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Silovský V, Landler L, Faltusová M, Börger L, Burda H, Holton M, Lagner O, Malkemper EP, Olejarz A, Spießberger M, Váchal A, Ježek M. A GPS assisted translocation experiment to study the homing behavior of red deer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6770. [PMID: 38514686 PMCID: PMC10958021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many animals return to their home areas (i.e., 'homing') after translocation to sites further away. Such translocations have traditionally been used in behavioral ecology to understand the orientation and migration behavior of animals. The movement itself can then be followed by marking and recapturing animals or by tracking, for example, using GPS systems. Most detailed studies investigating this behavior have been conducted in smaller vertebrates (e.g., birds, amphibians, and mice), whereas information on larger mammals, such as red deer, is sparse. We conducted GPS-assisted translocation experiments with red deer at two sites in the Czech Republic. Individuals were translocated over a distance of approximately 11 km and their home journey was tracked. Circular statistics were used to test for significant homeward orientation at distances of 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 m from the release site. In addition, we applied Lavielle trajectory segmentation to identify the different phases of homing behavior. Thirty-one out of 35 translocations resulted in successful homing, with a median time of 4.75 days (range 1.23-100 days). Animals were significantly oriented towards home immediately after release and again when they came closer to home; however, they did not show a significant orientation at the distances in between. We were able to identify three homing phases, an initial 'exploratory phase', followed by a 'homing phase' which sometimes was again followed by an 'arrival phase'. The 'homing phase' was characterized by the straightest paths and fastest movements. However, the variation between translocation events was considerable. We showed good homing abilities of red deer after translocation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experiments with environmental manipulations (e.g., to impede the use of sensory cues) close to the release site. The homing behavior of red deer is comparable to that of other species, and might represent general homing behavior patterns in animals. Follow-up studies should further dissect and investigate the drivers of the individual variations observed and try to identify the sensory cues used during homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Silovský
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Landler
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33/I, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monika Faltusová
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Börger
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Holton
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ondřej Lagner
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erich Pascal Malkemper
- Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - Caesar, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Olejarz
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Spießberger
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33/I, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adam Váchal
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Ježek
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wallén J, Norén K, Angerbjörn A, Eide NE, Landa A, Flagstad Ø. Context‐dependent demographic and genetic effects of translocation from a captive breeding project. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wallén
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Norén
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Angerbjörn
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. E. Eide
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway
| | - A. Landa
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Bergen Norway
| | - Ø. Flagstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway
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Stevens M, Norris DR. A mixed methodology for evaluating use of evidence in conservation planning. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13876. [PMID: 34907584 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conservation practitioners widely recognize the importance of making decisions based on the best available evidence. However, the effectiveness of evidence use in conservation planning is rarely assessed, which limits opportunities to improve evidence-based practice. We devised a mixed methodology for empirically evaluating use of evidence that applies social science tools to systematically appraise what kinds of evidence are used in conservation planning, to what effect, and under what limitations. We applied our approach in a case study of the Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC), a leading land conservation organization. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of 65 NCC planning documents (n = 13 in-depth) to identify patterns in evidence use, and surveyed 35 conservation planners to examine experiences of and barriers to using evidence. Although claims in plans contained a wide range of evidence types, 26% of claims were not referenced or associated with an identifiable source. Lack of evidence use was particularly apparent in claims associated with direct threats, particularly those identified as low (71% coded as insufficient or lacking evidence) or medium (45%) threats. Survey participants described relying heavily on practitioner experience and highlighted capacity limitations and disciplinary gaps in expertise among planning teams as barriers to using evidence effectively. We found that although time-intensive, this approach yielded actionable recommendations for improving evidence use in NCC conservation plans. Similar mixed-method assessments may streamline the process by including interviews and refining the document analysis frames to target issues or sections of concern. We suggest our method provides an accessible and robust point of departure for conservation practitioners to evaluate whether the use of conservation planning reflects in-house standards and more broadly recognized best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Stevens
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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McManus J, Faraut L, Couldridge V, van Deventer J, Samuels I, Cilliers D, Devens C, Vorster P, Smuts B. Assessment of leopard translocations in South Africa. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.943078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocations are commonly employed to mitigate human–carnivore conflict but rarely evaluated, resulting in conflicting reports of success, particularly for leopards (Panthera pardus). We evaluate the status of available leopard translocation data, the factors driving the intentional removal of leopards, and the potential causal factors associated with successful and failed translocation events. We obtained data on 60 leopard translocation events across five provinces in South Africa between 1994 and 2021. We considered a successful translocation outcome when (1) the animal was moved outside of its original home range, (2) the animal established a new home range away from the capture site, (3) no substantive livestock losses were linked to the translocated animal in the post-release monitoring period, and (4) the animal survived at least 6 months post-translocation. If mortality occurred due to factors that were equally likely to impact resident individuals and were unrelated to the translocation event (e.g., poaching), the event was not considered a failed effort. Most translocations were the result of human–carnivore conflict (HCC; 82%, n = 49), stressing the high prevalence of HCC and the importance of advocating preventative conflict mitigation efforts to conserve leopards. The leopards were moved distances from 2.5 to 196.3 km (63.3 ± 51.7km). Forty (67%) translocation events had unknown outcomes, indicating the limited data available on translocation outcomes. This also indicates the disparity in the objectives of translocations by various entities involved with translocations and suggests that monitoring be a prerequisite for future translocations. Twenty events offered reliable outcomes by means of post-event monitoring, with seven (12%) considered successful, with three (5%) as failures, and with four (7%) not moved beyond their original home ranges, while six (8%) ended in unrelated deaths. The failed events were attributed to inter/intra-specific competition, and one animal returned to its original home range after a translocation distance of 68 km. Translocation success was strongly explained by translocation distance. We found that damage-causing leopards were successfully translocated under specific conditions, and longer translocation distances increase success. Translocations are commonly employed but are still poorly monitored. We discuss basic standardized protocols to improve future leopard translocations (including pre- and post-monitoring) while advocating alternative non-lethal practices to reduce the prevalence of human–carnivore conflict.
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Kelley AG, Welch SM, Holloway J, Dillman JW, Atkinson A, Waldron JL. Effectiveness of long‐distance translocation of eastern diamondback rattlesnakes. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane M. Welch
- Marshall University 1 John Marshall Drive Huntington WV 25703 USA
| | - John Holloway
- Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Office Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island SC 29905 USA
| | - James W. Dillman
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 1000 Assembly Street Columbia SC 29201 USA
| | - April Atkinson
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 1282 Webb Avenue Garnett SC 29922 USA
| | - Jayme L. Waldron
- Marshall University 1 John Marshall Drive Huntington WV 25703 USA
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Servheen C, Gunther KA. Conservation and management of the culture of bears. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8840. [PMID: 35462976 PMCID: PMC9019140 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture is widely accepted as an important social factor present across a wide range of species. Bears have a culture as defined as behavioral traditions inherited through social learning usually from mothers to offspring. Successful bear cultures can enhance fitness and resource exploitation benefits. In contrast, some bear cultures related to response to humans and human‐related foods can be maladaptive and result in reduced fitness and direct mortality. In environments with minimal human influence most bear culture has evolved over generations to be beneficial and well adapted to enhance fitness. However, most bears across the world do not live in areas with minimal human influence and in these areas, bear culture is often changed by bear interactions with humans, usually to the detriment of bear survival. We highlight the importance of identifying unique bear cultural traits that allow efficient use of local resources and the value of careful management to preserve these adaptive cultural behaviors. It is also important to select against maladaptive cultural behaviors that are usually related to humans in order to reduce human–bear conflicts and high bear mortality. We use examples from Yellowstone National Park to demonstrate how long‐term management to reduce maladaptive bear cultures related to humans has resulted in healthy bear populations and a low level of human–bear conflict in spite of a high number of Yellowstone National Park visitors in close association with bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Servheen
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Kerry A. Gunther
- Bear Management Office Yellowstone Center for Resources Yellowstone National Park Wyoming USA
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Thompson PR, Lewis MA, Edwards MA, Derocher AE. Time-dependent memory and individual variation in Arctic brown bears (Ursus arctos). MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:18. [PMID: 35410401 PMCID: PMC8996616 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal movement modelling provides unique insight about how animals perceive their landscape and how this perception may influence space use. When coupled with data describing an animal's environment, ecologists can fit statistical models to location data to describe how spatial memory informs movement. METHODS We performed such an analysis on a population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Canadian Arctic using a model incorporating time-dependent spatial memory patterns. Brown bear populations in the Arctic lie on the periphery of the species' range, and as a result endure harsh environmental conditions. In this kind of environment, effective use of memory to inform movement strategies could spell the difference between survival and mortality. RESULTS The model we fit tests four alternate hypotheses (some incorporating memory; some not) against each other, and we found a high degree of individual variation in how brown bears used memory. We found that 71% (15 of 21) of the bears used complex, time-dependent spatial memory to inform their movement decisions. CONCLUSIONS These results, coupled with existing knowledge on individual variation in the population, highlight the diversity of foraging strategies for Arctic brown bears while also displaying the inference that can be drawn from this innovative movement model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Mark A Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A Edwards
- Mammalogy Department, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew E Derocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Poor EE, Spivy A, Rohrbaugh L, Mullinax JM. An Ad Hoc Translocation of Urban Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2020. [DOI: 10.1656/045.027.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Poor
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, 1443 Animal Science Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Annette Spivy
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, 1443 Animal Science Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Lindsay Rohrbaugh
- Fisheries and Wildlife Division, Department of Energy and Environment, 1200 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002
| | - Jennifer M. Mullinax
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, 1443 Animal Science Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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Wilkinson CE, McInturff A, Miller JRB, Yovovich V, Gaynor KM, Calhoun K, Karandikar H, Martin JV, Parker-Shames P, Shawler A, Van Scoyoc A, Brashares JS. An ecological framework for contextualizing carnivore-livestock conflict. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:854-867. [PMID: 32406970 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carnivore predation on livestock is a complex management and policy challenge, yet it is also intrinsically an ecological interaction between predators and prey. Human-wildlife interactions occur in socioecological systems in which human and environmental processes are closely linked. However, underlying human-wildlife conflict and key to unpacking its complexity are concrete and identifiable ecological mechanisms that lead to predation events. To better understand how ecological theory accords with interactions between wild predators and domestic prey, we developed a framework to describe ecological drivers of predation on livestock. We based this framework on foundational ecological theory and current research on interactions between predators and domestic prey. We used this framework to examine ecological mechanisms (e.g., density-mediated effects, behaviorally mediated effects, and optimal foraging theory) through which specific management interventions operate, and we analyzed the ecological determinants of failure and success of management interventions in 3 case studies: snow leopards (Panthera uncia), wolves (Canis lupus), and cougars (Puma concolor). The varied, context-dependent successes and failures of the management interventions in these case studies demonstrated the utility of using an ecological framework to ground research and management of carnivore-livestock conflict. Mitigation of human-wildlife conflict appears to require an understanding of how fundamental ecological theories work within domestic predator-prey systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Wilkinson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Alex McInturff
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer R B Miller
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
- Defenders of Wildlife, 1130 17th St. NW, Washington DC, 20036, U.S.A
| | - Veronica Yovovich
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Kaitlyn M Gaynor
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Kendall Calhoun
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Harshad Karandikar
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Jeff Vance Martin
- Department of Geography, University of California, 505 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Phoebe Parker-Shames
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Avery Shawler
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Amy Van Scoyoc
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Justin S Brashares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 139 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
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10
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Morehouse AT, Hughes C, Manners N, Bectell J, Bruder T. Carnivores and Communities: A Case Study of Human-Carnivore Conflict Mitigation in Southwestern Alberta. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Zhu H, Yang B, He K, Qing J, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Tang B, Yang Z, Dai Q, Gu X, Yang X, Huang Y, Li D, Zhang H. Habitat utilization and release-site fidelity of translocated captive-bred giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.072.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, 637002 Nanchong, China; e-mail: , , , , , yan
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, 637002 Nanchong, China; e-mail: , , , , , yan
| | - Ke He
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, 637002 Nanchong, China; e-mail: , , , , , yan
| | - Jing Qing
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, 637002 Nanchong, China; e-mail: , , , , , yan
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, 637002 Nanchong, China; e-mail: , , , , , yan
| | - Kan Zhang
- Liziping National Nature Reserve, 625400 Shimian, China; e-mail: ,
| | - Bo Tang
- Liziping National Nature Reserve, 625400 Shimian, China; e-mail: ,
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, 637002 Nanchong, China; e-mail: , , , , , yan
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, China; e-mail:
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, 610082 Chengdu, China; e-mail: ,
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, 610082 Chengdu, China; e-mail: ,
| | - Yan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 623006 Wolong, China; e-mail: , ,
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 623006 Wolong, China; e-mail: , ,
| | - Hemin Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 623006 Wolong, China; e-mail: , ,
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12
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Murphy SM, Hast JT, Augustine BC, Weisrock DW, Clark JD, Kocka DM, Ryan CW, Sajecki JL, Cox JJ. Early genetic outcomes of American black bear reintroductions in the Central Appalachians, USA. URSUS 2019. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-18-00011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - John T. Hast
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Ben C. Augustine
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - David W. Weisrock
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Joseph D. Clark
- United States Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Southern Appalachian Research Branch, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David M. Kocka
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Verona, VA 24482, USA
| | - Christopher W. Ryan
- West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, South Charleston, WV 25303, USA
| | - Jaime L. Sajecki
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Verona, VA 24482, USA
| | - John J. Cox
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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13
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Coogan SCP, Coops NC, Janz DM, Cattet MRL, Kearney SP, Stenhouse GB, Nielsen SE. Towards grizzly bear population recovery in a modern landscape. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. P. Coogan
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- Department of Forest Resources ManagementUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - David M. Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Marc R. L. Cattet
- RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Sean P. Kearney
- Department of Forest Resources ManagementUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | | | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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