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Narayanan A, Solamen L, Torres C. Service and emotional support animals in pediatrics. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2023; 53:101503. [PMID: 38040611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2023.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence of the positive psychological and social impacts animals can have on individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities. Service animals have been used primarily in the adult population. Recently they have become more prevalent in pediatric care to improve the quality of life and emotional well-being of children with physical and mental health challenges. Studies have shown that both service animals and emotional support animals (ESAs) improve physical, psychological, and social health of children with chronic medical conditions and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Due to the increasing use of service animals and ESAs in pediatrics, providers need to be aware of which children may benefit from having a service animal or ESA, the process to obtain them and recognize the practical, financial, and ethical considerations or challenges children and their families may encounter. This article aims to provide guidance on the differences between service and emotional support animals and considerations for their use in pediatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Narayanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Linda Solamen
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Chioma Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 4660 S. Hagadorn Ste. 405, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
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Singleton JK. Benefits of Being Teamed with a Service Dog for Individuals Living with Visible and Invisible Disabilities. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2987. [PMID: 37998479 PMCID: PMC10670951 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 61 million people in the United States are living with disabilities. Less than one percent are teamed with service dogs. A service dog is a type of assistance dog specifically trained to perform a disability-related task(s) to assist the person and support their independence. Service dogs may also provide valuable secondary benefits. The aim of this survey research is to add empiric data on benefits of being teamed with a service dog. Two hundred and four individuals teamed with service dogs responded to demographic and survey questions that included the benefits they experience from being teamed with a service dog. Overwhelmingly, respondents agreed or strongly agreed to benefits of emotional connection (96%), community participation (97%), physical activity (96%), psychological wellbeing (98%), quality of life (97%), a reduction in prescribed medications (78%), and a decrease in paid or unpaid assistance hours (83%), which extend beyond their primary disability need. It is clear that many others may benefit from being teamed with a service dog. Greater evidence is needed to increase tangible support for those who desire to be teamed with a service dog and can meet the Americans with Disabilities requirements. Additionally, to support individuals with service dogs now and in the future, healthcare professionals need to be knowledgeable about and culturally competent in caring for patients teamed with service dogs. Service dogs, when indicated, may benefit individuals living with disabilities by meeting primary and secondary needs that support independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Singleton
- Lienhard School of Nursing, College of Health Professions, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
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3
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McDowall S, Hazel SJ, Chittleborough C, Hamilton-Bruce A, Stuckey R, Howell TJ. The Impact of the Social Determinants of Human Health on Companion Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061113. [PMID: 36978653 PMCID: PMC10044303 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The social determinants of health (SDH) focus on the social, physical and economic factors that impact human health. Studies have revealed that animal guardians face a range of challenges in attaining positive welfare outcomes for their companion animals, which can be influenced by socioeconomic and environmental factors. Despite this, there is a lack of research specifically exploring the relationship between SDH and animal welfare outcomes. Given that the SDH impact on humans, which in turn directly impacts on their companion animal, it is important to adapt an SDH framework for companion animal welfare by characterising the impact of the SDH on companion animal guardians in their attempts to care for their animals and, by extension, the associated welfare outcomes. This paper explores how these human health determinants may impact animal welfare and the possible challenges that may arise for the guardian when attempting to meet their companion animal's welfare needs. By integrating the SDH with other key frameworks, including the five domains model of animal welfare, through multidisciplinary collaboration, this framework can be used to inform future programs aiming to improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya McDowall
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia
| | - Susan J Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Catherine Chittleborough
- School of Public Health, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Anne Hamilton-Bruce
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Rwth Stuckey
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia
| | - Tiffani J Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
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Giraudet CSE, Liu K, McElligott AG, Cobb M. Are children and dogs best friends? A scoping review to explore the positive and negative effects of child-dog interactions. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14532. [PMID: 36570006 PMCID: PMC9774011 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal wellbeing is greatly influenced by our childhood and adolescence, and the relationships formed during those phases of our development. The human-dog bond represents a significant relationship that started thousands of years ago. There is a higher prevalence of dog ownership around the world, especially in households including children. This has resulted in a growing number of researchers studying our interactions with dogs and an expanding evidence base from the exploration of child-dog interactions. We review the potential effects of child-dog interactions on the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of both species. A search of the SCOPUS database identified documents published between January 1980 and April 2022. Filtering for key inclusion criteria, duplicate removals, and inspecting the references of these documents for additional sources, we reviewed a total of 393 documents, 88% of which were scientific articles. We were able to define the numerous ways in which children and dogs interact, be it neutral (e.g., sharing a common area), positive (e.g., petting), or negative (e.g., biting). Then, we found evidence for an association between childhood interaction with dogs and an array of benefits such as increased physical activities, a reduction of stress, and the development of empathy. Nonetheless, several detrimental outcomes have also been identified for both humans and dogs. Children are the most at-risk population regarding dog bites and dog-borne zoonoses, which may lead to injuries/illness, a subsequent fear of dogs, or even death. Moreover, pet bereavement is generally inevitable when living with a canine companion and should not be trivialized. With a canine focus, children sometimes take part in caretaking behaviors toward them, such as feeding or going for walks. These represent opportunities for dogs to relieve themselves outside, but also to exercise and socialize. By contrast, a lack of physical activity can lead to the onset of obesity in both dogs and children. Dogs may present greater levels of stress when in the presence of children. Finally, the welfare of assistance, therapy, and free-roaming dogs who may interact with children remains underexplored. Overall, it appears that the benefits of child-dog interactions outweigh the risks for children but not for dogs; determination of the effects on both species, positive as well as negative, still requires further development. We call for longitudinal studies and cross-cultural research in the future to better understand the impact of child-dog interactions. Our review is important for people in and outside of the scientific community, to pediatricians, veterinarians, and current or future dog owners seeking to extend their knowledge, and to inform future research of scientists studying dogs and human-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. E. Giraudet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Animal Health Research Centre, Chengdu Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, China
| | - Alan G. McElligott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mia Cobb
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Leighton SC, Nieforth LO, O’Haire ME. Assistance dogs for military veterans with PTSD: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-synthesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274960. [PMID: 36129950 PMCID: PMC9491613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric assistance dogs for military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently make up over 19% of assistance dog partnerships globally. We conducted a systematic review of the literature relating to these partnerships, with specific aims to (1) summarize their characteristics, (2) evaluate the quality of existing evidence, and (3) summarize outcomes. A total of 432 records were independently screened (Cohen’s kappa = 0.90). Of these, 41 articles (29 peer-reviewed publications and 12 unpublished dissertations) met inclusion criteria. Data extraction was conducted to address the research aims, including a meta-analysis (quantitative outcomes) and meta-synthesis (qualitative outcomes). All peer-reviewed publications on the topic of psychiatric assistance dogs for veterans with PTSD were published within the last five years. The majority of included articles were quantitative (53%), 41% were qualitative, and 6% employed mixed methods. Mean methodological rigor scores were 80% for peer reviewed articles and 71% for dissertations, where higher scores represent more rigorous methodology. Quantitative articles reported significant improvements in the domains of PTSD severity, mental health, and social health. Impacts on physical health and global quality of life appear inconclusive. Meta-analysis (9 articles) revealed that partnership with an assistance dog had a clinically meaningful, significant, and large effect on PTSD severity scores (g = −1.129; p<0.0001). Qualitative meta-synthesis identified two third order constructs: (1) Impact on the individual: mental & physical health and (2) Impact beyond the individual: building relationships & connection. This synthesis of increasingly prevalent research on assistance dogs for veterans with PTSD provides support for the impact of this complementary and integrative health intervention on PTSD symptom severity, and signs of meaningful improvements in adjacent domains including mental and social health. Gaps between quantitative and qualitative findings, along with the need to report greater demographic detail, highlight key opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Leighton
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leanne O. Nieforth
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ, United States of America
| | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ, United States of America
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Futeran N, Mackenzie L, Wilkes-Gillan S, Dickson C. Understanding the participation outcomes for persons with disability when partnered with assistance dogs: A scoping review. Aust Occup Ther J 2022; 69:475-492. [PMID: 35470459 PMCID: PMC9540062 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Assistance dogs are trained to support persons living with disability and mitigate limitations that hinder their participation in everyday activities. Despite participation being a frequent challenge for people with disabilities, evidence linking assistance dog provision to improved participation outcomes is underdeveloped. This scoping review aimed to improve understanding by mapping the participation outcomes claimed in research on assistance dogs using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), Disability and Health framework. Methods Using the Arksey and O′Malley's six‐step framework, this scoping review searched six databases. Data were collected, mapped and summarised in accordance with the domains outlined in the ICF. Results In total, 38 studies across 41 papers met the inclusion criteria. Included studies investigated assistance dogs who were partnered with people living with physical disabilities, mental illness, autism and chronic conditions that require alerting (e.g., epilepsy and diabetes). Mapping of participation outcomes suggested that assistance dogs can have a positive impact on participation in many areas of daily life. Conclusion Findings can assist practitioners, funders and policymakers to recognise the value of assistance dogs as a support for people with disability. However, further research is needed to address limitations regarding study designs, for example, the outcome measures used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Futeran
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynette Mackenzie
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Wilkes-Gillan
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Dickson
- Occupational Therapy, Assistance Dogs Australia, Engadine, New South Wales, Australia
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McManus B, Good G, Yeung P. Interactions between the Public and Assistance Dog Handlers and Trainers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123359. [PMID: 34944143 PMCID: PMC8698088 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the experiences of handlers and trainers of disability assistance dogs in terms of the types of interactions they had with members of the Aotearoa NZ (NZ) public and how these interactions were perceived, interpreted, and managed. A qualitative method, guided by an interpretive approach and social constructionism, was utilised to collect data via semi-structured interviews with six handlers and six trainers of assistance dogs. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with the social model of disability as the theoretical base. Findings indicated that participants regularly faced a complex range of unique interactions due to various factors such as the public's lack of knowledge and understanding of the dog's role and right of access to public places. While participants encountered brief friendly comments about the dog and its role, other encounters involved long conversations, invasive personal questions, interference with their dogs, and denied access to businesses, cafés, restaurants, and public transport. These findings underpin the need to provide more education to the public on the etiquette of engaging with handlers and their assistance dogs and more support for businesses to understand the legal rights of handlers. Through education and support to change societal attitudes and remove structural barriers, disabled people using assistance dogs may be able to independently participate in community life and be fully included without hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn McManus
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Gretchen Good
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-6951-6510
| | - Polly Yeung
- School of Social Work, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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Stensland ML, McGeary DD. Use of animal-assisted interventions in relieving pain in healthcare settings: A systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 46:101519. [PMID: 34894530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Therapeutic interaction with animals for patients coping with physical and mental health conditions is a growing interest among healthcare providers and researchers. We aimed to comprehensively summarize and evaluate the current state of evidence examining the use of animal-assisted interventions [AAI] for pain relief in healthcare settings. DESIGN Systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement. METHODS Two researchers independently assessed publications dated before February 5, 2021 in OVID Medline, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases, and used the Delphi list to evaluate the quality of the evidence. RESULTS Of the 109 studies screened, a total of 24 studies totaling 1,950 participants were ultimately included. Studies varied in design, including single group trials (8), controlled trials with at least two groups (6), and randomized controlled trials (10). The most common form of pain measurement was the visual or numeric rating scale. For the 18 studies that reported data on changes in pain severity from pre-to-post-test, 13 reported a significant reduction; using the converted common metric we created, these reductions ranged from 0.20 to 3.33 points on a 10-point numeric rating scale. CONCLUSIONS AAI may be considered a promising approach in need of further, more rigorous research. Available evidence supporting AAI remains weak due to issues of study quality and design, thereby impeding our ability to draw reliable conclusions on the utility of AAI in relieving pain. Given the rapidly increasing availability of these interventions in hospitals, it is important to better understand its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Stensland
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7526 Louis Pasteur Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, Bexar County, USA.
| | - Don D McGeary
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, San Antonio, TX, Bexar County, USA.
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Stuttard L, Boyle P, Fairhurst C, Hewitt C, Longo F, Walker S, Weatherly H, Mayhew E, Beresford B. Hearing dogs for people with severe and profound hearing loss: a wait-list design randomised controlled trial investigating their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Trials 2021; 22:700. [PMID: 34649618 PMCID: PMC8515662 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hearing loss increases the risk of poor outcomes across a range of life domains. Where hearing loss is severe or profound, audiological interventions and rehabilitation have limited impact. Hearing dogs offer an alternative, or additional, intervention. They live permanently with recipients, providing sound support and companionship. Methods A single-centre, randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluated the impacts of a hearing dog on mental well-being, anxiety, depression, problems associated with hearing loss (responding to sounds, fearfulness/social isolation), and perceived dependency on others. Participants were applicants to the UK charity ‘Hearing Dogs for Deaf People’. Eligibility criteria were as follows: first-time applicant; applying for a hearing dog (as opposed to other support provided by the charity). Participants were randomised 1:1 to the following: receive a hearing dog sooner than usual [HD], or within the usual application timeframe (wait-list [WL] comparator). The primary outcome was mental well-being (Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale) 6 months (T1) after HD received a hearing dog. The cost-effectiveness analysis took a health and social care perspective. Results In total, 165 participants were randomised (HD n = 83, WL n = 82). A total of 112 (67.9%) were included in the primary analysis (HD n = 55, WL n = 57). At T1, mental well-being was significantly higher in the HD arm (adjusted mean difference 2.53, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.79, p < 0.001). Significant improvements in anxiety, depression, functioning, fearfulness/social isolation, and perceived dependency, favouring the HD arm, were also observed. On average, HD participants had used fewer statutory health and social care resources. In a scenario whereby costs of provision were borne by the public sector, hearing dogs do not appear to be value for money. If the public sector made a partial contribution, it is possible that hearing dogs would be cost-effective from a public sector perspective. Conclusions Hearing dogs appear to benefit recipients across a number of life domains, at least in the short term. Within the current funding model (costs entirely borne by the charity), hearing dogs are cost-effective from the public sector perspective. Whilst it would not be cost-effective to fully fund the provision of hearing dogs by the public sector, a partial contribution could be explored. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry on 28.1.2019: ISRCTN36452009. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05607-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Stuttard
- Social Policy Research Unit, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Church Lane Building, York Science Park, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DF, UK.
| | - Philip Boyle
- Social Policy Research Unit, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Church Lane Building, York Science Park, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DF, UK
| | | | | | - Francesco Longo
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon Walker
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Helen Weatherly
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Emese Mayhew
- Social Policy Research Unit, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Church Lane Building, York Science Park, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DF, UK
| | - Bryony Beresford
- Social Policy Research Unit, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Church Lane Building, York Science Park, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DF, UK
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Iong KK, Bould E, Lalor A, Callaway L. Australian occupational therapists' knowledge of the purpose, scope, and funding of assistance dogs. Aust Occup Ther J 2021; 69:64-76. [PMID: 34545587 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assistance dogs, considered a form of assistive technology within Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), can support scheme participants to achieve greater independence. To receive funding, an allied health assessment report (most often from occupational therapists) is required to justify the animal as a reasonable and necessary support. OBJECTIVES Examine Australian occupational therapists' knowledge and perceptions of assistance dogs; NDIS funding of animal supports; and resources considered useful to guide occupational therapy assessment and report writing. METHOD An online anonymous survey was developed and distributed via social media channels, an email listserv, and professional association newsletters to Australian occupational therapists. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Inductive content analysis of open-ended question responses provided additional insights regarding occupational therapists' knowledge, experiences, and information needs in relation to animal supports. RESULTS One hundred forty-five completed surveys were received. A majority of participants had limited knowledge regarding the purpose, scope, and funding of assistance dogs. Only 14 participants had made a referral for an assistance dog for an NDIS participant. For the 36 participants who self-identified as having good or excellent knowledge of one or more types of assistance dogs, benefits included increasing users' independence, confidence, and quality of life. Although participants agreed they had suitable skills to prescribe assistance dogs, greater clarification regarding their role in the NDIS assessment, advisory, and application process was seen as necessary. CONCLUSION This research highlighted the need for increased information for occupational therapists regarding the various types of assistance dogs and NDIS funding rules. The provision of NDIS reporting templates, practice guidance, and professional development resources-as well as occupational therapy curriculum for near-graduate therapists-could enhance knowledge, clinical reasoning, and practice when considering the most appropriate support and whether an assistance dog is both reasonable and necessary based on the person's goals and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Kei Iong
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Em Bould
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aislinn Lalor
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Libby Callaway
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Singh G, Driscoll C, Pachana NA. The impact of owning a hearing dog on quality of life, hearing handicap, and social functioning: an Australian cohort. Int J Audiol 2021; 61:761-768. [PMID: 34455890 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2021.1969454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of owning a hearing dog on self-reported hearing handicap, quality of life (QoL), and social functioning. DESIGN Group comparison study design, utilising five surveys (General Information Survey, Hearing Information Survey, Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly/Adults, Medical Outcomes Survey, and Social Functioning Questionnaire). STUDY SAMPLE 23 respondents from the 2019 Australian Lions Hearing Dog waitlist (controls) and 58 respondents from all clients who had received a hearing dog through the Australian Lions Hearing Dog service (cases). RESULTS No significant difference was found in Hearing Handicap Inventory or Social Functioning Questionnaire scores between the groups, although there was a tendency for improvement with dog ownership. The owner group scored significantly lower than the waitlist group on three Medical Outcomes Survey sub-items (general health, physical functioning, and role limitations due to physical health), along with total health-related QoL. These results contrasted with the broad emotional and psychosocial benefits identified through thematic analysis of responses. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible, yet not certain, that owning a hearing dog may bring a reduction in hearing handicap, as well as emotional and social benefits to the QoL of individuals, but it also appears to be associated with poorer perception of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurheen Singh
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlie Driscoll
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Hall NJ, Johnston AM, Bray EE, Otto CM, MacLean EL, Udell MAR. Working Dog Training for the Twenty-First Century. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:646022. [PMID: 34386536 PMCID: PMC8353195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are trained for a variety of working roles including assistance, protection, and detection work. Many canine working roles, in their modern iterations, were developed at the turn of the 20th century and training practices have since largely been passed down from trainer to trainer. In parallel, research in psychology has advanced our understanding of animal behavior, and specifically canine learning and cognition, over the last 20 years; however, this field has had little focus or practical impact on working dog training. The aims of this narrative review are to (1) orient the reader to key advances in animal behavior that we view as having important implications for working dog training, (2) highlight where such information is already implemented, and (3) indicate areas for future collaborative research bridging the gap between research and practice. Through a selective review of research on canine learning and behavior and training of working dogs, we hope to combine advances from scientists and practitioners to lead to better, more targeted, and functional research for working dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Hall
- Canine Olfaction Lab, Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Angie M. Johnston
- Boston College Canine Cognition Center, Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Boston College, Chapel Hill, MA, United States
| | - Emily E. Bray
- Arizona Canine Cognition Center, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Canine Companions for Independence, National Headquarters, Santa Rosa, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Penn Vet Working Dog Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evan L. MacLean
- Arizona Canine Cognition Center, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Monique A. R. Udell
- Human-Animal Interaction Lab, Department of Animal & Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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13
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McMichael MA, Singletary M. Assistance, Service, Emotional Support, and Therapy Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:961-973. [PMID: 34059267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the areas where harnessing the canine's trainability, mobility, and sociability enables their use for aiding and augmenting humans. This area, which is rapidly expanding, has provided life-changing solutions for persons affected by various impairments and disabilities (eg, visual, hearing, physical, mental).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McMichael
- Emergency & Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois.
| | - Melissa Singletary
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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14
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Tsang MCC, Bould E, Lalor A, Callaway L. 'Community members aren't aware that assistance animals come in all shapes and sizes, and help people with all kinds of disabilities' - Experiences of using assistance animals within community living in Australia. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34176422 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2021.1938709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate: (1) the characteristics of people using, or had previously used, assistance animals within community living in Australia; (2) positive and/or negative experiences of these users; and (3) educational resources that may aid public awareness. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online survey was distributed through Australian assistance animal organisations and social media channels. Past/current assistance animal users (n = 112) responded to questions on demographic and types of animal supports used, experience of assistance animal use, community attitudes experienced, and perspectives about the need for public education. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Content analysis provided additional insights of the positive and/or negative experiences assistance animal users had faced. RESULTS Nearly all participants used an assistance dog (n = 111), and 37 (33%) used the animal for more than one type of support. Seventy percent reported experiencing both positive and negative community attitudes/reactions. Length of time of having an assistance animal was associated with significantly higher prevalence of positive attitudes/reactions, whilst users who received medical support from the animal tended to experience more negative community attitudes/reactions than other users. The majority (90%) agreed that more public education is needed regarding assistance animal public access rights. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first in Australia to undertake a large-scale survey of assistance animal users with a range of disability types. It highlights the benefits and challenges of assistance animals, which could be useful to consider when determining the most appropriate support for an individual.Implications for RehabilitationThere are a range of possible benefits, but also challenges, in the use of assistance animals that should be considered when a person with disability or health conditions, or people advising them, are determining if an animal is the most appropriate support.Assistance animals can provide multiple types of support to one user, so could offer a potential cost-benefit beyond traditional assistive devices or other types of support.To ensure better inclusion of assistance animal users, public education is needed to promote community awareness of the types of animals that meet the definition of an 'assistance animal', and thus have public access rights.In Australia, a nationally consistent government approach to the regulation, accreditation and funding of assistance animals should be established with the aim to address the current fragmented or unfair investment approach and/or discrimination experienced by some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chi Coco Tsang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Em Bould
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Aislinn Lalor
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.,Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Libby Callaway
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.,Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
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15
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Bray EE, Otto CM, Udell MAR, Hall NJ, Johnston AM, MacLean EL. Enhancing the Selection and Performance of Working Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644431. [PMID: 34055947 PMCID: PMC8149746 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs perform a variety of integral roles in our society, engaging in work ranging from assistance (e.g., service dogs, guide dogs) and therapy to detection (e.g., search-and-rescue dogs, explosive detection dogs) and protection (e.g., military and law enforcement dogs). However, success in these roles, which requires dogs to meet challenging behavioral criteria and to undergo extensive training, is far from guaranteed. Therefore, enhancing the selection process is critical for the effectiveness and efficiency of working dog programs and has the potential to optimize how resources are invested in these programs, increase the number of available working dogs, and improve working dog welfare. In this paper, we review two main approaches for achieving this goal: (1) developing selection tests and criteria that can efficiently and effectively identify ideal candidates from the overall pool of candidate dogs, and (2) developing approaches to enhance performance, both at the individual and population level, via improvements in rearing, training, and breeding. We summarize key findings from the empirical literature regarding best practices for assessing, selecting, and improving working dogs, and conclude with future steps and recommendations for working dog organizations, breeders, trainers, and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Bray
- Arizona Canine Cognition Center, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Canine Companions for Independence, National Headquarters, Santa Rosa, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia M Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Monique A R Udell
- Human-Animal Interaction Laboratory, Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Nathaniel J Hall
- Canine Olfaction Lab, Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Angie M Johnston
- Boston College Canine Cognition Center, Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Evan L MacLean
- Arizona Canine Cognition Center, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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16
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Merk A, Nelson E, Provost A, Rasch M, Forster L, Nottingham K, Simon J, Fredricks T. A survey on health professionals' understanding of federal protections regarding service dogs in clinical settings. J Osteopath Med 2021; 121:247-253. [PMID: 33635961 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2020-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Context Research has been scarce on health professionals' knowledge about guidelines regulating service dogs in a clinical setting. Gaining insight into health professionals' understanding of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regulations concerning service dogs is critical for navigating compliance and reducing risk. Misinformation about service dogs could influence decisions affecting policy and care, leading to poor treatment and suboptimal health outcomes for patients with service animals. Objectives To assess health professionals' knowledge about ADA regulations and beliefs about workplace protocols and training related to service dogs. Methods The study used snowball sampling to distribute surveys to health professionals from around the United States. Initial outreach occurred using mailing lists, investigators' personal networks, and social media. The survey contained 24 items. True and false questions were used to test ADA knowledge and then coded as correct or incorrect. Most closed-end questions were measured on a 5-point Likert scale using frequencies and descriptive statistics. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test whether variables, such as encounters to service dogs, affected knowledge of ADA requirements. Results The survey was completed by 441 health professionals from around the country. Most (234; 53.1%) worked in a hospital and came from a range of professional backgrounds (nurses, 155 [35.2%]; physicians, 71 [16.1%]). While nearly three-quarters (318 [73.1%]) of participants said their workplace had a policy on service animals, 113 (34.9%) of those said they were unfamiliar with the policy and 236 (54.5%) said they had not received adequate training on the topic. Most participants did not know basic ADA policy requirements related to service dogs. Only those who were extremely familiar with policy (F=4.613; p=0.001) and those who strongly agreed that they knew the differences between service dogs and other classes of animals (F=5.906; p=0.000) scored higher on the knowledge test than those who disagreed. Conclusions Our results suggest that increased familiarity and training leads to higher knowledge about service dogs and ADA policy. Health professionals need additional education on ADA service dog regulations and hospital policy in order to minimize risk and ensure patients with service dogs receive optimal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Merk
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Nelson
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alisha Provost
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Rasch
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Forster
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Janet Simon
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Todd Fredricks
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
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17
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Rodriguez KE, Greer J, Yatcilla JK, Beck AM, O’Haire ME. The effects of assistance dogs on psychosocial health and wellbeing: A systematic literature review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243302. [PMID: 33264370 PMCID: PMC7710121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the functional tasks that assistance dogs are trained for, there is growing literature describing their benefits on the psychosocial health and wellbeing of their handlers. However, this research is not only widely disparate but, despite its growth, has not been reviewed since 2012. Our objective was to identify, summarize, and methodologically evaluate studies quantifying the psychosocial effects of assistance dogs for individuals with physical disabilities. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted across seven electronic databases. Records were independently screened by two authors. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed outcomes from guide, hearing, medical, or mobility service dogs, if they collected original data on handlers' psychosocial functioning, and if the outcome was measured quantitatively with a validated, standardized measure. Studies on psychiatric service dogs, emotional support dogs, and pet dogs were excluded. Of 1,830 records screened, 24 articles were identified (12 publications, 12 theses) containing 27 studies (15 cross-sectional, 12 longitudinal). Studies assessed the effects of mobility (18), hearing (7), guide (4), and medical (2) assistance dog partnerships with an average sample size of N = 83. An analysis of 147 statistical comparisons across the domains of psychological health, quality of life, social health, and vitality found that 68% of comparisons were null, 30% were positive in the hypothesized direction, and 2% were negative. Positive outcomes included significant effects of having an assistance dog on psychological wellbeing, emotional functioning, self-esteem, and vitality. However, it is of note that several methodological weaknesses of the studies make it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions, including inadequate reporting and a failure to account for moderating or confounding variables. Future research will benefit from stronger methodological rigor and reporting to account for heterogeneity in both humans and assistance dogs as well as continued high-quality replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E. Rodriguez
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jamie Greer
- Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane K. Yatcilla
- Purdue University Libraries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Beck
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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18
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Rodriguez KE, Bibbo J, Verdon S, O’Haire ME. Mobility and medical service dogs: a qualitative analysis of expectations and experiences. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 15:499-509. [PMID: 30907171 PMCID: PMC8450924 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1587015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To qualitatively describe and compare the expectations and experiences of living with a mobility or medical service dog among those with a physical disability or chronic condition.Materials and methods: A total of 64 participants living with a service dog and 27 on the waitlist to receive a service dog participated in a cross-sectional open-ended survey. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify themes and sub-themes.Results: A total of 101 codes were summarized into themes of Physical Benefits, Psychosocial Benefits, and Drawbacks to having a service dog. Psychosocial benefits included the human-animal relationship as well as emotional, quality of life, and social benefits. Drawbacks included service dog care, public access and education, lifestyle adjustments, and dog behaviour. While participants on the waitlist were more likely to anticipate physical benefits of having a service dog, those with a service dog largely described psychosocial benefits. Findings also suggest that some drawbacks, such as public discrimination, may be unanticipated by the waitlist.Conclusions: A comparison of expectations and experiences of service dog ownership highlights both the positive and negative aspects of the service dog-owner relationship and identifies potential aspects of having a service dog that may be unanticipated or overestimated by those on the waitlist.Implications for RehabilitationWhen asked about helpful and important aspects of having a service dog, 98% of service dog owners described the psychosocial benefits of their dog's assistance and companionship.The human-animal relationship was the most discussed psychosocial benefit from both current owners as well as those on the waitlist, demonstrating the unique strength of the service dog-owner bond in this population.Those on the waitlist to receive a service dog did not anticipate as many drawbacks as current owners described. In particular, difficulties with public access and education as well as dog behaviour were commonly experienced, but not expected, drawbacks to service dog ownership.Findings identify aspects of having a service dog that may be unanticipated or overestimated by those on the waitlist, providing rehabilitation professionals with a basis for preparing those who may be considering incorporating a service dog into their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E. Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jessica Bibbo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Center for Research and Education, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Savannah Verdon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animals and Public Policy, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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19
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Zier ER. Which one to follow? Service animal policy in the United States. Disabil Health J 2020; 13:100907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Gross JMS, Monroe‐Gulick A, Nye C, Davidson‐Gibbs D, Dedrick D. Multifaceted interventions for supporting community participation among adults with disabilities: A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2020; 16:e1092. [PMID: 37131415 PMCID: PMC8356358 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. S. Gross
- Center on Community Living and Careers, Indiana Institute on Disability and CommunityIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
| | | | - Chad Nye
- American Institutes for ResearchLakelandFlorida
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21
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Gravrok J, Howell T, Bendrups D, Bennett PC. The influence of contextual factors on an individual's ability to work with an assistance dog. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3041-3051. [PMID: 32078779 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1728399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE First-time assistance dog handlers experience a profound life change when they bring an assistance dog into their home. Therefore, this article investigates the broad context of handlers' lived experiences prior to and throughout the first year after acquiring an assistance dog. MATERIALS AND METHODS To understand holistic experiences better, semi-structured interviews were conducted with first-time assistance dog handlers (n = 7), parents (n = 7), assistance dog instructors (n = 6), carers/other individuals (n = 3) at four time points: before an individual received an assistance dog, and then at three further times for up to one year after they received the assistance dog. RESULTS Inductive content analysis revealed that four main contextual factors (societal, social support, environmental and personal) influenced the lived experience of working with an assistance dog. Many of these factors were outside of the handler and the assistance dog organization's control, and they were shown to cause many challenges for handlers. CONCLUSION These factors must, therefore, be taken into consideration when organizations make decisions about placing an assistance dog.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONSocietal influences can both hinder and facilitate the benefits first-time handlers receive with their assistance dog in public.Support from others is important to successfully integrate an assistance dog into a first-time handler's life.A handler's level of environmental control can influence their experiences with their assistance dog.Personal factors such as a handler's experience of disability and motivation or resilience can impact experiences with their assistance dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gravrok
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia
| | - Tiffani Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia
| | - Dan Bendrups
- Research Education and Development Team, Graduate Research School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia
| | - Pauleen C Bennett
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, Australia
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22
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Walther S, Yamamoto M, Thigpen AP, Willits NH, Hart LA. Geographic Availability of Assistance Dogs: Dogs Placed in 2013-2014 by ADI- or IGDF-Accredited or Candidate Facilities in the United States and Canada, and Non-accredited U.S. Facilities. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:349. [PMID: 31649944 PMCID: PMC6794437 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assistance dogs' roles have diversified to support people with various disabilities, especially in the U.S. Data presented here are from the U.S. and Canada non-profit facilities (including both accredited and candidate members that fulfilled partial requirements: all here termed “accredited”) of Assistance Dogs International (ADI) and the International Guide Dog Federation (IGDF), and from non-accredited U.S. assistance dog training facilities, on the numbers and types of dogs they placed in 2013 and 2014 with persons who have disabilities. ADI categories of assistance dogs are for guide, hearing, and service (including for assistance with mobility, autism, psychiatric, diabetes, seizure disabilities). Accredited facilities in 28 states and 3 provinces responded; accredited non-responding facilities were in 22 states and 1 province (some in states/provinces with responding accredited facilities). Non-accredited facilities in 16 states responded. U.S./Canada responding accredited facilities (55 of 96: 57%) placed 2,374 dogs; non-accredited U.S. facilities (22 of 133: 16.5%) placed 797 dogs. Accredited facilities placed similar numbers of dogs for guiding (n = 918) or mobility (n = 943), but many more facilities placed mobility service dogs than guide dogs. Autism service dogs were third most for accredited (n = 205 placements) and U.S. non-accredited (n = 72) facilities. Psychiatric service dogs were fourth most common in accredited placements (n = 119) and accounted for most placements (n = 526) in non-accredited facilities. Other accredited placements were for: hearing (n = 109); diabetic alert (n = 69), and seizure response (n = 11). Responding non-accredited facilities placed 17 hearing dogs, 30 diabetic alert dogs, and 18 seizure response dogs. Non-accredited facilities placed many dogs for psychiatric assistance, often for veterans, but ADI accreditation is required for veterans to have financial reimbursement. Twenty states and several provinces had no responding facilities; 17 of these states had no accredited facilities. In regions lacking facilities, some people with disabilities may find it inconvenient living far from any supportive facility, even if travel costs are provided. Despite accelerated U.S./Canada placements, access to well-trained assistance dogs continues to be limited and inconvenient for many people with disabilities, and the numerous sources of expensive, poorly trained dogs add confusion for potential handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Walther
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Abigail P Thigpen
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Neil H Willits
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lynette A Hart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Yamamoto M, Hart LA. Professionally- and Self-Trained Service Dogs: Benefits and Challenges for Partners With Disabilities. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:179. [PMID: 31245394 PMCID: PMC6579932 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely reported that service dogs offer benefits to their human partners, however, it is unclear whether the expanding methods of training and roles of service dogs for their partners with various disabilities also provide similar benefits. This study aimed to investigate the self-reported experience of service dog partners to understand whether three different factors influence the benefits and drawbacks associated with partnering with a service dog: (1) different methods of training service dogs; (2) different severities of human partners' disabilities; (3) different roles of service dogs. Partners of service dogs were recruited to the web survey through service dog facilities and networking groups. Answers from 19 men and 147 women participants (91.8% living in the U.S.) were analyzed in this study. Participants experienced the expected benefits of service dogs, including increased independence, social relationships, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, and decreased anxiety, stress, and loneliness. However, the perceived benefits, concerns, and burdens differed depending on the partners' disabilities and the training history of the dogs. When first living with their service dogs, people who had self-trained their service dogs experienced more burdens than those living with professionally trained service dogs. No major reduction in expenses for assistance after acquiring a dog was reported. Personalized team training based on each person's disabilities and situation is required to optimize the benefits and minimize the burdens and concerns of living with service dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Lynette A Hart
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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24
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Lamontagne ME, Djossa Adoun MAS, Blanchette AK, Champagne C, Johnson MP, Vincent C, Routhier F. Facilitators and barriers to the use of service dogs: an exploratory study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019; 15:537-544. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1594406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M-E Lamontagne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
| | - MAS Djossa Adoun
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
| | - AK Blanchette
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Champagne
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
| | - M-P Johnson
- Wheelchair and Seating Department, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Vincent
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
| | - F Routhier
- Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Grigg EK, Hart LA. Enhancing Success of Veterinary Visits for Clients With Disabilities and an Assistance Dog or Companion Animal: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:44. [PMID: 30859106 PMCID: PMC6397855 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing information on enhancing client communication and compliance/adherence in veterinary medicine, literature focusing on special cases remains limited: working with clients with special needs, challenges or disabilities, or when the patient is an assistance or emotional support animal. This paper summarizes current recommendations on how best to build successful working relationships with these clients, including action items to implement in practice. In addition, this paper reviews current literature on important considerations for care of assistance dogs as patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Grigg
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lynette A Hart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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26
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Gravrok J, Howell T, Bendrups D, Bennett P. Thriving through relationships: assistance dogs’ and companion dogs’ perceived ability to contribute to thriving in individuals with and without a disability. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019; 15:45-53. [DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1513574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gravrok
- Anthrozoology Research Group, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Tiffani Howell
- Anthrozoology Research Group, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Dan Bendrups
- Research Education and Development Team, Graduate Research School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Pauleen Bennett
- Anthrozoology Research Group, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
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Rodriguez KE, Bibbo J, O'Haire ME. The effects of service dogs on psychosocial health and wellbeing for individuals with physical disabilities or chronic conditions. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:1350-1358. [PMID: 30634884 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1524520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of service dogs on psychosocial health and indicators of wellbeing among individuals with physical disabilities or chronic conditions.Materials and methods: A total of 154 individuals participated in a cross-sectional survey including 97 placed with a mobility or medical service dog and 57 on the waitlist to receive one. Hierarchical regression evaluated the effect of having a service dog on standardized measures of psychosocial health (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) as well as anger, companionship, and sleep disturbance (Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System). Among those with a service dog, the Monash Dog-Owner Relationship Scale quantified the human-animal bond.Results: Results indicated that compared to those on the waitlist, individuals with a service dog exhibited significantly better psychosocial health including higher social, emotional, and work/school functioning. There was no significant effect of having a service dog on anger, companionship, or sleep disturbance. Among those with a service dog, emotional closeness, dog-owner interaction, and amount of time since the service dog was placed were weak correlates of outcomes.Conclusions: Findings suggest that service dogs may have measurable effects on specific aspects of psychosocial health for individuals with physical disabilities or chronic conditions.Implications for rehabilitationHealth care providers should recognize that in addition to the functional benefits service dogs are trained to provide, they can also provide their handlers with psychosocial benefits from their assistance and companionship.Results indicate that having a service dog was related to better emotional functioning, social functioning, and work/school functioning. Areas with no significant relationship with having a service dog included social companionship, sleep, and anger.Although findings are from a large and representative sample of mobility and medical service dogs, there may be individual differences in how service dogs affect the psychosocial health of their handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E Rodriguez
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jessica Bibbo
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Center for Research and Education, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marguerite E O'Haire
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Bibbo J, Rodriguez KE, O’Haire ME. Impact of Service Dogs on Family Members' Psychosocial Functioning. Am J Occup Ther 2019; 73:7303205120p1-7303205120p11. [PMID: 31120842 PMCID: PMC6533052 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2019.031690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A growing body of evidence supports service dogs' positive psychosocial impact on people with a chronic condition, but very little is known about the effect of service dogs on the family members with whom they live. OBJECTIVE To measure the impact that a service dog may have on family member functioning. DESIGN Cross-sectional with a single time-point assessment. SETTING Data were collected via a self-report survey completed online, over the phone, or by mail. PARTICIPANTS Potential participants were recruited from national service dog provider Canine Assistants. Participants were caregivers or spouses of a person with a disability or illness who either currently had a service dog (n = 51) or was on the waitlist to receive one (n = 77). Participants were 50 family members (46 parents-caregivers and 4 spouses-partners) living with a service dog and 76 family members (68 parents-caregivers and 8 spouses-partners) whose family member was on the waitlist to receive one. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Participants completed standardized measures to quantify psychosocial health and functioning, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and family functioning. RESULTS Living with a service dog was most closely associated with less health-related worry and better overall psychosocial health and emotional functioning, less total family impact from the chronic condition, and better emotional HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings provide preliminary evidence that, in addition to having an impact on recipients, service dogs can affect several aspects of family members' psychosocial health and functioning. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS This research demonstrates that the impact of a service dog may extend beyond the recipient and have positive impacts on family members' psychosocial functioning as well. Occupational therapy practitioners should include family members in discussions regarding the integration of a service dog into the home and recognize the potential for family-wide effects from the service dog's assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bibbo
- Jessica Bibbo, PhD, is Research Scientist, Center for Research and Education, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Cleveland, OH. At the time of this research, she was Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Center for the Human–Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN;
| | - Kerri E. Rodriguez
- Kerri E. Rodriguez, MA, is Doctoral Candidate, Center for the Human–Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- Marguerite E. O’Haire, PhD, is Associate Professor, Center for the Human–Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine
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Ikenaga Y, Sakai I, Sakurai Y, Takayanagi T. Changes in the Health Condition after Using a Service Dog of a Person with Complete C5 Spinal Cord Injury: A Qualitative Single Case Study. Prog Rehabil Med 2019; 4:20190001. [PMID: 32789248 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20190001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the changes in the health condition after using a service dog of a person with a complete C5 spinal cord injury (SCI). Case A 48-year-old married man began using a service dog after suffering a complete C5 SCI. We conducted a semi-structured interview based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) rehabilitation sets to describe the change in the participant's experience after using a service dog. The interview was converted into written form, and information regarding the changes in the participant's health condition was extracted. These data were categorized by similarity and then classified by the ICF conceptual framework. Discussion The participant experienced multiple changes in his health condition after using a service dog. These included the following factors from the ICF - "Body Function" category: "increased vitality and motivation," "emergence of self-affirmation," and "physical improvement." Health changes form the "Activities and Participation" category included: "emergence of new roles," "increased resilience," "expansion of moving area," "acquisition of activities incorporated with a service dog assist," "emergence of autonomous health management," "expansion of relation with other people," and "expansion of social activity." The participant experienced "reduction of psychological barriers," categorized under "Personal Factor," and "expansion of support environment," categorized under "Environmental Factor."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Ikenaga
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yawata Medical Center, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ikuko Sakai
- Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Yui Sakurai
- Japan Service Dog Association, Yokohama, Japan
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Spotlight on Assistance Dogs-Legislation, Welfare and Research. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8080129. [PMID: 30049995 PMCID: PMC6115927 DOI: 10.3390/ani8080129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assistance dogs support humans with a variety of disabilities. Although guide dogs in particular have a long tradition in Western cultures, the legal situation around assistance dogs has been insufficiently developed in many countries so far—a situation that potentially negatively affects both animal and owner. There is also an insufficient amount of research examining assistance dogs in other areas. Studies investigating assistance dogs’ welfare status, cognitive and behavioural capacities, selection criteria for the best fitting individuals, effective training and management practices, and genetic issues, are so far mainly lacking. This review takes a comprehensive approach—it initially outlines important aspects of the current legal situation for assistance dogs in the European Union and Australia, and then it summarizes research findings focusing on dogs’ welfare, cognition, behaviour, health and training. For each of these areas, the need for future development is highlighted and potential ideas for future directions are discussed. Abstract Assistance dogs are a very diverse group of working dogs that are trained to assist humans with different types of disabilities in their daily lives. Despite these dogs’ value for humankind, research on their welfare status, cognitive and behavioural capacities, selection criteria for the best fitting individuals, effective training and management practices, and genetic issues are so far lacking. This review highlights the need to address these topics and to promote progress in legal issues around assistance dogs. The topic of assistance dogs is approached comprehensively by outlining the current status of knowledge in three different dimensions: (1) the legal dimension, outlining important legal issues in the EU and Australia; (2) the welfare dimension; and (3) the dimension of research, covering assistance dog selection and training. For each of these three dimensions, we discuss potential approaches that can be implemented in the future in order to support assistance dog working performance, to protect the dogs’ welfare, and to improve our knowledge about them. Additionally, there remain many legal issues, such as the presence of assistance dogs in public areas, the resolution of which would benefit both the assistance dog and the owner with disability.
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O'Haire ME, Rodriguez KE. Preliminary efficacy of service dogs as a complementary treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military members and veterans. J Consult Clin Psychol 2018; 86:179-188. [PMID: 29369663 PMCID: PMC5788288 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychiatric service dogs are an emerging complementary treatment for military members and veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet despite anecdotal accounts of their value, there is a lack of empirical research on their efficacy. The current proof-of-concept study assessed the effects of this practice. METHOD A nonrandomized efficacy trial was conducted with 141 post-9/11 military members and veterans with PTSD to compare usual care alone (n = 66) with usual care plus a trained service dog (n = 75). The primary outcome was longitudinal change on The PTSD Checklist (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993), including data points from a cross-sectional assessment and a longitudinal record review. Secondary outcomes included cross-sectional differences in depression, quality of life, and social and work functioning. RESULTS Mixed-model analyses revealed clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms from baseline following the receipt of a service dog, but not while receiving usual care alone. Though clinically meaningful, average reductions were not below the diagnostic cutoff on the PCL. Regression analyses revealed significant differences with medium to large effect sizes among those with service dogs compared with those on the waitlist, including lower depression, higher quality of life, and higher social functioning. There were no differences in employment status, but there was lower absenteeism because of health among those who were employed. CONCLUSION The addition of trained service dogs to usual care may confer clinically meaningful improvements in PTSD symptomology for military members and veterans with PTSD, though it does not appear to be associated with a loss of diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite E O'Haire
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University
| | - Kerri E Rodriguez
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University
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van Houtert EAE, Endenburg N, Wijnker JJ, Rodenburg B, Vermetten E. The study of service dogs for veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a scoping literature review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1503523. [PMID: 31798814 PMCID: PMC6866726 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1503523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic application of human-animal interaction has gained interest recently. One form this interest takes is the use of service dogs as complementary treatment for veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Many reports on the positive effect of PTSD Service Dogs (PSDs) on veterans exist, though most are indirect, anecdotal, or based on self-perceived welfare by veterans. They therefore only give a partial insight into PSD effect. To gain a more complete understanding of whether PSDs can be considered an effective complementary treatment for PTSD, a scoping literature review was performed on available studies of PSDs. The key search words were 'dog', 'canine', 'veteran', and 'PTSD'. This yielded 126 articles, of which 19 matched the inclusion criteria (six empirical studies). Recurrent themes in included articles were identified for discussion of methodology and/or results. It was found that results from most included studies were either applicable to human-animal interaction in general or other types of service animals. They therefore did not represent PSDs specifically. Studies which did discuss PSDs specifically only studied welfare experience in veterans, but used different methodologies. This lead us to conclude there is currently no undisputed empirical evidence that PSDs are an effective complementary treatment for veterans with PTSD other than reports on positive welfare experience. Additionally, the lack of development standardization and knowledge regarding welfare of PSDs creates risks for both human and animal welfare. It is therefore recommended that a study on the effect of PSDs be expanded to include evaluation methods besides self-perceived welfare of assisted humans. Future studies could include evaluations regarding human stress response and functioning, ideally conducted according to validated scientific methodologies using objective measurement techniques to identify the added value and mechanisms of using PSDs to assist treatment of PTSD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy A E van Houtert
- Department of Animal in Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Endenburg
- Department of Animal in Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J Wijnker
- Department of IRAS Division EEPI & VPH, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Rodenburg
- Department of Animal in Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Arq Psychotrauma Expert Groep, Diemen, The Netherlands.,Department of MGGZ, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gross JMS, Monroe-Gulick A, Davidson-Gibbs D, Nye C. PROTOCOL: Multifaceted interventions for supporting community participation among adults with disabilities: a systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2018; 14:1-31. [PMID: 37131369 PMCID: PMC8427998 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Vincent C, Gagnon DH, Dumont F. Pain, fatigue, function and participation among long-term manual wheelchair users partnered with a mobility service dog. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2017; 14:99-108. [PMID: 29157032 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2017.1401127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of a mobility service dog (MSD) on pain, fatigue, wheelchair-related functional tasks, participation and satisfaction among manual wheelchair users over a nine-month period. METHOD A longitudinal study with repeated assessment times before and three, six and nine months after intervention was achieved. Intervention consisted in partnering each participant with a MSD. The setting is a well-established provincial service dog training school and participants homes. A convenience sample of 24 long-term manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury was involved. Outcome measures were: Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), vitality scale from the SF-36, grip strength, Wheelchair Skills Test (WST), Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI), Life Space Assessment, Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS) and Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology (QUEST 2.0). RESULTS Shoulder and wrist pain as well as fatigue decreased significantly over time with the use of a MSD as evidenced by scores from WUSPI, RPE and SF-36 (feeling less worn out). Manual wheelchair propulsion skills (steep slopes, soft surfaces and thresholds) improved significantly over time as confirmed by the WST. Participation increased significantly over time as revealed by the COPM (for five occupations) and the RNLI (for five items). Satisfaction with the MSD was high over time (QUEST: nine items) and with a high positive psychosocial impact (PIADS: 10 items). CONCLUSION MSD represents a valuable mobility assistive technology option for manual wheelchair users. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION For manual wheelchair users partenered with mobility service dog • Shoulder pain and fatigue significantly decreased and continued to decrease between the third and sixth month and the ninth month. • Performance with propelling the wheelchair up steep slopes increased from 41 to 88% and on soft surfaces increased from 53 to 100% after 3 months, respectively. • Occupational performance satisfaction was significantly increased for mobility in relation with the transfers, navigating in a natural environment and picking up objects. • High satisfaction towards psychosocial competency, psychosocial adequacy and self-esteem were reported at months three, six and nine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Vincent
- a Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSS de la Capitale Nationale de l' Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec , Quebec City , Canada.,b Department of Rehabilitation , Université Laval , Quebec City , Canada
| | - Dany H Gagnon
- c Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal , Montreal , Canada.,d School of Rehabilitation , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Frédéric Dumont
- a Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), CIUSS de la Capitale Nationale de l' Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec , Quebec City , Canada
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Crowe TK, Sánchez V, Howard A, Western B, Barger S. Veterans transitioning from isolation to integration: a look at veteran/service dog partnerships. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 40:2953-2961. [PMID: 28805082 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1363301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the dynamics of veteran/service dog partnerships by gathering the perspectives of veterans with a history of post-traumatic stress disorder and/or traumatic brain injury. METHODS Exploratory qualitative methods (focus groups and individual interviews) were used to investigate veteran/service dog relationships related to community involvement, family and friend relationships, self-care, work, and leisure. Nine male veterans, Paws, and Stripes program graduates participated. Data were audio recorded and transcribed by two research team members who used qualitative analytic software to manage and code the data. The full research team discussed themes and reached consensus on the themes that emerged from analysis. RESULTS Five themes emerged about the perceived benefit of veteran/service dog relationship: Secluded but Seeking Society (moving from isolation to reconnection); Opening Opportunities (navigating daily life); Bridging the Gap (facilitating social opportunities); and Reclaiming Life (transforming sense of worth and purpose). An overarching theme, Calming Catalyst, connected the other four themes. CONCLUSIONS Veterans in this study reported that their goal was to reclaim and develop key aspects of their lives and they perceived service dogs as a support in their transition from isolation to reintegration. This study found that service dogs supported the veterans to meet their goal. Implications for rehabilitation There are a significant number of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and/or traumatic brain injury who are facing life challenges including self-care, securing work, participating in leisure activities, and integrating into the community. Service dogs are an emerging intervention used to assist veterans with reintegration into civilian life. There is a need for professionals to be aware of potential benefits of service dog/veteran partnerships. Based on our findings, veterans could benefit from being paired with a service dog to facilitate their successful return to community life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry K Crowe
- a Occupational Therapy Graduate Program , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Victoria Sánchez
- b College of Population Health , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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Attachment Style Is Related to Quality of Life for Assistance Dog Owners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28629205 PMCID: PMC5486344 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attachment styles have been shown to affect quality of life. Growing interest in the value of companion animals highlights that owning a dog can also affect quality of life, yet little research has explored the role of the attachment bond in affecting the relationship between dog ownership and quality of life. Given that the impact of dog ownership on quality of life may be greater for assistance dog owners than pet dog owners, we explored how anxious attachment and avoidance attachment styles to an assistance dog affected owner quality of life (n = 73). Regression analysis revealed that higher anxious attachment to the dog predicted enhanced quality of life. It is suggested that the unique, interdependent relationship between an individual and their assistance dog may mean that an anxious attachment style is not necessarily detrimental. Feelings that indicate attachment insecurity in other relationships may reflect more positive aspects of the assistance dog owner relationship, such as the level of support that the dog provides its owner.
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The Impact of Service Dogs on Engagement in Occupation among Females with Mobility Impairments: A Qualitative Descriptive Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28621752 PMCID: PMC5486335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming more common for people with disabilities to procure service dogs as a form of assistive technology (AT). However, there is little qualitative research examining the impact of service dogs on engagement in valued daily activities (occupations) among persons with mobility impairments. This study used a qualitative descriptive methodology to learn about the experiences of four female service dog owners with mobility impairments, with a focus on the impact of service dog use on the performance of daily occupations and participation in social activities, and their experiences utilizing a service dog as a form of AT. Data analysis indicated that each participant’s service dog made a significant impact on their everyday lives and their ability to independently perform everyday activities; however, there are also unique challenges associated with service dog ownership that must be considered when evaluating benefits of service dog partnership. Overall, the positive outcomes reported by participants indicate that service dogs can be considered a beneficial, adaptable form of AT for some persons with mobility impairments.
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Tepfer A, Ross S, MacDonald M, Udell MAR, Ruaux C, Baltzer W. Family Dog-Assisted Adapted Physical Activity: A Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7050035. [PMID: 28448430 PMCID: PMC5447917 DOI: 10.3390/ani7050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this case study was to examine the individual effects of an adapted physical activity, animal-assisted intervention (APA-AAI) with the family dog on motor skills, physical activity, and quality of life of a child with cerebral palsy (CP). Method: This study used an A-B-A single-subject design. The assessment phase (phase A) occurred pre- and post-intervention. This consisted of standardized assessments of motor skills, quality of life questionnaires, physical activity (measured using the GT3X+ accelerometer) and the human-animal bond. The intervention (phase B) lasted 8 weeks and consisted of adapted physical activities performed with the family dog once a week for 60 min in a lab setting. In addition, the participant had at-home daily activities to complete with the family dog. Results: Visual analysis was used to analyze the data. Motor skill performance, physical activity, quality of life and human animal interaction gains were observed in each case. Conclusions: These preliminary results provided initial evidence that the family-dog can play a role in healthy lifestyles through APA-AAI in children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Tepfer
- Health & Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT 05663, USA.
| | - Samantha Ross
- College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Megan MacDonald
- College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Monique A R Udell
- Department of Animal & Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Craig Ruaux
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Wendy Baltzer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Hall SS, MacMichael J, Turner A, Mills DS. A survey of the impact of owning a service dog on quality of life for individuals with physical and hearing disability: a pilot study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2017; 15:59. [PMID: 28356121 PMCID: PMC5372266 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-017-0640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quality of life refers to a person’s experienced standard of health, comfort and happiness and is typically measured using subjective self-report scales. Despite increasing scientific interest in the value of dogs to human health and the growing demand for trained service dogs, to date no research has reported how service dogs may affect client perceptions of quality of life. Method We compared quality of life scores on the 16 item Flanagan quality of life scale from individuals who owned a trained service dog with those who were eligible to receive a dog, but did not yet have one (waiting list control). Data were analysed separately from two groups; those with a service dog trained for individuals with physical disabilities (with physical service dog: n = 72; waiting for a service dog: n = 24; recruited from Dogs for Good database) and those with a hearing service dog (with hearing service dog = 111; waiting for a service dog = 30; recruited from Hearing Dogs for Deaf People database). Results When controlling for age and gender individuals scored higher on total quality of life scores if they owned a service dog or a hearing service dog, but this was only statistically significant for those with a service dog. Both groups (physical service dog and hearing service dog) scored significantly higher on items relating to health, working, learning and independence if they owned a service dog, in comparison to those on the waiting list. Those with a physical service dog also scored significantly higher on items relating to recreational activities (including items relating to reading/listening to music, socialising, creative expression), and those involving social interactions (including items relating to participating in organisations, socialising, relationship with relatives). Additionally, those with a physical service dog scored higher on understanding yourself and material comforts than those on the waiting list control. In contrast, those with a hearing service dog appeared to receive fewer benefits on items relating to social activities. Conclusions Owning a service dog can bring significant specific and potentially general benefits to the quality of life of individuals with physical disabilities and hearing impairments. These benefits may have considerable implications for individuals with disabilities, society and the economy by promoting independence, learning and working abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Hall
- University of Lincoln, School of Life Sciences, Lincoln, UK.
| | | | - Amy Turner
- University of Lincoln, School of Life Sciences, Lincoln, UK
| | - Daniel S Mills
- University of Lincoln, School of Life Sciences, Lincoln, UK
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Walther S, Yamamoto M, Thigpen AP, Garcia A, Willits NH, Hart LA. Assistance Dogs: Historic Patterns and Roles of Dogs Placed by ADI or IGDF Accredited Facilities and by Non-Accredited U.S. Facilities. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:1. [PMID: 28154816 PMCID: PMC5243836 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs' roles to support people with disabilities are increasing. Existing U.S. laws and regulations pertaining to the use of dogs for people with disabilities are only minimally enforced. Pushback legislation against some aspects of uses of assistance dogs currently is being passed or proposed in several states. Further, the U.S. Department of the Army and the Veterans' Administration support only dogs trained by an Assistance Dogs International (ADI) or International Guide Dog Federation (IGDF) accredited facility. Lacking a mandatory national process for screening the selection, training, and placement of assistance dogs with persons who have disabilities, the U.S. offers a creative but confusing opportunity for people to train their own dogs for any disability. While no U.S. surveillance system monitors assistance dogs, other countries generally have a legislated or regulatory process for approving assistance dogs or a cultural convention for obtaining dogs from accredited facilities. We conducted an online survey investigating current demographics of assistance dogs placed in 2013 and 2014 with persons who have disabilities, by facilities worldwide that are associated with ADI or IGDF and by some non-accredited U.S. facilities. Placement data from ADI and IGDF facilities revealed that in most countries aside from the U.S., guide dogs were by far the main type of assistance dog placed. In the U.S., there were about equal numbers of mobility and guide dogs placed, including many placed by large older facilities, along with smaller numbers of other types of assistance dogs. In non-accredited U.S. facilities, psychiatric dogs accounted for most placements. Dogs for families with an autistic child were increasing in all regions around the world. Of dog breeds placed, accredited facilities usually mentioned Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers, and sometimes, German Shepherd Dogs. The facilities bred their dogs in-house, or acquired them from certain breeders. Non-accredited facilities more often used dogs from shelters or assisted people in training their own dogs. Facilities in Europe and the U.S. place dogs in all roles; other parts of the world primarily focus on guide dogs. Expansion of assistance dogs in many roles is continuing, with numbers of dogs placed accelerating internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Walther
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | | | - Abigail Paige Thigpen
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Anaissa Garcia
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Neil H Willits
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Lynette A Hart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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Comparison of Cardiorespiratory Demand and Rate of Perceived Exertion During Propulsion in a Natural Environment With and Without the Use of a Mobility Assistance Dog in Manual Wheelchair Users. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 95:685-91. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Breitenbuecher C, Belanger JM, Levy K, Mundell P, Fates V, Gershony L, Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Protein expression and genetic variability of canine Can f 1 in golden and Labrador retriever service dogs. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2016; 3:3. [PMID: 27110374 PMCID: PMC4840867 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-016-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valued for trainability in diverse tasks, dogs are the primary service animal used to assist individuals with disabilities. Despite their utility, many people in need of service dogs are sensitive to the primary dog allergen, Can f 1, encoded by the Lipocalin 1 gene (LCN1). Several organizations specifically breed service dogs to meet special needs and would like to reduce allergenic potential if possible. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Can f 1 protein and the inherent variability of LCN1 in two breeds used extensively as service dogs. Saliva samples from equal numbers of male and female Labrador retrievers (n = 12), golden retrievers (n = 12), and Labrador-golden crosses (n = 12) were collected 1 h after the morning meal. Can f 1 protein concentrations in the saliva were measured by ELISA, and the LCN1 5' and 3' UTRs and exons sequenced. RESULTS There was no sex effect (p > 0.2) nor time-of-day effect; however, Can f 1 protein levels varied by breed with Labrador retrievers being lower than golden retrievers (3.18 ± 0.51 and 5.35 ± 0.52 μg/ml, respectively, p < 0.0075), and the Labrador-golden crosses having intermediate levels (3.77 ± 0.48 μg/ml). Although several novel SNPs were identified in LCN1, there were no significant breed-specific sequence differences in the gene and no association of LCN1 genotypes with Can f 1 expression. CONCLUSIONS As service dogs, Labrador retrievers likely have lower allergenic potential and, though there were no DNA sequence differences identified, classical genetic selection on the estimated breeding values associated with salivary Can f 1 expression may further reduce that potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janelle M Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kerinne Levy
- Canine Companions for Independence, Santa Rosa, CA USA
| | - Paul Mundell
- Canine Companions for Independence, Santa Rosa, CA USA
| | - Valerie Fates
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Liza Gershony
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Anita M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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43
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44
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Recognizing the value of assistance dogs in society. Disabil Health J 2015; 8:469-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Mudge S, Rewi D, Channon A. Identifying an outcome measure to assess the impact of Mobility Dogs. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2015; 12:73-83. [DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2015.1079267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Mudge
- Centre for Person Centred Research, AUT University, Auckland and
| | - Dallas Rewi
- School of Rehabilitation and Occupation Studies, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexis Channon
- Centre for Person Centred Research, AUT University, Auckland and
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paul Cherniack
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine (Cherniack EP), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bruce W. Carter Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, Fla.; Sha'arei Bina Torah Academy for Girls (Cherniack A), North Miami Beach, Fla.
| | - Ariella R Cherniack
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine (Cherniack EP), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bruce W. Carter Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, Fla.; Sha'arei Bina Torah Academy for Girls (Cherniack A), North Miami Beach, Fla
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"But-He'll Fall!": Children with Autism, Interspecies Intersubjectivity, and the Problem of 'Being Social'. Cult Med Psychiatry 2015; 39:323-44. [PMID: 25926308 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-015-9446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
'Being autistic' or 'having Autism Spectrum Disorder' implies a limited range of 'being social,' but the in situ organization of interaction, what Maynard and Marlaire (Qual Soc 15(2):177-202, 1992) call the 'interactional substrate,' within which this delimitation enfolds is usually hidden from sight. Analysis of processes constituting different 'interactional substrates' provides a view of how one comes to be known by and to self and others as a certain kind of being who is available (or not) for acting and feeling in certain ways. People diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2013) are often described as 'being' impaired in intersubjective understanding of others. But the story of ASD as an impairment of sociality and intersubjectivity becomes more complicated when animals enter into the picture. I consider two interactional substrates: a psychological interview in a mental health clinic, and an animal-assisted activity in a child's neighborhood. I aim to elucidate the practical problems of 'being social' encountered by two children with ASD, both nine-year-old girls, within these two very differently organized interactional substrates. I consider ways in which 'being with' therapy animals provides a way of 'being social' through "sensory modalities of knowing" (Haraway, When species meet, 2008:371).
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Freeman WD, Vatz KA. The future of health care: going to the dogs? Front Neurol 2015; 6:87. [PMID: 26005431 PMCID: PMC4424850 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William D Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA ; Department of Critical Care, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA
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Bohan DB, Tuck Wah James C. Mobility of a guide dog team in Singapore: A case study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0264619614561691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of guide dogs by people with visual impairment is relatively new in many Asian societies. The case study research explores the mobility experience of a guide dog team (a person with visual impairment and a guide dog) in Singapore. Emergent themes of adaptation, knowledge, symbiosis, advocacy, and agency, with overarching themes of functional-instrumental and symbolic-expressive were identified. The study identified themes and issues surrounding the use of guide dogs in the Singapore context.
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50
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Parenti L, Wilson M, Foreman AM, Wirth O, Meade BJ. Selecting Quality Service Dogs: Part 1: Morphological and Health Considerations. THE APDT CHRONICLE OF THE DOG 2015; 2015:71-77. [PMID: 26740975 PMCID: PMC4699317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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