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Gonzalez BD, Forbrig E, Yao G, Kielb P, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P, Kozuch J. Cation Dependence of Enniatin B/Membrane-Interactions Assessed Using Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) Spectroscopy. Chempluschem 2024:e202400159. [PMID: 38700478 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Enniatins are mycotoxins with well-known antibacterial, antifungal, antihelmintic and antiviral activity, which have recently come to attention as potential mitochondriotoxic anticancer agents. The cytotoxicity of enniatins is traced back to ionophoric properties, in which the cyclodepsipeptidic structure results in enniatin:cation-complexes of various stoichiometries proposed as membrane-active species. In this work, we employed a combination of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy, tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) and density functional theory (DFT)-based computational spectroscopy to monitor the cation-dependence (Mz+=Na+, K+, Cs+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+) on the mechanism of enniatin B (EB) incorporation into membranes and identify the functionally relevant EBn : Mz+ complexes formed. We find that Na+ promotes a cooperative incorporation, modelled via an autocatalytic mechanism and mediated by a distorted 2 : 1-EB2 : Na+ complex. K+ (and Cs+) leads to a direct but less efficient insertion into membranes due to the adoption of "ideal" EB2 : K+ sandwich complexes. In contrast, the presence of Li+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ causes a (partial) extraction of EB from the membrane via the formation of "belted" 1 : 1-EB : Mz+ complexes, which screen the cationic charge less efficiently. Our results point to a relevance of the cation dependence for the transport into the malignant cells where the mitochondriotoxic anticancer activity is exerted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Daiana Gonzalez
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Forbrig
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guiyang Yao
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja Kielb
- Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area', Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), Universität Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacek Kozuch
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Forschungsbau SupraFAB, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 23a, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Hasuda AL, Bracarense APFRL. Toxicity of the emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins: A mini-review. Toxicon 2024; 239:107534. [PMID: 38013058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Beauvericin and enniatins, emerging mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium species, are natural contaminants of cereals and cereal products. These mycotoxins are cyclic hexadepsipeptides with ionophore properties and their toxicity mechanism is related to their ability to transport cations across the cell membrane. Beauvericin and enniatins are cytotoxic, as they decrease cell viability, promote cell cycle arrest, and increase apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species in several cell lines. They also cause changes at the transcriptomic level and have immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Toxicokinetic results are scarce, and, despite its proven toxic effects in vitro, no regulation or risk assessment has yet been performed due to a lack of in vivo data. This mini-review aims to report the information available in the literature on studies of in vitro and in vivo toxic effects with beauvericin and enniatins, which are mycotoxins of increasing interest to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lopes Hasuda
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina State University, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina State University, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
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Hwang Y, Lee HS. Statistical optimization of environmental factors to produce the cytotoxic enniatins H, I and MK1688 against human multidrug resistance cancer cell lines. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:579-587. [PMID: 38274188 PMCID: PMC10805692 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The environmental conditions were optimized to produce the enniatin H, I, and MK1688 by Fusarium strain on cereal grain exhibiting anti-carcinogenic potential against MES-SA (human uterine sarcoma cell line), HCT15 (human colorectal carcinoma cancer cell line), and their multidrug resistance sublines. From the statistical optimization by response surface methodology, the optimal condition of independent variables affecting the response variables were 20.85 °C (temperature), 46.85% (w/w, initial moisture content), and 18.42 days (growth time) for ENN H; 23.31 °C, 44.15% (w/w) and 17.23 days for ENN I; 23.08 °C, 43.97% (w/w) and 17.06 days for ENN MK1688. In case of cytotoxic effects, ENNs significantly suppressed growth of cancer cell lines without multidrug resistance, and ENN I inhibited growth of cancer cell lines most strongly. These data will provide valuable point to produce the cyclic hexadepsipeptide exhibiting anti-carcinogenic potential from Fusarium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungMin Hwang
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Safety and Regulatory Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
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4
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Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:271. [PMID: 37104209 PMCID: PMC10144843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN-DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
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Benkerroum N, Ismail A. Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxins, Impact on Children's Health, and Possible Control Means: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16792. [PMID: 36554670 PMCID: PMC9779431 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are natural toxicants produced mainly by species of the Aspergillus genus, which contaminate virtually all feeds and foods. Apart from their deleterious health effects on humans and animals, they can be secreted unmodified or carried over into the milk of lactating females, thereby posing health risks to suckling babies. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic aflatoxin type after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It contaminates human breast milk upon direct ingestion from dairy products or by carry-over from the parent molecule (AFB1), which is hydroxylated in the liver and possibly in the mammary glands by cytochrome oxidase enzymes and then excreted into breast milk as AFM1 during lactation via the mammary alveolar epithelial cells. This puts suckling infants and children fed on this milk at a high risk, especially that their detoxifying activities are still weak at this age essentially due to immature liver as the main organ responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. The occurrence of AFM1 at toxic levels in human breast milk and associated health conditions in nursing children is well documented, with developing countries being the most affected. Different studies have demonstrated that contamination of human breast milk with AFM1 represents a real public health issue, which should be promptly and properly addressed to reduce its incidence. To this end, different actions have been suggested, including a wider and proper implementation of regulatory measures, not only for breast milk but also for foods and feeds as the upstream sources for breast milk contamination with AFM1. The promotion of awareness of lactating mothers through the organization of training sessions and mass media disclosures before and after parturition is of a paramount importance for the success of any action. This is especially relevant that there are no possible control measures to ensure compliance of lactating mothers to specific regulatory measures, which can yet be appropriate for the expansion of breast milk banks in industrialized countries and emergence of breast milk sellers. This review attempted to revisit the public health issues raised by mother milk contamination with AFM1, which remains undermined despite the numerous relevant publications highlighting the needs to tackle its incidence as a protective measure for the children physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Expertise Aliments Santé, Food Health Consultancy, 7450 Dollier Str., Montréal, QC H1S 2J6, Canada
| | - Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
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6
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Cytochrome P450 isoforms contribution, plasma protein binding, toxicokinetics of enniatin A in rats and in vivo clearance prediction in humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:112988. [PMID: 35398446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging mycotoxins, such as enniatin A (ENNA), are becoming a worldwide concern owing to their presence in different types of food and feed. However, comprehensive toxicokinetic data that links intake, exposure and toxicological effects of ENNA has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, the present study investigated the in vitro (rat and human) and in vivo (rat) toxicokinetic properties of ENNA. Towards this, an easily applicable and sensitive bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the estimation of ENNA in rat plasma. ENNA exhibited high plasma protein binding (99%), high hepatic clearance and mainly underwent metabolism via CYP3A4 (74%). The in-house predicted hepatic clearance (54 mL/min/kg) and observed in vivo rat clearance (55 mL/min/kg) were comparable. The predicted in vivo human hepatic clearance was 18 mL/min/kg. ENNA underwent slow absorption (Tmax = 4 h) and rapid elimination following oral administration to rats. The absolute oral bioavailability was 47%. The toxicokinetic findings for ENNA from this study will help in designing and interpreting toxicological studies in rats. Besides, these findings could be used in physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model development for exposure predictions and risk assessment for ENNA in humans.
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8
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Søderstrøm S, Lie KK, Lundebye AK, Søfteland L. Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin B (ENNB)-induced impairment of mitochondria and lysosomes - Potential sources of intracellular reactive iron triggering ferroptosis in Atlantic salmon primary hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112819. [PMID: 35038498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin B (ENNB) are emerging mycotoxins frequently detected in plant-based fish feed. With ionophoric properties, they have shown cytotoxic potential in mammalian models. Sensitivity in fish is still largely unknown. Primary hepatocytes isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were used as a model and exposed to BEA and ENNB (0.05-10 μM) for 48 h. Microscopy, evaluation of cell viability, total ATP, total H2O2, total iron content, total Gpx enzyme activity, and RNA sequencing were used to characterize the toxicodynamics of BEA and ENNB. Both mycotoxins became cytotoxic at ≥ 5 μM, causing condensation of the hepatocytes followed by formation of blister-like protrusions on the cell's membrane. RNA sequencing analysis at sub-cytotoxic levels indicated BEA and ENNB exposed hepatocytes to experience increased energy expenditure, elevated oxidative stress, and iron homeostasis disturbances sensitizing the hepatocytes to ferroptosis. The present study provides valuable knowledge disclosing the toxic action of these mycotoxins in Atlantic salmon primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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9
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Beauvericin and Enniatins: In Vitro Intestinal Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110686. [PMID: 33138307 PMCID: PMC7693699 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food and feed contamination by emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins is a worldwide health problem and a matter of great concern nowadays, and data on their toxicological behavior are still scarce. As ingestion is the major route of exposure to mycotoxins in food and feed, the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier encountered by these natural contaminants and the first structure that could be affected by their potential detrimental effects. In order to perform a complete and reliable toxicological evaluation, this fundamental site cannot be disregarded. Several in vitro intestinal models able to recreate the different traits of the intestinal environment have been applied to investigate the various aspects related to the intestinal toxicity of emerging mycotoxins. This review aims to depict an overall and comprehensive representation of the in vitro intestinal effects of beauvericin and enniatins in humans from a species-specific perspective. Moreover, information on the occurrence in food and feed and notions on the regulatory aspects will be provided.
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Rossi F, Gallo A, Bertuzzi T. Emerging mycotoxins in the food chain. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-190345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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11
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Pietsch C. Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:41-62. [PMID: 31346981 PMCID: PMC6971146 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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12
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van Stuijvenberg J, Proksch P, Fritz G. Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) by natural compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115279. [PMID: 31980363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds (NC) are an important source of anticancer drugs. The genomic DNA of tumor cells is a major target of conventional anticancer therapeutics (cAT). DNA damage elicits a complex stress response programme termed DNA damage response (DDR), with the PI3-like kinase ATM and ATR being the key regulators. Since the DDR coordinates mechanisms of DNA repair and apoptosis, hence regulating the balance between death and survival, it is an attractive target of novel anticancer strategies. The aim of the study was to identify natural compounds derived from endophytic fungi, lichens, marine sponges or plants that interfere with mechanisms of the DDR. To this end, the cytotoxic and DDR modulating potency of 296 natural compounds, used alone or in combination with the cAT cisplatin (Cis) and doxorubicin (Doxo) was investigated by fluorescence-based analysis of the ATM/ATR-catalyzed S139 phosphorylation of histone 2AX (γH2AX), a surrogate marker of DNA damage-triggered DDR. After initial screening, a total of ten natural compounds were identified that were toxic in pancreatic carcinoma cells and activated the DDR on their own and/or promoted the DDR if used in combination with cAT. Their mode of action was shown to be independent of drug transport mechanisms. Based on their chemical structures, DDR modulatory activity and published data we suggest the marine NC 5-epi-nakijiquinone Q and 5-epi-ilimaquinone as well as the fungal compound secalonic acid F as most promising NC-based drug candidates for future synthesis of DDR-modulating chemical derivatives and their preclinical in vitro and in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana van Stuijvenberg
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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13
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Li X, Li J, Zhao Z, Quan C, Gao W, Zu X, Bai X, Feng S. Fungi-derived lipopeptide antibiotics developed since 2000. Peptides 2019; 113:52-65. [PMID: 30738838 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipopeptide antibiotics have linear or cyclic structures with one or more hydrocarbon tails linked to the N-terminus of a short oligopeptide that may be chemically modified and/or contain unusual amino acid residues in their structures. They possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents, and ˜30 representative genera of fungi are known to produce them. Some chemically synthesised derivatives have already been developed into commercial products or subjected to clinical trials, including cilofungin, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, rezafungin, emodepside, fusafungine and destruxins. This review summarizes 200 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000, including 95 cyclic depsipeptides, 67 peptaibiotics (including 35 peptaibols, eight lipoaminopeptides, and five lipopeptaibols), and 38 non-depsipeptide and non-peptaibiotic lipopeptides. Their sources, structural sequences, antibiotic activities (e.g. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimycoplasmal, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal and nematicidal), structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and specific relevance are discussed. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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15
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Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Izzo L, Gaspari A, Graziani G, Mañes J, Ritieni A. Urinary levels of enniatin B and its phase I metabolites: First human pilot biomonitoring study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:454-459. [PMID: 29802944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins (Enns) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. and are widely distributed contaminants of cereals and derivate products. Among the different identified enniatins, Enn B is the most relevant analogue in cereals in Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the occurrence of Enn B and Enn B phase I metabolites in 300 human urine samples throughout an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) methodology. Three different sample preparation procedures were evaluated and salting-out liquid-liquid extraction showed satisfactory validation results. Enn B was quantified in 83.7% of samples ranging from 0.006 to 0.391 ng/mL (average content: 0.016 ng/mL). In line with the in vitro observations with human liver microsomes, in the here analyzed samples the Enn B monooxygenated, N-demethylated and dioxygenated metabolites were tentatively found in 87.7%, 96.3% and 6.7% of samples. The data of this pilot biomonitoring survey indicate a frequent intake of enniatins in Italy, supporting further toxicological studies to provide better basis for understanding their potential effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- University of Valencia, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Av/ Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luana Izzo
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Gaspari
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jordi Mañes
- University of Valencia, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Av/ Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131 Napoli, Italy
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16
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Heilos D, Röhrl C, Pirker C, Englinger B, Baier D, Mohr T, Schwaiger M, Iqbal SM, van Schoonhoven S, Klavins K, Eberhart T, Windberger U, Taibon J, Sturm S, Stuppner H, Koellensperger G, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Jäger W, Lemmens-Gruber R, Berger W. Altered membrane rigidity via enhanced endogenous cholesterol synthesis drives cancer cell resistance to destruxins. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25661-25680. [PMID: 29876015 PMCID: PMC5986646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Destruxins, secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi, exert a wide variety of interesting characteristics ranging from antiviral to anticancer effects. Although their mode of action was evaluated previously, the molecular mechanisms of resistance development are unknown. Hence, we have established destruxin-resistant sublines of HCT116 colon carcinoma cells by selection with the most prevalent derivatives, destruxin (dtx)A, dtxB and dtxE. Various cell biological and molecular techniques were applied to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying these acquired and highly stable destruxin resistance phenotypes. Interestingly, well-known chemoresistance-mediating ABC efflux transporters were not the major players. Instead, in dtxA- and dtxB-resistant cells a hyper-activated mevalonate pathway was uncovered resulting in increased de-novo cholesterol synthesis rates and elevated levels of lanosterol, cholesterol as well as several oxysterol metabolites. Accordingly, inhibition of the mevalonate pathway at two different steps, using either statins or zoledronic acid, significantly reduced acquired but also intrinsic destruxin resistance. Vice versa, cholesterol supplementation protected destruxin-sensitive cells against their cytotoxic activity. Additionally, an increased cell membrane adhesiveness of dtxA-resistant as compared to parental cells was detected by atomic force microscopy. This was paralleled by a dramatically reduced ionophoric capacity of dtxA in resistant cells when cultured in absence but not in presence of statins. Summarizing, our results suggest a reduced ionophoric activity of destruxins due to cholesterol-mediated plasma membrane re-organization as molecular mechanism underlying acquired destruxin resistance in human colon cancer cells. Whether this mechanism might be valid also in other cell types and organisms exposed to destruxins e.g. as bio-insecticides needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Heilos
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dina Baier
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Decentralized Biomedical Facilities of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schwaiger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tanja Eberhart
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Windberger
- Decentralized Biomedical Facilities of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Taibon
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosa Lemmens-Gruber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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In vitro mechanisms of Beauvericin toxicity: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:537-545. [PMID: 29154952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is a mycotoxin produced by many species of fungus Fusarium and by Beauveria bassiana; BEA is a natural contaminant of cereals and cereals based products and possesses a wide variety of biological properties. The mechanism of action seems to be related to its ionophoric activity, that increases ion permeability in biological membranes. As a consequence, BEA causes cytotoxicity in several cell lines and is capable to produce oxidative stress at molecular level. Moreover, BEA is genotoxic (produces DNA fragmentation, chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus) and causes apoptosis with the involvement of mitochondrial pathway. However, several antioxidant mechanisms protect cells against oxidative stress produced by BEA. Despite its strong cytotoxicity, no risk assessment have been still carried out by authorities due to a lack of toxicity data, so research on BEA toxicological impact is still going on. This review reports information available regarding BEA mechanistic toxicology with the aim of updating information regarding last researches on this mycotoxin.
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18
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Prosperini A, Berrada H, Ruiz MJ, Caloni F, Coccini T, Spicer LJ, Perego MC, Lafranconi A. A Review of the Mycotoxin Enniatin B. Front Public Health 2017; 5:304. [PMID: 29201864 PMCID: PMC5697211 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a secondary metabolism product by Fusarium fungi. It is a well-known antibacterial, antihelmintic, antifungal, herbicidal, and insecticidal compound. It has been found as a contaminant in several food commodities, particularly in cereal grains, co-occurring also with other mycotoxins. The primary mechanism of action of ENN B is mainly due to its ionophoric characteristics, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. In the last two decades, it has been a topic of great interest since its potent mammalian cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in several mammalian cell lines. Moreover, the co-exposure in vitro with other mycotoxins enhances its toxic potential through synergic effects, depending on the concentrations tested. Despite its clear cytotoxic effect, European Food Safety Authority stated that acute exposure to ENNs, such as ENN B, does not indicate concern for human health, but a concern might be the chronic exposure. However, given the lack of relevant toxicity data, no firm conclusion could be drawn and a risk assessment was not possible. In fact, very few studies have been carried out in vivo and, in these studies, no adverse effects were observed. So, research on toxicological effects induced by ENN B is still on-going. Recently, some studies are dealing with new advances regarding ENN B. This review summarizes the information on biochemical and biological activity of ENN B, focusing on toxicological aspects and on the latest advances in research on ENN B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Prosperini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes SpA-BS, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Maria Chiara Perego
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Alessandra Lafranconi
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca sulla Sanità Pubblica (CESP), Università Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of International Health, FHML, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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19
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The Natural Fungal Metabolite Beauvericin Exerts Anticancer Activity In Vivo: A Pre-Clinical Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090258. [PMID: 28837057 PMCID: PMC5618191 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, in vitro anti-cancer properties of beauvericin, a fungal metabolite were shown in various cancer cell lines. In this study, we assessed the specificity of this effect by comparing beauvericin cytotoxicity in malignant versus non-malignant cells. Moreover, we tested in vivo anticancer effects of beauvericin by treating BALB/c and CB-17/SCID mice bearing murine CT-26 or human KB-3-1-grafted tumors, respectively. Tumor size and weight were measured and histological sections were evaluated by Ki-67 and H/E staining as well as TdT-mediated-dUTP-nick-end (TUNEL) labeling. Beauvericin levels were determined in various tissues and body fluids by LC-MS/MS. In addition to a more pronounced activity against malignant cells, we detected decreased tumor volumes and weights in beauvericin-treated mice compared to controls in both the allo- and the xenograft model without any adverse effects. No significant differences were detected concerning percentages of proliferating and mitotic cells in tumor sections from treated and untreated mice. However, a significant increase of necrotic areas within whole tumor sections of beauvericin-treated mice was found in both models corresponding to an enhanced number of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. Furthermore, moderate beauvericin accumulation was detected in tumor tissues. In conclusion, we suggest beauvericin as a promising novel natural compound for anticancer therapy.
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20
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Gruber-Dorninger C, Novak B, Nagl V, Berthiller F. Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7052-7070. [PMID: 27599910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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21
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Fraeyman S, Croubels S, Devreese M, Antonissen G. Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria Mycotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity and Toxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070228. [PMID: 28718805 PMCID: PMC5535175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins gain more and more interest due to their frequent contamination of food and feed, although in vivo toxicity and toxicokinetic data are limited. Whereas the Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin, moniliformin and enniatins particularly contaminate grain and grain-based products, Alternaria mycotoxins are also detected in fruits, vegetables and wines. Although contamination levels are usually low (µg/kg range), higher contamination levels of enniatins and tenuazonic acid may occasionally occur. In vitro studies suggest genotoxic effects of enniatins A, A1 and B1, beauvericin, moniliformin, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altertoxins and stemphyltoxin-III. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest immunomodulating effects of most emerging toxins and a reproductive health hazard of alternariol, beauvericin and enniatin B. More in vivo toxicity data on the individual and combined effects of these contaminants on reproductive and immune system in both humans and animals is needed to update the risk evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account new occurrence data for tenuazonic acid, the complete oral bioavailability, the low total body clearance in pigs and broiler chickens and the limited toxicity data, a health risk cannot be completely excluded. Besides, some less known Alternaria toxins, especially the genotoxic altertoxins and stemphyltoxin III, should be incorporated in risk evaluation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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22
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Blood-brain barrier transport kinetics of the cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Hoda MA, Pirker C, Dong Y, Schelch K, Heffeter P, Kryeziu K, van Schoonhoven S, Klikovits T, Laszlo V, Rozsas A, Ozsvar J, Klepetko W, Döme B, Grusch M, Hegedüs B, Berger W. Trabectedin Is Active against Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Cell and Xenograft Models and Synergizes with Chemotherapy and Bcl-2 Inhibition In Vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2357-2369. [PMID: 27512118 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is characterized by widespread resistance to systemic therapy. Trabectedin is an antineoplastic agent targeting both the malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment that has been approved for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer. In this preclinical study, we evaluated the antineoplastic potential of trabectedin as a single agent and in drug combination approaches in human MPM. Therefore, we utilized an extended panel of MPM cell lines (n = 6) and primary cell cultures from surgical MPM specimens (n = 13), as well as nonmalignant pleural tissue samples (n = 2). Trabectedin exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in all MPM cell cultures in vitro when growing as adherent monolayers or nonadherent spheroids with IC50 values ≤ 2.6 nmol/L. Nonmalignant mesothelial cells were significantly less responsive. The strong antimesothelioma activity was based on cell-cycle perturbation and apoptosis induction. The activity of trabectedin against MPM cells was synergistically enhanced by coadministration of cisplatin, a drug routinely used for systemic MPM treatment. Comparison of gene expression signatures indicated an inverse correlation between trabectedin response and bcl-2 expression. Accordingly, bcl-2 inhibitors (Obatoclax, ABT-199) markedly synergized with trabectedin paralleled by deregulated expression of the bcl-2 family members bcl-2, bim, bax, Mcl-1, and bcl-xL as a consequence of trabectedin exposure. In addition, trabectedin exerted significant antitumor activity against an intraperitoneal MPM xenograft model. Together, these data suggest that trabectedin exerts strong activity in MPM and synergizes with chemotherapy and experimental bcl-2 inhibitors in vitro Thus, it represents a promising new therapeutic option for MPM. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2357-69. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir A Hoda
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yawen Dong
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Schelch
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Klikovits
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Rozsas
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Ozsvar
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Döme
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary. Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. MTA-SE Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Berger
- Applied and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Schoevers EJ, Santos RR, Fink-Gremmels J, Roelen BAJ. Toxicity of beauvericin on porcine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:159-169. [PMID: 27474255 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is one of many toxins produced by Fusarium species that contaminate feed materials. The aim of this study was to assess its effects on porcine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes and developing embryos were exposed to BEA and cultured until the blastocyst stage. Cumulus cells, oocytes and embryos were examined for viability, progesterone synthesis, multidrug resistance protein (MDR1), ATP content and gene expression related to MDR1 function, oxidative phosphorylation, steroidogenesis and apoptosis. BEA was toxic in embryos, oocytes and cumulus cells at concentrations exceeding 0.5μM, and embryos were most vulnerable after the four-cell stage. Since BEA exerted different effects in embryos, oocytes and cumulus cells, the toxic mechanism is suggested to involve different pathways. Currently there are no consistent data on adverse effects of BEA in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Schoevers
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Regiane R Santos
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard A J Roelen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Resistance to antifungal drugs is an increasingly significant clinical problem. The most common antifungal resistance encountered is efflux pump-mediated resistance of Candida species to azole drugs. One approach to overcome this resistance is to inhibit the pumps and chemosensitize resistant strains to azole drugs. Drug discovery targeting fungal efflux pumps could thus result in the development of azole-enhancing combination therapy. Heterologous expression of fungal efflux pumps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a versatile system for screening for pump inhibitors. Fungal efflux pumps transport a range of xenobiotics including fluorescent compounds. This enables the use of fluorescence-based detection, as well as growth inhibition assays, in screens to discover compounds targeting efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. A variety of medium- and high-throughput screens have been used to identify a number of chemical entities that inhibit fungal efflux pumps.
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26
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Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Heilos D, Richter L, Süssmuth RD, Heffeter P, Sulyok M, Kenner L, Berger W, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R. Mouse tissue distribution and persistence of the food-born fusariotoxins Enniatin B and Beauvericin. Toxicol Lett 2016; 247:35-44. [PMID: 26892719 PMCID: PMC5850989 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fusariotoxins Enniatin B (Enn B) and Beauvericin (Bea) have recently aroused interest as food contaminants and as potential anticancer drugs. However, limited data are available about their toxic profile. Aim of this study was to investigate their pharmacological behavior in vivo and their persistence in mice. Therefore, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the distribution of Enn B and Bea in selected tissue samples and biological fluids originating from mice treated intraperitoneally with these cyclohexadepsipeptides. Overall, no toxicological signs during life time or pathological changes were observed. Moreover, both fusariotoxins were found in all tissues and serum but not in urine. Highest amounts were measured in liver and fat demonstrating the moleculeś tendency to bioaccumulate in lipophilic tissues. While for Bea no metabolites could be detected, for Enn B three phase I metabolites (dioxygenated-Enn B, mono- and di-demethylated-Enn B) were found in liver and colon, with dioxygenated-Enn B being most prominent. Consequently, contribution of hepatic as well as intestinal metabolism seems to be involved in the overall metabolism of Enn B. Thus, despite their structural similarity, the metabolism of Enn B and Bea shows distinct discrepancies which might affect long-term effects and tolerability in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Daniela Heilos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lennart Richter
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Währingerstraße 13a, Vienna, Austria,; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Veterinary University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Mallebrera B, Juan-Garcia A, Font G, Ruiz MJ. Mechanisms of beauvericin toxicity and antioxidant cellular defense. Toxicol Lett 2016; 246:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Non-synergistic cytotoxic effects of Fusarium and Alternaria toxin combinations in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2015; 241:1-8. [PMID: 26529482 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins via food and feed generally involves a conglomeration of compounds contaminating the consumed products. Investigations on combinatory effects of mycotoxins are therefore of great importance. In this study, cytotoxic effects of binary mixtures of the Fusarium toxins enniatin B, aurofusarin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone, and tenuazonic acid produced by Alternaria spp., were evaluated by the WST-1 assay in the colorectal carcinoma cell-line Caco-2 after 24h of incubation. The selection of these mycotoxins was based on typically occurring natural contamination patterns in grains. Aurofusarin, which can be found abundantly in contaminated foodstuff and has not been toxicologically characterized properly so far, showed pronounced cytotoxicity, decreasing the mitochondrial activity at 10μM to 51% compared to a solvent control. Combinations of other mycotoxins with aurofusarin showed additive effects. In contrast, binary mixtures of enniatin B, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone at cytotoxic concentrations, predominantly resulted in antagonistic effects. Binary combinations of these four Fusarium toxins with tenuazonic acid also revealed interacting effects leading to a decrease in cytotoxicity, compared to expected combinatory effects. Especially in combination with deoxynivalenol, tenuazonic acid was found to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of this mycotoxin in Caco-2 cells. Synergistic effects were not observed for any toxin combination under the chosen conditions.
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Santos R, Schoevers E, Wu X, Roelen B, Fink-Gremmels J. The protective effect of follicular fluid against the emerging mycotoxins alternariol and beauvericin. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine granulosa cells were cultured in the absence or presence of 10% porcine follicular fluid (FF) at different concentrations (0-20 μM) of the mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and beauvericin (BEA). The analyses were performed after exposure to these mycotoxins in a medium supplemented or not with FF harvested from gilts and sows. Cell enzymatic activity and nuclear membrane integrity were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and ethidium homodimer-1 labelling. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was measured to calculate the capacity of the cells to counteract reactive oxygen species. qRT-PCR was used to determine the relative gene expression of efflux transporters (ABCG1 and ABCG2) as well CYP11 and CYP19. Mycotoxin cytotoxicity was more related to enzymatic activity than to nuclear membrane damage and no direct relationship with oxidative stress was observed, except when cells were exposed to AOH. In this case, medium supplementation with FF from sows increased the antioxidant capacity of the cells. AOH did not regulate gene expression in the present conditions, but 5 μM BEA led to the up-regulation of ABCG2 gene expression and a down-regulation of CYP19 expression. In conclusion, follicular fluid from sows is capable to decrease toxicity of AOH and of BEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.R. Santos
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Campus Básico, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - E.J. Schoevers
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - X. Wu
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B.A.J. Roelen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. Fink-Gremmels
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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The naturally born fusariotoxin enniatin B and sorafenib exert synergistic activity against cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:318-331. [PMID: 25557295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades substantial progress has been made in developing systemic cancer therapy. However, tumors are frequently intrinsically resistant against structurally and mechanistically unrelated drugs. Thus, it is of predominant interest to overcome drug resistance and to encourage the research for novel chemotherapeutic approaches. Recently, we have introduced enniatins, naturally occurring cyclohexadepsipeptides produced by filamentous fungi of the genus Fusarium, as potential anticancer drugs. Here, we expend this approach by demonstrating antiangiogenic properties for enniatin B (Enn B) indicated by a strong inhibition of human endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Moreover, combination of Enn B with the clinically approved multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib (Sora) displayed profound synergistic in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects against cervical cancer. Subsequent studies showed that this strong synergism is accompanied by a marked increase in mitochondrial injury and apoptosis induction reflected by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-7 activation, and subsequent cleavage of PARP. Additionally, cells were shown to stop DNA synthesis and accumulate in S and G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The multifaceted characteristics underlying this strong synergism were suggested to be based on interference with the p38 MAPK as well as the ERK signaling pathways. Finally, also in vivo studies revealed that the combination treatment is distinctly superior to single drug treatments against the KB-3-1 cervix carcinoma xenograft model. Taken together, our data confirm the anticancer benefits of the naturally occurring fusariotoxin Enn B and further present Enn B/Sora as a novel combination strategy especially for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Juan C, Manyes L, Font G, Juan-García A. Evaluation of immunologic effect of Enniatin A and quantitative determination in feces, urine and serum on treated Wistar rats. Toxicon 2014; 87:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Keniya MV, Holmes AR, Niimi M, Lamping E, Gillet JP, Gottesman MM, Cannon RD. Drug resistance is conferred on the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of full-length melanoma-associated human ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB5. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3452-62. [PMID: 25115303 PMCID: PMC4186680 DOI: 10.1021/mp500230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABCB5, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, is highly expressed in melanoma cells, and may contribute to the extreme resistance of melanomas to chemotherapy by efflux of anti-cancer drugs. Our goal was to determine whether we could functionally express human ABCB5 in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in order to demonstrate an efflux function for ABCB5 in the absence of background pump activity from other human transporters. Heterologous expression would also facilitate drug discovery for this important target. DNAs encoding ABCB5 sequences were cloned into the chromosomal PDR5 locus of a S. cerevisiae strain in which seven endogenous ABC transporters have been deleted. Protein expression in the yeast cells was monitored by immunodetection using both a specific anti-ABCB5 antibody and a cross-reactive anti-ABCB1 antibody. ABCB5 function in recombinant yeast cells was measured by determining whether the cells possessed increased resistance to known pump substrates, compared to the host yeast strain, in assays of yeast growth. Three ABCB5 constructs were made in yeast. One was derived from the ABCB5-β mRNA, which is highly expressed in human tissues but is a truncation of a canonical full-size ABC transporter. Two constructs contained full-length ABCB5 sequences: either a native sequence from cDNA or a synthetic sequence codon-harmonized for S. cerevisiae. Expression of all three constructs in yeast was confirmed by immunodetection. Expression of the codon-harmonized full-length ABCB5 DNA conferred increased resistance, relative to the host yeast strain, to the putative substrates rhodamine 123, daunorubicin, tetramethylrhodamine, FK506, or clorgyline. We conclude that full-length ABCB5 can be functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae and confers drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Keniya
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago , P.O. Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of beauvericin and enniatins in food and feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Ivanova L, Fæste C, Van Pamel E, Daeseleire E, Callebaut A, Uhlig S. Presence of enniatin B and its hepatic metabolites in plasma and liver samples from broilers and eggs from laying hens. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins, a large group of cyclodepsipeptides, are widely distributed contaminants of different crops intended for human and animal consumption. Enniatin B is one of the principal analogues in species of the genus Fusarium, known to have ionophoric, antibiotic, and insecticidal activity. Regardless of considerable cytotoxic effects observed in vitro, enniatins have been characterised as compounds with low acute toxicity in vivo. The biotransformation of enniatin B has previously been elucidated in liver microsomes, and 12 different metabolites (M1 to M12) have been reported. In order to provide a better basis for understanding the potential toxic effects in humans and animals, different samples (eggs, livers, plasma) from two different feeding studies have been analysed for the presence of enniatin B and its hepatic metabolites. The earlier reported metabolite M11, and a novel metabolite (designated M13), were dominant in liver samples from enniatin B exposed broilers. The peak area corresponding to the sodiated molecular ion of M11 was approximately 2.5 times larger than that of parent enniatin B in liver samples collected after one week of exposure. The same metabolites were also present in serum samples. In egg samples, only metabolites M13 and M4 were detected. The comparison of mass spectrometric data of M13 and enniatin B suggested that M13 is a monohydroxylated metabolite. The hepatic biotransformation of enniatin B was also investigated in vitro in chicken microsomes demonstrating good correlation with the metabolite profiles in the chicken samples. The results of the present study demonstrated an extensive biotransformation of enniatin B in vivo confirming previously reported in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - C.K. Fæste
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E. Van Pamel
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E. Daeseleire
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - A. Callebaut
- Unit Toxins and Natural Components, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA),, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - S. Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Beauvericin-induced cytotoxicity via ROS production and mitochondrial damage in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:204-11. [PMID: 23850777 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of beauvericin (BEA) on human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells was studied as a function of time. Moreover, the oxidative damage and cell death endpoints were monitored after 24, 48 and 72 h. After BEA exposure, the IC₅₀ values ranged from 1.9 ± 0.7 to 20.6 ± 6.9 μM. A decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH; 31%) levels, as well as an increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG, 20%) was observed. In the presence of BEA, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was highly increased at an early stage with the highest production of 2.0-fold higher than the control that was observed at 120 min. BEA induced cell death by mitochondria-dependent apoptotic process with loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm; 9% compared to the control), increase in LPO level (from 120% to 207% compared to the control) and reduced G0/G1 phase, with an arrest in G2/M, in a dose and time-dependent manner. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and ΔΨm determined, were in a dose- time-dependent manner. Moreover, DNA damage was observed after 12.0 μM concentration. This study demonstrated that oxidative stress is one of the mechanism involved in BEA toxicity, moreover apoptosis induction and loss of ΔΨm contribute to its cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells.
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Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Heffeter P, Mohr T, Hazemi P, Kryeziu K, Seger C, Berger W, Lemmens-Gruber R. Destruxins: fungal-derived cyclohexadepsipeptides with multifaceted anticancer and antiangiogenic activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:361-77. [PMID: 23747344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Destruxins (Dtx) are secondary metabolites of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Recently, Dtx came into focus of interest as anticancer therapeutics. However, data on human and especially on cancer cells are fragmentary. In order to successfully establish novel anticancer therapeutics, a broad knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their activity is essential. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the most common Dtx derivatives A, B and E on human cancer cell growth and survival with a focus on colon cancer cell models. Summarizing, the experimental data showed that (i) Dtx A and B exert potent antiproliferative activity in the micromolar and Dtx E in the nanomolar range in KB-3-1, A549, CaCo-2, and especially in HCT116 colon cancer cells, (ii) all three Dtx derivatives cause imbalance of cell cycle distribution, (iii) their cytostatic/cytotoxic effects are widely p53-independent but reduced by p21- and bax-deletion, respectively, (iv) cytotoxicity is based on intrinsic apoptosis induction and associated with phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway inhibition, (v) anticancer activity of Dtx E but not Dtx A and B involves disturbance of the intracellular redox balance, (vi) Dtx inhibit the migration and tube formation of human endothelial cells indicating antiangiogenic potential, and (vii) all three Dtx derivatives possess ionophoric properties not differing in conductivity, ion selectivity and single channel kinetics. Thus, Dtx represent feasible, multifunctional anticancer drug candidates for preclinical development especially against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lu H, Fernández-Franzón M, Font G, Ruiz M. Toxicity evaluation of individual and mixed enniatins using an in vitro method with CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:672-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Devreese M, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Quantitative determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatin A, A1, B and B1 in pig plasma using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 106:212-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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López-Berges MS, Hera C, Sulyok M, Schäfer K, Capilla J, Guarro J, Di Pietro A. The velvet complex governs mycotoxin production and virulence of Fusarium oxysporum on plant and mammalian hosts. Mol Microbiol 2012; 87:49-65. [PMID: 23106229 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens provoke devastating losses in agricultural production, contaminate food with mycotoxins and give rise to life-threatening infections in humans. The soil-borne ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum attacks over 100 different crops and can cause systemic fusariosis in immunocompromised individuals. Here we functionally characterized VeA, VelB, VelC and LaeA, four components of the velvet protein complex which regulates fungal development and secondary metabolism. Deletion of veA, velB and to a minor extent velC caused a derepression of conidiation as well as alterations in the shape and size of microconidia. VeA and LaeA were required for full virulence of F. oxysporum on tomato plants and on immunodepressed mice. A critical contribution of velvet consists in promoting chromatin accessibility and expression of the biosynthetic gene cluster for beauvericin, a depsipeptide mycotoxin that functions as a virulence determinant. These results reveal a conserved role of the velvet complex during fungal infection on plants and mammals.
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Mathieu V, Pirker C, Schmidt WM, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Lötsch D, Heffeter P, Hegedus B, Grusch M, Kiss R, Berger W. Aggressiveness of human melanoma xenograft models is promoted by aneuploidy-driven gene expression deregulation. Oncotarget 2012; 3:399-413. [PMID: 22535842 PMCID: PMC3380575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a devastating skin cancer characterized by distinct biological subtypes. Besides frequent mutations in growth- and survival-promoting genes like BRAF and NRAS, melanomas additionally harbor complex non-random genomic alterations. Using an integrative approach, we have analysed genomic and gene expression changes in human melanoma cell lines (N=32) derived from primary tumors and various metastatic sites and investigated the relation to local growth aggressiveness as xenografts in immuno-compromised mice (N=22). Although the vast majority >90% of melanoma models harbored mutations in either BRAF or NRAS, significant differences in subcutaneous growth aggressiveness became obvious. Unsupervised clustering revealed that genomic alterations rather than gene expression data reflected this aggressive phenotype, while no association with histology, stage or metastatic site of the original melanoma was found. Genomic clustering allowed separation of melanoma models into two subgroups with differing local growth aggressiveness in vivo. Regarding genes expressed at significantly altered levels between these subgroups, a surprising correlation with the respective gene doses (>85% accordance) was found. Genes deregulated at the DNA and mRNA level included well-known cancer genes partly already linked to melanoma (RAS genes, PTEN, AURKA, MAPK inhibitors Sprouty/Spred), but also novel candidates like SIPA1 (a Rap1GAP). Pathway mining further supported deregulation of Rap1 signaling in the aggressive subgroup e.g. by additional repression of two Rap1GEFs. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of SIPA1 exerted significant effects on clonogenicity, adherence and migration in aggressive melanoma models. Together our data suggest that an aneuploidy-driven gene expression deregulation drives local aggressiveness in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Mathieu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Ivanova L, Egge-Jacobsen WM, Solhaug A, Thoen E, Fæste CK. Lysosomes as a possible target of enniatin B-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1662-74. [PMID: 22731695 DOI: 10.1021/tx300114x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins are cyclic hexadepsipeptidic mycotoxins with ionophoric, antibiotic, and insecticidal activity. Enniatin B (EnnB), the most important analogue, is produced by many Fusarium species and is a common contaminant in grain-based foods. The compound's cytotoxic potential has been shown in different experiments; however, the mode of action has not been detailed so far. In the present study, several mutually confirmative experiments have been performed indicating that EnnB-initiated cytotoxicity could be connected with lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). Lysosomal functionality, as assessed by the Neutral Red assay, was already affected after 3 h of toxin exposure. After 24 h, cell proliferation was decreased, and there was indication for a cell cycle arrest in the G(2)/M phase leading to the initiation of apoptosis or necrosis. Intracellular ROS-production was observed. However, antioxidants did not alter the observed EnnB-induced loss of lysosomal functionality leading to the conclusion that ROS was not an initial factor but one produced later in the event cascade. The collected data suggested that lysosomal destabilization is an upstream event in EnnB-initiated cytotoxicity followed by a certain extent of translocation of cathepsins into the cytosol, which was observed using immunological and proteomic methods. It appeared that cell death induced by EnnB was delayed and occurred not as a massive lysosomal breakdown but was probably progressing and leading to partial and selective LMP, starting a nonapoptotic cell death pathway with morphological features that had been previously considered as necrotic. The molecular mechanism of EnnB-triggered lysosomal destabilization, and the cellular processes leading to mitochondrial permeabilization and cell death are still unknown. They may, however, be connected to the compound's ionophoric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
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Heffeter P, Pirker C, Kowol CR, Herrman G, Dornetshuber R, Miklos W, Jungwirth U, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK, Berger W. Impact of terminal dimethylation on the resistance profile of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1623-33. [PMID: 22426010 PMCID: PMC3342514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triapine is an α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone with promising anticancer activity against hematologic malignancies but widely ineffective against solid tumor types in clinical trials. The anticancer activity of thiosemicarbazones can be dramatically increased by terminal dimethylation. KP1089 is a gallium compound containing two terminal dimethylated thiosemicarbazone ligands. To gain insights on the vulnerability of this highly active terminal dimethylated thiosemicarbazone to drug resistance mechanisms, a new cell model with acquired resistance against the lead compound KP1089 was established. Subsequent genomic analyses (arrayCGH and FISH) revealed amplification of the ABCC1 gene on double minute chromosomal DNA in KP1089-resistant cells as well as overexpression of ABCC1 and ABCG2 on the protein level. KP1089 was further confirmed as a substrate of ABCC1 and ABCG2 but not of ABCB1 using a panel of ABC transporter-overexpressing cell models as well as ABC transporter inhibitors. Moreover, glutathione depletion strongly enhanced KP1089 activity, although no glutathione conjugate formation by glutathione-S-transferase was observed. Thus, a co-transport of KP1089 together with glutathione is suggested. Finally, a panel of thiosemicarbazone derivatives was tested on the new KP1089-resistant cell line. Notably, KP1089-resistant cells were not cross-resistant against thiosemicarbazones lacking terminal dimethylation (e.g. Triapine) which are less active than KP1089. This suggests that terminal dimethylation of thiosemicarbazones – linked with distinctly enhanced anticancer activity – leads to altered resistance profiles compared to classical thiosemicarbazones making this compound class of interest for further (pre)clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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43
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Meca G, Mañes J, Font G, Ruiz MJ. Study of the potential toxicity of commercial crispy breads by evaluation of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of minor Fusarium mycotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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44
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Fardel O, Kolasa E, Le Vee M. Environmental chemicals as substrates, inhibitors or inducers of drug transporters: implication for toxicokinetics, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:29-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.637918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Cytotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mammalian kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2718-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Temsirolimus inhibits malignant pleural mesothelioma growth in vitro and in vivo: synergism with chemotherapy. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:852-63. [PMID: 21358348 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31820e1a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an asbestos-related malignancy characterized by frequent resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Here, we investigated the feasibility of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition by temsirolimus as an antimesothelioma strategy. METHODS Phosphorylation of mTOR (p-mTOR) was assessed by immunohistochemistry in MPM surgical specimens (n = 70). Activation of mTOR and impact of mTOR inhibition by temsirolimus was determined in MPM cell lines in vitro (n = 6) and in vivo as xenografts in severe combined immunodeficiency mice (n = 2) either as single agent or in combination with cisplatin. RESULTS Strong immunoreactivity for p-mTOR was predominantly detected in epitheloid and biphasic but not sarcomatoid MPM specimens while adjacent normal tissues remained widely unstained. Accordingly, all mesothelioma cell lines harbored activated mTOR, which was further confirmed by hyperphosphorylation of the downstream targets pS6K, S6, and 4EBP1. Temsirolimus potently blocked mTOR-mediated signals and exerted a cytostatic effect on mesothelioma cell lines in vitro cultured both as adherent monolayers and as nonadherent spheroids. Mesothelioma cells with intrinsic or acquired cisplatin resistance exhibited hypersensitivity against temsirolimus. Accordingly, cisplatin and temsirolimus exerted synergistic inhibition of the mTOR downstream signals and enhanced growth inhibition and/or apoptosis induction in mesothelioma cell lines. Finally, temsirolimus was highly active against MPM xenograft models in severe combined immunodeficiency mice both as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin. CONCLUSION The mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus is active against mesothelioma in vitro and in vivo and synergizes with chemotherapy. These data suggest mTOR inhibition as a promising novel therapeutic strategy against MPM.
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Toxicological interactions between the mycotoxins beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in CHO-K1 cells in vitro. Toxicon 2011; 58:315-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Jilani K, Qadri SM, Lang E, Zelenak C, Rotte A, Bobbala D, Lang F. Stimulation of erythrocyte phospholipid scrambling by enniatin A. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S294-302. [PMID: 21823219 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Enniatin A, a peptide antibiotic and common food contaminant, triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Even though lacking mitochondria, erythrocytes may similarly undergo suicidal cell death or eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane phospholipid scrambling. Triggers of phospholipid scrambling include energy depletion and increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+) ](i) ). The present study explored whether enniatin A triggers phospholipid scrambling. METHODS AND RESULTS Phospholipid scrambling was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter (FSC), [Ca(2+) ](i) from Fluo3-fluorescence, cytosolic ATP-concentration ([ATP](i) ) using a luciferase assay and hemolysis from hemoglobin release. Exposure of erythrocytes for 48 h to enniatin A (≥ 2.5 μM) significantly increased [Ca(2+) ](i) , decreased [ATP](i) , decreased FSC, triggered annexin-V-binding and elicited hemolysis. Annexin-V-binding affected 25%, and hemolysis 2% of treated erythrocytes. Decreased [ATP](i) by glucose depletion for 48 h was similarly followed by increased [Ca(2+) ](i) , decreased FSC and annexin-V-binding. Enniatin A augmented the effect on [Ca(2+) ](i) and annexin-V-binding, but not on FSC. Annexin-V-binding was blunted by Ca(2+) removal, by the cation channel inhibitor amiloride (1 mM), by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (500 nM) but not by the pancaspase inhibitor zVAD (10 μM). CONCLUSION The food contaminant enniatin A triggers ATP depletion and increases cytosolic Ca(2+) activity, effects resulting in suicidal erythrocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Jilani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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49
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In vitro phase I metabolism of the depsipeptide enniatin B. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2889-901. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Qadri SM, Kucherenko Y, Lang F. Beauvericin induced erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling. Toxicology 2011; 283:24-31. [PMID: 21296643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin is a mycotoxin with antiviral, antibacterial, nematicidal, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and apoptotic activity. Similar to nucleated cells erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may be triggered by energy depletion leading to increase of cytosolic Ca²+ activity. The present study thus explored whether beauvericin is able to trigger eryptosis and influence eryptosis following energy depletion. Cell membrane scrambling was estimated from binding of annexin V to phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, cytosolic Ca²+ concentration from Fluo3 fluorescence, cytosolic ATP concentration from a luciferase-assay and ion channel activity with whole cell patch clamp. Exposure to beauvericin (≥ 5 μM) significantly decreased erythrocyte ATP concentration and increased cytosolic Ca²+ concentration as well as annexin V-binding. The effect of beauvericin on annexin V binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca²+. Glucose depletion (48 h) was followed by, increase of Fluo3 fluorescence, decrease of forward scatter and increase of annexin V-binding. Beauvericin (≥ 1 μM) augmented the effect of glucose withdrawal on Fluo3 fluorescence and annexin V-binding, but significantly blunted the effect of glucose withdrawal on forward scatter, an effect paralleled by inhibition of Ca²+ activated K+ channels. The present observations disclose novel effects of beauvericin, i.e. stimulation of Ca²+ entry with subsequent cell membrane scrambling and inhibition of Ca²+ activated K+ channels with blunting of cell shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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