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Sadeghian I, Hemmati S. Characterization of a Stable Form of Carboxypeptidase G2 (Glucarpidase), a Potential Biobetter Variant, From Acinetobacter sp. 263903-1. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1155-1168. [PMID: 34268672 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) is a bacterial enzyme widely used to detoxify methotrexate (MTX) and in enzyme/prodrug therapy for cancer treatment. However, several drawbacks, such as instability, have limited its efficiency. Herein, we have evaluated the properties of a putative CPG2 from Acinetobacter sp. 263903-1 (AcCPG2). AcCPG2 is compared with a CPG2 derived from Pseudomonas sp. strain RS-16 (PsCPG2), available as an FDA-approved medication called glucarpidase. After modeling AcCPG2 using the I-TASSER program, the refined model was validated by PROCHECK, VERIFY 3D and according to the Z score of the model. Using computational analyses, AcCPG2 displayed higher thermodynamic stability and a lower aggregation propensity than PsCPG2. AcCPG2 showed an optimum pH of 7.5 against MTX and was stable over a pH range of 5-10. AcCPG2 exhibited optimum activity at 50 °C and higher thermal stability at a temperature range of 20-70 °C compared to PsCPG2. The Km value of the purified AcCPG2 toward folate and MTX was 31.36 µM and 44.99 µM, respectively. The Vmax value of AcCPG2 for folate and MTX was 125.80 µmol/min/mg and 48.90 µmol/min/mg, respectively. Accordingly, thermostability and pH versatility makes AcCPG2 a potential biobetter variant for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Sadeghian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Lehouritis P, Hogan G, Tangney M. Designer bacteria as intratumoural enzyme biofactories. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:8-23. [PMID: 28916496 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (BDEPT) is an emerging form of treatment for cancer. It is a biphasic variant of gene therapy in which a bacterium, armed with an enzyme that can convert an inert prodrug into a cytotoxic compound, induces tumour cell death following tumour-specific prodrug activation. BDEPT combines the innate ability of bacteria to selectively proliferate in tumours, with the capacity of prodrugs to undergo contained, compartmentalised conversion into active metabolites in vivo. Although BDEPT has undergone clinical testing, it has received limited clinical exposure, and has yet to achieve regulatory approval. In this article, we review BDEPT from the system designer's perspective, and provide detailed commentary on how the designer should strategize its development de novo. We report on contemporary advancements in this field which aim to enhance BDEPT in terms of safety and efficacy. Finally, we discuss clinical and regulatory barriers facing BDEPT, and propose promising approaches through which these hurdles may best be tackled.
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Dzien P, Tee S, Kettunen MI, Lyons SK, Larkin TJ, Timm KN, Hu D, Wright A, Rodrigues TB, Serrao EM, Marco‐Rius I, Mannion E, D'Santos P, Kennedy BWC, Brindle KM. (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements with hyperpolarized [1-(13) C] pyruvate can be used to detect the expression of transgenic pyruvate decarboxylase activity in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2016; 76:391-401. [PMID: 26388418 PMCID: PMC5025726 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization can increase the sensitivity of the (13) C magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiment by at least four orders of magnitude and offers a novel approach to the development of MRI gene reporters based on enzymes that metabolize (13) C-labeled tracers. We describe here a gene reporter based on the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1), which catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. METHODS Pyruvate decarboxylase from Zymomonas mobilis (zmPDC) and a mutant that lacked enzyme activity were expressed using an inducible promoter in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. Enzyme activity was measured in the cells and in xenografts derived from the cells using (13) C MRS measurements of the conversion of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C] pyruvate to H(13) CO3-. RESULTS Induction of zmPDC expression in the cells and in the xenografts derived from them resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in the H(13) CO3-/[1-(13) C] pyruvate signal ratio following intravenous injection of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C] pyruvate. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the feasibility of using zmPDC as an in vivo reporter gene for use with hyperpolarized (13) C MRS. Magn Reson Med 76:391-401, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Dzien
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | - Sui‐Seng Tee
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | - Mikko I. Kettunen
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
- Present address: A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandNeulaniementieKuopioFinland.
| | - Scott K. Lyons
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | | | - Kerstin N. Timm
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - De‐En Hu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | - Alan Wright
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | - Tiago B. Rodrigues
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | - Eva M. Serrao
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | | | - Elizabeth Mannion
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | - Paula D'Santos
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
| | | | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeUK.
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Penet MF, Chen Z, Li C, Winnard PT, Bhujwalla ZM. Prodrug enzymes and their applications in image-guided therapy of cancer: tracking prodrug enzymes to minimize collateral damage. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 2:22-30. [PMID: 23646292 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-011-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many cytotoxic therapies are available to kill cancer cells. Unfortunately, these also inflict significant damage on normal cells. Identifying highly effective cancer treatments that have minimal or no side effects continues to be a major challenge. One of the strategies to minimize damage to normal tissue is to deliver an activating enzyme that localizes only in the tumor and converts a nontoxic prodrug to a cytotoxic agent locally in the tumor. Such strategies have been previously tested but with limited success due in large part to the uncertainty in the delivery and distribution of the enzyme. Imaging the delivery of the enzyme to optimize timing of the prodrug administration to achieve image-guided prodrug therapy would be of immense benefit for this strategy. Here, we have reviewed advances in the incorporation of image guidance in the applications of prodrug enzymes in cancer treatment. These advances demonstrate the feasibility of using clinically translatable imaging in these prodrug enzyme strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Jamin Y, Eykyn TR, Poon E, Springer CJ, Robinson SP. Detection of the prodrug-activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 activity with chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:152-7. [PMID: 23955100 PMCID: PMC4298162 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the differential exchange rates with bulk water between amine and amide protons can be exploited using chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance (CEST-MR) to monitor the release of glutamate induced by carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2), an enzyme utilized in cancer gene therapy. PROCEDURES Z spectra of solutions of the CPG2 substrate, 3,5-difluorobenzoyl-L-glutamate (amide), and glutamate (amine) were acquired at 11.7 T, 37 °C, across different pH (5-8). The ability of CEST-MR to monitor CPG2-mediated release of glutamate was assessed in extracts of CPG2-expressing cancer cells and purified solution of CPG2. RESULTS The addition of CPG2 to a solution containing 3,5-difluorobenzoyl-L-glutamate led to a marked and progressively increasing CEST effect (+3 ppm), concomitant with the time-dependent release of glutamate induced by CPG2. CONCLUSION CEST-MR allows the detection of CPG2 activity in vitro and supports the translation of CEST-MRI to assess CPG2-based gene therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Jamin
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK,
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Hill DK, Jamin Y, Orton MR, Tardif N, Parkes HG, Robinson SP, Leach MO, Chung YL, Eykyn TR. ¹H NMR and hyperpolarized ¹³C NMR assays of pyruvate-lactate: a comparative study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1321-1325. [PMID: 23712817 PMCID: PMC4298370 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate-lactate exchange is mediated by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and is central to the altered energy metabolism in cancer cells. The measurement of exchange kinetics using hyperpolarized (13) C NMR has provided a biomarker of response to novel therapeutics. However, the observable signal is restricted to the exchanging hyperpolarized (13) C pools and the endogenous pools of (12) C-labelled metabolites are invisible in these measurements. In this study, we investigated an alternative in vitro (1) H NMR assay, using [3-(13) C]pyruvate, and compared the measured kinetics with a hyperpolarized (13) C NMR assay, using [1-(13) C]pyruvate, under the same conditions in human colorectal carcinoma SW1222 cells. The apparent forward reaction rate constants (kPL ) derived from the two assays showed no significant difference, and both assays had similar reproducibility (kPL = 0.506 ± 0.054 and kPL = 0.441 ± 0.090 nmol/s/10(6) cells; mean ± standard deviation; n = 3); (1) H, (13) C assays, respectively). The apparent backward reaction rate constant (kLP ) could only be measured with good reproducibility using the (1) H NMR assay (kLP = 0.376 ± 0.091 nmol/s/10(6) cells; mean ± standard deviation; n = 3). The (1) H NMR assay has adequate sensitivity to measure real-time pyruvate-lactate exchange kinetics in vitro, offering a complementary and accessible assay of apparent LDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Hill
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Yann Jamin
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Orton
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tardif
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Robinson
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Martin O Leach
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK and EPRSC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG. United Kingdom
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, St Thomas Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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Lehouritis P, Springer C, Tangney M. Bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J Control Release 2013; 170:120-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yu JX, Hallac RR, Chiguru S, Mason RP. New frontiers and developing applications in 19F NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 70:25-49. [PMID: 23540575 PMCID: PMC3613763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rami R. Hallac
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Srinivas Chiguru
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Laboratory of Prognostic Radiology, Division of Advanced Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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