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Plavskii VY, Sobchuk AN, Mikulich AV, Dudinova ON, Plavskaya LG, Tretyakova AI, Nahorny RK, Ananich TS, Svechko AD, Yakimchuk SV, Leusenka IA. Identification by methods of steady-state and kinetic spectrofluorimetry of endogenous porphyrins and flavins sensitizing the formation of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38258972 DOI: 10.1111/php.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The question about acceptor molecules of optical radiation that determine the effects of photobiomodulation in relation to various types of cells still remains the focus of attention of researchers. This issue is most relevant for cancer cells, since, depending on the parameters of optical radiation, light can either stimulate their growth or inhibit them and lead to death. This study shows that endogenous porphyrins, which have sensitizing properties, may play an important role in the implementation of the effects of photobiomodulation, along with flavins. For the first time, using steady-state and kinetic spectrofluorimetry, free-base porphyrins and their zinc complexes were discovered and identified in living human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cells, as well as in their extracts. It has been shown that reliable detection of porphyrin fluorescence in cells is hampered by the intense fluorescence of flavins due to their high concentration (micromolar range) and higher (compared to tetrapyrroles) fluorescence quantum yield. Optimization of the spectral range of excitation and the use of extractants that provide multiple quenching of the flavin component while increasing the emission efficiency of tetrapyrroles makes it possible to weaken the contribution of the flavin component to the recorded fluorescence spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Yu Plavskii
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrei N Sobchuk
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Aliaksandr V Mikulich
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Olga N Dudinova
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ludmila G Plavskaya
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Antonina I Tretyakova
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Raman K Nahorny
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana S Ananich
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexei D Svechko
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey V Yakimchuk
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ihar A Leusenka
- State Scientific Institution "B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk, Belarus
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Leanse LG, Marasini S, dos Anjos C, Dai T. Antimicrobial Resistance: Is There a 'Light' at the End of the Tunnel? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1437. [PMID: 37760734 PMCID: PMC10525303 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the increases in microorganisms that express a multitude of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms, the threat of antimicrobial resistance in the global population has reached critical levels. The introduction of the COVID-19 pandemic has further contributed to the influx of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), which has placed significant pressure on healthcare systems. For over a century, the potential for light-based approaches targeted at combatting both cancer and infectious diseases has been proposed. They offer effective killing of microbial pathogens, regardless of AMR status, and have not typically been associated with high propensities of resistance development. To that end, the goal of this review is to describe the different mechanisms that drive AMR, including intrinsic, phenotypic, and acquired resistance mechanisms. Additionally, the different light-based approaches, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), antimicrobial blue light (aBL), and ultraviolet (UV) light, will be discussed as potential alternatives or adjunct therapies with conventional antimicrobials. Lastly, we will evaluate the feasibility and requirements associated with integration of light-based approaches into the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G. Leanse
- Health and Sports Sciences Hub, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.d.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Sanjay Marasini
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Carolina dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.d.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.d.A.); (T.D.)
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Zhang W, Su P, Ma J, Tan Y, Gong M, Ma L. An Approach to Improve Energy Efficiency during Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation: Application of Pulse-Width Modulation Dimming to Balance Irradiance and Irradiation Time. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1431. [PMID: 37760727 PMCID: PMC10525104 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) is an effective non-destructive inactivation technique and has received increasing attention. Despite its significance, the existing research has not thoroughly delved into the impacts of irradiance and irradiation time on enhancing energy efficiency during aBL inactivation and the explanation of the enhancement effect of pulse exposure. In this paper, a series of Escherichia coli inactivation experiments with different duty cycles, pulse frequencies, and irradiation times were conducted, and the relative concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured under corresponding conditions. A two-dimensional (2-D) Hom model was proposed to evaluate the effect of irradiance and irradiation time. The results show that, compared to continuous exposure, pulsed aBL (duty cycle = 25%) can save ~37% of the energy to achieve the same inactivation effect and generate a 1.95 times higher ROS concentration. The 2-D Hom model obtains the optimal combination of average irradiance and time according to the desired reduction and shows that the irradiation time has a higher weight than the irradiance (1.677 and 1.083, respectively). Therefore, using pulse exposure with a lower average irradiance for a longer period of time can achieve a better inactivation effect when consuming equivalent energy. The proposed pulse-width modulation dimming approach helps promote the application of the aBL technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Ping Su
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Ying Tan
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Mali Gong
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (P.S.); (M.G.)
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Shenzhen Baoan Women and Children’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518100, China;
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Yuan L, Wang Y, Zong Y, Dong F, Zhang L, Wang G, Dong H, Wang Y. Response of genes related to iron and porphyrin transport in Porphyromonas gingivalis to blue light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 241:112670. [PMID: 36841175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) kills a variety of bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, little is known about the transcriptomic response of P. gingivalis to aBL therapy. This study was designed to evaluate the selective cytotoxicity of aBL against P. gingivalis over human cells and to further investigate the genetic response of P. gingivalis to aBL at the transcriptome level. METHODS Colony forming unit (CFU) testing, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of blue light against P. gingivalis. The temperatures of the irradiated targets were measured to prevent overheating. Multiple fluorescent probes were used to quantify reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation after blue-light irradiation. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the changes in global gene expression. Following the screening of target genes, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to confirm the regulation of gene expression. RESULTS A 405 nm aBL at 100 mW/cm2 significantly killed P. gingivalis within 5 min while sparing human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). No obvious temperature changes were detected in the irradiated surface under our experimental conditions. RNA-seq showed that the transcription of multiple genes was regulated, and RT-qPCR revealed that the expression levels of the genes RgpA and RgpB, which may promote heme uptake, as well as the genes Ftn and FetB, which are related to iron homeostasis, were significantly upregulated. The expression levels of the FeoB-2 and HmuR genes, which are related to hydroxyl radical scavenging, were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSIONS aBL strengthens the heme uptake and iron export gene pathways while reducing the ROS scavenging pathways in P. gingivalis, thus improving the accumulation of endogenous photosensitizers and enhancing oxidative damage to P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintian Yuan
- Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yanni Zong
- Harvard medical school, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Fan Dong
- Center for Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ludan Zhang
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Huihua Dong
- Center for Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Center for Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Zhang W, Su P, Ma J, Gong M, Ma L, Wang J. A singlet state oxygen generation model based on the Monte Carlo method of visible antibacterial blue light inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112628. [PMID: 36610348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible antibacterial blue light (VABL) has received much attention recently as a nondestructive inactivation approach. However, due to the sparse distribution of bacteria, the light energy evaluation method used in existing studies is inaccurate. Thus, the sensitivity of microorganisms to VABL in different experiments cannot be compared. In this paper, a Monte Carlo-based photon transport model with the optimized scattering phase function was constructed. The model calculated the spatial light energy distribution and the temporal distribution of cumulative singlet state oxygen (CSO) under various cell and medium parameters. The simulation results show that when the cells are sparsely distributed, <30% of light energy from the light source is absorbed by microbes and participates in photochemical reactions. The CSO produced increases with cell density and cell size. Little light energy is available, and thus, the concentration of CSO produced is insufficient to inactivate microbes at deeper depths. As the light intensity and inactivation time increased, the production of singlet state oxygen tended to level off. The model proposed here can quantify the generation of singlet state oxygen and provide a more accurate light energy guide for the VABL inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping Su
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Mali Gong
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Shenzhen Baoan Women and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
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Messina G, Bosco R, Amodeo D, Nante N, De Palma I, Petri C, Cevenini G. Safer school with near-UV technology: novel applications for environmental hygiene. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2023; 21:157-165. [PMID: 36718267 PMCID: PMC9877489 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-023-00850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Systems capable of disinfecting air and surfaces could reduce the risk of infectious diseases transmission. Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of near-UV LED ceiling lamps, with a wavelength of 405 nm, in improving environmental hygiene. Between November and December 2020, we conducted an experimental study having a pre-post design in a kindergarten room in Siena where 4 ceiling lamps with 405 nm LED technology were installed. Twice per day, sampling was performed before (T0) and after treatment with near-UV (T1). We used between 8 and 12 pairs of contact plates to sample at various random spots each day. Air samplings were also performed. The plates were incubated at 22 and 36 °C. Significance was set at 95% (p < 0.05). The mean level of Colony Forming Unit (CFU) at T(0) was 249 (95% CI 193.1 - 305.0) at 36 °C and 535.2 (374.3 - 696.1) at 22 °C. The reduction was significant at T(1): by 65% at 36 °C and, 72% at 22 °C. Also, for air contamination: 95.3% (98.4-92.3). A dose threshold of about 5 J/cm2 was identified to have an 80% CFU abatement and remains nearly constant. The advantage of being able to use this technology in the presence of people is very important in the context of controlling environmental contamination. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - R. Bosco
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - D. Amodeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - N. Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - I. De Palma
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - C. Petri
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - G. Cevenini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Martinez A, Hernandez-Quijada K, Ghosh AA, Cabrera G, Scott D, Aikins A, Verma DK, Kwon I, Kim YH. The combination of Violet light and Infra-Red as well as Violet light only effectively suppress the survival of multiple-drug resistant bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Engelhart-Straub S, Cavelius P, Hölzl F, Haack M, Awad D, Brueck T, Mehlmer N. Effects of Light on Growth and Metabolism of Rhodococcus erythropolis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081680. [PMID: 36014097 PMCID: PMC9416670 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus erythropolis is resilient to various stressors. However, the response of R. erythropolis towards light has not been evaluated. In this study, R. erythropolis was exposed to different wavelengths of light. Compared to non-illuminated controls, carotenoid levels were significantly increased in white (standard warm white), green (510 nm) and blue light (470 nm) illuminated cultures. Notably, blue light (455, 425 nm) exhibited anti-microbial effects. Interestingly, cellular lipid composition shifted under light stress, increasing odd chain fatty acids (C15:0, C17:1) cultured under white (standard warm white) and green (510 nm) light. When exposed to blue light (470, 455, 425 nm), fatty acid profiles shifted to more saturated fatty acids (C16:1 to C16:0). Time-resolved proteomics analysis revealed several oxidative stress-related proteins to be upregulated under light illumination.
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Haridas D, Atreya CD. The microbicidal potential of visible blue light in clinical medicine and public health. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:905606. [PMID: 35935800 PMCID: PMC9353137 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.905606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible blue light of wavelengths in the 400–470 nm range has been observed to have microbicidal properties. A widely accepted hypothesis for the mechanism of microbial inactivation by visible blue light is that the light causes photoexcitation of either endogenous (present within the microbe) or, exogenous (present in the biological medium surrounding the microbe) photosensitizers such as porphyrins and flavins, which leads to the release of reactive oxygen species that subsequently manifests microbicidal activity. Some of the factors that have been observed to be associated with enhanced microbicidal action include increased duration of exposure, and either pre- or co-treatment with quinine hydrochloride. In case of bacteria, repetitive exposure to the blue light shows no significant evidence of resistance development. Additionally, visible blue light has exhibited the ability to inactivate fungal and viral pathogens and, multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as bacterial biofilms. Visible blue light has demonstrated efficacy in eliminating foodborne pathogens found on food surfaces and exposed surfaces in the food processing environment as well as in the decontamination of surfaces in the clinical environment to minimize the spread of nosocomial infections. We conclude from reviewing existing literature on the application of the blue light in clinical medicine and public health settings that this microbicidal light is emerging as a safer alternative to conventional ultraviolet light-based technologies in multiple settings. However, further comprehensive studies and thorough understanding of the mechanism of microbicidal action of this light in different scenarios is warranted to determine its place in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Haridas
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chintamani D. Atreya
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Division of Blood Components and Devices, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Chintamani D. Atreya,
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dos Anjos C, Leanse LG, Liu X, Miranda HV, Anderson RR, Dai T. Antimicrobial Blue Light for Prevention and Treatment of Highly Invasive Vibrio vulnificus Burn Infection in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932466. [PMID: 35903474 PMCID: PMC9315199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an invasive marine bacterium that causes a variety of serious infectious diseases. With the increasing multidrug-resistant variants, treatment of V. vulnificus infections is becoming more difficult. In this study, we explored antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm wavelength) for the treatment of V. vulnificus infections. We first assessed the efficacy of aBL against five strains of V. vulnificus in vitro. Next, we identified and quantified intracellular porphyrins in V. vulnificus to provide mechanistic insights. Additionally, we measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and bacterial membrane permeabilization following aBL exposures. Lastly, we conducted a preclinical study to investigate the efficacy and safety of aBL for the prevention and treatment of burn infections caused by V. vulnificus in mice. We found that aBL effectively killed V. vulnificus in vitro in both planktonic and biofilm states, with up to a 5.17- and 4.57-log10 CFU reduction being achieved, respectively, following an aBL exposure of 216 J/cm2. Protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrins were predominant in all the strains. Additionally, intracellular ROS was significantly increased following aBL exposures (P < 0.01), and there was evidence of aBL-induced permeabilization of the bacterial membrane (P < 0.0001). In the preclinical studies, we found that female mice treated with aBL 30 min after bacterial inoculation showed a survival rate of 81% following 7 days of observation, while only 28% survival was observed in untreated female mice (P < 0.001). At 6 h post-inoculation, an 86% survival was achieved in aBL-treated female mice (P = 0.0002). For male mice, 86 and 63% survival rates were achieved when aBL treatment was given 30 min and 6 h after bacterial inoculation, respectively, compared to 32% survival in the untreated mice (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.04). aBL did not reduce cellular proliferation or induce apoptosis. We found five cytokines were significantly upregulated in the males after aBL treatment, including MCSF (P < 0.001), MCP-5 (P < 0.01), TNF RII (P < 0.01), CXCL1 (P < 0.01), and TIMP-1 (P < 0.05), and one in the females (TIMP-1; P < 0.05), suggesting that aBL may induce certain inflammatory processes. In conclusion, aBL may potentially be applied to prevent and treat V. vulnificus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leon G. Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugo V. Miranda
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tianhong Dai
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11
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Wang T, Dong J, Zhang G. Analyzing efficacy and safety of anti-fungal blue light therapy via kernel-based modeling the reactive oxygen species induced by light. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2433-2442. [PMID: 35085070 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3146567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of ABL for inactivating Candida albicans (C. albicans), and to determine the best wavelength for treating candida infected disease, by experimental measurements and dynamic modeling. METHODS The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans and human host cells under the irradiation of 385, 405, and 415nm wavelengths light with irradiance of 50mW/cm2 were measured. Moreover, a kernel-based nonlinear dynamic model, i.e., nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX), was developed and applied to predict the concentration of light-induced ROS, whose kernels were selected by a newly developed algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). RESULTS The ROS concentration was increased respectively about 10-12 times in C. albicans and about 3-6 times in human epithelial cells by the ABL treatment with the same fluence of 90J/cm2. The NARX models were respectively fitted to the data from the experiments on both types of cells. Besides, four different kernel functions, including Gaussian, Laplace, linear and polynomial kernels, were compared in their fitting accuracies. The errors with the Laplace kernel turned out to be only 0.2704 and 0.0593, as respectively fitted to the experimental data of the C. albicans and human host cells. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the NARX modeling approach, and revealed that the 415nm light was more effective as an anti-fungal treatment with less damage to the host cells than the 405 or 385nm light. SIGNIFICANCE The kernel-based NARX model identification algorithm offers opportunities for determining the effective and safe light dosages in treating various fungal infection diseases.
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12
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The role of UV and blue light in photo-eradication of microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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13
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Mokili JL. Pulsed blue light inactivates two strains of human coronavirus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 222:112282. [PMID: 34404018 PMCID: PMC8349404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that blue light has the potential to inactivate viruses. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 405 nm, 410 nm, 425 nm and 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) on human alpha coronavirus HCoV-229 E and human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43, using Qubit fluorometry and RT-LAMP to quantitate the amount of nucleic acid in irradiated and control samples. Like SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are single stranded RNA viruses transmitted by air and direct contact; they have similar genomic sizes as SARS-CoV-2, and are used as surrogates for SARS-CoV-2. Irradiation was carried out either at 32.4 J cm-2 using 3 mW cm-2 irradiance or at 130 J cm-2 using 12 mW cm-2 irradiance. Results: (1) At each wavelength tested, PBL was antiviral against both coronaviruses. (2) 405 nm light gave the best result, yielding 52.3% (2.37 log10) inactivation against HCoV-OC43 (p < .0001), and a significant 1.46 log 10 (44%) inactivation of HCoV-229E (p < .01). HCoV-OC43, which like SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus, was more susceptible to PBL irradiation than alpha coronavirus HCoV-229E. The latter finding suggests that PBL is potentially antiviral against multiple coronavirus strains, and that, while its potency may vary from one virus to another, it seems more antiviral against beta coronaviruses, such as HCoV-OC43. (3) Further, the antiviral effect of PBL was better at a higher irradiance than a lower irradiance, and this indicates that with further refinement, a protocol capable of yielding 100% inactivation of viruses is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Violet V Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John L Mokili
- Viral Information Institute, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Structural membrane changes induced by pulsed blue light on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112150. [PMID: 33578335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a recent study we showed that blue light inactivates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by perturbing, depolarizing, and disrupting its cell membrane. PURPOSE The current study presents visual evidence that the observed biochemical changes also result in cell metabolic changes and structural alteration of the cell membrane. METHODS Cultures of MRSA were treated with 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) at 3 mW/cm2 irradiance, using a sub lethal dose of 2.7 J/cm2 radiant exposure three times at 30-min intervals. Following 24 h incubation at 37 °C, irradiated colonies and control non-irradiated colonies were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The images obtained revealed three major effects of PBL; (1) disruption of MRSA cell membrane, (2) alteration of membrane structure, and (3) disruption of cell replication. CONCLUSION These signs of bacterial inactivation at a dose deliberately selected to be sub-lethal supports our previous finding that rapid depolarization of bacterial cell membrane and disruption of cellular function comprise another mechanism underlying photo-inactivation of bacteria. Further, it affirms the potency of PBL.
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15
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Shleeva M, Savitsky A, Kaprelyants A. Corynebacterium jeikeium Dormant Cell Formation and Photodynamic Inactivation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:605899. [PMID: 33391228 PMCID: PMC7775403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.605899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic non-spore forming bacteria enter a dormant state under stressful conditions, which likely allows them to acquire resistance to various antibiotics. This work revealed the efficient formation of dormant "non-culturable" (NC) Corynebacterium jeikeium cells in stationary phase upon gradual acidification of the growth medium. Such cells were unable to form colonies and existed in a prolonged stationary phase. At an early stage of dormancy (approximately 14 days post-inoculation), dormant cells are able for resuscitation in liquid medium. However, those stored for long time in dormant state needed addition of supernatant taking from active C. jeikeium cultures for successful resuscitation. NC cells possessed low RNA synthesis and significant tolerance to antibiotics (rifampicin and vancomycin). They also accumulated free porphyrins, and 5-aminolevulinic acid addition enhanced free porphyrin accumulation which makes them potentially sensitive to photodynamic inactivation (PDI). PDI of dormant bacteria was accomplished by exposing cells to a 565 nm wavelength of light using a SOLIS-4C light-emitting diode for 60 min. This revealed that increased porphyrin concentrations were correlated with elevated PDI sensitivity. Results shown here demonstrate the potential utility of employing PDI to minimize levels of dormant, persistent corynebacteria and the C. jeikeium dormancy model developed here may be useful for finding new drugs and techniques for combatting persistent corynebacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Shleeva
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Sicks B, Hönes K, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Blue LEDs in Endotracheal Tubes May Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sicks
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Hönes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Masson-Meyers DS. Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 207:111891. [PMID: 32388486 PMCID: PMC7194064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of COVID-19, which continues to ravage communities with high death tolls and untold psychosocial and catastrophic economic consequences, is a vivid reminder of nature's capacity to defy contemporary healthcare. The pandemic calls for rapid mobilization of every potential clinical tool, including phototherapy—one of the most effective treatments used to reduce the impact of the 1918 “Spanish influenza” pandemic. This paper cites several studies showing that phototherapy has immense potential to reduce the impact of coronavirus diseases, and offers suggested ways that the healthcare industry can integrate modern light technologies in the fight against COVID-19 and other infections. The evidence shows that violet/blue (400–470 nm) light is antimicrobial against numerous bacteria, and that it accounts for Niels Ryberg Finsen's Nobel-winning treatment of tuberculosis. Further evidence shows that blue light inactivates several viruses, including the common flu coronavirus, and that in experimental animals, red and near infrared light reduce respiratory disorders, similar to those complications associated with coronavirus infection. Moreover, in patients, red light has been shown to alleviate chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma. These findings call for urgent efforts to further explore the clinical value of light, and not wait for another pandemic to serve as a reminder. The ubiquity of inexpensive light emitting lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), makes it relatively easy to develop safe low-cost light-based devices with the potential to reduce infections, sanitize equipment, hospital facilities, emergency care vehicles, homes, and the general environment as pilot studies have shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka Samuel Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Violet Vakunseh Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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18
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Caires CSA, Farias LAS, Gomes LE, Pinto BP, Gonçalves DA, Zagonel LF, Nascimento VA, Alves DCB, Colbeck I, Whitby C, Caires ARL, Wender H. Effective killing of bacteria under blue-light irradiation promoted by green synthesized silver nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide sheets. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:110984. [PMID: 32487400 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) materials loaded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have drawn considerable attention due to their capacity to efficiently inactivate bacteria though a multifaceted mechanism of action, as well as for presenting a synergetic effect against bacteria when compared to the activity of AgNPs and GO alone. In this investigation, we present an inexpensive and environmentally-friendly method for synthesizing reduced GO sheets coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/r-GO) using a coffee extract solution as a green reducing agent. The physical and chemical properties of the produced materials were extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission gun transmission electron microscopy (FEG-TEM), ultraviolet and visible absorption (UV-Vis), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ion release determination. The results demonstrated that AgNPs/r-GO composites were successfully produced, revealing the formation of micrometer-sized r-GO sheets decorated by AgNPs of approximately 70 nm diameter. Finally, bactericidal and photobactericidal effects of the AgNPs/r-GO composites were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, in which the results showed that the composites presented antimicrobial and photoantimicrobial activities. Moreover, our results demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, that an efficient process of bacterial inactivation can be achieved by using AgNPs/r-GO composites under blue light irradiation as a result of three different bacterial killing processes: (i) chemical effect promoted by Ag+ ion release from AgNPs; (ii) photocatalytic activity induced by AgNPs/r-GO composites, enhancing the bacterial photoinactivation due to the excited-Plasmons of the AgNPs when anchored on r-GO; and (iii) photodynamic effect produced by bacterial endogenous photosensitizers under blue-light irradiation. In summary, the present findings demonstrated that AgNPs/r-GO can be obtained by a non-toxic procedure with great potential for biomedical-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S A Caires
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Luiz A S Farias
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Gomes
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Pinto
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Minas Gerais State University - UEMG, Ituiutaba, MG 38302-192, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Zagonel
- "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valter A Nascimento
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Diego C B Alves
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Ian Colbeck
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Corinne Whitby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Anderson R L Caires
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; Laboratory of Optics and Photonics, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil.
| | - Heberton Wender
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil.
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19
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Liu X, Chang Q, Ferrer-Espada R, Leanse LG, Goh XS, Wang X, Gelfand JA, Dai T. Photoinactivation of Moraxella catarrhalis Using 405-nm Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Otitis Media. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:611-617. [PMID: 32105346 PMCID: PMC10125262 DOI: 10.1111/php.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major otopathogens of otitis media (OM) in childhood. M. catarrhalis tends to form biofilm, which contributes to the chronicity and recurrence of infections, as well as resistance to antibiotic treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm), an innovative nonpharmacological approach, for the inactivation of M. catarrhalis OM. M. catarrhalis either in planktonic suspensions or 24-h old biofilms were exposed to aBL at the irradiance of 60 mW cm-2 . Under an aBL exposure of 216 J cm-2 , a >4-log10 colony-forming units (CFU) reduction in planktonic suspensions and a >3-log10 CFU reduction in biofilms were observed. Both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed aBL-induced morphological damage in M. catarrhalis. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography results indicated that protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin were the two most abundant species of endogenous photosensitizing porphyrins. No statistically significant reduction in the viability of HaCaT cells was observed after an aBL exposure of up to 216 J cm-2 . Collectively, our results suggest that aBL is potentially an effective and safe alternative therapy for OM caused by M. catarrhalis. Further in vivo studies are warranted before this optical approach can be moved to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qihang Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Raquel Ferrer-Espada
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xueping Sharon Goh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey A Gelfand
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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20
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Bumah VV, Masson-Meyers DS, Tong W, Castel C, Enwemeka CS. Optimizing the bactericidal effect of pulsed blue light on Propionibacterium acnes - A correlative fluorescence spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 202:111701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Leanse LG, Goh XS, Dai T. Quinine Improves the Fungicidal Effects of Antimicrobial Blue Light: Implications for the Treatment of Cutaneous Candidiasis. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:569-575. [PMID: 31746024 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of clinical importance and is the primary cause of fungal-associated wound infections, sepsis, or pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. With the rise in antimicrobial resistance, it is becoming increasingly difficult to successfully treat fungal infections using traditional antifungals, signifying that alternative non-traditional approaches must be explored for their efficacy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the combination of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) and quinine hydrochloride (Q-HCL) for improved inactivation of C. albicans, in vitro and in vivo, relative to either monotherapy. In addition, we evaluated the safety of this combination therapy in vivo using the TUNEL assay. RESULTS The combination of aBL (108 J/cm2 ) with Q-HCL (1 mg/mL) resulted in a significant improvement in the inactivation of C. albicans planktonic cells in vitro, where a 7.04 log10 colony forming units (CFU) reduction was achieved, compared with aBL alone that only inactivated 3.06 log10 CFU (P < 0.001) or Q-HCL alone which did not result in a loss of viability. aBL + Q-HCL was also effective at inactivating 48-hour biofilms, with an inactivation 1.73 log10 CFU at the dose of 108 J/cm2 aBL and 1 mg/mL Q-HCL, compared with only a 0.73 or 0.66 log10 CFU by aBL and Q-HCL alone, respectively (P < 0.001). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that aBL + Q-HCL induced morphological and ultrastructural changes consistent with cell wall and cytoplasmic damage. In addition, aBL + Q-HCL was effective at eliminating C. albicans within mouse abrasion wounds, with a 2.47 log10 relative luminescence unit (RLU) reduction at the dose of 324 J/cm2 aBL and 0.4 mg/cm2 Q-HCL, compared with a 1.44 log10 RLU reduction by aBL alone. Q-HCL or nystatin alone did not significantly reduce the RLU. The TUNEL assay revealed some apoptotic cells before and 24 hours following treatment with aBL + Q-HCL. CONCLUSION The combination of aBL + Q-HCL was effective at eliminating C. albicans both in vitro and in vivo. A comprehensive assessment of toxicity (cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) is required to fully determine the safety of aBL + Q-HCL therapy at different doses. In conclusion, the combination of aBL and Q-HCL may be a viable option for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xueping Sharon Goh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Hoenes K, Wenzel U, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Photoinactivation Sensitivity of
Staphylococcus carnosus
to Visible‐light Irradiation as a Function of Wavelength. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:156-169. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany
| | - Ulla Wenzel
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany
| | | | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany
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Antimicrobial Effect of Visible Light-Photoinactivation of Legionella rubrilucens by Irradiation at 450, 470, and 620 nm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040187. [PMID: 31618994 PMCID: PMC6963517 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high number of legionella infections, there are currently no convincing preventive measures. Photoinactivation with visible light is a promising new approach and the photoinactivation sensitivity properties of planktonic Legionella rubrilucens to 450, 470, and 620 nm irradiation were thus investigated and compared to existing 405 nm inactivation data for obtaining information on responsible endogenous photosensitizers. Legionella were streaked on agar plates and irradiated with different doses by light emitting diodes (LEDs) of different visible wavelengths. When irradiating bacterial samples with blue light of 450 nm, a 5-log reduction could be achieved by applying a dose of 300 J cm−2, whereas at 470 nm, a comparable reduction required about 500 J cm−2. For red irradiation at 620 nm, no inactivation could be observed, even at 500 J cm−2. The declining photoinactivation sensitivity with an increasing wavelength is consistent with the assumption of porphyrins and flavins being among the relevant photosensitizers. These results were obtained for L. rubrilucens, but there is reason to believe that its inactivation behavior is similar to that of pathogenic legionella species. Therefore, this photoinactivation might lead to new future concepts for legionella reduction and prevention in technical applications or even on or inside the human body.
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