1
|
Chelban V, Aksnes H, Maroofian R, LaMonica LC, Seabra L, Siggervåg A, Devic P, Shamseldin HE, Vandrovcova J, Murphy D, Richard AC, Quenez O, Bonnevalle A, Zanetti MN, Kaiyrzhanov R, Salpietro V, Efthymiou S, Schottlaender LV, Morsy H, Scardamaglia A, Tariq A, Pagnamenta AT, Pennavaria A, Krogstad LS, Bekkelund ÅK, Caiella A, Glomnes N, Brønstad KM, Tury S, Moreno De Luca A, Boland-Auge A, Olaso R, Deleuze JF, Anheim M, Cretin B, Vona B, Alajlan F, Abdulwahab F, Battini JL, İpek R, Bauer P, Zifarelli G, Gungor S, Kurul SH, Lochmuller H, Da'as SI, Fakhro KA, Gómez-Pascual A, Botía JA, Wood NW, Horvath R, Ernst AM, Rothman JE, McEntagart M, Crow YJ, Alkuraya FS, Nicolas G, Arnesen T, Houlden H. Biallelic NAA60 variants with impaired n-terminal acetylation capacity cause autosomal recessive primary familial brain calcifications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2269. [PMID: 38480682 PMCID: PMC10937998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is characterized by calcium deposition in the brain, causing progressive movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive decline. PFBC is a heterogeneous disorder currently linked to variants in six different genes, but most patients remain genetically undiagnosed. Here, we identify biallelic NAA60 variants in ten individuals from seven families with autosomal recessive PFBC. The NAA60 variants lead to loss-of-function with lack of protein N-terminal (Nt)-acetylation activity. We show that the phosphate importer SLC20A2 is a substrate of NAA60 in vitro. In cells, loss of NAA60 caused reduced surface levels of SLC20A2 and a reduction in extracellular phosphate uptake. This study establishes NAA60 as a causal gene for PFBC, provides a possible biochemical explanation of its disease-causing mechanisms and underscores NAA60-mediated Nt-acetylation of transmembrane proteins as a fundamental process for healthy neurobiological functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Chelban
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurobiology and Medical Genetics Laboratory, "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165, Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD, 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lauren C LaMonica
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis Seabra
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | | | - Perrine Devic
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Neurologiques, Lyon, France
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Bonnevalle
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - M Natalia Zanetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy Shymkent, Shymkent, 160019, Kazakhstan
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lucia V Schottlaender
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Av. Juan Domingo Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Argentina
- Instituto de medicina genómica (IMeG), Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Av. Juan Domingo Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Heba Morsy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Annarita Scardamaglia
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ambreen Tariq
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ajia Pennavaria
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv S Krogstad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åse K Bekkelund
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alessia Caiella
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Glomnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sandrine Tury
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrés Moreno De Luca
- Department of Radiology, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University Faculty of Health Sciences, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Neurology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM-U964; CNRS-UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Benjamin Cretin
- Neurology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM-U964; CNRS-UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fahad Alajlan
- Department of Neuroscience Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Rojan İpek
- Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Peter Bauer
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Serdal Gungor
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz Kurul
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hanns Lochmuller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahar I Da'as
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alicia Gómez-Pascual
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- Medical Genetics Department, St George's University Hospitals, London, SWI7 0RE, UK
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Fang CL, Noller K, Wei Z, Liu G, Shen K, Song K, Cao X, Wan M. Bone-derived PDGF-BB drives brain vascular calcification in male mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168447. [PMID: 37815871 PMCID: PMC10688993 DOI: 10.1172/jci168447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain vascular calcification is a prevalent age-related condition often accompanying neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The pathogenesis of large-vessel calcifications in peripheral tissue is well studied, but microvascular calcification in the brain remains poorly understood. Here, we report that elevated platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) from bone preosteoclasts contributed to cerebrovascular calcification in male mice. Aged male mice had higher serum PDGF-BB levels and a higher incidence of brain calcification compared with young mice, mainly in the thalamus. Transgenic mice with preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb overexpression exhibited elevated serum PDGF-BB levels and recapitulated age-associated thalamic calcification. Conversely, mice with preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb deletion displayed diminished age-associated thalamic calcification. In an ex vivo cerebral microvascular culture system, PDGF-BB dose-dependently promoted vascular calcification. Analysis of osteogenic gene array and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) revealed that PDGF-BB upregulated multiple osteogenic differentiation genes and the phosphate transporter Slc20a1 in cerebral microvessels. Mechanistically, PDGF-BB stimulated the phosphorylation of its receptor PDGFRβ (p-PDGFRβ) and ERK (p-ERK), leading to the activation of RUNX2. This activation, in turn, induced the transcription of osteoblast differentiation genes in PCs and upregulated Slc20a1 in astrocytes. Thus, bone-derived PDGF-BB induced brain vascular calcification by activating the p-PDGFRβ/p-ERK/RUNX2 signaling cascade in cerebrovascular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiekang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
| | | | | | - Zhiliang Wei
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ke Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - Kangping Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao C, Cassini T, Benavides D, Ebrahim A, Adams D, Toro C. Genomic Diagnoses for Ectopic Intracerebral Calcifications. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200083. [PMID: 37547187 PMCID: PMC10399077 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Ectopic intracerebral calcifications (EICs) in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, or white matter are seen in a variety of disease states or may be found incidentally on brain imaging. The clinical significance and proportion of cases attributable to an underlying genetic cause is unknown. Methods This retrospective cohort study details the clinical, imaging, and genomic findings of 44 patients with EICs who had no established diagnosis despite extensive medical workup. Results In total, 15 of 44 patients received a diagnosis through genomic testing explaining their calcifications, and 2 more received a diagnosis that has not been previously associated with EICs. Six of the 15 were found to have one of the 4 genes (PDGFB, PDGFRB, SLC20A2, and XPR1) conventionally associated with the phenotypic term "idiopathic basal ganglia calcifications." Discussion These findings support the use of genomic testing for symptomatic patients with EICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Xiao
- From the National Human Genome Research Institute (C.X., T.C., D.B., A.E., D.A., C.T.), Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (C.X.), University of California - Irvine
| | - Thomas Cassini
- From the National Human Genome Research Institute (C.X., T.C., D.B., A.E., D.A., C.T.), Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (C.X.), University of California - Irvine
| | - Daniel Benavides
- From the National Human Genome Research Institute (C.X., T.C., D.B., A.E., D.A., C.T.), Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (C.X.), University of California - Irvine
| | - Anusha Ebrahim
- From the National Human Genome Research Institute (C.X., T.C., D.B., A.E., D.A., C.T.), Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (C.X.), University of California - Irvine
| | - David Adams
- From the National Human Genome Research Institute (C.X., T.C., D.B., A.E., D.A., C.T.), Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (C.X.), University of California - Irvine
| | - Camilo Toro
- From the National Human Genome Research Institute (C.X., T.C., D.B., A.E., D.A., C.T.), Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurology (C.X.), University of California - Irvine
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen SY, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin CH, Lan MY, Tsai MH. The Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10886. [PMID: 37446066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia according to neuroimaging. Other brain regions, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical white matter, can also be affected. Among the diverse clinical phenotypes, the most common manifestations are movement disorders, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Although patients with PFBC always exhibit brain calcification, nearly one-third of cases remain clinically asymptomatic. Due to advances in the genetics of PFBC, the diagnostic criteria of PFBC may need to be modified. Hitherto, seven genes have been associated with PFBC, including four dominant inherited genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) and three recessive inherited genes (MYORG, JAM2, and CMPK2). Nevertheless, around 50% of patients with PFBC do not have pathogenic variants in these genes, and further PFBC-associated genes are waiting to be identified. The function of currently known genes suggests that PFBC could be caused by the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, the dysregulation of phosphate homeostasis, or mitochondrial dysfunction. An improved understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC may facilitate the development of novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jui Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Lu Y, Kramer PR, Benson MD, Cheng YSL, Qin C. Intracranial calcification in Fam20c-deficient mice recapitulates human Raine syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137176. [PMID: 36914045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
FAM20C (family with sequence similarity 20-member C) is a protein kinase that phosphorylates secretory proteins, including the proteins that are essential to the formation and mineralization of calcified tissues. FAM20C loss-of-function mutations cause Raine syndrome in humans, characterized by generalized osteosclerosis, distinctive craniofacial dysmorphism, along with extensive intracranial calcification. Our previous studies revealed that inactivation of Fam20c in mice led to hypophosphatemic rickets. In this study, we examined the expression of Fam20c in the mouse brain and investigated brain calcification in Fam20c-deficient mice. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western-blotting and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated the broad expression of Fam20c in the mouse brain tissue. X-ray and histological analyses showed that the global deletion of Fam20c (mediated by Sox2-cre) resulted in brain calcification in mice after postnatal 3 months and that the calcifications were bilaterally distributed within the brain. There was mild perifocal microgliosis as well as astrogliosis around calcospherites. The calcifications were first observed in the thalamus, and later in the forebrain and hindbrain. Furthermore, brain-specific deletion (mediated by Nestin-cre) of Fam20c in mice also led to cerebral calcification at an older age (postnatal 6 months), but no obvious skeletal or dental defects. Our results suggest that the local loss of FAM20C function in the brain may directly account for intracranial calcification. We propose that FAM20C plays an essential role in maintaining normal brain homeostasis and preventing ectopic brain calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Phillip R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yi-Shing L Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun H, Xu X, Luo J, Ma T, Cui J, Liu M, Xiong B, Zhu S, Liu JY. Mechanisms of PiT2-loop7 Missense Mutations Induced Pi Dyshomeostasis. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:57-68. [PMID: 35713844 PMCID: PMC9849530 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PiT2 is an inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter whose mutations are linked to primary familial brain calcification (PFBC). PiT2 mainly consists of two ProDom (PD) domains and a large intracellular loop region (loop7). The PD domains are crucial for the Pi transport, but the role of PiT2-loop7 remains unclear. In PFBC patients, mutations in PiT2-loop7 are mainly nonsense or frameshift mutations that probably cause PFBC due to C-PD1131 deletion. To date, six missense mutations have been identified in PiT2-loop7; however, the mechanisms by which these mutations cause PFBC are poorly understood. Here, we found that the p.T390A and p.S434W mutations in PiT2-loop7 decreased the Pi transport activity and cell surface levels of PiT2. Furthermore, we showed that these two mutations attenuated its membrane localization by affecting adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)- or protein kinase B (AKT)-mediated PiT2 phosphorylation. In contrast, the p.S121C and p.S601W mutations in the PD domains did not affect PiT2 phosphorylation but rather impaired its substrate-binding abilities. These results suggested that missense mutations in PiT2-loop7 can cause Pi dyshomeostasis by affecting the phosphorylation-regulated cell-surface localization of PiT2. This study helps understand the pathogenesis of PFBC caused by PiT2-loop7 missense mutations and indicates that increasing the phosphorylation levels of PiT2-loop7 could be a promising strategy for developing PFBC therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tingbin Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mugen Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jing-Yu Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last 7 years, changes in five genes [SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1, and MYORG] have been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), allowing for genetic delineation of this phenotypically complex neurodegenerative disorder. This review explores how the ensuing plethora of reported PFBC patients and their disease-causing variants improved our understanding of disease, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and penetrance. RECENT FINDINGS In PFBC patients, pathogenic changes have been most frequently described in SLC20A2, accounting for approximately the same number of patients as the variants in the other four PFBC genes combined. There is no appreciable relationship between any combination of the following three variables: the type of disease-causing change, the pattern or extent of calcifications, and the presence or nature of clinical manifestation in PFBC patients. Nevertheless, elucidation of underlying genetic factors provided important recent insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PFBC, which collectively point toward a compromised neurovascular unit. SUMMARY The ongoing clinical and molecular research increases our understanding of PFBC facilitating diagnosis and identifying potential therapeutic targets for this multifaceted and likely underdiagnosed condition.
Collapse
|
8
|
Primary familial brain calcification caused by MYORG mutations in an Italian family. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 67:24-26. [PMID: 31621601 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Donzuso G, Mostile G, Nicoletti A, Zappia M. Basal ganglia calcifications (Fahr's syndrome): related conditions and clinical features. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:2251-2263. [PMID: 31267306 PMCID: PMC6817747 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basal ganglia calcifications could be incidental findings up to 20% of asymptomatic patients undergoing CT or MRI scan. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with bilateral basal ganglia calcifications (which could occur in other peculiar brain structures, such as dentate nuclei) identifies a clinical picture defined as Fahr's Disease. This denomination mainly refers to idiopathic forms in which no metabolic or other underlying causes are identified. Recently, mutations in four different genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) were identified, together with novel mutations in the Myogenic Regulating Glycosylase gene, causing the occurrence of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. On the other hand, secondary forms, also identified as Fahr's syndrome, have been associated with different conditions: endocrine abnormalities of PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, other genetically determined conditions, brain infections, or toxic exposure. The underlying pathophysiology seems to be related to an abnormal calcium/phosphorus homeostasis and transportation and alteration of the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Donzuso
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mostile
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nicoletti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramos EM, Carecchio M, Lemos R, Ferreira J, Legati A, Sears RL, Hsu SC, Panteghini C, Magistrelli L, Salsano E, Esposito S, Taroni F, Richard AC, Tranchant C, Anheim M, Ayrignac X, Goizet C, Vidailhet M, Maltete D, Wallon D, Frebourg T, Pimentel L, Geschwind DH, Vanakker O, Galasko D, Fogel BL, Innes AM, Ross A, Dobyns WB, Alcantara D, O'Driscoll M, Hannequin D, Campion D, Oliveira JR, Garavaglia B, Coppola G, Nicolas G. Primary brain calcification: an international study reporting novel variants and associated phenotypes. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1462-1477. [PMID: 29955172 PMCID: PMC6138755 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare cerebral microvascular calcifying disorder with a wide spectrum of motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is typically inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait with four causative genes identified so far: SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1. Our study aimed at screening the coding regions of these genes in a series of 177 unrelated probands that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for primary brain calcification regardless of their family history. Sequence variants were classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, or of uncertain significance (VUS), based on the ACMG-AMP recommendations. We identified 45 probands (25.4%) carrying either pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (n = 34, 19.2%) or VUS (n = 11, 6.2%). SLC20A2 provided the highest contribution (16.9%), followed by XPR1 and PDGFB (3.4% each), and PDGFRB (1.7%). A total of 81.5% of carriers were symptomatic and the most recurrent symptoms were parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disturbances (52.3%, 40.9%, and 38.6% of symptomatic individuals, respectively), with a wide range of age at onset (from childhood to 81 years). While the pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants identified in this study can be used for genetic counseling, the VUS will require additional evidence, such as recurrence in unrelated patients, in order to be classified as pathogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Movement Disorders Section, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo n. 4, Milan, 20116, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20131, Italy
- PhD Programme in Translational and Molecular Medicine, Milan Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Lemos
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Joana Ferreira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Andrea Legati
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renee Louise Sears
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Chan Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celeste Panteghini
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Movement Disorders Section, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo n. 4, Milan, 20116, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Piedmont, C.so Mazzini 18, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Silvia Esposito
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Franco Taroni
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Amadeo 42, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - David Maltete
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1073, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Lylyan Pimentel
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Brent L Fogel
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alison Ross
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Ashgrove House, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Diana Alcantara
- Genome Damage & Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Genome Damage & Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - João R Oliveira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Movement Disorders Section, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo n. 4, Milan, 20116, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yao XP, Cheng X, Wang C, Zhao M, Guo XX, Su HZ, Lai LL, Zou XH, Chen XJ, Zhao Y, Dong EL, Lu YQ, Wu S, Li X, Fan G, Yu H, Xu J, Wang N, Xiong ZQ, Chen WJ. Biallelic Mutations in MYORG Cause Autosomal Recessive Primary Familial Brain Calcification. Neuron 2018; 98:1116-1123.e5. [PMID: 29910000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia and other brain regions. The genetic basis of this disorder remains unknown in a significant portion of familial cases. Here, we reported a recessive causal gene, MYORG, for PFBC. Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations of MYORG co-segregated completely with PFBC in six families, with logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 4.91 at the zero recombination fraction. In mice, Myorg mRNA was expressed specifically in S100β-positive astrocytes, and knockout of Myorg induced the formation of brain calcification at 9 months of age. Our findings provide strong evidence that loss-of-function mutations of MYORG cause brain calcification in humans and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xuewen Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xin-Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Lu-Lu Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Zou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - En-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Ying-Qian Lu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E, Erro R. Genetics of Movement Disorders and the Practicing Clinician; Who and What to Test for? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:37. [PMID: 29789954 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide the basic knowledge on the genetics of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders to guide clinicians in the decision of "who and what to test for?" RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, the identification of various genetic causes of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders has had a great impact on a better definition of different clinical syndromes. Indeed, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques has provided an impressive step forward in the easy identification of genetic forms. However, this increased availability of genetic testing has challenges, including the ethical issue of genetic testing in unaffected family members, "commercially" available home testing kits and the increasing number and relevance of "variants of unknown significance." The emergent role of genetic factors has important implications on clinical practice and counseling. As a consequence, it is fundamental that practicing neurologists have a proper knowledge of the genetic background of the diseases and perform an accurate selection of who has to be tested and for which gene mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Neurodegenerative disease center (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quintáns B, Oliveira J, Sobrido MJ. Primary familial brain calcifications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:307-317. [PMID: 29325620 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a neurodegenerative disease with characteristic calcium deposits in the basal ganglia and other brain regions. The disease usually presents as a combination of abnormal movements, cognitive and psychiatric manifestations, clinically indistinguishable from other adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. The differential diagnosis must be established with genetic and nongenetic disorders that can also lead to calcium deposits in encephalic structures. In the past years PFBC causal mutations have been discovered in genes related to calcium phosphate homeostasis (SLC20A2, XPR1) and in genes involved with endothelial function and integrity (PDGFB, PDGFRB). The most frequently mutated gene is SLC20A2, where mutations can affect any domain of the protein. There is no clearcut relationship between the specific mutation/gene, onset age, neuroimaging pattern, and severity of clinical manifestations. The discovery of the genetic basis of PFBC provides not only a diagnostic tool, but also an insight into the pathomechanisms and potential therapeutic trials for this rare disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Quintáns
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - María-Jesús Sobrido
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Brain calcifications may be an incidental finding on neuroimaging in normal, particularly older individuals, but can also indicate numerous hereditary and nonhereditary syndromes, and metabolic, environmental, infectious, autoimmune, mitochondrial, traumatic, or toxic disorders. Bilateral calcifications most commonly affecting the basal ganglia may often be found in idiopathic cases, and a new term, primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), has been proposed that recognizes the genetic causes of the disorder and that calcifications occurred well beyond the basal ganglia. PFBC, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, is both an intrafamilial and an interfamilial heterogeneous disorder, clinically characterized by an insidious and progressive development of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, but also cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, and sometimes isolated seizures and headaches/migraines. Heterozygous mutations in four genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1) have recently proved to be the causes of the autosomal dominant forms of PFBC, also suggesting disrupted phosphate homeostasis as "an underlying and converging" pathophysiological mechanism. However, to date, it is not possible to anticipate with acceptable certainty any of known genetic causes of PFBC on the basis of the type, severity, pattern of distribution, or combination of movement disorders (mainly parkinsonism, with or without tremor, but also dystonia, chorea, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, orofacial dyskinesia, and gait and speech disorders).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Kostić
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Igor N Petrović
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jaworski K, Styczyńska M, Mandecka M, Walecki J, Kosior DA. Fahr Syndrome - an Important Piece of a Puzzle in the Differential Diagnosis of Many Diseases. Pol J Radiol 2017; 82:490-493. [PMID: 29662577 PMCID: PMC5894054 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.902024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fahr syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symmetrical, bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia, nucleus gyrus and cerebral cortex. The continuous advancement as well as widespread use of brain imaging have contributed to the increasing detection rates of such changes. Nevertheless, their etiology is understood only partially and the methods of causative treatment are limited. Due to various symptoms, Fahr syndrome may resemble diseases from the field of neurology, psychiatry, cardiology and even urology. This article provides an up-to-date review of the literature concerning Fahr syndrome in terms of clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jaworski
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Central Clinical Hospital of The Ministry of Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Styczyńska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Mandecka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Walecki
- Department of Radiology, Postgraduate Medical School, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz A. Kosior
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pasanen P, Mäkinen J, Myllykangas L, Guerreiro R, Bras J, Valori M, Viitanen M, Baumann M, Tienari PJ, Pöyhönen M, Baumann P. Primary familial brain calcification linked to deletion of 5' noncoding region of SLC20A2. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:59-63. [PMID: 27726124 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurological disease often inherited as a dominant trait. Mutations in four genes (SLC20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB, and XPR1) have been reported in patients with PFBC. Of these, point mutations or small deletions in SLC20A2 are most common. Thus far, only one large deletion covering entire SLC20A2 and several smaller, exonic deletions of SLC20A2 have been reported. The aim of this study was to identify the causative gene defect in a Finnish PFBC family with three affected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Finnish family with three PFBC patients and five unaffected subjects was studied. Sanger sequencing was used to exclude mutations in the coding and splice site regions of SLC20A2, PDGFRB, and PDGFB. Whole-exome (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to identify the causative mutation. A SNP array was used in segregation analysis. RESULTS Copy number analysis of the WGS data revealed a heterozygous deletion of ~578 kb on chromosome 8. The deletion removes the 5' UTR region, the noncoding exon 1 and the putative promoter region of SLC20A2 as well as the coding regions of six other genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results support haploinsufficiency of SLC20A2 as a pathogenetic mechanism in PFBC. Analysis of copy number variations (CNVs) is emerging as a crucial step in the molecular genetic diagnostics of PFBC, and it should not be limited to coding regions, as causative variants may reside in the noncoding parts of known disease-associated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Pasanen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Tyks Microbiology and Genetics; Department of Medical Genetics; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - J. Mäkinen
- Department of Neurology; Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - L. Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology; University of Helsinki and HUSLAB; Helsinki Finland
| | - R. Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - J. Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - M. Valori
- Research Programs Unit; Molecular Neurology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Viitanen
- Department of Geriatrics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Neurobiology; Care Sciences and Society; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Baumann
- Biochemistry/Developmental Biology; Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - P. J. Tienari
- Research Programs Unit; Molecular Neurology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences; Neurology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Pöyhönen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Helsinki University Central Hospital and Department of Medical Genetics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - P. Baumann
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology; Lapland Central Hospital; Rovaniemi Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rohani M, Poon YY, Naranian T, Fasano A. SCL20A2 mutation mimicking fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 39:93-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Three novel missense mutations in SLC20A2 associated with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. J Neurol Sci 2017; 377:62-64. [PMID: 28477710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
19
|
Batla A, Tai XY, Schottlaender L, Erro R, Balint B, Bhatia KP. Deconstructing Fahr's disease/syndrome of brain calcification in the era of new genes. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 37:1-10. [PMID: 28162874 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are now a number genes, known to be associated with familial primary brain calcification (PFBC), causing the so called 'Fahr's' disease or syndrome. These are SCL20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB and XPR1. In this systematic review, we analyse the clinical and radiological features reported in genetically confirmed cases with PFBC. We have additionally reviewed pseudohypoparathyroidism which is a close differential diagnosis of PFBC in clinical presentation and is also genetically determined. METHODS We performed a Medline search, from 1st Jan 2012 through to 7th November 2016, for publications with confirmed mutations of SCL20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB, and XPR1 and found twenty papers with 137 eligible cases. A second search was done for publications of cases with Pseudohypoparathyroidism or pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, and found 18 publications with 20 eligible cases. RESULTS SLC20A2 was the most common gene involved with 75 out of 137 cases included with PFBC (55%) followed by PDGFB (31%) and PDGFRB (11%). Statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of parkinsonism with SLC20A2 mutations, headache in PDGFB and generalised tonic-clonic seizures in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSION We combine statistical analysis and clinical inference to suggest a diagnostic algorithm based on the observations in this study to help with investigation of a patient with neurological features and brain calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Batla
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Xin You Tai
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lucia Schottlaender
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robert Erro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Larsen FT, Jensen N, Autzen JK, Kongsfelt IB, Pedersen L. Primary Brain Calcification Causal PiT2 Transport-Knockout Variants can Exert Dominant Negative Effects on Wild-Type PiT2 Transport Function in Mammalian Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:215-220. [PMID: 27943094 PMCID: PMC5321689 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain calcification (PBC) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by calcium-phosphate deposits in the basal ganglia and often also other areas of the brain. The prevalent clinical manifestations are cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and movement disorders. In recent years, monoallelic variants in SLC20A2, which encodes the type III sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter 2 (PiT2), have been linked to the familial form of PBC in 40–50% of the families reported worldwide as well as to sporadic cases of PBC. Further insight into the disease mechanism is, however, needed. Based on co-expression studies of wild-type and variant PiT2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the molecular disease mechanism associated with SLC20A2 missense variants has formerly been suggested to be haploinsufficiency. We have here used mammalian cells isolated from a Slc20a2−/− mouse and co-expression of human wild-type and variant PiT2. Two of the variants studied have both been reported twice in unrelated PBC cases: PiT2D28N in two sporadic cases and PiT2E575K in a familial and a sporadic case. We find that in mammalian cells, the analyzed SLC20A2 missense variants can exert their effect in a dominant negative manner resulting in decreased wild-type PiT2 Pi transport. Thus, compared to monoallelic lack of functional PiT2 protein expression, which reasonably points towards haploinsufficiency, certain SLC20A2 missense variants may be more detrimental for cellular Pi uptake and potentially contribute to an earlier disease onset and/or a more severe phenotype as observed for Slc20a2−/− mice compared to Slc20a2+/− mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Tibert Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nina Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kwasi Autzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iben Boutrup Kongsfelt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Building 1130, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A SLC20A2 mutation identified in an asymptomatic patient with brain calcification. J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:70-72. [PMID: 28017251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
22
|
Grütz K, Volpato CB, Domingo A, Alvarez-Fischer D, Gebert U, Schifferle G, Buffone E, Wszolek ZK, Rademakers R, Ferbert A, Hicks AA, Klein C, Pramstaller PP, Westenberger A. Primary familial brain calcification in the 'IBGC2' kindred: All linkage roads lead to SLC20A2. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1901-1904. [PMID: 27671522 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkage analyses of families with primary familial brain calcification (formerly idiopathic basal ganglia calcification [IBGC]) identified 3 candidate loci (IBGC1-3). Recently, SLC20A2 mutations were found in the IBGC1 and IBGC3 families, merging these 2 loci. We here elucidate the genetic cause of primary familial brain calcification in the 'IBGC2' kindred. METHODS We sequenced known primary familial brain calcification genes and quantified SLC20A2 and PDGFB. Moreover, CT scans of affected and unaffected family members were evaluated by 2 blinded neuroradiologists for distribution of brain calcification. RESULTS A heterozygous multiexonic SLC20A2 deletion was detected in several affected family members. A reevaluation of neuroimaging data revealed a subset of mutation-negative individuals with only mild and/or unilateral calcification. CONCLUSIONS The identified SLC20A2 mutation resolves the genetic cause of primary familial brain calcification in the 'IBGC2' kindred, collapsing 'IBGC2' into IBGC1. We suggest an algorithm for predicting the chances of finding genetic mutations that has to be validated in further studies. Our study enhances criteria for the evaluation of neuroimaging data, contributing further to the much needed harmonization of diagnostic and research data collection in primary familial brain calcification. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claudia B Volpato
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy-Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Graduate School Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Fischer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Uwe Gebert
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of Bresanone/Brixen, Italy
| | | | - Ebba Buffone
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy-Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy-Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deng H, Zheng W, Jankovic J. Genetics and molecular biology of brain calcification. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 22:20-38. [PMID: 25906927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain calcification is a common neuroimaging finding in patients with neurological, metabolic, or developmental disorders, mitochondrial diseases, infectious diseases, traumatic or toxic history, as well as in otherwise normal older people. Patients with brain calcification may exhibit movement disorders, seizures, cognitive impairment, and a variety of other neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Brain calcification may also present as a single, isolated neuroimaging finding. When no specific cause is evident, a genetic etiology should be considered. The aim of the review is to highlight clinical disorders associated with brain calcification and provide summary of current knowledge of diagnosis, genetics, and pathogenesis of brain calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Primary familial brain calcification: Genetic analysis and clinical spectrum. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1010. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
25
|
Gagliardi M, Morelli M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G, Perrotta P, Pustorino G, Iannello G, Tarantino P, Gambardella A, Quattrone A. A new SLC20A2 mutation identified in southern Italy family with primary familial brain calcification. Gene 2015; 568:109-11. [PMID: 25958344 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by bilateral calcifications mostly located in the basal ganglia and in the thalami, cerebellum and subcortical white matter. Clinical manifestations of this disease include a large spectrum of movement disorders and neuropsychiatric disturbances. PFBC is genetically heterogeneous and typically transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. Three causative genes have been reported: SLC20A2, PDGFRB and PDGFB. OBJECTIVE We screened three PFBC Italian families for mutations in the SLC20A2, PDGFRB and PDGFB genes. METHODS Phenotypic data were obtained by neurologic examination, CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging. Mutation screening of SLC20A2, PDGFRB and PDGFB was performed by sequencing. RESULTS We identified a new heterozygous deletion c.21_21delG (p.L7Ffs*10) in SLC20A2 gene in one of these families. No mutations were detected in the other two families. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that mutations in SLC20A2 are a major cause of familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gagliardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Morelli
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicoletti
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Perrotta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pustorino
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Grazia Iannello
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Patrizia Tarantino
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Section of Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy; Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lemos RR, Ramos EM, Legati A, Nicolas G, Jenkinson EM, Livingston JH, Crow YJ, Campion D, Coppola G, Oliveira JRM. Update and Mutational Analysis of SLC20A2: A Major Cause of Primary Familial Brain Calcification. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:489-95. [PMID: 25726928 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder, with affected individuals presenting a wide variety of motor and cognitive impairments, such as migraine, parkinsonism, psychosis, dementia, and mood swings. Calcifications are usually symmetrical, bilateral, and found predominantly in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. So far, variants in three genes have been linked to PFBC: SLC20A2, PDGFRB, and PDGFB. Variants in SLC20A2 are responsible for most cases identified so far and, therefore, the present review is a comprehensive worldwide summary of all reported variants to date. SLC20A2 encodes an inorganic phosphate transporter, PiT-2, widely expressed in various tissues, including brain, and is part of a major family of solute carrier membrane transporters. Fifty variants reported in 55 unrelated patients so far have been identified in families of diverse ethnicities and only few are recurrent. Various types of variants were detected (missense, nonsense, frameshift) including full or partial SLC20A2 deletions. The recently reported SLC20A2 knockout mouse will enhance our understanding of disease mechanism and allow for screening of therapeutic compounds. In the present review, we also discuss the implications of these recent exciting findings and consider the possibility of treatments based on manipulation of inorganic phosphate homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta R Lemos
- Keizo Asami Laboratory (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Taglia I, Bonifati V, Mignarri A, Dotti MT, Federico A. Primary familial brain calcification: update on molecular genetics. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:787-94. [PMID: 25686613 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification is a neuropsychiatric disorder with calcium deposits in the brain, especially in basal ganglia, cerebellum and subcortical white matter. The disease is characterized by a clinical heterogeneity, with a various combination of symptoms that include movement disorders and psychiatric disturbances; asymptomatic patients have been also reported. To date, three causative genes have been found: SLC20A2, PDGFRB and PDGFB. SLC20A2 gene codes for the 'sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2' (PiT-2), a cell membrane transporters of inorganic phosphate, involved in Pi uptake by cells and maintenance of Pi body levels. Over 40 pathogenic variants of SLC20A2 have been reported, affecting the regulation of Pi homeostasis. It was hypothesized that SLC20A2 mutations cause brain calcification most likely through haploinsufficiency. PDGFRB encodes for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ), a cell-surface tyrosine-kinase (RTK) receptor that regulates cell proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation. PDGFB encodes for the 'platelet-derived growth factor beta' (PDGFβ), the ligand of PDGFRβ. The loss of function of PDGFRβ and PDGFβ could lead to the impairment of the pericytes function and blood brain barrier integrity, causing vascular and perivascular calcium accumulation. SLC20A2 accounts for about 40 % of familial form and 14 % of sporadic cases, while PDGFRB and PDGFB mutations are likely rare. However, approximately 50 % of patients are not genetically defined and there should be at least another causative gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Taglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|