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Maneejuk P, Sukinta P, Chinkarn J, Yamaka W. Does the resumption of international tourism heighten COVID-19 transmission? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295249. [PMID: 38324532 PMCID: PMC10849229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Reopening countries also carries the risk of another wave of infections in many parts of the world, raising the question of whether we are ready to reopen our countries. This study examines the impact of reopening countries to receive foreign tourists on the spread of COVID-19 in 2022, encompassing 83 countries worldwide. We employ spatial quantile models capable of analyzing the spatial impact of tourism on the spread of the virus at different quantile levels. The research categorizes countries into three groups: low infection rate (10th-30th quantiles), moderate infection rate (40th-60th quantiles), and high infection rate (70th-90th quantiles). This allows for a more comprehensive and detailed comparison of the impacts. Additionally, considering the spatial dimension enables the explanation of both the direct and indirect effects of tourists on the country itself and neighboring countries. The findings reveal that the number of international tourists has a significant effect on the COVID-19 infection rate, particularly in countries with high initial infection rates. However, countries that effectively controlled their infection rates at a low level could maintain a low infection rate even after reopening to foreign tourists. It is also observed that reopening a country's borders negatively impacts the infection rate of neighboring countries. These important findings imply that governments of highly infected countries should shift their focus towards bolstering their economy by promoting domestic tourism and should delay reopening until the number of infections decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paravee Maneejuk
- Center of Excellence in Econometrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Sukinta
- Center of Excellence in Econometrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jiraphat Chinkarn
- Center of Excellence in Econometrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Woraphon Yamaka
- Center of Excellence in Econometrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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2
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Biadgilign S, Hailu A, Gebremichael B, Letebo M, Berhanesilassie E, Shumetie A. The role of universal health coverage and global health security nexus and interplay on SARS-CoV-2 infection and case-fatality rates in Africa : a structural equation modeling approach. Global Health 2023; 19:46. [PMID: 37415196 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections remains a significant health challenge worldwide. There is paucity of evidence on the influence of the universal health coverage (UHC) and global health security (GHS) nexus on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of UHC and GHS nexus and interplay on SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and case-fatality rates (CFR) in Africa. METHODS The study employed descriptive methods to analyze the data drawn from multiple sources as well used structural equation modeling (SEM) with maximum likelihood estimation to model and assess the relationships between independent and dependent variables by performing path analysis. RESULTS In Africa, 100% and 18% of the effects of GHS on SARS-CoV-2 infection and RT-PCR CFR, respectively were direct. Increased SARS-CoV-2 CFR was associated with median age of the national population (β = -0.1244, [95% CI: -0.24, -0.01], P = 0.031 ); COVID-19 infection rate (β = -0.370, [95% CI: -0.66, -0.08], P = 0.012 ); and prevalence of obesity among adults aged 18 + years (β = 0.128, [95% CI: 0.06,0.20], P = 0.0001) were statistically significant. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were strongly linked to median age of the national population (β = 0.118, [95% CI: 0.02,0.22 ], P = 0.024); population density per square kilometer, (β = -0.003, [95% CI: -0.0058, -0.00059], P = 0.016 ) and UHC for service coverage index (β = 0.089, [95% CI: 0.04,0.14, P = 0.001 ) in which their relationship was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The study shade a light that UHC for service coverage, and median age of the national population, population density have significant effect on COVID-19 infection rate while COVID-19 infection rate, median age of the national population and prevalence of obesity among adults aged 18 + years were associated with COVID-19 case-fatality rate. Both, UHC and GHS do not emerge to protect against COVID-19-related case fatality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibhatu Biadgilign
- Independent Public Health Analyst and Research Consultant, P.O.BOX 24414, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Alemayehu Hailu
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care Medicine, Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Mekitew Letebo
- Independent Public Health Analyst and Research Consultant, P.O.BOX 24414, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Etsub Berhanesilassie
- Independent Public Health Analyst and Research Consultant, P.O.BOX 24414, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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3
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Valgañón P, Lería U, Soriano-Paños D, Gómez-Gardeñes J. Socioeconomic determinants of stay-at-home policies during the first COVID-19 wave. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1193100. [PMID: 37475770 PMCID: PMC10354257 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public health and social systems worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of various policies and restrictions implemented by different countries to control the spread of the virus. Methods To achieve this objective, a compartmental model is used to quantify the "social permeability" of a population, which reflects the inability of individuals to remain in confinement and continue social mixing allowing the spread of the virus. The model is calibrated to fit and recreate the dynamics of the epidemic spreading of 42 countries, mainly taking into account reported deaths and mobility across the populations. Results The results indicate that low-income countries have a harder time slowing the advance of the pandemic, even if the virus did not initially propagate as fast as in wealthier countries, showing the disparities between countries in their ability to mitigate the spread of the disease and its impact on vulnerable populations. Discussion This research contributes to a better understanding of the socioeconomic and environmental factors that affect the spread of the virus and the need for equitable policy measures to address the disparities in the global response to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Valgañón
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- GOTHAM Lab - Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Unai Lería
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Soriano-Paños
- GOTHAM Lab - Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute Gulbenkian of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jesús Gómez-Gardeñes
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- GOTHAM Lab - Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Mueller V, Páez-Bernal C, Gray C, Grépin K. The Gendered Consequences of COVID-19 for Internal Migration. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2023; 42:60. [PMID: 37397235 PMCID: PMC10307700 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-023-09809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Scant evidence exists to identify the effects of the pandemic on migrant women and the unique barriers on employment they endure. We merge longitudinal data from mobile phone surveys with subnational data on COVID cases to examine whether women were left more immobile and vulnerable to health risks, relative to men, during the pandemic in Kenya and Nigeria. Each survey interviewed approximately 2000 men and women over three rounds (November 2020-January 2021, March-April 2021, November 2021-January 2022). Linear regression analysis reveals internal migrants are no more vulnerable to knowing someone in their network with COVID. Rather, rural migrant women in Kenya and Nigeria were less vulnerable to transmission through their network, perhaps related to the possible wealth accumulation from migration or acquired knowledge of averting health risks from previous destinations. Per capita exposure to COVID cases hinders the inter-regional migration of women in both countries. Exposure to an additional COVID case per 10,000 people resulted in a decline in women's interregional migration by 6 and 2 percentage points in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Mueller
- School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Camila Páez-Bernal
- School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Clark Gray
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Karen Grépin
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Mantilla Caicedo GC, Rusticucci M, Suli S, Dankiewicz V, Ayala S, Caiman Peñarete A, Díaz M, Fontán S, Chesini F, Jiménez-Buitrago D, Barreto Pedraza LR, Barrera F. Spatio-temporal multidisciplinary analysis of socio-environmental conditions to explore the COVID-19 early evolution in urban sites in South America. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16056. [PMID: 37200576 PMCID: PMC10162854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse how socio-environmental conditions affected the early evolution of COVID-19 in 14 urban sites in South America based on a spatio-temporal multidisciplinary approach. The daily incidence rate of new COVID-19 cases with symptoms as the dependent variable and meteorological-climatic data (mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) as the independent variables were analysed. The study period was from March to November of 2020. We inquired associations of these variables with COVID-19 data using Spearman's non-parametric correlation test, and a principal component analysis considering socio economic and demographic variables, new cases, and rates of COVID-19 new cases. Finally, an analysis using non-metric multidimensional scale ordering by the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of meteorological data, socio economic and demographic variables, and COVID-19 was performed. Our findings revealed that the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures and relative humidity were significantly associated with rates of COVID-19 new cases in most of the sites, while precipitation was significantly associated only in four sites. Additionally, demographic variables such as the number of inhabitants, the percentage of the population aged 60 years and above, the masculinity index, and the GINI index showed a significant correlation with COVID-19 cases. Due to the rapid evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, these findings provide strong evidence that biomedical, social, and physical sciences should join forces in truly multidisciplinary research that is critically needed in the current state of our region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matilde Rusticucci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Solange Suli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Verónica Dankiewicz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Salvador Ayala
- Universidad de Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexandra Caiman Peñarete
- Subred Integrada de Servicios Hospitalarios Centro Oriente ESE, Red Hospitalaria Bogotá Distrito Capital, Colombia
| | - Martín Díaz
- Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Argentina
| | - Silvia Fontán
- Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Argentina
| | | | - Diana Jiménez-Buitrago
- Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Mesa de Variabilidad y Cambio Climático de la CONASA, Colombia
| | - Luis R. Barreto Pedraza
- Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales - IDEAM, Subdirección de Meteorología, Mesa de Variabilidad y Cambio Climático de la CONASA, Miembro del grupo QuASAR UPN, Colombia
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile and Centre for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt Chile
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6
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Panda PK, Varkey RS, Ranjan P, Meher AK, Panda S. COVID 19 fatalities burden in Asian countries: An analysis of pattern and determinants. SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES OPEN 2023; 7:100378. [PMID: 36466378 PMCID: PMC9708635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Covid 19 pandemic has severe implications on health and life of people. Asia being the most populous region has higher fatalities burden. Health infrastructure, stringent preventive measures by the government and public participation through adhering to social distancing have influence to check on fatalities' burden. The level of Social capital as well as voters' participation in a particular country can have influence on containment of COVID cases and fatalities. In this context, the main objectives of this study are to analyse pattern and trend of death burden for 45 Asian countries and impact of stringency measures by government, and voters' turnout ratio on death burden. However, for regression analysis only 32 countries are taken into account considering the availability of data for all variables. Multiple linear regression analysis is employed in a cross-sectional framework and Ordinary least square estimation technique with heteroscedastic adjusted standard errors have been used for estimation of coefficients. The results show that southern Asia contributes the highest share of fatality cases in total fatality cases of Asia with 71.43% share. It also has the highest share of confirmed cases in total confirmed cases of Asia with 71.72%. However, when we take the population into account, Western Asia leads in the share of confirmed COVID-19 cases and its associated fatality cases per million populations in Asia as compared to other Asian regions. The factors like health infrastructure and voters' turnover ratio are found to be significant and potential in reducing the new deaths per million populations. Though the coefficient of Stringency index has been negative and it did not emerge to be significant in Asian countries. The COVID related fatalities in Asian region are urban centric and urbanization proxy is found to be positive and significant. Diabetes prevalence rate has some heterogeneous result and in the present study its coefficient is not in the hypothesized direction. . The Countries should ramp up health infrastructure and necessary preparedness to deal with the subsequent waves and COVID related fatalities. Importance need to be given people's participation and their shared responsibilities in dealing with COVID cases and checking on fatalities. The realisation of social responsibility among the masses can lead to community participation and adhering to the protocols imposed by the government and helps in checking on spread of virus and associated death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasant Kumar Panda
- Department of Economics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India,Corresponding author
| | - Rittu Susan Varkey
- Department of Economics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Department of Economics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Meher
- Department of Economics, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610101, India
| | - Soumyaranjan Panda
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India
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7
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Benita F, Rebollar-Ruelas L, Gaytán-Alfaro ED. What have we learned about socioeconomic inequalities in the spread of COVID-19? A systematic review. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 86:104158. [PMID: 36060423 PMCID: PMC9428120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to provide a better understanding of the associations between groups of socioeconomic variables and confirmed cases of COVID-19. The focus is on cross-continental differences of reported positive, negative, unclear, or no associations. A systematic review of the literature is conducted on the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. Our search identifies 314 eligible studies published on or before 31 December 2021. We detect nine groups of frequently used socioeconomic variables and results are presented by region of the world (Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North American and South America). The review expands to describe the most used statistical and modelling techniques as well as inclusion of additional dimensions such as demographic, healthcare weather and mobility. Meanwhile findings agree on the generalized positive impact of population density, per capita GDP and urban areas on transmission of infections, contradictory results have been found concerning to educational level and income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Benita
- Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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8
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Okoli GN, Neilson CJ, Abou-Setta AM. Correlation between country-level numbers of COVID-19 cases and mortalities, and country-level characteristics: A global study. Scand J Public Health 2022; 50:810-818. [PMID: 35656592 PMCID: PMC9441611 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221098925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Not much is known about correlations between
country-level characteristics and country-level numbers of COVID-19 cases and
mortalities. Methods: Using data from the World Health
Organization and other international organisations, we summarised country-level
COVID-19 case and mortality counts per 100,000 population, and COVID-19 case
fatality rate from January 2020 to August 2021. We conducted adjusted linear
regression analysis to assess relationships between these counts/rate and
certain country-level characteristics. We reported adjusted regression
coefficients, β and associated 95% confidence intervals.
Results: There was a positive correlation between the
number of cases and country-level male/female ratio, and positive correlations
between the numbers of cases and mortalities and country-level proportion of
60+-year-olds, universal health coverage index of service coverage (UHC) and
tourism. Country economic status correlated negatively with the numbers of cases
and mortalities. COVID-19 case fatality rate was highest in Peru, South American
region (9.2%), and lowest in Singapore, Western Pacific region (0.1%). A
negative correlation was observed between case fatality rate and country-level
male/female ratio, population density and economic status. These observations
remained mostly among mid-/low-income countries, particularly a positive
correlation between the number of cases and male/female ratio and proportion of
60+-year-olds. Conclusions: Various country-level
characteristics such as male/female ratio, proportion of older adults,
country economic status, UHC and tourism appear to be correlated with the
country-level number of COVID-19 cases and/or mortalities. Consideration of
these characteristics may be necessary when designing country-level COVID-19
epidemiological studies and in comparing COVID-19 data between
countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Okoli
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.,College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ahmed M Abou-Setta
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.,Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
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9
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Arroyo-Laguna J, Timaná-Ruíz R. Factors Associated With the Health and Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Textile Sector, 2020-2021. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:875998. [PMID: 35573122 PMCID: PMC9098987 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.875998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The article identifies the factors associated with the health and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people working in the textile industry of Lima, Peru, during 2021. The study was conducted in Peru's largest textile emporium, so-called Gamarra. The study design is observational and cross-sectional, with two models with two temporal samples for the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first model measures the chance of getting sick from COVID-19. The second model measures the economic impact by the variations in incomes. Inferential statistics are employed, using the chi-square test. The p-value (p < 0.05) is evaluated to decide the statistical significance of the variables. Of 820 workers included, 48% work in street trading, 45% are ≤ 35 years of age and 15% are foreign migrants. Logistic regression analysis for the first model reveals an association between infection by a family member, people breaking quarantine, foreign nationality, not having hygienic services and having a chronic disease, with the highest probability of COVID-19 infection. Regarding economic impact, an association is found between educational level, being ≥45 years of age and infection of a family member, with a greater probability of variation in income.
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10
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Moissl AP, Lorkowski S, März W. Socio-economic deprivation and COVID-19 in Germany. Scand J Public Health 2022; 50:668-670. [PMID: 35319307 PMCID: PMC9361408 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Moissl
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and
Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and
Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
- Stefan Lorkowski, Institute of Nutritional
Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, Jena, 07743, Germany.
E-mail:
| | - Winfried März
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and
Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of
Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical
Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland
GmbH, Germany
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11
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Roles of Economic Development Level and Other Human System Factors in COVID-19 Spread in the Early Stage of the Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We identified four distinct clusters of 151 countries based on COVID-19 prevalence rate from 1 February 2020 to 29 May 2021 by performing nonparametric K-means cluster analysis (KmL). We forecasted future development of the clusters by using a nonlinear 3-parameter logistic (3PL) model, and found that peak points of development are the latest for Cluster I and earliest for Cluster IV. Based on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for the first twenty weeks after 1 February 2020, we found that the prevalence rate of COVID-19 has been significantly influenced by major elements of human systems. Better health infrastructure, more restriction of human mobility, higher urban population density, and less urban environmental degradation are associated with lower levels of prevalence rate (PR) of COVID-19. The most striking discovery of this study is that economic development hindered the control of COVID-19 spread among countries in the early stage of the pandemic. Highlights: While richer countries have advantages in health and other urban infrastructures that may alleviate the prevalence rate of COVID-19, the combination of high economic development level and low restriction on human mobility has led to faster spread of the virus in the first 20 weeks after 1 February 2020.
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12
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The Great Lockdown in the Wake of COVID-19 and Its Implications: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010610. [PMID: 35010863 PMCID: PMC8744631 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Concern for public health has been growing with the increasing volume of cases of COVID-19 in India. To combat this pandemic, India has implemented nationwide lockdowns, and unlocking phases continue with certain restrictions in different parts of the country. The lockdown has required people to adopt social-distance measures to minimize contacts in order to reduce the risks of additional infection. Nevertheless, the lockdown has already impacted economic activities and other dimensions of the health of individuals and society. Although many countries have helped their people through advanced welfare protection networks and numerous support aids, several emerging economies face specific difficulties to adapt to the pandemic due to vulnerable communities and scarce resources. However, certain lower-income countries need more rigorous analysis to implement more effective strategies to combat COVID-19. Accordingly, the current systematic review addresses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns in India in relation to health and the economy. This work also provides further information on health inequalities, eco-nomic and social disparities in the country due to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns and also contributes pragmatic suggestions for overcoming these challenges. These observations will be useful to the relevant local and national officials for improving and adopting novel strategies to face lockdown challenges.
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13
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Mohamadi E, Olyaeemanesh A, Takian A, Yaftian F, Kiani MM, Larijani B. Short and Long-term Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Equity: A Comprehensive Review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:179. [PMID: 36908936 PMCID: PMC9997417 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human life has led to profound consequences in almost all societies worldwide, and this includes its significant impact on all aspects of health. Health equity has been among the main challenges in any healthcare system. However, with the COVID-19 crisis worsening health inequalities, the need to prioritize health equity in upstream national and international plans must receive scholarly attention. Therefore, this paper reports the findings of a review of the current synthesized evidence about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health equity. Methods: This is a comprehensive review in which we retrieved relevant studies during the period starting from 12/01/2019 to 01/15/2021 are retrieved from various databases. The PRISMA flow diagram and a narrative approach are used for synthesizing the evidence. Results: We initially retrieved 1173 studies, and after a primary quality appraisal process, 40 studies entered the final phase of analysis. The included studies were categorized into five main outcome variables: Accessibility (95%), Utilization (65.8%), Financial protection: 15 (36.5%), Poverty (31.7%), and Racism (21.9%) Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic has been the most devastating global challenge in recent history. While the COVID-19 crisis is still unfolding, its multidimensional adverse effects are yet to be revealed. Nevertheless, some people, e.g., the elderly, minorities, as well as marginalized and poor persons, have suffered the COVID-19 consequences more than others. In line with the whole government/whole society approach, we advocate that governments need to strengthen their special efforts to reduce the extra burden of the pandemic on the most vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,National Center for Health Insurance Research, Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Olyaeemanesh
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Global Health and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,National Center for Health Insurance Research, Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Yaftian
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Kiani
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Socioeconomic factors in the disparities in COVID-19 outcomes have been reported in studies from the US and other Western countries. However, no studies have documented national- or subnational-level outcome disparities in Asian countries. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between regional COVID-19 outcome disparities and socioeconomic characteristics in Japan. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study collected and analyzed confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths (through February 13, 2021) as well as population and socioeconomic data in all 47 prefectures in Japan. The data sources were government surveys for which prefecture-level data were available. EXPOSURES Prefectural socioeconomic characteristics included mean annual household income, Gini coefficient, proportion of the population receiving public assistance, educational attainment, unemployment rate, employment in industries with frequent close contacts with the public, household crowding, smoking rate, and obesity rate. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rate ratios (RRs) of COVID-19 incidence and mortality by prefecture-level socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS All 47 prefectures in Japan (with a total population of 126.2 million) were included in this analysis. A total of 412 126 confirmed COVID-19 cases (326.7 per 100 000 people) and 6910 deaths (5.5 per 100 000 people) were reported as of February 13, 2021. Elevated adjusted incidence and mortality RRs of COVID-19 were observed in prefectures with the lowest household income (incidence RR: 1.45 [95% CI, 1.43-1.48] and mortality RR: 1.81 [95% CI, 1.59-2.07]); highest proportion of the population receiving public assistance (1.55 [95% CI, 1.52-1.58] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.35-1.69]); highest unemployment rate (1.56 [95% CI, 1.53-1.59] and 1.85 [95% CI, 1.65-2.09]); highest percentage of workers in retail industry (1.36 [95% CI, 1.34-1.38] and 1.45 [95% CI, 1.31-1.61]), transportation and postal industries (1.61 [95% CI, 1.57-1.64] and 2.55 [95% CI, 2.21-2.94]), and restaurant industry (2.61 [95% CI, 2.54-2.68] and 4.17 [95% CI, 3.48-5.03]); most household crowding (1.35 [95% CI, 1.31-1.38] and 1.04 [95% CI, 0.87-1.24]); highest smoking rate (1.63 [95% CI, 1.60-1.66] and 1.54 [95% CI, 1.33-1.78]); and highest obesity rate (0.93 [95% CI, 0.91-0.95] and 1.17 [95% CI, 1.01-1.34]) compared with prefectures with the most social advantages. Among potential mediating variables, higher smoking rate (RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.33-1.78) and obesity rate (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34) were associated with higher mortality RRs, even after adjusting for prefecture-level covariates and other socioeconomic variables. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cross-sectional study found a pattern of socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in Japan that was similar to that observed in the US and Europe. National policy in Japan could consider prioritizing populations in socially disadvantaged regions in the COVID-19 response, such as vaccination planning, to address this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Gashaw T, Hagos B, Sisay M. Expected Impacts of COVID-19: Considering Resource-Limited Countries and Vulnerable Population. Front Public Health 2021; 9:614789. [PMID: 34026704 PMCID: PMC8131657 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.614789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease in 2019 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. After a month, it was declared a global threat to public health. The effects of the pandemic could be socio-economic, undermining the health system and risking livelihoods. Vulnerability to this infection has been associated with underlying comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and compromised immune systems. Co-morbidity has been common to the elderly, the disabled, and the homeless. In addition, more severe coronavirus disease outcomes have been reported in older males than females. Nonetheless, multiple variables are related to the concept of cultural gender that should be taken into account as women in more affected sectors are economically disadvantageous and over-represented. Similarly, although children are not the face of this pandemic, calamity has a profound effect on their welfare, especially for those living in poor and inconvenient situations. Moreover, the economic influence could be profound and universal when viewed through a migration lens as it is exacerbating xenophobic and discriminatory treatment. Protection measures to mitigate the outbreak of a pandemic, such as social distancing, may reduce social support for certain categories relied on for their day-to-day activities. The mental health of people would definitely be affected by the additional psychosocial burden of the pandemic, particularly in vulnerable groups. Integrated approaches are therefore mandatory to assist these groups and contain the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Gashaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bisrat Hagos
- Department of Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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16
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Jayawardena R, Jeyakumar DT, Francis TV, Misra A. Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:757-764. [PMID: 33823331 PMCID: PMC7955807 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS COVID-19 is a pandemic that has affected beyond 100 million and caused nearly 3 million deaths globally. Vitamin D is a known risk factor for COVID-19. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D level with COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asia, predicting with other confounding factors such as median age, obesity, and diabetes. METHODS COVID-19 infections and mortalities among the Asian countries were retrieved from the Worldometer website. Information on prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D values in each Asian country was retrieved through literature searching on PubMed® and Google scholar. The associations between COVID-19 infections and mortalities with prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D level were explored with correlation coefficients. As a predictive analysis, multiple linear regression was carried out with all confounders. RESULTS Positive correlations were observed for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infections (r = 0.55; p = 0.01; R2 = 0.31) and mortalities (r = 0.50; p = 0.01; R2 = 0.25). Moreover, the associations for the COVID-19 infections and mortalities improved to r = 0.76 (p = 0.002; R2 = 0.58) and r = 0.65 (p = 0.03; R2 = 0.42), respectively, after predicting with confounding factors. Similarly, mean vitamin D level had a significant negative correlation with COVID-19 infections (r = -0.77; p = 0.04; R2 = 0.59) and mortalities (r = -0.80; p = 0.03; R2 = 0.63) when combining with confounders. CONCLUSION Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is significantly positively associated whereas the mean vitamin D level is significantly negatively associated with both infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 among Asian countries upon predicting with all confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Dhanushya T Jeyakumar
- Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka
| | - Tormalli V Francis
- Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis-C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India
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17
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Smith CJ, Bilbo SD. Sickness and the Social Brain: Love in the Time of COVID. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:633664. [PMID: 33692712 PMCID: PMC7937950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly social species, inclusion in social networks and the presence of strong social bonds are critical to our health and well-being. Indeed, impaired social functioning is a component of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, our social networks are at risk of fracture and many are vulnerable to the negative consequences of social isolation. Importantly, infection itself leads to changes in social behavior as a component of "sickness behavior." Furthermore, as in the case of COVID-19, males and females often differ in their immunological response to infection, and, therefore, in their susceptibility to negative outcomes. In this review, we discuss the many ways in which infection changes social behavior-sometimes to the benefit of the host, and in some instances for the sake of the pathogen-in species ranging from eusocial insects to humans. We also explore the neuroimmune mechanisms by which these changes in social behavior occur. Finally, we touch upon the ways in which the social environment (group living, social isolation, etc.) shapes the immune system and its ability to respond to challenge. Throughout we emphasize how males and females differ in their response to immune activation, both behaviorally and physiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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