1
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Christensen NV, Holm R, Sanchez JD, Hansen ESS, Lerche MH, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH, Laustsen C, Bertelsen LB. A continuous flow bioreactor system for high-throughput hyperpolarized metabolic flux analysis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5107. [PMID: 38279190 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized carbon-13 labeled compounds are increasingly being used in medical MR imaging (MRI) and MR imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) research, due to its ability to monitor tissue and cell metabolism in real-time. Although radiological biomarkers are increasingly being considered as clinical indicators, biopsies are still considered the gold standard for a large variety of indications. Bioreactor systems can play an important role in biopsy examinations because of their ability to provide a physiochemical environment that is conducive for therapeutic response monitoring ex vivo. We demonstrate here a proof-of-concept bioreactor and microcoil receive array setup that allows for ex vivo preservation and metabolic NMR spectroscopy on up to three biopsy samples simultaneously, creating an easy-to-use and robust way to simultaneously run multisample carbon-13 hyperpolarization experiments. Experiments using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate on ML-1 leukemic cells in the bioreactor setup were performed and the kinetic pyruvate-to-lactate rate constants ( k PL ) extracted. The coefficient of variation of the experimentally found k PL s for five repeated experiments was C V = 35 % . With this statistical power, treatment effects of 30%-40% change in lactate production could be easily differentiable with only a few hyperpolarization dissolutions on this setup. Furthermore, longitudinal experiments showed preservation of ML-1 cells in the bioreactor setup for at least 6 h. Rat brain tissue slices were also seen to be preserved within the bioreactor for at least 1 h. This validation serves as the basis for further optimization and upscaling of the setup, which undoubtedly has huge potential in high-throughput studies with various biomarkers and tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikke Holm
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Esben S S Hansen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathilde H Lerche
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bonde Bertelsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Lu J, Jerschow A, Korenchan DE. Selective filtration of NMR signals arising from weakly- and strongly-coupled spin systems. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 354:107529. [PMID: 37572586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for analyzing chemical and biological systems. However, in complex solutions with similar molecular components, NMR signals can overlap, making it challenging to distinguish and quantify individual species. In this paper, we introduce new spectral editing sequences that exploit the differences in nuclear spin interactions (J-couplings) between weakly- and strongly-coupled two-spin systems. These sequences selectively attenuate or nullify undesired spin magnetization while they preserve the desired signals, resulting in simplified NMR spectra and potentially facilitating single-species imaging applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using a 31P spectral filtration method on a model system of nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD), which exists in oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. The presented sequences are robust to field inhomogeneity, do not require additional sub-spectra, and retain a significant portion of the original signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 710, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 710, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - David E Korenchan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 710, New York, 10003, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 75 3rd Ave., Room 1400A, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA.
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3
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Wishart DS, Rout M, Lee BL, Berjanskii M, LeVatte M, Lipfert M. Practical Aspects of NMR-Based Metabolomics. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 277:1-41. [PMID: 36271165 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While NMR-based metabolomics is only about 20 years old, NMR has been a key part of metabolic and metabolism studies for >40 years. Historically, metabolic researchers used NMR because of its high level of reproducibility, superb instrument stability, facile sample preparation protocols, inherently quantitative character, non-destructive nature, and amenability to automation. In this chapter, we provide a short history of NMR-based metabolomics. We then provide a detailed description of some of the practical aspects of performing NMR-based metabolomics studies including sample preparation, pulse sequence selection, and spectral acquisition and processing. The two different approaches to metabolomics data analysis, targeted vs. untargeted, are briefly outlined. We also describe several software packages to help users process NMR spectra obtained via these two different approaches. We then give several examples of useful or interesting applications of NMR-based metabolomics, ranging from applications to drug toxicology, to identifying inborn errors of metabolism to analyzing the contents of biofluids from dairy cattle. Throughout this chapter, we will highlight the strengths and limitations of NMR-based metabolomics. Additionally, we will conclude with descriptions of recent advances in NMR hardware, methodology, and software and speculate about where NMR-based metabolomics is going in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Manoj Rout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brian L Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mark Berjanskii
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marcia LeVatte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias Lipfert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Reference Standard Management & NMR QC, Lonza Group AG, Visp, Switzerland
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4
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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5
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Jeffries RE, Gomez SM, Macdonald JM, Gamcsik MP. Direct Detection of Glutathione Biosynthesis, Conjugation, Depletion and Recovery in Intact Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094733. [PMID: 35563124 PMCID: PMC9104575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor glutathione metabolism in alginate-encapsulated JM-1 hepatoma cells perfused with growth media containing [3,3′-13C2]-cystine. After 20 h of perfusion with labeled medium, the 13C NMR spectrum is dominated by the signal from the 13C-labeled glutathione. Once 13C-labeled, the high intensity of the glutathione resonance allows the acquisition of subsequent spectra in 1.2 min intervals. At this temporal resolution, the detailed kinetics of glutathione metabolism can be monitored as the thiol alkylating agent monobromobimane (mBBr) is added to the perfusate. The addition of a bolus dose of mBBr results in rapid diminution of the resonance for 13C-labeled glutathione due to a loss of this metabolite through alkylation by mBBr. As the glutathione resonance decreases, a new resonance due to the production of intracellular glutathione-bimane conjugate is detectable. After clearance of the mBBr dose from the cells, intracellular glutathione repletion is then observed by a restoration of the 13C-glutathione signal along with wash-out of the conjugate. These data demonstrate that standard NMR techniques can directly monitor intracellular processes such as glutathione depletion with a time resolution of approximately < 2 min.
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Read GH, Bailleul J, Vlashi E, Kesarwala AH. Metabolic response to radiation therapy in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:200-224. [PMID: 34961986 PMCID: PMC10187995 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metabolism has emerged as a hallmark of cancer and is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Reprogramming of tumor metabolism is necessary for cancer cells to sustain high proliferation rates and enhanced demands for nutrients. Recent studies suggest that metabolic plasticity in cancer cells can decrease the efficacy of anticancer therapies by enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair mechanisms. Studying radiation-induced metabolic changes will lead to a better understanding of radiation response mechanisms as well as the identification of new therapeutic targets, but there are few robust studies characterizing the metabolic changes induced by radiation therapy in cancer. In this review, we will highlight studies that provide information on the metabolic changes induced by radiation and oxidative stress in cancer cells and the associated underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H. Read
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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7
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Luchinat E, Cremonini M, Banci L. Radio Signals from Live Cells: The Coming of Age of In-Cell Solution NMR. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9267-9306. [PMID: 35061391 PMCID: PMC9136931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A detailed knowledge
of the complex processes that make cells and
organisms alive is fundamental in order to understand diseases and
to develop novel drugs and therapeutic treatments. To this aim, biological
macromolecules should ideally be characterized at atomic resolution
directly within the cellular environment. Among the existing structural
techniques, solution NMR stands out as the only one able to investigate
at high resolution the structure and dynamic behavior of macromolecules
directly in living cells. With the advent of more sensitive NMR hardware
and new biotechnological tools, modern in-cell NMR approaches have
been established since the early 2000s. At the coming of age of in-cell
NMR, we provide a detailed overview of its developments and applications
in the 20 years that followed its inception. We review the existing
approaches for cell sample preparation and isotopic labeling, the
application of in-cell NMR to important biological questions, and
the development of NMR bioreactor devices, which greatly increase
the lifetime of the cells allowing real-time monitoring of intracellular
metabolites and proteins. Finally, we share our thoughts on the future
perspectives of the in-cell NMR methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum−Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cremonini
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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8
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Hertig D, Maddah S, Memedovski R, Kurth S, Moreno A, Pennestri M, Felser A, Nuoffer JM, Vermathen P. Live monitoring of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial respiration in 3D cell culture system using NMR spectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:4326-4339. [PMID: 34106111 PMCID: PMC8239994 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Because of the interplay between mitochondrial respiration and cellular metabolism, the simultaneous monitoring of both cellular processes provides important insights for the understanding of biological processes. NMR flow systems provide a unique window into the metabolome of cultured cells. Simplified bioreactor construction based on commercially available flow systems increase the practicability and reproducibility of bioreactor studies using standard NMR spectrometers. We therefore aim at establishing a reproducible NMR bioreactor system for metabolic 1H-NMR investigations of small molecules and concurrent oxygenation determination by 19F-NMR, with in depth description and validation by accompanying measures. Methods: We demonstrate a detailed and standardized workflow for the preparation and transfer of collagen based 3D cell culture of high cell density for perfused investigation in a 5 mm NMR tube. Self-constructed gas mixing station enables 5% CO2 atmosphere for physiological pH in carbon based medium and is perfused by HPLC pump. Results & Discussion: Implemented perfused bioreactor allows detection of perfusion rate dependent metabolite content. We show interleaved dynamic profiling of 26 metabolites and mitochondrial respiration. During constant perfusion, sequential injection of rotenone/oligomycin and 2-deoxy-glucose indicated immediate activation and deactivation of glycolytic rate and full inhibition of oxygen consumption. We show sensitivity to detect substrate degradation rates of major mitochondrial fuel pathways and were able to simultaneously measure cellular oxygen consumption. We show sensitivity to detect substrate degradation rates of major mitochondrial fuel pathways and feasibility to simultaneously measure cellular oxygen consumption combining a commercially available flow tube system with a standard 5 mm NMR probe.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Hertig
- Department of Biomedical Research and Radiology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Platform for Real-Time Metabolic Monitoring of Bioprocesses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204675. [PMID: 33066296 PMCID: PMC7587382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) compatible platform for the automated real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions using a flow shuttling configuration. This platform requires a working sample volume of ∼11 mL and it can circulate samples with a flow rate of 28 mL/min, which makes it suitable to be used for real-time monitoring of biochemical reactions. Another advantage of the proposed low-cost platform is the high spectral resolution. As a proof of concept, we acquire 1H NMR spectra of waste orange peel, bioprocessed using Trichoderma reesei fungus, and demonstrate the real-time measurement capability of the platform. The measurement is performed over more than 60 h, with a spectrum acquired every 7 min, such that over 510 data points are collected without user intervention. The designed system offers high resolution, automation, low user intervention, and, therefore, time-efficient measurement per sample.
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10
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Intracellular Sodium Changes in Cancer Cells Using a Microcavity Array-Based Bioreactor System and Sodium Triple-Quantum MR Signal. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium triple-quantum (TQ) magnetic resonance (MR) signal created by interactions of sodium ions with macromolecules has been demonstrated to be a valuable biomarker for cell viability. The aim of this study was to monitor a cellular response using the sodium TQ signal during inhibition of Na/K-ATPase in living cancer cells (HepG2). The cells were dynamically investigated after exposure to 1 mM ouabain or K+-free medium for 60 min using an MR-compatible bioreactor system. An improved TQ time proportional phase incrementation (TQTPPI) pulse sequence with almost four times TQ signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain allowed for conducting experiments with 12–14 × 106 cells using a 9.4 T MR scanner. During cell intervention experiments, the sodium TQ signal increased to 138.9 ± 4.1% and 183.4 ± 8.9% for 1 mM ouabain (n = 3) and K+-free medium (n = 3), respectively. During reperfusion with normal medium, the sodium TQ signal further increased to 169.2 ± 5.3% for the ouabain experiment, while it recovered to 128.5 ± 6.8% for the K+-free experiment. These sodium TQ signal increases agree with an influx of sodium ions during Na/K-ATPase inhibition and hence a reduced cell viability. The improved TQ signal detection combined with this MR-compatible bioreactor system provides a capability to investigate the cellular response of a variety of cells using the sodium TQ MR signal.
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11
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Le Page LM, Guglielmetti C, Taglang C, Chaumeil MM. Imaging Brain Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:343-354. [PMID: 32353337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism is a key factor in many neurological disorders. The ability to measure such metabolic impairment could lead to improved detection of disease progression, and development and monitoring of new therapeutic approaches. Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a developing imaging technique that enables non-invasive measurement of enzymatic activity in real time in living organisms. Primarily applied in the fields of cancer and cardiac disease so far, this metabolic imaging method has recently been used to investigate neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the preclinical research developments in this emerging field, and discuss future prospects for this exciting technology, which has the potential to change the clinical paradigm for patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celine Taglang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Mateos B, Sealey-Cardona M, Balazs K, Konrat J, Staffler G, Konrat R. NMR Characterization of Surface Receptor Protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Methylcellulose Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3886-3890. [PMID: 31721390 PMCID: PMC7065066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of transmembrane receptors with their extracellular ligands are essential for cellular communication and signaling and are therefore a major focus in drug discovery programs. The transition from in vitro to live cell interaction studies, however, is typically a bottleneck in many drug discovery projects due to the challenge of obtaining atomic-resolution information under near-physiological conditions. Although NMR spectroscopy is ideally suited to overcome this limitation, several experimental impairments are still present. Herein, we propose the use of methylcellulose hydrogels to study extracellular proteins and their interactions with plasma membrane receptors. This approach reduces cell sedimentation, prevents the internalization of membrane receptors, and increases cell survival, while retaining the free tumbling of extracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Mateos
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Sealey-Cardona
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Present address: Calyxha Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Balazs
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Robert Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Mateos B, Sealey‐Cardona M, Balazs K, Konrat J, Staffler G, Konrat R. NMR Characterization of Surface Receptor Protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Methylcellulose Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Mateos
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology Max Perutz Labs Vienna Biocenter Campus 5 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Marco Sealey‐Cardona
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology Max Perutz Labs Vienna Biocenter Campus 5 1030 Vienna Austria
- Present address: Calyxha Biotechnologies GmbH Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Katja Balazs
- AFFiRiS AG Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Judith Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology Max Perutz Labs Vienna Biocenter Campus 5 1030 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Robert Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology Max Perutz Labs Vienna Biocenter Campus 5 1030 Vienna Austria
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14
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Wishart DS. NMR metabolomics: A look ahead. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:155-161. [PMID: 31377153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
NMR has been used to perform metabolic studies, metabolic profiling and metabolomics in biofluids and tissues for more than 40 years. This close connection between metabolic measurements and NMR has flourished because of NMR's many unique strengths for characterizing the chemical composition of complex mixtures. However, a number of other technologies, including mass spectrometry, have appeared in the past few years that are encroaching on NMR's dominance in metabolomics and metabolic studies. In this brief review, some of the current strengths and existing limitations of NMR-based metabolomics are highlighted. Additionally, a number of recent advances in NMR hardware, methodology and software are also described and these advancements are used to speculate about where NMR-based metabolomics is going, what needs to be done to make it more popular and how it will evolve in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada.
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15
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Cerofolini L, Giuntini S, Barbieri L, Pennestri M, Codina A, Fragai M, Banci L, Luchinat E, Ravera E. Real-Time Insights into Biological Events: In-Cell Processes and Protein-Ligand Interactions. Biophys J 2019; 116:239-247. [PMID: 30580921 PMCID: PMC6350048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FlowNMR has the aim of continuously monitoring processes that occur in conditions that are not compatible with being carried out within a closed tube. However, it is sample intensive and not suitable for samples, such as proteins or living cells, that are often available in limited volumes and possibly low concentrations. We here propose a dialysis-based modification of a commercial flowNMR setup that allows for recycling the medium while confining the sample (proteins and cells) within the active volume of the tube. This approach is demonstrated in the specific cases of in-cell NMR and protein-based ligand studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuntini
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Letizia Barbieri
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Anna Codina
- Bruker UK Limited, Banner Lane, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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16
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Cox BL, Erickson-Bhatt S, Szulczewski JM, Squirrell JM, Ludwig KD, Macdonald EB, Swader R, Ponik SM, Eliceiri KW, Fain SB. A novel bioreactor for combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and optical imaging of metabolism in 3D cell cultures. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3379-3391. [PMID: 30652350 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of endogenous fluorescent metabolites permits the measurement of cellular metabolism in cell, tissue and animal models. In parallel, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of dynamic nuclear (hyper)polarized (DNP) 13 C-pyruvate enables measurement of metabolism at larger in vivo scales. Presented here are the design and initial application of a bioreactor that connects these 2 metabolic imaging modalities in vitro, using 3D cell cultures. METHODS The model fitting for FLIM data analysis and the theory behind a model for the diffusion of pyruvate into a collagen gel are detailed. The device is MRI-compatible, including an optical window, a temperature control system and an injection port for the introduction of contrast agents. Three-dimensional printing, computer numerical control machining and laser cutting were used to fabricate custom parts. RESULTS Performance of the bioreactor is demonstrated for 4 T1 murine breast cancer cells under glucose deprivation. Mean nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence lifetimes were 10% longer and hyperpolarized 13 C lactate:pyruvate (Lac:Pyr) ratios were 60% lower for glucose-deprived 4 T1 cells compared to 4 T1 cells in normal medium. Looking at the individual components of the NADH fluorescent lifetime, τ1 (free NADH) showed no significant change, while τ2 (bound NADH) showed a significant increase, suggesting that the increase in mean lifetime was due to a change in bound NADH. CONCLUSION A novel bioreactor that is compatible with, and can exploit the benefits of, both FLIM and 13 C MRS in 3D cell cultures for studies of cell metabolism has been designed and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Cox
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sarah Erickson-Bhatt
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joseph M Szulczewski
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jayne M Squirrell
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kai D Ludwig
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erin B Macdonald
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Swader
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean B Fain
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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17
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Harris T, Azar A, Sapir G, Gamliel A, Nardi-Schreiber A, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. Real-time ex-vivo measurement of brain metabolism using hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9564. [PMID: 29934508 PMCID: PMC6014998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to directly monitor in vivo brain metabolism in real time in a matter of seconds using the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization technology holds promise to aid the understanding of brain physiology in health and disease. However, translating the hyperpolarized signal observed in the brain to cerebral metabolic rates is not straightforward, as the observed in vivo signals reflect also the influx of metabolites produced in the body, the cerebral blood volume, and the rate of transport across the blood brain barrier. We introduce a method to study rapid metabolism of hyperpolarized substrates in the viable rat brain slices preparation, an established ex vivo model of the brain. By retrospective evaluation of tissue motion and settling from analysis of the signal of the hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate precursor, the T1s of the metabolites and their rates of production can be determined. The enzymatic rates determined here are in the range of those determined previously with classical biochemical assays and are in agreement with hyperpolarized metabolite relative signal intensities observed in the rodent brain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Harris
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Assad Azar
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Atara Nardi-Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel.
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18
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Read GH, Miura N, Carter JL, Kines KT, Yamamoto K, Devasahayam N, Cheng JY, Camphausen KA, Krishna MC, Kesarwala AH. Three-dimensional alginate hydrogels for radiobiological and metabolic studies of cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:197-204. [PMID: 30031304 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate calcium alginate hydrogels as a system for in vitro radiobiological and metabolic studies of cancer cells. Previous studies have established calcium alginate as a versatile three-dimensional (3D) culturing system capable of generating areas of oxygen heterogeneity and modeling metabolic changes in vitro. Here, through dosimetry, clonogenic and viability assays, and pimonidazole staining, we demonstrate that alginate can model radiobiological responses that monolayer cultures do not simulate. Notably, alginate hydrogels with radii greater than 500 μm demonstrate hypoxic cores, while smaller hydrogels do not. The size of this hypoxic region correlates with hydrogel size and improved cell survival following radiation therapy. Hydrogels can also be utilized in hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy and extracellular flux analysis. Alginate therefore offers a reproducible, consistent, and low-cost means for 3D culture of cancer cells for radiobiological studies that simulates important in vivo parameters such as regional hypoxia and enables long-term culturing and in vitro metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H Read
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jenna L Carter
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kelsey T Kines
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nallathamby Devasahayam
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jason Y Cheng
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin A Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Lead Contact, USA.
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19
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Metabolic Reprogramming and the Recovery of Physiological Functionality in 3D Cultures in Micro-Bioreactors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29518979 PMCID: PMC5874888 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of physiological functionality, which is commonly seen in tissue mimetic three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregates (organoids, spheroids, acini, etc.), has been observed in cells of many origins (primary tissues, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and immortal cell lines). This plurality and plasticity suggest that probably several basic principles promote this recovery process. The aim of this study was to identify these basic principles and describe how they are regulated so that they can be taken in consideration when micro-bioreactors are designed. Here, we provide evidence that one of these basic principles is hypoxia, which is a natural consequence of multicellular structures grown in microgravity cultures. Hypoxia drives a partial metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis and an increased anabolic synthesis. A second principle is the activation of cytoplasmic glutaminolysis for lipogenesis. Glutaminolysis is activated in the presence of hypo- or normo-glycaemic conditions and in turn is geared to the hexosamine pathway. The reducing power needed is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway, a prime function of glucose metabolism. Cytoskeletal reconstruction, histone modification, and the recovery of the physiological phenotype can all be traced to adaptive changes in the underlying cellular metabolism. These changes are coordinated by mTOR/Akt, p53 and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, while myc and NF-kB appear to be relatively inactive. Partial metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis, originally described by Warburg, is independent of the cell’s rate of proliferation, but is interwoven with the cells abilities to execute advanced functionality needed for replicating the tissues physiological performance.
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20
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Tee SS, Suster I, Truong S, Jeong S, Eskandari R, DiGialleonardo V, Alvarez JA, Aldeborgh HN, Keshari KR. Targeted AKT Inhibition in Prostate Cancer Cells and Spheroids Reduces Aerobic Glycolysis and Generation of Hyperpolarized [1- 13C] Lactate. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:453-460. [PMID: 29330287 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is frequently mutated in prostate cancer. Specific AKT inhibitors are now in advanced clinical trials, and this study investigates the effect of MK2206, a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor, on the cellular metabolism of prostate cancer cells. We observed a reduction in cell motility and aerobic glycolysis in prostate cancer cells with treatment. These changes were not accompanied by a reduction in the ratio of high-energy phosphates or a change in total protein levels of enzymes and transporters involved in glycolysis. However, a decreased ratio of NAD+/NADH was observed, motivating the use of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-MRS) to detect treatment response. Spectroscopic experiments were performed on tumor spheroids, 3D structures that self-organize in the presence of an extracellular matrix. Treated spheroids showed decreased lactate production with on-target inhibition confirmed using IHC, demonstrating that HP-MRS can be used to probe treatment response in prostate cancer spheroids and can provide a biomarker for treatment response. Mol Cancer Res; 16(3); 453-60. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Seng Tee
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Izabela Suster
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Sangmoo Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roozbeh Eskandari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Valentina DiGialleonardo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Hannah N Aldeborgh
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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21
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Chung YL, Leach MO, Eykyn TR. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Study Glycolytic Metabolism During Autophagy. Methods Enzymol 2016; 588:133-153. [PMID: 28237097 PMCID: PMC6175046 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergoing starvation- and treatment-induced autophagy were found to exhibit reduced intracellular lactate, reduced rates of steady-state lactate excretion and reduced real-time pyruvate-lactate exchange rates, indicating that glycolytic metabolism was altered in autophagic cells. In this chapter, we describe the technical details of the use of 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure endogenous cellular concentrations of lactate and glucose in autophagic cells and tissues, how to measure the rate of steady-state lactate excretion and glucose uptake by 1H-MRS in autophagic cells, and details of the real-time measurement of [1-13C] pyruvate to lactate exchange in autophagic cells by 13C-MRS-DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| | - M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - T R Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Tee SS, DiGialleonardo V, Eskandari R, Jeong S, Granlund KL, Miloushev V, Poot AJ, Truong S, Alvarez JA, Aldeborgh HN, Keshari KR. Sampling Hyperpolarized Molecules Utilizing a 1 Tesla Permanent Magnetic Field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32846. [PMID: 27597137 PMCID: PMC5011774 DOI: 10.1038/srep32846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP MRS) using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a technique that has greatly enhanced the sensitivity of detecting 13C nuclei. However, the HP MRS polarization decays in the liquid state according to the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the nucleus. Sampling of the signal also destroys polarization, resulting in a limited temporal ability to observe biologically interesting reactions. In this study, we demonstrate that sampling hyperpolarized signals using a permanent magnet at 1 Tesla (1T) is a simple and cost-effective method to increase T1s without sacrificing signal-to-noise. Biologically-relevant information may be obtained with a permanent magnet using enzyme solutions and in whole cells. Of significance, our findings indicate that changes in pyruvate metabolism can also be quantified in a xenograft model at this field strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Seng Tee
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valentina DiGialleonardo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roozbeh Eskandari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sangmoo Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kristin L Granlund
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vesselin Miloushev
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alex J Poot
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah N Aldeborgh
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10065, USA
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23
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Koelsch BL, Sriram R, Keshari KR, Leon Swisher C, Van Criekinge M, Sukumar S, Vigneron DB, Wang ZJ, Larson PEZ, Kurhanewicz J. Separation of extra- and intracellular metabolites using hyperpolarized (13)C diffusion weighted MR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 270:115-123. [PMID: 27434780 PMCID: PMC5448422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the separation of extra- and intracellular components of glycolytic metabolites with diffusion weighted hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using b-values of up to 15,000smm(-2), a multi-exponential signal response was measured for hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate and lactate. By fitting the fast and slow asymptotes of these curves, their extra- and intracellular weighted diffusion coefficients were determined in cells perfused in a MR compatible bioreactor. In addition to measuring intracellular weighted diffusion, extra- and intracellular weighted hyperpolarized (13)C metabolites pools are assessed in real-time, including their modulation with inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters. These studies demonstrate the ability to simultaneously assess membrane transport in addition to enzymatic activity with the use of diffusion weighted hyperpolarized (13)C MR. This technique could be an indispensible tool to evaluate the impact of microenvironment on the presence, aggressiveness and metastatic potential of a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram L Koelsch
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Leon Swisher
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sukumar
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Juul T, Palm F, Nielsen PM, Bertelsen LB, Laustsen C. Ex vivo hyperpolarized MR spectroscopy on isolated renal tubular cells: A novel technique for cell energy phenotyping. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:457-461. [PMID: 27529808 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been demonstrated that hyperpolarized 13 C MR is a useful tool to study cultured cells. However, cells in culture can alter phenotype, which raises concerns regarding the in vivo significance of such findings. Here we investigate if metabolic phenotyping using hyperpolarized 13 C MR is suitable for cells isolated from kidney tissue, without prior cell culture. METHODS Isolation of tubular cells from freshly excised kidney tissue and treatment with either ouabain or antimycin A was investigated with hyperpolarized MR spectroscopy on a 9.4 Tesla preclinical imaging system. RESULTS Isolation of tubular cells from less than 2 g of kidney tissue generally resulted in more than 10 million live tubular cells. This amount of cells was enough to yield robust signals from the conversion of 13 C-pyruvate to lactate, bicarbonate and alanine, demonstrating that metabolic flux by means of both anaerobic and aerobic pathways can be quantified using this technique. CONCLUSION Ex vivo metabolic phenotyping using hyperpolarized 13 C MR in a preclinical system is a useful technique to study energy metabolism in freshly isolated renal tubular cells. This technique has the potential to advance our understanding of both normal cell physiology as well as pathological processes contributing to kidney disease. Magn Reson Med 78:457-461, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Juul
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bonde Bertelsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Lauritsen S, Bertelsen LB, Daugaard P, Laustsen C, Nielsen N, Nygaard JV, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. Bioreactor for quantification of cell metabolism by MR-hyperpolarization. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/047003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Lee J, Ramirez MS, Walker CM, Chen Y, Yi S, Sandulache VC, Lai SY, Bankson JA. High-throughput hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic investigations using a multi-channel acquisition system. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 260:20-27. [PMID: 26397217 PMCID: PMC4628838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of hyperpolarized (HP) compounds such as [1-(13)C]-pyruvate have shown tremendous potential for offering new insight into disease and response to therapy. New applications of this technology in clinical research and care will require extensive validation in cells and animal models, a process that may be limited by the high cost and modest throughput associated with dynamic nuclear polarization. Relatively wide spectral separation between [1-(13)C]-pyruvate and its chemical endpoints in vivo are conducive to simultaneous multi-sample measurements, even in the presence of a suboptimal global shim. Multi-channel acquisitions could conserve costs and accelerate experiments by allowing acquisition from multiple independent samples following a single dissolution. Unfortunately, many existing preclinical MRI systems are equipped with only a single channel for broadband acquisitions. In this work, we examine the feasibility of this concept using a broadband multi-channel digital receiver extension and detector arrays that allow concurrent measurement of dynamic spectroscopic data from ex vivo enzyme phantoms, in vitro anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, and in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. Throughput and the cost of consumables were improved by up to a factor of four. These preliminary results demonstrate the potential for efficient multi-sample studies employing hyperpolarized agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marc S Ramirez
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stacey Yi
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vlad C Sandulache
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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27
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Van Criekinge M, Sriram R, Koelsch BL, Wang ZJ, VanBrocklin HF, Peehl DM, O’Brien T, Sampath D, Carano RAD, Kurhanewicz J. Metabolic response of prostate cancer to nicotinamide phophoribosyltransferase inhibition in a hyperpolarized MR/PET compatible bioreactor. Prostate 2015; 75:1601-9. [PMID: 26177608 PMCID: PMC4537380 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic shifts in disease are of great interest for the development of novel therapeutics. In cancer treatment, these therapies exploit the metabolic phenotype associated with oncogenesis and cancer progression. One recent strategy involves the depletion of the cofactors needed to maintain the high rate of glycolysis seen with the Warburg effect. Specifically, blocking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibition depletes cancer cells of the NAD needed for glycolysis. To characterize this metabolic phenotype in vivo and describe changes in flux with treatment, non-invasive biomarkers are necessary. One such biomarker is hyperpolarized (HP) [1-(13) C] pyruvate, a clinically translatable probe that allows real-time assessment of metabolism. METHODS We therefore developed a cell perfusion system compatible with HP magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) to develop translatable biomarkers of response to NAMPT inhibition in reduced volume cell cultures. RESULTS Using this platform, we observed a reduction in pyruvate flux through lactate dehydrogenase with NAMPT inhibition in prostate cancer cells, and showed that both HP lactate and 2-[(18) F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) can be used as biomarkers for treatment response of such targeted agents. Moreover, we observed dynamic flux changes whereby HP pyruvate was re-routed to alanine, providing both positive and negative indicators of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of a MR/PET compatible bioreactor approach to efficiently explore cell and tissue metabolism, the understanding of which is critical for developing clinically translatable biomarkers of disease states and responses to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Request: Kayvan R. Keshari, Ph.D., Assistant Member, Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, Phone: (646) 888-3631, Fax: (646) 422-0247,
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bertram L. Koelsch
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom O’Brien
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Richard A. D. Carano
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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28
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Sriram R, Van Criekinge M, Hansen A, Wang ZJ, Vigneron DB, Wilson DM, Keshari KR, Kurhanewicz J. Real-time measurement of hyperpolarized lactate production and efflux as a biomarker of tumor aggressiveness in an MR compatible 3D cell culture bioreactor. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1141-1149. [PMID: 26202449 PMCID: PMC4537810 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a 3D cell/tissue culture bioreactor compatible with hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C MR and interrogated HP [1-(13)C]lactate production and efflux in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. This platform is capable of resolving intracellular and extracellular HP lactate pools, allowing the kinetic measurement of lactate production and efflux in the context of cancer aggressiveness and response to therapy. HP (13)C MR studies were performed on three immortalized human renal cell lines: HK2, a normal renal proximal tubule cell line from which a majority of RCCs arise, UMRC6, a cell line derived from a localized RCC, and UOK262, an aggressive and metastatic RCC. The intra- (Lacin ) and extracellular (Lacex ) HP lactate signals were robustly resolved in dynamic (13)C spectra of the cell lines due to a very small but reproducible chemical shift difference (0.031 ± 0.0005 ppm). Following HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate delivery, the ratio of HP Lacin /Lacex was significantly lower for UOK262 cells compared with both UMRC6 and HK2 cells due to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the Lacex pool size. Lacin /Lacex correlated with the MCT4 mRNA expression of the cell lines, and inhibition of MCT4 transport using DIDS resulted in a significant reduction in the HP Lacex pool size. The extension of these studies to living patient-derived RCC tissue slices using HP [1,2-(13)C2]pyruvate demonstrated a similarly split lactate doublet with a high Lacex pool fraction; in contrast, only a single NMR resonance is noted for HP [5-(13)C]glutamate, consistent with intracellular localization. These studies support the importance of lactate efflux as a biomarker of cancer aggressiveness and metastatic potential, and the utility of the MR compatible 3D cell/tissue culture bioreactor to study not only cellular metabolism but also transport. Additionally, this platform offers a sophisticated way to follow therapeutic interventions and screen novel therapies that target lactate export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Correspondence and Reprint Request: Renuka Sriram, University of California, San Francisco, Byers Hall, Room 201B, 1700 4th Street, MC 2520, San Francisco, CA 94158, Tel: (415) 514-4874, Fax: (415) 514-4714,
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ailin Hansen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kayvan R. Keshari
- Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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29
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Breukels V, Jansen KCFJ, van Heijster FHA, Capozzi A, van Bentum PJM, Schalken JA, Comment A, Scheenen TWJ. Direct dynamic measurement of intracellular and extracellular lactate in small-volume cell suspensions with (13)C hyperpolarised NMR. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1040-1048. [PMID: 26123400 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised (HP) (13)C NMR allows enzymatic activity to be probed in real time in live biological systems. The use of in vitro models gives excellent control of the cellular environment, crucial in the understanding of enzyme kinetics. The increased conversion of pyruvate to lactate in cancer cells has been well studied with HP (13)C NMR. Unfortunately, the equally important metabolic step of lactate transport out of the cell remains undetected, because intracellular and extracellular lactate are measured as a single resonance. Furthermore, typical experiments must be performed using tens of millions of cells, a large amount which can lead to a costly and sometimes highly challenging growing procedure. We present a relatively simple set-up that requires as little as two million cells with the spectral resolution to separate the intracellular and extracellular lactate resonances. The set-up is tested with suspensions of prostate cancer carcinoma cells (PC3) in combination with HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate. We obtained reproducible pyruvate to lactate label fluxes of 1.2 and 1.7 nmol/s per million cells at 2.5 and 5.0 mM pyruvate concentrations. The existence of a 3-Hz chemical shift difference between intracellular and extracellular lactate enabled us to determine the lactate transport rates in PC3. We deduced a lactate export rate of 0.3 s(-1) and observed a decrease in lactate transport on addition of the lactate transport inhibitor α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Breukels
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kees C F J Jansen
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frits H A van Heijster
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Capozzi
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Jan M van Bentum
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom W J Scheenen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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30
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Moreno KX, Nasr K, Milne M, Sherry AD, Goux WJ. Nuclear spin hyperpolarization of the solvent using signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 257:15-23. [PMID: 26037136 PMCID: PMC4501889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the polarization of the solvent OH protons by SABRE using standard iridium-based catalysts under slightly acidic conditions. Solvent polarization was observed in the presence of a variety of structurally similar N-donor substrates while no solvent enhancement was observed in the absence of substrate or para-hydrogen (p-H2). Solvent polarization was sensitive to the polarizing field and catalyst:substrate ratio in a manner similar to that of substrate protons. SABRE experiments with pyridine-d5 suggest a mechanism where hyperpolarization is transferred from the free substrate to the solvent by chemical exchange while measured hyperpolarization decay times suggest a complimentary mechanism which occurs by direct coordination of the solvent to the catalytic complex. We found the solvent hyperpolarization to decay nearly 3 times more slowly than its characteristic spin-lattice relaxation time suggesting that the hyperpolarized state of the solvent may be sufficiently long lived (∼20s) to hyperpolarize biomolecules having exchangeable protons. This route may offer future opportunities for SABRE to impact metabolic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlos X Moreno
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Khaled Nasr
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Mark Milne
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Warren J Goux
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
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31
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Chaumeil MM, Najac C, Ronen SM. Studies of Metabolism Using (13)C MRS of Hyperpolarized Probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:1-71. [PMID: 26358901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique, combined with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in numerous metabolic studies and has become a valuable metabolic imaging method. DNP dramatically increases the level of polarization of (13)C-labeled compounds resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 50,000 fold for the MRS spectrum of hyperpolarized compounds. The high SNR enables rapid real-time detection of metabolism in cells, tissues, and in vivo. This chapter will present a comprehensive review of the DNP approaches that have been used to monitor metabolism in living systems. First, the list of (13)C DNP probes developed to date will be presented, with a particular focus on the most commonly used probe, namely [1-(13)C] pyruvate. In the next four sections, we will then describe the different factors that need to be considered when designing (13)C DNP probes for metabolic studies, conducting in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized experiments, as well as acquiring, analyzing, and modeling hyperpolarized (13)C data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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32
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Hyperpolarized (13)C Magnetic Resonance and Its Use in Metabolic Assessment of Cultured Cells and Perfused Organs. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:73-106. [PMID: 26358902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diseased tissue is often characterized by abnormalities in intermediary metabolism. Observing these alterations in situ may lead to an improved understanding of pathological processes and novel ways to monitor these processes noninvasively in human patients. Although (13)C is a stable isotope safe for use in animal models of disease as well as human subjects, its utility as a metabolic tracer has largely been limited to ex vivo analyses employing analytical techniques like mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neither of these techniques is suitable for noninvasive metabolic monitoring, and the low abundance and poor gyromagnetic ratio of conventional (13)C make it a poor nucleus for imaging. However, the recent advent of hyperpolarization methods, particularly dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), makes it possible to enhance the spin polarization state of (13)C by many orders of magnitude, resulting in a temporary amplification of the signal sufficient for monitoring kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living tissue through magnetic resonance spectroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we review DNP techniques to monitor metabolism in cultured cells, perfused hearts, and perfused livers, focusing on our experiences with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. We present detailed approaches to optimize the DNP procedure, streamline biological sample preparation, and maximize detection of specific metabolic activities. We also discuss practical aspects in the choice of metabolic substrates for hyperpolarization studies and outline some of the current technical and conceptual challenges in the field, including efforts to use hyperpolarization to quantify metabolic rates in vivo.
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33
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Comment A, Merritt ME. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance as a sensitive detector of metabolic function. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7333-57. [PMID: 25369537 PMCID: PMC4255644 DOI: 10.1021/bi501225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance
allows for noninvasive measurements
of biochemical reactions in vivo. Although this technique
provides a unique tool for assaying enzymatic activities in intact
organs, the scope of its application is still elusive for the wider
scientific community. The purpose of this review is to provide key
principles and parameters to guide the researcher interested in adopting
this technology to address a biochemical, biomedical, or medical issue.
It is presented in the form of a compendium containing the underlying
essential physical concepts as well as suggestions to help assess
the potential of the technique within the framework of specific research
environments. Explicit examples are used to illustrate the power as
well as the limitations of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Khegai O, Schulte RF, Janich MA, Menzel MI, Farrell E, Otto AM, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Glaser SJ, Haase A, Schwaiger M, Wiesinger F. Apparent rate constant mapping using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1256-65. [PMID: 25156807 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization of [1-13C]pyruvate in solution allows real-time measurement of uptake and metabolism using MR spectroscopic methods. After injection and perfusion, pyruvate is taken up by the cells and enzymatically metabolized into downstream metabolites such as lactate, alanine, and bicarbonate. In this work, we present comprehensive methods for the quantification and interpretation of hyperpolarized 13C metabolite signals. First, a time-domain spectral fitting method is described for the decomposition of FID signals into their metabolic constituents. For this purpose, the required chemical shift frequencies are automatically estimated using a matching pursuit algorithm. Second, a time-discretized formulation of the two-site exchange kinetic model is used to quantify metabolite signal dynamics by two characteristic rate constants in the form of (i) an apparent build-up rate (quantifying the build-up of downstream metabolites from the pyruvate substrate) and (ii) an effective decay rate (summarizing signal depletion due to repetitive excitation, T1-relaxation and backward conversion). The presented spectral and kinetic quantification were experimentally verified in vitro and in vivo using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Using temporally resolved IDEAL spiral CSI, spatially resolved apparent rate constant maps are also extracted. In comparison to single metabolite images, apparent build-up rate constant maps provide improved contrast by emphasizing metabolically active tissues (e.g. tumors) and suppression of high perfusion regions with low conversion (e.g. blood vessels). Apparent build-up rate constant mapping provides a novel quantitative image contrast for the characterization of metabolic activity. Its possible implementation as a quantitative standard will be subject to further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Khegai
- Technische Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Munich, Germany; GE Global Research, Munich, Germany
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35
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Lerche MH, Jensen PR, Karlsson M, Meier S. NMR insights into the inner workings of living cells. Anal Chem 2014; 87:119-32. [PMID: 25084065 DOI: 10.1021/ac501467x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde H Lerche
- Albeda Research , Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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36
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Kailavasan M, Rehman I, Reynolds S, Bucur A, Tozer G, Paley M. NMR-based evaluation of the metabolic profile and response to dichloroacetate of human prostate cancer cells. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:610-6. [PMID: 24639007 PMCID: PMC4260680 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of human prostate cancer cells that have different metastatic potential and to determine their response to dichloroacetate (DCA) using NMR technology. Two isogenic human prostate cancer cell lines, differing in their metastatic potential [LNCaP (poorly metastatic) and LNCaP-LN3 (highly metastatic)], were studied. Metabolite ratios from NMR spectral integrals acquired at a field strength of 9.4 T using a 5-mm broadband probe with an NMR-compatible bioreactor were compared in the presence and absence of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor DCA. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes were assessed by zymography. Following the treatment of cells with 50 mm DCA, there was a significant reduction in the lactate/choline, lactate/creatine, lactate/alanine and the combined lactate/(choline + creatine + alanine) ratios in LNCaP-LN3 cells relative to LNCaP cells. No significant changes in metabolite ratios were found in LNCaP cells following DCA treatment. As expected, LDH zymography assays showed an absence of the LDH-B subunit in LNCaP-LN3 cells, whereas both LDH-A and LDH-B subunits were present in LNCaP cells. DCA was shown to significantly modify the metabolite ratios in highly metastatic LNCaP-LN3 cells, but not in poorly metastatic LNCaP cells. This effect was probably related to the absence of the LDH-B subunit in LNCaP-LN3 cells, and could have a bearing on cancer treatment with DCA and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Kailavasan
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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37
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Koelsch BL, Keshari KR, Peeters TH, Larson PEZ, Wilson DM, Kurhanewicz J. Diffusion MR of hyperpolarized 13C molecules in solution. Analyst 2014; 138:1011-4. [PMID: 23304699 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36715g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We combined the high MR signal enhancement achieved using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with a pulsed gradient double spin echo diffusion MR sequence to rapidly and accurately measure the diffusion coefficients of various hyperpolarized (13)C molecules in solution. Furthermore, with a diffusion-weighted imaging sequence we generate diffusion coefficient maps of multiple hyperpolarized metabolites simultaneously. While hyperpolarized experiments can measure rapid, non-equilibrium processes by avoiding signal averaging, continuous signal loss due to longitudinal relaxation (T(1)) complicates quantitation. By correcting for this signal loss, we demonstrate the feasibility of using hyperpolarized (13)C diffusion-weighted MR to accurately measure real-time (seconds) molecular transport phenomena. Potential applications include rapidly measuring molecular binding, cellular membrane transport, in vivo metabolite distribution and establishing a magnetic field independent hyperpolarized parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram L Koelsch
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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38
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Stable isotope tracer analysis in isolated mitochondria from mammalian systems. Metabolites 2014; 4:166-83. [PMID: 24957021 PMCID: PMC4101501 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are a focal point in metabolism, given that they play fundamental roles in catabolic, as well as anabolic reactions. Alterations in mitochondrial functions are often studied in whole cells, and metabolomics experiments using 13C-labeled substrates, coupled with mass isotopomer distribution analyses, represent a powerful approach to study global changes in cellular metabolic activities. However, little is known regarding the assessment of metabolic activities in isolated mitochondria using this technology. Studies on isolated mitochondria permit the evaluation of whether changes in cellular metabolic activities are due to modifications in the intrinsic properties of the mitochondria. Here, we present a streamlined approach to accurately determine 13C, as well as 12C enrichments in isolated mitochondria from mammalian tissues or cultured cells by GC/MS. We demonstrate the relevance of this experimental approach by assessing the effects of drugs perturbing mitochondrial functions on the mass isotopomer enrichment of metabolic intermediates. Furthermore, we investigate 13C and 12C enrichments in mitochondria isolated from cancer cells given the emerging role of metabolic alterations in supporting tumor growth. This original method will provide a very sensitive tool to perform metabolomics studies on isolated mitochondria.
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39
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Thapar R, Titus MA. Recent Advances in Metabolic Profiling And Imaging of Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:53-69. [PMID: 25632377 DOI: 10.2174/2213235x02666140301002510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a metabolic disease. Cancer cells, being highly proliferative, show significant alterations in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, respiration, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Metabolites like peptides, nucleotides, products of glycolysis, the TCA cycle, fatty acids, and steroids can be an important read out of disease when characterized in biological samples such as tissues and body fluids like urine, serum, etc. The cancer metabolome has been studied since the 1960s by analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Current research is focused on the identification and validation of biomarkers in the cancer metabolome that can stratify high-risk patients and distinguish between benign and advanced metastatic forms of the disease. In this review, we discuss the current state of prostate cancer metabolomics, the biomarkers that show promise in distinguishing indolent from aggressive forms of the disease, the strengths and limitations of the analytical techniques being employed, and future applications of metabolomics in diagnostic imaging and personalized medicine of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Thapar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Mark A Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
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40
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Hyperpolarized NMR probes for biological assays. SENSORS 2014; 14:1576-97. [PMID: 24441771 PMCID: PMC3926627 DOI: 10.3390/s140101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the development of nuclear spin polarization enhanced (hyperpolarized) molecular probes has opened up new opportunities for studying the inner workings of living cells in real time. The hyperpolarized probes are produced ex situ, introduced into biological systems and detected with high sensitivity and contrast against background signals using high resolution NMR spectroscopy. A variety of natural, derivatized and designed hyperpolarized probes has emerged for diverse biological studies including assays of intracellular reaction progression, pathway kinetics, probe uptake and export, pH, redox state, reactive oxygen species, ion concentrations, drug efficacy or oncogenic signaling. These probes are readily used directly under natural conditions in biofluids and are often directly developed and optimized for cellular assays, thus leaving little doubt about their specificity and utility under biologically relevant conditions. Hyperpolarized molecular probes for biological NMR spectroscopy enable the unbiased detection of complex processes by virtue of the high spectral resolution, structural specificity and quantifiability of NMR signals. Here, we provide a survey of strategies used for the selection, design and use of hyperpolarized NMR probes in biological assays, and describe current limitations and developments.
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41
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM. Chemistry and biochemistry of 13C hyperpolarized magnetic resonance using dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1627-59. [PMID: 24363044 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of transient chemical phenomena by conventional NMR has proved elusive, particularly for non-(1)H nuclei. For (13)C, hyperpolarization using the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique has emerged as a powerful means to improve SNR. The recent development of rapid dissolution DNP methods has facilitated previously impossible in vitro and in vivo study of small molecules. This review presents the basics of the DNP technique, identification of appropriate DNP substrates, and approaches to increase hyperpolarized signal lifetimes. Also addressed are the biochemical events to which DNP-NMR has been applied, with descriptions of several probes that have met with in vivo success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
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Spin hyperpolarization in NMR to address enzymatic processes in vivo. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hill DK, Orton MR, Mariotti E, Boult JKR, Panek R, Jafar M, Parkes HG, Jamin Y, Miniotis MF, Al-Saffar NMS, Beloueche-Babari M, Robinson SP, Leach MO, Chung YL, Eykyn TR. Model free approach to kinetic analysis of real-time hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71996. [PMID: 24023724 PMCID: PMC3762840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time detection of the rates of metabolic flux, or exchange rates of endogenous enzymatic reactions, is now feasible in biological systems using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Magnetic Resonance. Derivation of reaction rate kinetics from this technique typically requires multi-compartmental modeling of dynamic data, and results are therefore model-dependent and prone to misinterpretation. We present a model-free formulism based on the ratio of total areas under the curve (AUC) of the injected and product metabolite, for example pyruvate and lactate. A theoretical framework to support this novel analysis approach is described, and demonstrates that the AUC ratio is proportional to the forward rate constant k. We show that the model-free approach strongly correlates with k for whole cell in vitro experiments across a range of cancer cell lines, and detects response in cells treated with the pan-class I PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 with comparable or greater sensitivity. The same result is seen in vivo with tumor xenograft-bearing mice, in control tumors and following drug treatment with dichloroacetate. An important finding is that the area under the curve is independent of both the input function and of any other metabolic pathways arising from the injected metabolite. This model-free approach provides a robust and clinically relevant alternative to kinetic model-based rate measurements in the clinical translation of hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic imaging in humans, where measurement of the input function can be problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Hill
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Orton
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Mariotti
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica K. R. Boult
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Panek
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Maysam Jafar
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Harold G. Parkes
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Jamin
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Falck Miniotis
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nada M. S. Al-Saffar
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mounia Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Robinson
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Martin O. Leach
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK (CR-UK) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, St. Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Keshari KR, Sriram R, Van Criekinge M, Wilson DM, Wang ZJ, Vigneron DB, Peehl DM, Kurhanewicz J. Metabolic reprogramming and validation of hyperpolarized 13C lactate as a prostate cancer biomarker using a human prostate tissue slice culture bioreactor. Prostate 2013; 73:1171-81. [PMID: 23532911 PMCID: PMC3976546 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of prostate cancer has been impeded by the lack of both clinically relevant disease models and metabolic markers that track tumor progression. Hyperpolarized (HP) (13) C MR spectroscopy has emerged as a new technology to investigate the metabolic shifts in prostate cancer. In this study, we investigate the glucose reprogramming using HP (13) C pyruvate MR in a patient-derived prostate tissue slice culture (TSC) model. METHODS The steady-state metabolite concentrations in freshly excised human prostate TSCs were assessed and compared to those from snap-frozen biopsy samples. The TSCs were then applied to a perfused cell (bioreactor) platform, and the bioenergetics and the dynamic pyruvate flux of the TSCs were investigated by (31) P and HP (13) C MR, respectively. RESULTS The prostate TSCs demonstrated steady-state glycolytic and phospholipid metabolism, and bioenergetics that recapitulate features of prostate cancer in vivo. (13) C spectra following injection of HP (13) C pyruvate showed significantly increased pyruvate to lactate flux in malignant as compared to the benign prostate TSCs. This increased flux in the malignant prostate TSCs correlated with both increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). CONCLUSIONS We provide the first mechanistic evidence for HP (13) C lactate as a prostate cancer biomarker in living human tissues, critical for the interpretation of in vivo studies. More broadly, the clinically relevant metabolic model system in combination with HP MR can facilitate the identification of clinically translatable biomarkers of prostate cancer presence, aggressiveness, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence to: Prof. John Kurhanewicz, PhD, Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Urology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th St., Byers Hall 203, San Francisco, CA 94158.
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Larson PEZ, Hurd RE, Kerr AB, Pauly JM, Bok RA, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB. Perfusion and diffusion sensitive 13C stimulated-echo MRSI for metabolic imaging of cancer. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:635-42. [PMID: 23260391 PMCID: PMC3626756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic imaging with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-pyruvate can rapidly probe tissue metabolic profiles in vivo and has been shown to provide cancer imaging biomarkers for tumor detection, progression, and response to therapy. This technique uses a bolus injection followed by imaging within 1-2 minutes. The observed metabolites include vascular components and their generation is also influenced by cellular transport. These factors complicate image interpretation, especially since [1-(13)C]lactate, a metabolic product that is a biomarker of cancer, is also produced by red blood cells. It would be valuable to understand the distribution of metabolites between the vasculature, interstitial space, and intracellular compartments. The purpose of this study was to better understand this compartmentalization by using a perfusion and diffusion-sensitive stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) MRSI acquisition method tailored to hyperpolarized substrates. Our results in mouse models showed that among metabolites, the injected substrate (13)C-pyruvate had the largest vascular fraction overall while (13)C-alanine had the smallest vascular fraction. We observed a larger vascular fraction of pyruvate and lactate in the kidneys and liver when compared to back muscle and prostate tumor tissue. Our data suggests that (13)C-lactate in prostate tumor tissue voxels was the most abundant labeled metabolite intracellularly. This was shown in STEAM images that highlighted abnormal cancer cell metabolism and suppressed vascular (13)C metabolite signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Keshari KR, Sriram R, Koelsch BL, Van Criekinge M, Wilson DM, Kurhanewicz J, Wang ZJ. Hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate magnetic resonance reveals rapid lactate export in metastatic renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23204238 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with a wide range of aggressiveness. Noninvasive methods to confidently predict the tumor biologic behavior and select appropriate treatment are lacking. Here, we investigate the dynamic metabolic flux in living RCC cells using hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) combined with a bioreactor platform and interrogated the biochemical basis of the MRS data with respect to cancer aggressiveness. RCC cells have significantly higher pyruvate-to-lactate flux than the normal renal tubule cells. Furthermore, a key feature distinguishing the localized from the metastatic RCC cells is the lactate efflux rate, mediated by the monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4). The metastatic RCC cells have significantly higher MCT4 expression and corresponding higher lactate efflux, which is essential for maintaining a high rate of glycolysis. We show that such differential cellular transporter expression and associated metabolic phenotype can be noninvasively assessed via real-time monitoring of hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate-to-lactate flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Harrison C, Yang C, Jindal A, DeBerardinis RJ, Hooshyar M, Merritt M, Sherry AD, Malloy CR. Comparison of kinetic models for analysis of pyruvate-to-lactate exchange by hyperpolarized 13 C NMR. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1286-94. [PMID: 22451442 PMCID: PMC3469722 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The activity of specific enzyme-catalyzed reactions may be detected in vivo by (13) C NMR of hyperpolarized (HP) substrates. The signals from HP substrates and products, acquired over time, have been fitted to a number of different mathematical models to determine fluxes, but these models have not been critically compared. In this study, two-pool and three-pool first-order models were constructed to measure flux through lactate dehydrogenase in isolated glioblastoma cells by NMR detection of lactate and pyruvate following the addition of HP [1-(13) C]pyruvate. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to independently monitor (13) C enrichment in intra- and extracellular lactate. Six models were evaluated using time-dependent pyruvate C2 and lactate C1 HP NMR data acquired by the use of selective excitation pulses, plus (13) C enrichment data from intracellular and extracellular lactate measured by MS. A three-pool bidirectional model provided the most accurate description of pyruvate metabolism in these cells. With computed values for T(1) of pyruvate and lactate, as well as the effect of pulsing, the initial flux through lactate dehydrogenase was well determined by both the two-pool bidirectional and unidirectional models when only HP data were available. The three-pool model was necessary to fit the combined data from both MS and HP, but the simpler two-pool exchange model was sufficient to determine the (13) C lactate concentration when the lactate appearance was measured only by HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Harrison
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chendong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ashish Jindal
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Corresponding Author: Crystal Harrison, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd NE4.2, Dallas, TX 75390, , 214-645-2767 (phone), 214-645-2744 (fax)
| | - M.A. Hooshyar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
| | - Matthew Merritt
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - A. Dean Sherry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Craig R. Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Lancaster, TX
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Jeffries RE, Gamcsik MP, Keshari KR, Pediaditakis P, Tikunov AP, Young GB, Lee H, Watkins PB, Macdonald JM. Effect of oxygen concentration on viability and metabolism in a fluidized-bed bioartificial liver using ³¹P and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:93-100. [PMID: 22835003 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oxygen mass-transfer modeling studies have been performed for various bioartificial liver (BAL) encapsulation types; yet, to our knowledge, there is no experimental study that directly and noninvasively measures viability and metabolism as a function of time and oxygen concentration. We report the effect of oxygen concentration on viability and metabolism in a fluidized-bed NMR-compatible BAL using in vivo ³¹P and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, respectively, by monitoring nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) and ¹³C-labeled nutrient metabolites, respectively. Fluidized-bed bioreactors eliminate the potential channeling that occurs with packed-bed bioreactors and serve as an ideal experimental model for homogeneous oxygen distribution. Hepatocytes were electrostatically encapsulated in alginate (avg. diameter, 500 μm; 3.5×10⁷ cells/mL) and perfused at 3 mL/min in a 9-cm (inner diameter) cylindrical glass NMR tube. Four oxygen treatments were tested and validated by an in-line oxygen electrode: (1) 95:5 oxygen:carbon dioxide (carbogen), (2) 75:20:5 nitrogen:oxygen:carbon dioxide, (3) 60:35:5 nitrogen:oxygen:carbon dioxide, and (4) 45:50:5 nitrogen:oxygen:carbon dioxide. With 20% oxygen, β-NTP steadily decreased until it was no longer detected at 11 h. The 35%, 50%, and 95% oxygen treatments resulted in steady β-NTP levels throughout the 28-h experimental period. For the 50% and 95% oxygen treatment, a ¹³C NMR time course (∼5 h) revealed 2-¹³C-glycine and 2-¹³C-glucose to be incorporated into [2-¹³C-glycyl]glutathione (GSH) and 2-¹³C-lactate, respectively, with 95% having a lower rate of lactate formation. ³¹P and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy is a noninvasive method for determining viability and metabolic rates. Modifying tissue-engineered devices to be NMR compatible is a relatively easy and inexpensive process depending on the bioreactor shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex E Jeffries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Santarelli MF, Positano V, Giovannetti G, Frijia F, Menichetti L, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, De Marchi D, Lionetti V, Aquaro G, Lombardi M, Landini L. How the signal-to-noise ratio influences hyperpolarized 13C dynamic MRS data fitting and parameter estimation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:925-34. [PMID: 22213413 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MRS of hyperpolarized (13) C-labeled compounds represents a promising technique for in vivo metabolic studies. However, robust quantification and metabolic modeling are still important areas of investigation. In particular, time and spatial resolution constraints may lead to the analysis of MRS signals with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The relationship between SNR and the precision of quantitative analysis for the evaluation of the in vivo kinetic behavior of metabolites is unknown. In this article, this topic is addressed by Monte Carlo simulations, covering the problem of MRS signal model parameter estimation, with strong emphasis on the peak amplitude and kinetic model parameters. The results of Monte Carlo simulation were confirmed by in vivo experiments on medium-sized animals injected with hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate. The results of this study may be useful for the establishment of experimental planning and for the optimization of kinetic model estimation as a function of the SNR value.
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Marjańska M, Teisseyre TZ, Halpern-Manners NW, Zhang Y, Iltis I, Bajaj V, Ugurbil K, Pines A, Henry PG. Measurement of Arterial Input Function in Hyperpolarized 13C Studies. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2012; 43:289-297. [PMID: 37601079 PMCID: PMC10438913 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-012-0348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hyperpolarized substrates generated through dynamic nuclear polarization have been introduced to study in vivo metabolism. Injection of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate, the most widely used substrate, allows detection of time courses of [1-13C]pyruvate and its metabolic products, such as [1-13C]lactate and 13C-bicarbonate, in various organs. However, quantitative metabolic modeling of in vivo data to measure specific metabolic rates remains challenging without measuring the input function. In this study, we demonstrate that the input function of [1-13C]pyruvate can be measured in vivo in the rat carotid artery using an implantable coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas Z. Teisseyre
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, UCSF & UC Berkeley, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Halpern-Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Material Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Isabelle Iltis
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vikram Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Material Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Material Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pierre-Gilles Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6 ST SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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