatic or other similar glandular tissues, with the ultimate aim of assessing how pathological conditions (e.g., prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia) could affect the tissue mechanical properties in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Anderson
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Chara Ntala
- Department of Pathology, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ali Ozel
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Robert L. Reuben
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
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Koehler JK, Schmager S, Bender V, Steiner D, Massing U. Preparation of Nanosized Pharmaceutical Formulations by Dual Centrifugation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1519. [PMID: 38004385 PMCID: PMC10675754 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual centrifugation (DC) is an innovative in-vial homogenization and in-vial nanomilling technique that has been in use for the preparation of liposomes for more than one decade. Since then, DC has continuously been developed for preparing various liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles including emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as well as polymersomes and nanocrystals. Improvements in equipment technology have been achieved over the past decade, so that DC is now on its way to becoming the quasi-standard for the simple, fast, and aseptic production of lipid nanoparticles and nanocrystals in small and medium batch sizes, including the possibility of simple and fast formulation screening or bedside preparations of therapeutic nanoparticles. More than 68 publications in which DC was used to produce nanoparticles have appeared since then, justifying an initial review of the use of DC for pharmaceutical nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K. Koehler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (J.K.K.); (S.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Stefanie Schmager
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (J.K.K.); (S.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Valentin Bender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (J.K.K.); (S.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Denise Steiner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Massing
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (J.K.K.); (S.S.); (V.B.)
- Andreas Hettich GmbH & Co. KG, 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany
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21
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Chen YY, Han QY, Chen QY, Zhou WJ, Zhang JG, Zhang X, Lin A. Impact of Sample Processing and Storage Conditions on RNA Quality of Fresh-Frozen Cancer Tissues. Biopreserv Biobank 2023; 21:510-517. [PMID: 37040277 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2022.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A biobank is a central resource that supports basic and clinical research. RNA quality of fresh-frozen tissue specimens in the biobank is highly associated with the success of downstream applications. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the impact of tissue processing and storage conditions on RNA quality. Methods: A total of 238 surgically removed tissue specimens, including esophagus, lung, liver, stomach, colon, and rectal cancer, were used to evaluate RNA quality. Two tissue homogenization methods, manual and TissueLyser, were compared and the impacts of temperature fluctuation, tissue types, storage period, and clinicopathological parameters on RNA quality were analyzed. Results: RNA integrity was not influenced by tissue homogenization methods and tissue types. However, RNA integrity number (RIN) values were significantly correlated with temperature fluctuation. When the power of a -80°C freezer was cut off, RNA integrity of frozen tissues was not significantly affected until the temperature increased to 0°C. When the temperature rose to room temperature and remained for 4 hours, RNA integrity was almost completely destroyed. In addition, various cancer tissues with short-term storage at -80°C (<5 years) or high tumor differentiation had higher RINs. Conclusions: Tissue processing and storage conditions affected RNA quality of fresh-frozen cancer tissues. It is necessary to keep storage temperature stable and keep specimens at ultralow temperatures during homogenization. Also, for a biobank containing multiple types of cancer tissue samples, it is better to store them in liquid nitrogen if the storage duration is more than 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Qiong-Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Aifen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
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22
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Kamiński M. Probabilistic Relative Entropy in Homogenization of Fibrous Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6112. [PMID: 37763390 PMCID: PMC10532673 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this work is to deliver uncertainty propagation analysis for the homogenization process of fibrous metal matrix composites (MMCs). The homogenization method applied here is based on the comparison of the deformation energy of the Representative Volume Element (RVE) for the original and for the homogenized material. This part is completed with the use of the Finite Element Method (FEM) plane strain analysis delivered in the ABAQUS system. The probabilistic goal is achieved by using the response function method, where computer recovery with a few FEM tests enables approximations of polynomial bases for the RVE displacements, and further-algebraic determination of all necessary uncertainty measures. Expected values, standard deviations, and relative entropies are derived in the symbolic algebra system MAPLE; a few different entropy models have been also contrasted including the most popular Kullback-Leibler measure. These characteristics are used to discuss the influence of the uncertainty propagation in the MMCs' effective material tensor components, but may serve in the reliability assessment by quantification of the distance between extreme responses and the corresponding admissible values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kamiński
- Research Head of Civil Engineering, Geodesy & Transportation, Department of Structural Mechanics, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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23
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Li K, Yu Y, Lu Q, Li Y, Yan Q, Lan X, Li L, Chen B, Song M. Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Quaternary Eutectic α+θ+Q+Si Clusters in As-Cast Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6091. [PMID: 37763370 PMCID: PMC10532811 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cu additions notably strengthen Al-Mg-Si and Al-Si-Mg alloys due to the dense precipitation of quaternary nano precipitates during ageing. However, the chemical evolution and mechanical behaviors of the quaternary micro-scale Q constituent phase occurring in cast and homogenized states have rarely been studied. Meanwhile, there exists a type of AlCuMgSi cluster in the cast state, which has been regarded as Q particles. The accurate identification of phase constituents is the basis for the future design of alloys with better performance. In our work, this type of cluster was revealed to consist of α-Al, θ-Al2Cu, Q, and Si phases through micro-to-atomic scale studies using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The skeleton of the dendrite was θ phase. The second phases in the dendritic eutectic cluster dissolved quickly during a 4 h homogenization at 550 °C. The Q phase was found to effectively absorb the Fe impurities during casting and homogenization. As a result, the formation of other harmful Fe-rich intermetallics was suppressed. These Q constituent particles were observed to break into separate pieces in an intermediately brittle manner when compressed in situ in a scanning electron microscope. These findings provide insights into the thermodynamic modeling of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu system and alloy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Qiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuanfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Qiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Xinyue Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Liya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Baishan Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (K.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (M.S.)
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24
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Ichimura T, Kusaka M, Nakamura T. The effect of high-temperature heat treatment and homogenization on the microstructure of set yogurt curd networks. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:306-311. [PMID: 37649410 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Set yogurt's physical characteristics are greatly affected by the homogenization and heat treatment processes. In our previous study, set yogurt treated at 130°C and with the fat particle size reduced to ≤0.6 μm had equivalent curd strength, less syneresis and smoother texture than yogurt treated at 95°C. When investigating the mechanisms underlying yogurt's physical properties, it is important to evaluate the yogurt's microstructure. We conducted electron microscopy evaluations to investigate the mechanisms of changes in yogurt's physical properties caused by 130°C heat treatment and by a reduction in the fat globule size. We prepared yogurt mixtures by combining heat treatment at 95 and 130°C and homogenization pressure at 10 + 5 and 35 + 5 MPa and then fermented the mixtures in a common yogurt starter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the structural observations. Fine particles were observed on the surface of the casein micelles of the yogurt treated at 95°C, and the coalescence density between micelles was high. The surface of the yogurt treated at 130°C had few fine particles, and the coalescence density between micelles was low. The yogurt treated at 130°C with 35 + 5 MPa homogenization had low coalescence density between casein micelles, but smaller-particle-size fat globules increased the network density. Approximately 30% of the fat globules were estimated to be incorporated into the yogurt networks compared to the volume of casein micelles. We speculate that 130°C heat treatment alters the structure of whey protein on the surface of casein micelles and interferes with network formation, but reducing the size of fat globules reinforces the network as a pseudoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ichimura
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Mai Kusaka
- Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Taku Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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25
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Siwiński J, Szcześniak A, Kubiak K, Stolarski A. Experimental Calibration of a Homogeneous Substitute Material Model for Reinforced High-Performance Concrete Modeling. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5056. [PMID: 37512330 PMCID: PMC10383131 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop a substitute material model for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures. This paper presents proposals to solve the problem of limited calculation time, both to perform simulation models and to perform effective numerical or analytical analyses of structural elements in order to achieve results consistent with experimental results. Achieving this aim is conditional upon the determination of the material model parameters, taking into account the type of structure, the system of reinforcement, and the static strength-deformation parameters of the component materials. A universal procedure is proposed for determining the parameters of the substitute material model on the basis of the homogenization function, in which the homogenization coefficient is assumed as being equal to the effective reinforcement ratio of real reinforced concrete structural elements. In addition, the introduction of a new concrete constraint coefficient to this procedure, which corresponds to the proportionality coefficient of biaxial to uniaxial compressive strength, is proposed. On the basis of the conducted comparative analyses, the possibility of using the hypothetical substitute material model for the design of building elements and structures was confirmed. The average values of the obtained results for individual research series did not differ from the experimental results by more than 8.5%, for both the numerical and analytical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Siwiński
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szcześniak
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kubiak
- Remote Sensing Department, Center of Unmanned Technologies, Łukasiewicz-Institute of Aviation, 110/114 Krakowska Avenue, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Stolarski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Chatbi M, Harrat ZR, Benatta MA, Krour B, Hadzima-Nyarko M, Işık E, Czarnecki S, Bouiadjra MB. Nano-Clay Platelet Integration for Enhanced Bending Performance of Concrete Beams Resting on Elastic Foundation: An Analytical Investigation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5040. [PMID: 37512314 PMCID: PMC10384368 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Acknowledging the growing impact of nanotechnologies across various fields, this engaging research paper focuses on harnessing the potential of nano-sized materials as enhancers for concretes. The paper emphasizes the strategic integration of these entities to comprehensively improve the strength and performance of concrete matrixes. To achieve this, an analytical study is conducted to investigate the static behavior of concrete beams infused with different types of clay nano-platelets (NC's), employing quasi-3D beam theory. The study leverages the effective Eshelby's homogenization model to determine the equivalent elastic characteristics of the nanocomposite. The intricate interactions of the soil medium are captured through the use of a Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation. By employing virtual work principles, the study derives equations of motion and proposes analytical solutions based on Navier's theory to unravel the equilibrium equations of simply supported concrete beams. The results shed light on influential factors, such as the clay nano-platelet type, volume percentage, geometric parameters, and soil medium, providing insights into the static behavior of the beams. Moreover, this research presents previously unreported referential results, highlighting the potential of clay nano-platelets as reinforcements for enhancing structural mechanical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Chatbi
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Zouaoui R Harrat
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Mohammed A Benatta
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Baghdad Krour
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko
- Department of Civil Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Turnului Street No. 5, 500152 Brașov, Romania
| | - Ercan Işık
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University, 13100 Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Slawomir Czarnecki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohamed Bachir Bouiadjra
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
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27
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Miller L, Ramírez-Torres A, Rodríguez-Ramos R, Penta R. Effective Governing Equations for Viscoelastic Composites. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4944. [PMID: 37512218 PMCID: PMC10381759 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We derive the governing equations for the overall behaviour of linear viscoelastic composites comprising two families of elastic inclusions, subphases and/or fibres, and an incompressible Newtonian fluid interacting with the solid phases at the microscale. We assume that the distance between each of the subphases is very small in comparison to the length of the whole material (the macroscale). We can exploit this sharp scale separation and apply the asymptotic (periodic) homogenization method (AHM) which decouples spatial scales and leads to the derivation of the new homogenised model. It does this via upscaling the fluid-structure interaction problem that arises between the multiple elastic phases and the fluid. As we do not assume that the fluid flow is characterised by a parabolic profile, the new macroscale model, which consists of partial differential equations, is of Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic type (rather than poroelastic). The novel model has coefficients that encode the properties of the microstructure and are to be computed by solving a single local differential fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem where the solid and the fluid phases are all present and described by the one problem. The model reduces to the case described by Burridge and Keller (1981) when there is only one elastic phase in contact with the fluid. This model is applicable when the distance between adjacent phases is smaller than the average radius of the fluid flowing in the pores, which can be the case for various highly heterogeneous systems encountered in real-world (e.g., biological, or geological) scenarios of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miller
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Reinaldo Rodríguez-Ramos
- Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana 10400, Cuba
- PPG-MCCT, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. dos Trabalhadores 420, Vila Sta. Cecília, Volta Redonda 27225-125, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raimondo Penta
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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28
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Terlau JF, Brose U, Eisenhauer N, Amyntas A, Boy T, Dyer A, Gebler A, Hof C, Liu T, Scherber C, Schlägel UE, Schmidt A, Hirt MR. Microhabitat conditions remedy heat stress effects on insect activity. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3747-3758. [PMID: 37186484 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global warming has major implications for mobile terrestrial insects, including long-term effects from constant warming, for example, on species distribution patterns, and short-term effects from heat extremes that induce immediate physiological responses. To cope with heat extremes, they either have to reduce their activity or move to preferable microhabitats. The availability of favorable microhabitat conditions is strongly promoted by the spatial heterogeneity of habitats, which is often reduced by anthropogenic land transformation. Thus, it is decisive to understand the combined effects of these global change drivers on insect activity. Here, we assessed the movement activity of six insect species (from three orders) in response to heat stress using a unique tracking approach via radio frequency identification. We tracked 465 individuals at the iDiv Ecotron across a temperature gradient up to 38.7°C. In addition, we varied microhabitat conditions by adding leaf litter from four different tree species to the experimental units, either spatially separated or well mixed. Our results show opposing effects of heat extremes on insect activity depending on the microhabitat conditions. The insect community significantly decreased its activity in the mixed litter scenario, while we found a strong positive effect on activity in the separated litter scenario. We hypothesize that the simultaneous availability of thermal refugia as well as resources provided by the mixed litter scenario allows animals to reduce their activity and save energy in response to heat stress. Contrary, the spatial separation of beneficial microclimatic conditions and resources forces animals to increase their activity to fulfill their energetic needs. Thus, our study highlights the importance of habitat heterogeneity on smaller scales, because it may buffer the consequences of extreme temperatures of insect performance and survival under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jördis F Terlau
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelos Amyntas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Boy
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Dyer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alban Gebler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike E Schlägel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Schmidt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Myriam R Hirt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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29
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Eisenhauer N, Angst G, Asato AEB, Beugnon R, Bönisch E, Cesarz S, Dietrich P, Jurburg SD, Madaj AM, Reuben RC, Ristok C, Sünnemann M, Yi H, Guerra CA, Hines J. The heterogeneity-diversity-system performance nexus. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad109. [PMID: 37575691 PMCID: PMC10423029 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever-growing human population and nutritional demands, supply chain disruptions, and advancing climate change have led to the realization that changes in diversity and system performance are intimately linked. Moreover, diversity and system performance depend on heterogeneity. Mitigating changes in system performance and promoting sustainable living conditions requires transformative decisions. Here, we introduce the heterogeneity-diversity-system performance (HDP) nexus as the conceptual basis upon which to formulate transformative decisions. We suggest that managing the heterogeneity of systems will best allow diversity to provide multiple benefits to people. Based on ecological theory, we pose that the HDP nexus is broadly applicable across systems, disciplines, and sectors, and should thus be considered in future decision making as a way to have a more sustainable global future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Gerrit Angst
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana E B Asato
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstraße 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Elisabeth Bönisch
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Stephanie D Jurburg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Madaj
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Rine C Reuben
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Marie Sünnemann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Huimin Yi
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
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Feng J, Fu S, Luan J. Selection of Mechanical Fragmentation Methods Based on Enzyme-Free Preparation of Decellularized Adipose-Derived Matrix. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:758. [PMID: 37508785 PMCID: PMC10376183 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decellularized adipose-derived matrix (DAM) has emerged as a promising biomaterial for inducing adipose tissue regeneration. Various methods have been employed to produce DAM, among which the enzyme-free method is a relatively recent preparation technique. The mechanical fragmentation step plays a crucial role in determining the efficacy of the enzyme-free preparation. METHODS The adipose tissue underwent fragmentation through the application of ultrasonication, homogenization, and freeze ball milling. This study compared the central temperature of the mixture immediately following crushing, the quantity of oil obtained after centrifugation, and the thickness of the middle layer. Fluorescence staining was utilized to compare the residual cell activity of the broken fat in the middle layer, while electron microscopy was employed to assess the integrity and properties of the adipocytes among the three methods. The primary products obtained through the three methods were subsequently subjected to processing using the enzyme-free method DAM. The assessment of degreasing and denucleation of DAM was conducted through HE staining, oil red staining, and determination of DNA residues. Subsequently, the ultrasonication-DAM (U-DAM) and homogenation-DAM (H-DAM) were implanted bilaterally on the back of immunocompromised mice, and a comparative analysis of their adipogenic and angiogenic effects in vivo was performed. RESULTS Oil discharge following ultrasonication and homogenization was significantly higher compared to that observed after freeze ball milling (p < 0.001), despite the latter exhibiting the lowest center temperature (p < 0.001). The middle layer was found to be thinnest after ultrasonication (p < 0.001), and most of the remaining cells were observed to be dead following fragmentation. Except for DAM obtained through freeze ball milling, DAM obtained through ultrasonication and homogenization could be completely denucleated and degreased. In the in vivo experiment, the first adipocytes were observed in U-DAM as early as 1 week after implantation, but not in H-DAM. After 8 weeks, a significant number of adipocytes were regenerated in both groups, but the U-DAM group demonstrated a more efficient adipose regeneration than in H-DAM (p = 0.0057). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonication and homogenization are effective mechanical fragmentation methods for breaking down adipocytes at the initial stage, enabling the production of DAM through an enzyme-free method that facilitates successful regeneration of adipose tissues in vivo. Furthermore, the enzyme-free method, which is based on the ultrasonication pre-fragmentation approach, exhibits superior performance in terms of denucleation, degreasing, and the removal of non-adipocyte matrix components, thereby resulting in the highest in vivo adipogenic induction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Feng
- Breast Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Su Fu
- Breast Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Jie Luan
- Breast Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China
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31
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Alinovi M, Rinaldi M, Paciulli M, Bot F, Barbanti D, Chiavaro E. Impact of Combined Thermal Pressure Treatments on Physical Properties and Stability of Whey Protein Gel Emulsions. Foods 2023; 12:2447. [PMID: 37444185 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsion gels are gaining interest as fat replacers due to their benefits associated with calorie reduction and their versatility in a wide range of products. Their production process needs to be tailored to obtain the desired stability and physicochemical properties. This study investigated the effect of heat (70, 80, and 90 °C) and pressure (5, 10, and 15 MPa) to produce whey protein emulsion gels using a pilot-scale tubular heat exchanger equipped with a homogenization valve. Both temperature and pressure determined a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the rheological moduli, with the treated samples displaying a predominant elastic behavior. The treatments also showed an improved pseudoplasticity due to the significant reduction in the flow behavior index (p < 0.05). All the samples showed a bimodal particle size distribution; by increasing the temperature up to 80 °C, a reduction in Dv50 (50th percentile) values compared to the control samples was observed. At 90 °C, the Dv50 value increased because of coalescence and flocculation phenomena occurring during or immediately after processing. The greater aggregation and structural development obtained with stronger process conditions improved the stability of the emulsions. The results show the capability to produce gel emulsions with good physical properties that could be proposed as food ingredients to substitute fats in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Alinovi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33 (Tecnopolo), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Rinaldi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33 (Tecnopolo), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Paciulli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33 (Tecnopolo), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Bot
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33 (Tecnopolo), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Barbanti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33 (Tecnopolo), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Emma Chiavaro
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33 (Tecnopolo), 43124 Parma, Italy
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32
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Trovillion DC, Sauer EL, Shay G, Crone ER, Preston DL. Habitat complexity, connectivity, and introduced fish drive pond community structure along an urban to rural gradient. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2828. [PMID: 36859728 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization can influence local richness (alpha diversity) and community composition (beta diversity) in numerous ways. For instance, reduced connectivity and land cover change may lead to the loss of native specialist taxa, decreasing alpha diversity. Alternatively, if urbanization facilitates nonnative species introductions and generalist taxa, alpha diversity may remain unchanged or increase, while beta diversity could decline due to the homogenization of community structure. Wetlands and ponds provide critical ecosystem services and support diverse communities, making them important systems in which to understand the consequences of urbanization. To determine how urban development shapes pond community structure, we surveyed 68 ponds around Madison, Wisconsin, USA, which were classified as urban, greenspace, or rural based on surrounding land use. We evaluated how landscape and local pond factors were correlated with the alpha diversity of aquatic plants, macroinvertebrates, and aquatic vertebrates. We also analyzed whether surrounding land use was associated with changes in community composition and the presence of specific taxa. We found a 23% decrease in mean richness (alpha diversity) from rural to urban pond sites and a 15% decrease from rural to greenspace pond sites. Among landscape factors, adjacent developed land, mowed lawn cover, and greater distances to other waterbodies were negatively correlated with observed pond richness. Among pond level factors, habitat complexity was associated with increased richness, while nonnative fishes were associated with decreased richness. Beta diversity was relatively high for all ponds due to turnover in composition between sites. Urban ponds supported more nonnative species, lacked a subset of native species found in rural ponds, and had slightly higher beta diversity than greenspace and rural ponds. Our results suggest that integrating ponds into connected greenspaces, maintaining riparian vegetation, preventing nonnative fish introductions, and promoting habitat complexity may mitigate the negative effects of urbanization on aquatic richness. While ponds are small in size and rarely incorporated into urban conservation planning, the high beta diversity of distinct pond communities emphasizes their importance for supporting urban biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Trovillion
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erin L Sauer
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Gabrielle Shay
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erin R Crone
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel L Preston
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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33
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Castro R, Aisenbrey E, Hui L. The role of formulation approaches in presenting targeting ligands on lipid nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:589-597. [PMID: 37199174 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The density of functional ligands on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) greatly determined its capability of postfunctionalization and targetability for the applications of personalized nanomedicine and drug/gene delivery. This work is to investigate whether and how formulation methods influence the presentation of surface ligands. Methods: Biotin-modified LNPs as a functional LNP model were synthesized by four different formulation methods. The biotin ligand density and targetability of biotin-LNPs were evaluated and compared. Results: Both the ligand density and targetability of biotin-LNPs formulated by four different formulation methods exhibited a similar trend: homogenization > extrusion > wave-shaped micromixer ≈ Y-shaped micromixer. Conclusion: Formulation methods could modulate the presentation of targeting ligands on LNPs, which could guide future formulation screening and nanomedicine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liwei Hui
- EMD Millipore Corporation, Temecula, CA 92590, USA
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34
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Petersons A, Carlson J, Mathieson W. Improving Yields in Multi-analyte Extractions by Utilizing Post-homogenized Tissue Debris. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:273-288. [PMID: 37119238 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231172823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In multi-analyte extractions, tissue is typically homogenized in a lysis buffer, and then DNA, RNA, and protein are purified from the supernatant. However, yields are typically lower than in dedicated, single-analyte extractions. In a two-part experiment, we assessed whether yields could be improved by revisiting the normally discarded, post-homogenized tissue debris. We initially performed additional homogenizations, each followed by a simultaneous extraction. These yielded no additional RNA, 13% additional DNA (which became progressively more degraded), and 161.7% additional protein (which changed in proteome when analyzed using SDS-PAGE). We then digested post-homogenized tissue debris from a simultaneous extraction using proteinase K and extracted DNA using silica spin columns or alcohol precipitation. An average additional DNA yield of 27.1% (silica spin columns) or 203.9% (alcohol precipitation) was obtained with/without compromising DNA integrity (assessment by long-range PCR, DNA Integrity Numbers, and size at peak fluorescence of electropherogram). Validation using a cohort of 65 tissue blocks returned an average additional DNA yield of 31.6% (silica columns) and 54.8% (alcohol precipitation). Users can therefore refreeze the homogenized remnants of tissue blocks rather than disposing of them and then perform additional DNA extractions if yields in the initial multi-analyte extractions were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Petersons
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Carlson
- Karolinska University Hospital, Radiumhemmet, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Zhang R, He J, Xu S, Zhang F, Wang X. The Optimized Homogenization Process of Cast 7Mo Super Austenitic Stainless Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093438. [PMID: 37176320 PMCID: PMC10180096 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Super austenitic stainless steels are expected to replace expensive alloys in harsh environments due to their superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, the ultra-high alloy contents drive serious segregation in cast steels, where the σ phase is difficult to eliminate. In this study, the microstructural evolution of 7Mo super austenitic stainless steels under different homogenization methods was investigated. The results showed that after isothermal treatment for 30 h at 1250 °C, the σ phase in steels dissolved, while the remelting morphologies appeared at the phase boundaries. Therefore, the stepped solution heat treatment was further conducted to optimize the homogenized microstructure. The samples were heated up to 1220 °C, 1235 °C and 1250 °C with a slow heating rate, and held at these temperatures for 2 h, respectively. The elemental segregation was greatly reduced without incipient remelting and the σ phase was eventually reduced to less than 0.6%. A prolonged incubation below the dissolution temperature will lead to a spontaneous compositional adjustment of the eutectic σ phase, resulting in uphill diffusion of Cr and Mn, and reducing the homogenization efficiency of ISHT, which is avoided by SSHT. The hardness reduced from 228~236 Hv to 220~232 Hv by adopting the cooling process of "furnace cooling + water quench". In addition, the study noticed that increasing the Ce content or decreasing the Mn content can both refine the homogenized grain size and accelerate diffusion processes. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the process and composition optimization of super austenitic stainless steels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinshan He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shiguang Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fucheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xitao Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Strength Lightweight Metallic Materials, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, China
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36
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Pais A, Alves JL, Jorge RN, Belinha J. Multiscale Homogenization Techniques for TPMS Foam Material for Biomedical Structural Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050515. [PMID: 37237585 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiscale techniques, namely homogenization, result in significant computational time savings in the analysis of complex structures such as lattice structures, as in many cases it is inefficient to model a periodic structure in full detail in its entire domain. The elastic and plastic properties of two TPMS-based cellular structures, the gyroid, and the primitive surface are studied in this work through numerical homogenization. The study enabled the development of material laws for the homogenized Young's modulus and homogenized yield stress, which correlated well with experimental data from the literature. It is possible to use the developed material laws to run optimization analyses and develop optimized functionally graded structures for structural applications or reduced stress shielding in bio-applications. Thus, this work presents a study case of a functionally graded optimized femoral stem where it was shown that the porous femoral stem built with Ti-6Al-4V can minimize stress shielding while maintaining the necessary load-bearing capacity. It was shown that the stiffness of cementless femoral stem implant with a graded gyroid foam presents stiffness that is comparable to that of trabecular bone. Moreover, the maximum stress in the implant is lower than the maximum stress in trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pais
- INEGI-Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Lino Alves
- INEGI-Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renato Natal Jorge
- INEGI-Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Belinha
- INEGI-Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
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Shi Z, Peng W, Xiang C, Li L, Xie Q. Neural Network Aided Homogenization Approach for Predicting Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Construction Materials. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093322. [PMID: 37176204 PMCID: PMC10179405 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal conductivity is a fundamental material parameter involved in various infrastructure design guides around the world. This paper developed an innovative neural network (NN) aided homogenization approach for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of various composite construction materials. The 2-D meso-structures of dense graded asphalt mixture, porous asphalt mixture, and cement concrete were generated and divided into 2n × 2n square elements with specific thermal conductivity values. A two-layer feed-forward neural network with sigmoid hidden neurons and linear output neurons was built to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the 2 × 2 block. The Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm was used to train the network. By repeatedly using the neural network, the effective thermal conductivities of 2-D meso-structures were calculated. The accuracy of the above NN aided homogenization approach was validated with experiment, and various factors affecting the effective thermal conductivity were analyzed. The analysis results show that the accuracy of the NN aided approach is acceptable with relative errors of 1.92~4.34% for the dense graded asphalt mixture, 1.10~6.85% for the porous asphalt mixture, and 1.13~3.14% for the cement concrete. The relative errors for all the materials are lower than 5% when the heterogeneous structures are divided into 512 × 512 elements. Ignoring the actual material meso-structures may lead to significant errors (134.01%) in predicting the effective thermal conductivity of materials with high heterogeneity such as porous asphalt mixture. While proper simplification is acceptable for dense construction composite materials. The effective thermal conductivity of composite cement-asphalt mixtures increases with higher saturation of grouted material. However, the improvement effect of the high-conductive cement paste on the composite cement-asphalt mixtures could be significantly reduced when the cement paste concentrates at the bottom of the mixture. Cracked aggregates and segregation of material components tend to decrease the effective thermal conductivity of construction materials. The NN aided homogenization approach presented in this paper is useful for selecting the effective thermal conductivity of construction materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Shi
- Hunan Road and Bridge Construction Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 410075, China
| | - Wenyao Peng
- Hunan Pingyi Expressway Construction and Development Co., Ltd., Changsha 410004, China
| | - Chaoqun Xiang
- Hunan Road and Bridge Construction Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 410075, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Qibin Xie
- Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
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38
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Kuo SY, Kao WP, Chang SH, Shen TE, Yeh JW, Tsai CW. Effect of Homogenization on the Transformation Temperatures and Mechanical Properties of Cu 15Ni 35Hf 12.5Ti 25Zr 12.5 and Cu 15Ni 35Hf 15Ti 20Zr 15 High-Entropy Shape Memory Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3212. [PMID: 37110057 PMCID: PMC10143743 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The major challenge of high-temperature shape memory alloys (SMAs) is the collocation of phase transition temperatures (TTs: Ms, Mf, As, Af) with the mechanical properties required for application. Previous research has shown that the addition of Hf and Zr into NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) increases TTs. Modulating the ratio of Hf and Zr can control the phase transformation temperature, and applying thermal treatments can also achieve the same goal. However, the influence of thermal treatments and precipitates on mechanical properties has not been widely discussed in previous studies. In this study, we prepared two different kinds of shape memory alloys and analyzed their phase transformation temperatures after homogenization. Homogenization successfully eliminated dendrites and inter-dendrites in the as-cast states, resulting in a reduction in the phase transformation temperatures. XRD patterns indicated the presence of B2 peaks in the as-homogenized states, demonstrating a decrease in phase transformation temperatures. Mechanical properties, such as elongation and hardness, were improved due to the uniform microstructures achieved after homogenization. Moreover, we discovered that different additions of Hf and Zr resulted in distinct properties. Alloys with lower Hf and Zr had lower phase transformation temperatures, followed by higher fracture stress and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pin Kao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hsiu Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ting-En Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jien-Wei Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- High Entropy Materials Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- High Entropy Materials Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Zengin H, Ari S, Turan ME, Hassel AW. Evolution of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Mg-2.2Gd-2.2Zn-0.2Ca (wt%) Alloy by Extrusion at Various Temperatures. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3075. [PMID: 37109911 PMCID: PMC10141226 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation involved casting the Mg-2.2Gd-2.2Zn-0.2Ca (wt%) alloy (GZX220) through permanent mold casting, followed by homogenization at 400 °C for 24 h and extrusion at 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C. Microstructure investigations revealed that α-Mg, Mg-Gd, and Mg-Gd-Zn intermetallic phases were present in the as-cast alloy. Following the homogenization treatment, a majority of these intermetallic particles underwent partial dissolution into the matrix phase. α-Mg grains exhibited a considerable refinement by extrusion due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX). At low extrusion temperatures, higher basal texture intensities were observed. The mechanical properties were remarkably enhanced after the extrusion process. However, a consistent decline in strength was observed with the rise in extrusion temperature. The corrosion performance of the as-cast GZX220 alloy was reduced by homogenization because of the lack of corrosion barrier effect of secondary phases. A significant enhancement of corrosion resistance was achieved by the extrusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Zengin
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Soner Ari
- Valfsel Armatür Sanayi A.S., 45030 Manisa, Türkiye
| | | | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Harrat ZR, Chatbi M, Krour B, Hadzima-Nyarko M, Radu D, Amziane S, Bachir Bouiadjra M. Modeling the Thermoelastic Bending of Ferric Oxide (Fe 2O 3) Nanoparticles-Enhanced RC Slabs. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3043. [PMID: 37109878 PMCID: PMC10141537 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, by virtue of their amorphous nature and high specific surface area, exhibit ideal pozzolanic activity which leads to the formation of additional C-S-H gel by reacting with calcium hydroxide, resulting in a denser matrix. The proportions of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in the clay, which interact chemically with the calcium oxide (CaO) during the clinkering reactions, influence the final properties of the cement and, therefore, of the concrete. Through the phases of this article, a refined trigonometric shear deformation theory (RTSDT), taking into account transverse shear deformation effects, is presented for the thermoelastic bending analysis of concrete slabs reinforced with ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Thermoelastic properties are generated using Eshelby's model in order to determine the equivalent Young's modulus and thermal expansion of the nano-reinforced concrete slab. For an extended use of this study, the concrete plate is subjected to various mechanical and thermal loads. The governing equations of equilibrium are obtained using the principle of virtual work and solved using Navier's technique for simply supported plates. Numerical results are presented considering the effect of different variations such as volume percent of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, mechanical loads, thermal loads, and geometrical parameters on the thermoelastic bending of the plate. According to the results, the transverse displacement of concrete slabs subjected to mechanical loading and containing 30% nano-Fe2O3 was almost 45% lower than that of a slab without reinforcement, while the transverse displacement under thermal loadings increased by 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouaoui R. Harrat
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
- Institut Pascal, UMR 6602, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Sigma, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mohammed Chatbi
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Baghdad Krour
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko
- Department of Civil Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of civil engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Turnului Street No.5, 500152 Brașov, Romania
| | - Dorin Radu
- Faculty of civil engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Turnului Street No.5, 500152 Brașov, Romania
| | - Sofiane Amziane
- Institut Pascal, UMR 6602, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Sigma, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mohamed Bachir Bouiadjra
- Laboratoire des Structures et Matériaux Avancés dans le Génie Civil et Travaux Publics, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
- Thematic Agency for Research in Science and Technology (ATRST), 16004 Algiers, Algeria
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Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht E, Granqvist E, Buczek M, Prus M, Kudlicka J, Roslin T, Tack AJ, Andersson AF, Miraldo A, Ronquist F, Łukasik P. Optimizing insect metabarcoding using replicated mock communities. Methods Ecol Evol 2023; 14:1130-1146. [PMID: 37876735 PMCID: PMC10593422 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
1: Metabarcoding (high-throughput sequencing of marker gene amplicons) has emerged as a promising and cost-effective method for characterizing insect community samples. Yet, the methodology varies greatly among studies and its performance has not been systematically evaluated to date. In particular, it is unclear how accurately metabarcoding can resolve species communities in terms of presence-absence, abundances, and biomass. 2: Here we use mock community experiments and a simple probabilistic model to evaluate the effect of different DNA extraction protocols on metabarcoding performance. Specifically, we ask four questions: (Q1) How consistent are the recovered community profiles across replicate mock communities?; (Q2) How does the choice of lysis buffer affect the recovery of the original community?; (Q3) How are community estimates affected by differing lysis times and homogenization?; and (Q4) Is it possible to obtain adequate species abundance estimates through the use of biological spike-ins? 3: We show that estimates are quite variable across community replicates. In general, a mild lysis protocol is better at reconstructing species lists and approximate counts, while homogenization is better at retrieving biomass composition. Small insects are more likely to be detected in lysates, while some tough species require homogenization to be detected. Results are less consistent across biological replicates for lysates than for homogenates. Some species are associated with strong PCR amplification bias, which complicates the reconstruction of species counts. Yet, with adequate spike-in data, species abundance can be determined with roughly 40% standard error for homogenates, and with roughly 50% standard error for lysates, under ideal conditions. In the latter case, however, this often requires species-specific reference data, while spike-in data generalizes better across species for homogenates. 4: We conclude that a non-destructive, mild lysis approach shows the highest promise for presence/absence description of the community, while also allowing future morphological or molecular work on the material. However, homogenization protocols perform better for characterizing community composition, in particular in terms of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Granqvist
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Buczek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Prus
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kudlicka
- Department of Data Science and Analytics, BI Norwegian Business School, NO-0442 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology; Box 7044, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ayco J.M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders F. Andersson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreia Miraldo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ronquist
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Maier L, Kufferath-Sieberin L, Pauly L, Hopp-Hirschler M, Gresser GT, Nieken U. Constitutive Correlations for Mass Transport in Fibrous Media Based on Asymptotic Homogenization. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2014. [PMID: 36903129 PMCID: PMC10004729 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass transport in textiles is crucial. Knowledge of effective mass transport properties of textiles can be used to improve processes and applications where textiles are used. Mass transfer in knitted and woven fabrics strongly depends on the yarn used. In particular, the permeability and effective diffusion coefficient of yarns are of interest. Correlations are often used to estimate the mass transfer properties of yarns. These correlations commonly assume an ordered distribution, but here we demonstrate that an ordered distribution leads to an overestimation of mass transfer properties. We therefore address the impact of random ordering on the effective diffusivity and permeability of yarns and show that it is important to account for the random arrangement of fibers in order to predict mass transfer. To do this, Representative Volume Elements are randomly generated to represent the structure of yarns made from continuous filaments of synthetic materials. Furthermore, parallel, randomly arranged fibers with a circular cross-section are assumed. By solving the so-called cell problems on the Representative Volume Elements, transport coefficients can be calculated for given porosities. These transport coefficients, which are based on a digital reconstruction of the yarn and asymptotic homogenization, are then used to derive an improved correlation for the effective diffusivity and permeability as a function of porosity and fiber diameter. At porosities below 0.7, the predicted transport is significantly lower under the assumption of random ordering. The approach is not limited to circular fibers and may be extended to arbitrary fiber geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Maier
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Boeblinger Strasse 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lars Kufferath-Sieberin
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Boeblinger Strasse 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leon Pauly
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf (DITF), Körschtalstraße 26, 73770 Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Hopp-Hirschler
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Boeblinger Strasse 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Götz T Gresser
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Denkendorf (DITF), Körschtalstraße 26, 73770 Denkendorf, Germany
- Institute for Textile and Fiber Technologies (ITFT), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nieken
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Boeblinger Strasse 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany
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Rana S, Tomar D, Kaushik P, Sharma P, Rani N, Guarve K. Targeted Approach to Enhance the Solubility of Weakly Soluble Drugs by Nanocrystal Technology. Pharm Nanotechnol 2023; 11:425-432. [PMID: 37150980 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230504115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
About 90% of the newly discovered drugs are poorly soluble in water, to overcome this problem, nanocrystal technology is used. Nanocrystal technology is a modern technique that is specially used to increase the solubility of less soluble drugs. Production of a nanocrystal on a large scale can be done by techniques like homogenization (high-pressure), precipitation, and milling methods. Using this technique, saturation solubility, the adhesiveness of a drug molecule to the surface cell, and the dissolution velocity is enhanced. This technology is better than the traditional method because it provides certain other benefits like increased drug loading capability, fantastic reproducibility of oral retention, further developed proportionality of portion bioavailability and expanded patient compliance. This audit makes sense of the various kinds of techniques for the arrangement of nanocrystals, benefits, drawbacks, a system of solvency improvement, clinical applications, and future imminent. This review article also provides further guidelines for studies about nanocrystal technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Rana
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Deepali Tomar
- Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Naultha, Panipat, Haryana, India
| | | | - Prerna Sharma
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Nidhi Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Kumar Guarve
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
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Purohit D, Sharma S, Lamba AK, Saini S, Minocha N, Vashist N, Kaushik D, Pandey P. Nanocrystals: A Deep Insight into Formulation Aspects, Stabilization Strategies, and Biomedical Applications. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2023; 17:307-326. [PMID: 35616680 DOI: 10.2174/1872210516666220523120313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs with poor solubility exhibit hurdles in their formulation due to poor dissolution and low bioavailability. Nanocrystallization is a great technique for incorporating poorly soluble drugs and is associated with many benefits. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present review is to discuss formulation techniques for the generation of Nanocrystals (NCs) and illustrate the various advantages of NCs. It also explains commonly used stabilizers and guidelines for their safe use for enhancing NCs and provides a deep insight into various biomedical applications of NCs. METHODS The review was extracted from the study carried out in the general literature to emphasize the importance of NCs in various formulations. RESULTS NCs are a widely accepted approach to enhancing drug solubility. There are so many marketed products of nanocrystal drug formulations that are being used to treat life-threatening disorders. Two techniques can be used to formulate NCs, i.e., the bottom-up method and the top-down method. Their main biomedical applications are found in oral, parenteral, pulmonary, ocular, dermal, and mucosal formulations. CONCLUSION In the present review, different formulation methods of NCs have been discussed in detail, followed by explaining the advantages and various targeted drug delivery systems covered by NCs formulations. The development of NCs-based formulation avoids the limitations of other systems used for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, 123401, Haryana, India
| | - Shivkant Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
| | - Avneet Kaur Lamba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
| | - Sapna Saini
- PDM School of Pharmacy, Karsindhu, Safidon, Jind, 126102, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Minocha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Vashist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
| | - Dhirender Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
| | - Parijat Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
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van Rossem MT, Wilks S, Secor PR, Kaczmarek M, D’Alessandro G. Homogenization modelling of antibiotic diffusion and adsorption in viral liquid crystals. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:221120. [PMID: 36636312 PMCID: PMC9810422 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Systems of rod-shaped viruses have long been important to the science of living liquid crystals, as their monodispersity and uniform charge make them convenient model systems. Recently, it was shown that, upon the addition of polymers, suspensions of rod-shaped viruses form liquid crystals that are linked with increased tolerance of bacteria against antibiotics. We use homogenization to obtain effective equations describing antibiotic diffusion through these liquid crystals. The analytical results of homogenization are compared with numerical results from an exact microscopic model, showing good agreement and thus allowing us to identify the key parameters behind the process. Our modelling shows that the adsorption plays a key role in increasing antibiotic diffusion time and therefore the presence of nematic rod-shaped viruses may increase antibiotic tolerance through physical mechanisms alone. These results demonstrate the applicability of homogenization as an analytical tool to systems of liquid crystalline viruses, with relatively straightforward extension to more complex problems such as liquid crystalline biofilms, other biological liquid crystals and biological systems with different types of local structural order.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. van Rossem
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - S. Wilks
- Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P. R. Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - M. Kaczmarek
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - G. D’Alessandro
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Kamiński M, Sokołowski D. Probabilistic Analysis of Composite Materials with Hyper-Elastic Components. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8878. [PMID: 36556684 PMCID: PMC9785636 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work is a comprehensive literature overview in the area of probabilistic methods related to composite materials with components exhibiting hyper-elastic constitutive behavior. A practical area of potential applications is seen to be rubber, rubber-like, or even rubber-based heterogeneous media, which have a huge importance in civil, mechanical, environmental, and aerospace engineering. The overview proposed and related discussion starts with some general introductory remarks and a general overview of the theories and methods of hyper-elastic material with a special emphasis on the recent progress. Further, a detailed review of the current trends in probabilistic methods is provided, which is followed by a literature perspective on the theoretical, experimental, and numerical treatments of interphase composites. The most important part of this work is a discussion of the up-to-date methods and works that used the homogenization method and effective medium analysis. There is a specific focus on random composites with and without any interface defects, but the approaches recalled here may also serve as well in sensitivity analysis and optimization studies. This discussion may be especially helpful in all engineering analyses and models related to the reliability of elastomers, whose applicability range, which includes energy absorbers, automotive details, sportswear, and the elements of water supply networks, is still increasing, as well as areas where a stochastic response is the basis of some limit functions that are fundamental for such composites in structural health monitoring.
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Li F, Guo F, Gao W, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Yang Z. Environmental DNA Biomonitoring Reveals the Interactive Effects of Dams and Nutrient Enrichment on Aquatic Multitrophic Communities. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:16952-16963. [PMID: 36383447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dam construction and nutrient enrichment are two pervasive stressors in rivers worldwide, which trigger a sharp decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, the interactive effects of both stressors on multitrophic taxonomic groups remain largely unclear. Here, we used the multitrophic datasets captured by the environmental DNA (eDNA) approach to reveal the interactions between dams and nutrient enrichment on aquatic communities from the aspects of taxonomic α diversity, β diversity, and food webs. First, our data showed that dams and nutrient enrichment jointly shaped a unique spatial pattern of aquatic communities across the four river systems, and the dissimilarity of community structure significantly declined (i.e., structural homogenization) under both stressors. Second, dams and nutrients together explained 40-50% of the variations in aquatic communities, and dams had a stronger impact on fish, aquatic insects, and bacteria, yet nutrients had a stronger power to drive protozoa, fungi, and eukaryotic algae. Finally, we found that additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions of dams and nutrient enrichment were common and coexisted in river systems and led to significantly simplified aquatic food webs, with decreases in modularity (synergistic) and robustness (additive) and an increase in coherence (synergistic). Overall, our study highlights that eDNA-based datasets can provide multitrophic perspectives for fostering the understanding of the interactive effects of multiple stressors on rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou511458, China
| | - Fen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou511458, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou511458, China
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Menshutina N, Majouga A, Uvarova A, Lovskaya D, Tsygankov P, Mochalova M, Abramova O, Ushakova V, Morozova A, Silantyev A. Chitosan Aerogel Particles as Nasal Drug Delivery Systems. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120796. [PMID: 36547320 PMCID: PMC9778004 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal drug delivery route has distinct advantages, such as high bioavailability, a rapid therapeutic effect, non-invasiveness, and ease of administration. This article presents the results of a study of the processes for obtaining chitosan aerogel particles that are promising as nasal or inhalation drug delivery systems. Obtaining chitosan aerogel particles includes the following steps: the preparation of a chitosan solution, gelation, solvent replacement, and supercritical drying. Particles of chitosan gels were obtained by spraying and homogenization. The produced chitosan aerogel particles had specific surface areas of up to 254 m2/g, pore volumes of up to 1.53 cm3/g, and porosities of up to 99%. The aerodynamic diameters of the obtained chitosan aerogel particles were calculated, the values of which ranged from 13 to 59 µm. According to the calculation results, a CS1 sample was used as a matrix for obtaining the pharmaceutical composition "chitosan aerogel-clomipramine". X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the pharmaceutical composition determined the presence of clomipramine, predominantly in an amorphous form. Analysis of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data showed that the mass loading of clomipramine was 35%. Experiments in vivo demonstrated the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical composition "chitosan aerogel-clomipramine" as carrier matrices for the targeted delivery of clomipramine by the "Nose-to-brain" mechanism of nasal administration. The maximum concentration of clomipramine in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was reached 30 min after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Menshutina
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Anastasia Uvarova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Daria Lovskaya
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Pavel Tsygankov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(967)-2689739
| | - Maria Mochalova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Olga Abramova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Valeria Ushakova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Anna Morozova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Artemiy Silantyev
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, Moscow 119034, Russia
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Ibarias M, Doporto J, Krokhin AA, Arriaga J. Tuning the decay of sound in a viscous metamaterial. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20220007. [PMID: 36209810 PMCID: PMC9548401 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using analytical results for viscous dissipation in phononic crystals, we calculate the decay coefficient of a sound wave propagating at low frequencies through a two-dimensional phononic crystal with a viscous fluid background. It is demonstrated that the effective acoustic viscosity of the phononic crystal may exceed by two to four orders of magnitude the natural hydrodynamic viscosity of the background fluid. Moreover, the decay coefficient exhibits dependence on the direction of propagation; that is, a homogenized phononic crystal behaves like an anisotropic viscous fluid. Strong dependence on the filling fraction of solid scatterers offers the possibility of tuning the dissipative decay length of sound, which is an important characteristic of any acoustic device. This article is part of the theme issue 'Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ibarias
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - J. Doporto
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, México
| | - A. A. Krokhin
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - J. Arriaga
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, México
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Noonim P, Rajasekaran B, Venkatachalam K. Structural Characterization and Peroxidation Stability of Palm Oil-Based Oleogel Made with Different Concentrations of Carnauba Wax and Processed with Ultrasonication. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120763. [PMID: 36547287 PMCID: PMC9778256 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ultrasonication (25 kHz for 10 min) on physical, thermal, and structural properties and storage stability of palm oil-based oleogels prepared using different concentrations of carnauba wax (CW) (5% or 10%) were investigated and compared with oleogels prepared with a homogenizer (2000 rpm for 10 min). Overall, this study found that applying an ultrasonication process with higher CW concentration (10%) effectively improved the properties and stability of palm oil-based oleogel (p < 0.05). Oleogels processed with ultrasonication had higher lightness (L*), higher yellowness (b*), and lower redness (a*) than those processed with homogenizer (p < 0.05), irrespective of CW concentrations. However, a higher CW concentration (10%) increased the textural properties of oleogels such as hardness, stickiness, and tackiness as compared to oleogels with a lower CW concentration (5%) (p < 0.05). Thermal properties including melting onset temperature, melting peak temperature, and melting enthalpy were found to be significantly higher in ultrasonication-processed oleogels with high CW concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the microscopic examination of the oleogels exhibited a strong gel network when prepared using a high concentration of CW and processed with ultrasonication. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of oleogels revealed that strong intra- and intermolecular interactions were formed by hydrogen bonding between CW and palm oil. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a smooth and fine structural network of oleogels and proved that ultrasonication increased the structural properties of oleogel. Moreover, oil loss and peroxide value of oleogels were increased during 90 days of storage (p < 0.05). However, oleogels processed with the ultrasonication had reduced oil loss and increased peroxidation stability during storage (p < 0.05). Overall, this study showed that application of ultrasonication with a higher CW concentration could improve properties and storage stability of palm oil-based oleogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramee Noonim
- Faculty of Innovative Agriculture and Fishery Establishment Project, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Makham Tia, Mueang, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand
| | - Bharathipriya Rajasekaran
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Karthikeyan Venkatachalam
- Faculty of Innovative Agriculture and Fishery Establishment Project, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Makham Tia, Mueang, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand
- Correspondence: or
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