Impact of Weight Loss Strategies on Obesity-Induced DNA Damage

Mitochondria: It is all about energy

Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron and calcium homeostasis to the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable and influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, the nucleus, and the outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk mechanisms between mitochondria and circadian clocks, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. They might even be the hub supporting and integrating activity across all these domains. Hence, they might be the (missing) link in both health and disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding the mitochondrial mechanisms of action that allow for the maintenance of mitochondrial health and the pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although mitochondria have allowed us to adapt to changes over the course of evolution, in turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences mitochondria in its own way. The use of physiological stress triggers tolerance to the stressor, achieving adaptability and resistance. This review describes strategies that could recover mitochondrial functioning in multiple diseases, providing a comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach to recovering health and treating people suffering from chronic diseases.

Use of the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay for the Detection of DNA-protective Dietary Factors: Results of Human Intervention Studies

The single cell gel electrophoresis technique is based on the measurement of DNA migration in an electric field and enables to investigate via determination of DNA-damage the impact of foods and their constituents on the genetic stability. DNA-damage leads to adverse effects including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and infertility. In the last 25 years approximately 90 human intervention trials have been published in which DNA-damage, formation of oxidized bases, alterations of the sensitivity towards reactive oxygen species and chemicals and of repair functions were investigated with this technique. In approximately 50% of the studies protective effects were observed. Pronounced protection was found with certain plant foods (spinach, kiwi fruits, onions), coffee, green tea, honey and olive oil. Also diets with increased contents of vegetables caused positive effects. Small amounts of certain phenolics (gallic acid, xanthohumol) prevented oxidative damage of DNA; with antioxidant vitamins and cholecalciferol protective effects were only detected after intake of doses that exceed the recommended daily uptake values. The evaluation of the quality of the studies showed that many have methodological shortcomings (lack of controls, no calibration of repair enzymes, inadequate control of the compliance and statistical analyses) which should be avoided in future investigations.

Combined Approach: FFQ, DII, Anthropometric, Biochemical and DNA Damage Parameters in Obese with BMI ≥ 35 kg m-2

Although obesity with its comorbidities is linked with higher cancer risk, the data on genome stability in the obese/severely obese are scarce. This is the first study with three DNA damage assessment assays (Fpg-modified and alkaline comet assays and micronucleus cytome assay) performed on a severely obese population (n = 53) where the results were compared with daily intake of food groups, nutrient intake, dietary inflammatory index (DII), and anthropometric and biochemical parameters usually measured in obese individuals. Results demonstrated the association between DNA damage levels and a decrease in cell proliferation with anthropometric measurements and the severity of obese status, together with elevated levels of urates, inorganic phosphates, chlorides, and hs troponin I levels. DII was connected with oxidative DNA damage, while BMI and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were associated with a decrease in cell proliferation and DNA damage creation. Measured daily BMR and calculated daily energy intake from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) demonstrated no significant difference (1792.80 vs. 1869.86 kcal day-1 mean values). Groups with higher DNA damage than expected (tail intensity in comet assay >9% and >12.4%, micronucleus frequency >13), consumed daily, weekly, and monthly more often some type of food groups, but differences did not show a clear influence on the elevated DNA damage levels. Combination of all three DNA damage assays demonstrated that some type of damage can start earlier in the obese individual lifespan, such as nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges, then comes decrease in cell proliferation and then elevated micronucleus frequencies, and that primary DNA damage is not maybe crucial in the overweight, but in severely obese. Biochemically changed parameters pointed out that obesity can have an impact on changes in blood cell counts and division and also on genomic instability. Assays were able to demonstrate groups of sensitive individuals that should be further monitored for genomic instability and cancer prevention, especially when obesity is already connected with comorbidities, 13 different cancers, and a higher mortality risk with 7-10 disease-free years loss. In the future, both DNA damage and biochemical parameters should be combined with anthropometric ones for further obese monitoring, better insight into biological changes in the severely obese, and a more individual approach in therapy and treatment. Patients should also get a proper education about the foodstuff with pro- and anti-inflammatory effect.

DNA Damage as a Mechanistic Link between Air Pollution and Obesity?

It has been shown that the risk of developing obesity, a serious modern health problem, increases with air pollution. However, the molecular links are yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, we propose a hypothesis via which air pollution-induced DNA damage would be the mechanistic link between air pollution and the enhanced risk of obesity and overweight. Indeed, whereas air pollution leads to DNA damage, DNA damage results in inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic impairments that could be behind energy balance changes contributing to obesity. Such thoughts, worth exploring, seems an important starting point to better understand the impact of air pollution on obesity development independently from the two main energy balance pillars that are diet and physical activity. This could possibly lead to new applications both for therapies as well as for policies and regulations.

Changes in anthropometric, biochemical, oxidative, and DNA damage parameters after 3-weeks-567-kcal-hospital-controlled-VLCD in severely obese patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg m-2

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Severe obesity and its comorbidities relate to increased genomic instability/cancer risk. Obesity in Croatia is rapidly increasing, and long diets are sometimes the reason for obese to quit health improvement programs. A shorter diet with more strict calorie reduction could also lead to weight reduction and health improvements, but data are scarce. We tested for the first time if a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) can improve anthropometric, biochemical and genomic stability parameters in severely obese with BMI ≥ 35 kg m^-2.

METHODS

22 participants were chosen among those regularly attending the hospital for obesity control, with no other previous treatment for bodyweight reduction. Under 24 h medical surveillance, patients received 3-weeks-567-kcal-hospital-controlled-VLCD composed of 50-60% complex carbohydrates, 20-25% proteins, and 25-30% fat, with the attention to food carbo-glycemic index, in 3 meals freshly prepared in hospital. We analyzed changes in body weight, BMI, basal metabolism rate, waist-hip ratio, visceral fat level, body fat mass, percent body fat, skeletal muscle mass, basal metabolism, energy intake, lipid profile, thyroid hormones, TSH, and genomic instability (alkaline and oxidative FPG comet assay) before and on the last VLCD day.

RESULTS

Diet caused BMI reduction (in average 3-4 BMI units' loss), excessive weight loss (between 10 and 35%), significant weight loss (average 9 kg, range 4.8-14.4 kg) and a significant decrease in glucose, insulin, urea, cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, oxidative (FPG) and DNA damage (alkaline comet assay) levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The diet can lead to ≥10% excessive weight loss, significant health, and genomic stability improvement, and keep severely obese interest in maintaining healthy habits. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05007171 (10.08.2021).

Intestinal Microbiota Remodeling Protects Mice from Western Diet-Induced Brain Inflammation and Cognitive Decline

It has been shown that the Western diet (WD) induces systemic inflammation and cognitive decline. Moreover, probiotic supplementation and antibiotic treatment reduce diet-induced hepatic inflammation. The current study examines whether shaping the gut microbes by Bifidobacterium infantis (B. infantis) supplementation and antibiotic treatment reduce diet-induced brain inflammation and improve neuroplasticity. Furthermore, the significance of bile acid (BA) signaling in regulating brain inflammation was studied. Mice were fed a control diet (CD) or WD for seven months. B. infantis was supplemented to WD-fed mice to study brain inflammation, lipid, metabolomes, and neuroplasticity measured by long-term potentiation (LTP). Broad-spectrum coverage antibiotics and cholestyramine treatments were performed to study the impact of WD-associated gut microbes and BA in brain inflammation. Probiotic B. infantis supplementation inhibited diet-induced brain inflammation by reducing IL6, TNFα, and CD11b levels. B. infantis improved LTP and increased brain PSD95 and BDNF levels, which were reduced due to WD intake. Additionally, B. infantis reduced cecal cholesterol, brain ceramide and enhanced saturated fatty acids. Moreover, antibiotic treatment, as well as cholestyramine, diminished WD-induced brain inflammatory signaling. Our findings support the theory that intestinal microbiota remodeling by B. infantis reduces brain inflammation, activates BA receptor signaling, and improves neuroplasticity.

Effects of a 3-Week Hospital-Controlled Very-Low-Calorie Diet in Severely Obese Patients

Although a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) is considered safe and has demonstrated benefits among other types of diets, data are scarce concerning its effects on improving health and weight loss in severely obese patients. As part of the personalized weight loss program developed at the Duga Resa Special Hospital for Extended Treatment, Croatia, we evaluated anthropometric, biochemical, and permanent DNA damage parameters (assessed with the cytochalasin B-blocked micronucleus cytome assay-CBMN) in severely obese patients (BMI ≥ 35 kg m-2) after 3-weeks on a 567 kcal, hospital-controlled VLCD. This is the first study on the permanent genomic (in)stability in such VLCD patients. VLCDs caused significant decreases in weight (loss), parameters of the lipid profile, urea, insulin resistance, and reduced glutathione (GSH). Genomic instability parameters were lowered by half, reaching reference values usually found in the healthy population. A correlation was found between GSH decrease and reduced DNA damage. VLCDs revealed susceptible individuals with remaining higher DNA damage for further monitoring. In a highly heterogeneous group (class II and III in obesity, differences in weight, BMI, and other categories) consisting of 26 obese patients, the approach demonstrated its usefulness and benefits in health improvement, enabling an individual approach to further monitoring, diagnosis, treatment, and risk assessment based on changing anthropometric/biochemical VLCD parameters, and CBMN results.

A Novel Lipid Prognostic Signature of ADCY2, LIPE, and OLR1 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

SIMPLE SUMMARY

Clinically, aberrant lipid metabolism is responsible for overweight and/or obesity. Overweight is considered as an independent factor of cancer risk in 2019. Therefore, lipid metabolic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark of malignancy. It is an urgent need to comprehensively understand the relationship among lipid metabolism and HNSCC and identify a valuable biomarker for predicting prognosis of HNSCC patients. Three new findings were found in this study. Firstly, we identified the lipid-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by using the GEO microarrays and TCGA dataset. A novel lipid-related mRNA prognostic signature (LRPS, consisting of ADCY2, LIPE and OLR1) was developed, which could predict the survival and prognosis of HNSCC patients as an independent effective prognostic factor. Secondly, we found that the LRPS could indicate the type of infiltrated immune cells in HNSCC tumor microenvironment. Thirdly, we verified that the LPPS score could interpret the TP53 status of HNSCC. Our new findings indicated that LRPS has a potential to be a promising indicator of overall survival, TP53 status, and immune characteristics in HNSCC, and perhaps can monitor and guide the treatment efficacy and prognosis of HNSCC in the future.

BACKGROUND

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by a high frequency of lymph node metastasis and a high mortality. Lipid metabolic reprogramming is an emerging carcinogen as its role in fulfilling cancer growth and spread. However, little is known about the correlation between lipid metabolism and HNSCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Expressions of lipid-related genes were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene expression Omnibus (GEO) databases for differential and functional analyses. A total number of 498 patients from TCGA with complete information were included to identify a lipid-related prognostic signature (LRPS), based on ADCY2, LIPE, and OLR1, by using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. LRPS-high and LRPS-low groups were accordingly divided to pathway and cell enrichment analyses.

RESULTS

LRS-low patients had a better overall survival and relapse - free survival than LRS-high ones in HNSCC. The LRPS-high group was significantly related to perineural invasion of cancer, cancer-related pathways, high TP53 mutation rate, high proportion of natural killer T cells (NKT), dendritic cells, monocytes, Treg, and M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration in HNSCC tumor tissues. Conversely, the LRPS-low group correlated with DNA damage-related and T-cell-regulated pathways, low frequency of mutated TP53, and high infiltration of B cells and CD4+ effector cells including Th1 and Th2.

CONCLUSION

LRPS has a potential to be a promising indicator of overall survival, prognosis, TP53 status, and immune characteristics in HNSCC.

Proteins from the DNA Damage Response: Regulation, Dysfunction, and Anticancer Strategies

Cells respond to genotoxic stress through a series of complex protein pathways called DNA damage response (DDR). These monitoring mechanisms ensure the maintenance and the transfer of a correct genome to daughter cells through a selection of DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and programmed cell death processes. Canonical or non-canonical DDRs are highly organized and controlled to play crucial roles in genome stability and diversity. When altered or mutated, the proteins in these complex networks lead to many diseases that share common features, and to tumor formation. In recent years, technological advances have made it possible to benefit from the principles and mechanisms of DDR to target and eliminate cancer cells. These new types of treatments are adapted to the different types of tumor sensitivity and could benefit from a combination of therapies to ensure maximal efficiency.

Obese Adipose Tissue as a Driver of Breast Cancer Growth and Development: Update and Emerging Evidence

Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer growth and progression. A number of advances have been made in recent years revealing new insights into this link. Early events in breast cancer development involve the neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells to cancer cells. In obesity, breast adipose tissue undergoes significant hormonal and inflammatory changes that create a mitogenic microenvironment. Many factors that are produced in obesity have also been shown to promote tumorigenesis. Given that breast epithelial cells are surrounded by adipose tissue, the crosstalk between the adipose compartment and breast epithelial cells is hypothesized to be a significant player in the initiation and progression of breast cancer in individuals with excess adiposity. The present review examines this crosstalk with a focus on obese breast adipose-derived estrogen, inflammatory mediators and adipokines, and how they are mechanistically linked to breast cancer risk and growth through stimulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and pro-oncogenic transcriptional programs. Pharmacological and lifestyle strategies targeting these factors and their downstream effects are evaluated for feasibility and efficacy in decreasing the risk of obesity-induced breast epithelial cell transformation and consequently, breast cancer development.

Reduction of oxidative stress on DNA and RNA in obese patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery-An observational cohort study of changes in urinary markers

Increased oxidative stress in obesity and diabetes is associated with morbidity and mortality risks. Levels of oxidative damage to DNA and RNA can be estimated through measurement of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) in urine. Both markers have been associated with type 2 diabetes, where especially 8-oxoGuo is prognostic for mortality risk. We hypothesized that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery that has considerable effects on bodyweight, hyperglycemia and mortality, might be working through mechanisms that reduce oxidative stress, thereby reducing levels of the urinary markers. We used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the content of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo in urinary samples from 356 obese patients treated with the RYGB-procedure. Mean age (SD) was 44.2 (9.6) years, BMI was 42.1 (5.6) kg/m2. Ninety-six (27%) of the patients had type 2 diabetes. Excretion levels of each marker before and after surgery were compared as estimates of the total 24-hour excretion, using a model based on glomerular filtration rate (calculated from cystatin C, age, height and weight), plasma- and urinary creatinine. The excretion of 8-oxodG increased in the first months after RYGB. For 8-oxoGuo, a gradual decrease was seen. Two years after RYGB and a mean weight loss of 35 kg, decreased hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, excretion levels of both markers were reduced by approximately 12% (P < 0.001). For both markers, mean excretion levels were about 30% lower in the female subgroup (P < 0.0001). Also, in this subgroup, excretion of 8-oxodG was significantly lower in patients with than without diabetes. We conclude, that oxidative damage to nucleic acids, reflected in the excretion of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo, had decreased significantly two years after RYGB-indicating that reduced oxidative stress could be contributing to the many long-term benefits of RYGB-surgery in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

An optimized comet-based in vitro DNA repair assay to assess base and nucleotide excision repair activity

This optimized protocol (including links to instruction videos) describes a comet-based in vitro DNA repair assay that is relatively simple, versatile, and inexpensive, enabling the detection of base and nucleotide excision repair activity. Protein extracts from samples are incubated with agarose-embedded substrate nucleoids ('naked' supercoiled DNA) containing specifically induced DNA lesions (e.g., resulting from oxidation, UVC radiation or benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide treatment). DNA incisions produced during the incubation reaction are quantified as strand breaks after electrophoresis, reflecting the extract's incision activity. The method has been applied in cell culture model systems, human biomonitoring and clinical investigations, and animal studies, using isolated blood cells and various solid tissues. Once extracts and substrates are prepared, the assay can be completed within 2 d.

S. Ferreira KC, Neto JCR. Pharmacological Strategies for Insulin Sensitivity in Obesity and Cancer: Thiazolidinediones and Metformin

Background:

Chronic diseases, such as obesity and cancer, have high prevalence rates. Both diseases have hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, high levels of IGF-1 and inflammatory cytokines in common. Therefore, these can be considered triggers for cancer development and growth. In addition, low-grade inflammation that modulates the activation of immune cells, cellular metabolism, and production of cytokines and chemokines are common in obesity, cancer, and insulin resistance. Pharmacological strategies are necessary when a change in lifestyle does not improve glycemic homeostasis. In this regard, thiazolidinediones (TZD) possess multiple molecular targets and regulate PPARγ in obesity and cancer related to insulin resistance, while metformin acts through the AMPK pathway.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to review TZD and metformin as pharmacological treatments for insulin resistance associated with obesity and cancer.

Conclusions:

Thiazolidinediones restored adiponectin secretion and leptin sensitivity, reduced lipid droplets in hepatocytes and orexigen peptides in the hypothalamus. In cancer cells, TZD reduced proliferation, production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammation by acting through the mTOR and NFκB pathways. Metformin has similar effects, though these are AMPK-dependent. In addition, both drugs can be efficient against certain side effects caused by chemotherapy.

Impact of Weight Loss Strategies on Obesity-Induced DNA Damage

SCOPE

Obesity causes DNA damage, which is causally related to several disorders including cancer, infertility, and cognitive dysfunctions. The aim of this study is to investigate whether weight loss improves the integrity of the genetic material.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Overweight mice are fed ad libitum either with a Western diet (WD), with a 40% caloric restricted WD, or with a high carbohydrate low protein (HCLP) diet. Caloric restriction and also the HCLP diet lead to ca. 30% weight loss, which is paralleled by decreased DNA damage ("comet" formation) and oxidative damage of purines in inner organs, additionally the activity of nucleotide excision repair increased. The effects are more pronounced in animals that have received the HCLP chow. Results of biochemical analyses indicate that the reduction of DNA damage is associated with a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower insulin levels.

CONCLUSION

The study indicates that weight loss may prevent obesity-associated adverse health effects due to reduction of overall DNA damage.