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Saveh-Shemshaki N, Barajaa MA, Otsuka T, Mirdamadi ES, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Electroconductivity, a regenerative engineering approach to reverse rotator cuff muscle degeneration. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad099. [PMID: 38020235 PMCID: PMC10676522 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle degeneration is one the main factors that lead to the high rate of retear after a successful repair of rotator cuff (RC) tears. The current surgical practices have failed to treat patients with chronic massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs). Therefore, regenerative engineering approaches are being studied to address the challenges. Recent studies showed the promising outcomes of electroactive materials (EAMs) on the regeneration of electrically excitable tissues such as skeletal muscle. Here, we review the most important biological mechanism of RC muscle degeneration. Further, the review covers the recent studies on EAMs for muscle regeneration including RC muscle. Finally, we will discuss the future direction toward the application of EAMs for the augmentation of RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Saveh-Shemshaki
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mohammed A Barajaa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takayoshi Otsuka
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Elnaz S Mirdamadi
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lakshmi S Nair
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Pant B, Park M, Kim AA. MXene-Embedded Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1477. [PMID: 37512788 PMCID: PMC10384458 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently MXenes has gained immense attention as a new and exciting class of two-dimensional material. Due to their unique layered microstructure, the presence of various functional groups at the surface, earth abundance, and attractive electrical, optical, and thermal properties, MXenes are considered promising candidates for various applications such as energy, environmental, and biomedical. The ease of dispersibility and metallic conductivity of MXene render them promising candidates for use as fillers in polymer nanocomposites. MXene-polymer nanocomposites simultaneously benefit from the attractive properties of MXenes and the flexibility and facile processability of polymers. However, the potentiality of MXene to modify the electrospun nanofibers has been less studied. Understanding the interactions between polymeric nanofibers and MXenes is important to widen their role in biomedical applications. This review explores diverse methods of MXene synthesis, discusses our current knowledge of the various biological characteristics of MXene, and the synthesis of MXene incorporated polymeric nanofibers and their utilization in biomedical applications. The information discussed in this review serves to guide the future development and application of MXene-polymer nanofibers in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishweshwar Pant
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Allison A Kim
- Department of Healthcare Management, Woosong University, Daejon 34606, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Zou L, Liu W, Chen X. An Overview of Recent Progress in Engineering Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Cultured Meat Production. Foods 2023; 12:2614. [PMID: 37444351 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat is a new type of green, safe, healthy, and sustainable alternative to traditional meat that will potentially alleviate the environmental impact of animal farming and reduce the requirement for animal slaughter. However, the cultured meat structures that have been prepared lack sufficient tissue alignment. To create a product that is similar in texture and taste to traditional animal meat, muscle stem cells must be organized in a way that imitates the natural structure of animal tissue. Recently, various scaffold technologies and biomaterials have been developed to support the three-dimensional (3D) cultivation and organization of muscle stem cells. Hence, we propose an overview of the latest advancements and challenges in creating three-dimensional scaffolds for the biomanufacturing of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Fernández-Galiana Á, Bibikova O, Vilms Pedersen S, Stevens MM. Fundamentals and Applications of Raman-Based Techniques for the Design and Development of Active Biomedical Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210807. [PMID: 37001970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method based on light-matter interactions that can interrogate the vibrational modes of matter and provide representative molecular fingerprints. Mediated by its label-free, non-invasive nature, and high molecular specificity, Raman-based techniques have become ubiquitous tools for in situ characterization of materials. This review comprehensively describes the theoretical and practical background of Raman spectroscopy and its advanced variants. The numerous facets of material characterization that Raman scattering can reveal, including biomolecular identification, solid-to-solid phase transitions, and spatial mapping of biomolecular species in bioactive materials, are highlighted. The review illustrates the potential of these techniques in the context of active biomedical material design and development by highlighting representative studies from the literature. These studies cover the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of both natural and synthetic biomaterials, including engineered tissue constructs, biopolymer systems, ceramics, and nanoparticle formulations, among others. To increase the accessibility and adoption of these techniques, the present review also provides the reader with practical recommendations on the integration of Raman techniques into the experimental laboratory toolbox. Finally, perspectives on how recent developments in plasmon- and coherently-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can propel Raman from underutilized to critical for biomaterial development are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Galiana
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Olga Bibikova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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Dos Santos AEA, Cotta T, Santos JPF, Camargos JSF, do Carmo ACC, Alcântara EGA, Fleck C, Copola AGL, Nogueira JM, Silva GAB, Andrade LDO, Ferreira RV, Jorge EC. Bioactive cellulose acetate nanofiber loaded with annatto support skeletal muscle cell attachment and proliferation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1116917. [PMID: 36911186 PMCID: PMC9995891 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1116917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning emerged as a promising technique to produce scaffolds for cultivated meat in function of its simplicity, versatility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Cellulose acetate (CA) is a biocompatible and low-cost material that support cell adhesion and proliferation. Here we investigated CA nanofibers, associated or not with a bioactive annatto extract (CA@A), a food-dye, as potential scaffolds for cultivated meat and muscle tissue engineering. The obtained CA nanofibers were evaluated concerning its physicochemical, morphological, mechanical and biological traits. UV-vis spectroscopy and contact angle measurements confirmed the annatto extract incorporation into the CA nanofibers and the surface wettability of both scaffolds, respectively. SEM images revealed that the scaffolds are porous, containing fibers with no specific alignment. Compared with the pure CA nanofibers, CA@A nanofibers showed increased fiber diameter (420 ± 212 nm vs. 284 ± 130 nm). Mechanical properties revealed that the annatto extract induces a reduction of the stiffness of the scaffold. Molecular analyses revealed that while CA scaffold favored C2C12 myoblast differentiation, the annatto-loaded CA scaffold favored a proliferative state of these cells. These results suggest that the combination of cellulose acetate fibers loaded with annatto extract may be an interesting economical alternative for support long-term muscle cells culture with potential application as scaffold for cultivated meat and muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Antunes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago Cotta
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Ferreira Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sofia Fonseca Camargos
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Correia do Carmo
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Fleck
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Materials Science and Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Gonçalves Lio Copola
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlia Meireles Nogueira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gerluza Aparecida Borges Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta Viana Ferreira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erika Cristina Jorge
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kanjwal MA, Ghaferi AA. Graphene Incorporated Electrospun Nanofiber for Electrochemical Sensing and Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8661. [PMID: 36433257 PMCID: PMC9697565 DOI: 10.3390/s22228661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary material graphene arrived in the fields of engineering and science to instigate a material revolution in 2004. Graphene has promptly risen as the super star due to its outstanding properties. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon and is made up of sp2-bonded carbon atoms placed in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Graphite consists of stacked layers of graphene. Due to the distinctive structural features as well as excellent physico-chemical and electrical conductivity, graphene allows remarkable improvement in the performance of electrospun nanofibers (NFs), which results in the enhancement of promising applications in NF-based sensor and biomedical technologies. Electrospinning is an easy, economical, and versatile technology depending on electrostatic repulsion between the surface charges to generate fibers from the extensive list of polymeric and ceramic materials with diameters down to a few nanometers. NFs have emerged as important and attractive platform with outstanding properties for biosensing and biomedical applications, because of their excellent functional features, that include high porosity, high surface area to volume ratio, high catalytic and charge transfer, much better electrical conductivity, controllable nanofiber mat configuration, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability. The inclusion of graphene nanomaterials (GNMs) into NFs is highly desirable. Pre-processing techniques and post-processing techniques to incorporate GNMs into electrospun polymer NFs are precisely discussed. The accomplishment and the utilization of NFs containing GNMs in the electrochemical biosensing pathway for the detection of a broad range biological analytes are discussed. Graphene oxide (GO) has great importance and potential in the biomedical field and can imitate the composition of the extracellular matrix. The oxygen-rich GO is hydrophilic in nature and easily disperses in water, and assists in cell growth, drug delivery, and antimicrobial properties of electrospun nanofiber matrices. NFs containing GO for tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery, wound healing applications, and medical equipment are discussed. NFs containing GO have importance in biomedical applications, which include engineered cardiac patches, instrument coatings, and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for motion sensing applications. This review deals with graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) such as GO incorporated electrospun polymeric NFs for biosensing and biomedical applications, that can bridge the gap between the laboratory facility and industry.
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Thangadurai M, Ajith A, Budharaju H, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Advances in electrospinning and 3D bioprinting strategies to enhance functional regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213135. [PMID: 36215745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are essential for body movement, and the loss of motor function due to volumetric muscle loss (VML) limits the mobility of patients. Current therapeutic approaches are insufficient to offer complete functional recovery of muscle damages. Tissue engineering provides viable ways to fabricate scaffolds to regenerate damaged tissues. Hence, tissue engineering options are explored to address existing challenges in the treatment options for muscle regeneration. Electrospinning is a widely employed fabrication technique to make muscle mimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue regeneration. 3D bioprinting has also been utilized to fabricate muscle-like tissues in recent times. This review discusses the anatomy of skeletal muscle, defects, the healing process, and various treatment options for VML. Further, the advanced strategies in electrospinning of natural and synthetic polymers are discussed, along with the recent developments in the fabrication of hybrid scaffolds. Current approaches in 3D bioprinting of skeletal muscle tissues are outlined with special emphasis on the combination of electrospinning and 3D bioprinting towards the development of fully functional muscle constructs. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of these convergence techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumithra Thangadurai
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Athulya Ajith
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Harshavardhan Budharaju
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
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Topographic Orientation of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration: Recent Advances in Biomaterial Design and Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030131. [PMID: 36134935 PMCID: PMC9496066 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering to develop alternatives for the maintenance, restoration, or enhancement of injured tissues and organs is gaining more and more attention. In tissue engineering, the scaffold used is one of the most critical elements. Its characteristics are expected to mimic the native extracellular matrix and its unique topographical structures. Recently, the topographies of scaffolds have received increasing attention, not least because different topographies, such as aligned and random, have different repair effects on various tissues. In this review, we have focused on various technologies (electrospinning, directional freeze-drying, magnetic freeze-casting, etching, and 3-D printing) to fabricate scaffolds with different topographic orientations, as well as discussed the physicochemical (mechanical properties, porosity, hydrophilicity, and degradation) and biological properties (morphology, distribution, adhesion, proliferation, and migration) of different topographies. Subsequently, we have compiled the effect of scaffold orientation on the regeneration of vessels, skin, neural tissue, bone, articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, cardiac tissue, corneas, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle. The compiled information in this review will facilitate the future development of optimal topographical scaffolds for the regeneration of certain tissues. In the majority of tissues, aligned scaffolds are more suitable than random scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration. The underlying mechanism explaining the various effects of aligned and random orientation might be the differences in “contact guidance”, which stimulate certain biological responses in cells.
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Muscle degeneration in chronic massive rotator cuff tears of the shoulder: Addressing the real problem using a graphene matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208106119. [PMID: 35939692 PMCID: PMC9388153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) of the shoulder cause disability and pain among the adult population. In chronic injuries, the tendon retraction and subsequently the loss of mechanical load lead to muscle atrophy, fat accumulation, and fibrosis formation over time. The intrinsic repair mechanism of muscle and the successful repair of the torn tendon cannot reverse the muscle degeneration following MRCTs. To address these limitations, we developed an electroconductive matrix by incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) into aligned poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers. This study aimed to understand 1) the effects of GnP matrices on muscle regeneration and inhibition of fat formation in vitro and 2) the ability of GnP matrices to reverse muscle degenerative changes in vivo following an MRCT. The GnP matrix significantly increased myotube formation, which can be attributed to enhanced intracellular calcium ions in myoblasts. Moreover, the GnP matrix suppressed adipogenesis in adipose-derived stem cells. These results supported the clinical effects of the GnP matrix on reducing fat accumulation and muscle atrophy. The histological evaluation showed the potential of the GnP matrix to reverse muscle atrophy, fat accumulation, and fibrosis in both supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles at 24 and 32 wk after the chronic MRCTs of the rat shoulder. The pathological evaluation of internal organs confirmed the long-term biocompatibility of the GnP matrix. We found that reversing muscle degenerative changes improved the morphology and tensile properties of the tendon compared with current surgical techniques. The long-term biocompatibility and the ability of the GnP matrix to treat muscle degeneration are promising for the realization of MRCT healing and regeneration.
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Levi S, Yen FC, Baruch L, Machluf M. Scaffolding technologies for the engineering of cultured meat: Towards a safe, sustainable, and scalable production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Meneses J, van de Kemp T, Costa-Almeida R, Pereira R, Magalhães FD, Castilho M, Pinto AM. Fabrication of Polymer/Graphene Biocomposites for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051038. [PMID: 35267861 PMCID: PMC8914623 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBM) are considered one of the 21st century’s most promising materials, as they are incredibly light, strong, thin and have remarkable electrical and thermal properties. As a result, over the past decade, their combination with a diverse range of synthetic polymers has been explored in tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM). In addition, a wide range of methods for fabricating polymer/GBM scaffolds have been reported. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances in polymer/GBM composite development and fabrication, focusing on methods such as electrospinning and additive manufacturing (AM). As a future outlook, this work stresses the need for more in vivo studies to validate polymer/GBM composite scaffolds for TE applications, and gives insight on their fabrication by state-of-the-art processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Meneses
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (T.v.d.K.); (F.D.M.)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Tom van de Kemp
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (T.v.d.K.); (F.D.M.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (R.P.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Raquel Costa-Almeida
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (R.P.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Pereira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (R.P.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernão D. Magalhães
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (T.v.d.K.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Artur M. Pinto
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (T.v.d.K.); (F.D.M.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovacão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.-A.); (R.P.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Basturkmen B, Ergene E, Doganay D, Yilgor Huri P, Unalan HE, Aksoy EA. Silver nanowire loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocomposite fibers as electroactive scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112567. [PMID: 35527139 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) due to trauma and tumor removal operations affects millions of people every year. Although skeletal muscle has a natural repair mechanism, it cannot provide self-healing above a critical level of VML. In this study, nanocomposite aligned fiber scaffolds as support materials were developed for volumetric skeletal muscle regeneration. For this purpose, silver nanowire (Ag NW) loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocomposite fiber scaffolds (PCL-Ag NW) were prepared to mimic the aligned electroactive structure of skeletal muscle and provide topographic and conductive environment to modulate cellular behavior and orientation. A computer-aided rotational wet spinning (RWS) system was designed to produce high-yield fiber scaffolds. Nanocomposite fiber bundles with lengths of 50 cm were fabricated via this computer-aided RWS system. The morphological, chemical, thermal properties and biodegradation profiles of PCL and PCL-Ag NW nanocomposite fibers were characterized in detail. The proliferation behavior and morphology of C2C12 mouse myoblasts were investigated on PCL and PCL-Ag NW nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds with and without electrical stimulation. Significantly enhanced cell proliferation was observed on PCL-Ag NW nanocomposite fibers compared to neat PCL fibers with electrical stimulations of 1.5 V, 3 V and without electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Basturkmen
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Emre Ergene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Doga Doganay
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Pinar Yilgor Huri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Husnu Emrah Unalan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Eda Ayse Aksoy
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
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13
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Uehara TM, Migliorini FL, Facure MHM, Palma Filho NB, Miranda PB, Zucolotto V, Correa DS. Nanostructured scaffolds containing graphene oxide for nanomedicine applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiers M. Uehara
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) Embrapa Instrumentação São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernanda L. Migliorini
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) Embrapa Instrumentação São Paulo Brazil
| | - Murilo H. M. Facure
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) Embrapa Instrumentação São Paulo Brazil
- PPGQ, Department of Chemistry Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Paulo B. Miranda
- Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Daniel S. Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) Embrapa Instrumentação São Paulo Brazil
- PPGQ, Department of Chemistry Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Paulo Brazil
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14
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Litowczenko J, Woźniak-Budych MJ, Staszak K, Wieszczycka K, Jurga S, Tylkowski B. Milestones and current achievements in development of multifunctional bioscaffolds for medical application. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2412-2438. [PMID: 33553825 PMCID: PMC7847813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, which aims to restore or improve lost tissue function. Despite that TE was introduced more than 20 years ago, innovative and more sophisticated trends and technologies point to new challenges and development. Current challenges involve the demand for multifunctional bioscaffolds which can stimulate tissue regrowth by biochemical curves, biomimetic patterns, active agents and proper cell types. For those purposes especially promising are carefully chosen primary cells or stem cells due to its high proliferative and differentiation potential. This review summarized a variety of recently reported advanced bioscaffolds which present new functions by combining polymers, nanomaterials, bioactive agents and cells depending on its desired application. In particular necessity of study biomaterial-cell interactions with in vitro cell culture models, and studies using animals with in vivo systems were discuss to permit the analysis of full material biocompatibility. Although these bioscaffolds have shown a significant therapeutic effect in nervous, cardiovascular and muscle, tissue engineering, there are still many remaining unsolved challenges for scaffolds improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Litowczenko
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta J. Woźniak-Budych
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Staszak
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Wieszczycka
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Chemical Technologies Unit, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
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15
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Alarcin E, Bal-Öztürk A, Avci H, Ghorbanpoor H, Dogan Guzel F, Akpek A, Yesiltas G, Canak-Ipek T, Avci-Adali M. Current Strategies for the Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5929. [PMID: 34072959 PMCID: PMC8198586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries, tumor resections, and degenerative diseases can damage skeletal muscle and lead to functional impairment and severe disability. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process that depends on various cell types, signaling molecules, architectural cues, and physicochemical properties to be successful. To promote muscle repair and regeneration, various strategies for skeletal muscle tissue engineering have been developed in the last decades. However, there is still a high demand for the development of new methods and materials that promote skeletal muscle repair and functional regeneration to bring approaches closer to therapies in the clinic that structurally and functionally repair muscle. The combination of stem cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules is used to induce skeletal muscle regeneration. In this review, we provide an overview of different cell types used to treat skeletal muscle injury, highlight current strategies in biomaterial-based approaches, the importance of topography for the successful creation of functional striated muscle fibers, and discuss novel methods for muscle regeneration and challenges for their future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Alarcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ayca Bal-Öztürk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Avci
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey;
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Research Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
- AvciBio Research Group, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey;
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hamed Ghorbanpoor
- AvciBio Research Group, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Dogan Guzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Ali Akpek
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey; (A.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gözde Yesiltas
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey; (A.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Tuba Canak-Ipek
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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16
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Zare P, Aleemardani M, Seifalian A, Bagher Z, Seifalian AM. Graphene Oxide: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedicine. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051083. [PMID: 33922153 PMCID: PMC8143506 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Desirable carbon allotropes such as graphene oxide (GO) have entered the field with several biomedical applications, owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological features, including extreme strength, found to be 200 times stronger than steel; remarkable light weight; large surface-to-volume ratio; chemical stability; unparalleled thermal and electrical conductivity; and enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation properties. The presence of functional groups on graphene oxide (GO) enhances further interactions with other molecules. Therefore, recent studies have focused on GO-based materials (GOBMs) rather than graphene. The aim of this research was to highlight the physicochemical and biological properties of GOBMs, especially their significance to biomedical applications. The latest studies of GOBMs in biomedical applications are critically reviewed, and in vitro and preclinical studies are assessed. Furthermore, the challenges likely to be faced and prospective future potential are addressed. GOBMs, a high potential emerging material, will dominate the materials of choice in the repair and development of human organs and medical devices. There is already great interest among academics as well as in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Mina Aleemardani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK;
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- Watford General Hospital, Watford WD18 0HB, UK;
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zohreh Bagher
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Centre and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445413131, Iran
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (A.M.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-2076911122 (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd.), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (A.M.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-2076911122 (A.M.S.)
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17
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Grant JJ, Pillai SC, Hehir S, McAfee M, Breen A. Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Graphene Oxide. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1278-1301. [PMID: 33729744 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has broad potential in the biomedical sector. The oxygen-abundant nature of GO means the material is hydrophilic and readily dispersible in water. GO has also been known to improve cell proliferation, drug loading, and antimicrobial properties of composites. Electrospun composites likewise have great potential for biomedical applications because they are generally biocompatible and bioresorbable, possess low immune rejection risk, and can mimic the structure of the extracellular matrix. In the current review, GO-containing electrospun composites for tissue engineering applications are described in detail. In addition, electrospun GO-containing materials for their use in drug and gene delivery, wound healing, and biomaterials/medical devices have been examined. Good biocompatibility and anionic-exchange properties of GO make it an ideal candidate for drug and gene delivery systems. Drug/gene delivery applications for electrospun GO composites are described with a number of examples. Various systems using electrospun GO-containing therapeutics have been compared for their potential uses in cancer therapy. Micro- to nanosized electrospun fibers for wound healing applications and antimicrobial applications are explained in detail. Applications of various GO-containing electrospun composite materials for medical device applications are listed. It is concluded that the electrospun GO materials will find a broad range of biomedical applications such as cardiac patches, medical device coatings, sensors, and triboelectric nanogenerators for motion sensing and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Grant
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Suresh C Pillai
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Sarah Hehir
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Marion McAfee
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Ailish Breen
- Nanotechnology and Bio-engineering Research Division, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland.,The Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials & Manufacturing Research, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, Sligo, Ireland
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18
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Rezaei H, Shahrezaee M, Jalali Monfared M, Fathi Karkan S, Ghafelehbashi R. Simvastatin-loaded graphene oxide embedded in polycaprolactone-polyurethane nanofibers for bone tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Here, the role of simvastatin-loaded graphene oxide embedded in polyurethane-polycaprolactone nanofibers for bone tissue engineering has been investigated. The scaffolds were physicochemically and mechanically characterized, and obtained polymeric composites were used as MG-63 cell culture scaffolds. The addition of graphene oxide-simvastatin to nanofibers generates a homogeneous and uniform microstructure as well as a reduction in fiber diameter. Results of water-scaffolds interaction indicated higher hydrophilicity and absorption capacity as a function of graphene oxide addition. Scaffolds’ mechanical properties and physical stability improved after the addition of graphene oxide. Inducing bioactivity after the addition of simvastatin-loaded graphene oxide terminated its capability for hard tissue engineering application, evidenced by microscopy images and phase characterization. Nanofibrous scaffolds could act as a sustained drug carrier. Using the optimal concentration of graphene oxide-simvastatin is necessary to avoid toxic effects on tissue. Results show that the scaffolds are biocompatible to the MG-63 cell and support alkaline phosphatase activity, illustrating their potential use in bone tissue engineering. Briefly, graphene-simvastatin-incorporated in polymeric nanofibers was developed to increase bioactive components’ synergistic effect to induce more bioactivity and improve physical and mechanical properties as well as in vitro interactions for better results in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessam Rezaei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery , School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mostafa Shahrezaee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery , School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Marziyeh Jalali Monfared
- Department of Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi Karkan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
- Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Robabehbeygom Ghafelehbashi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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19
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Dos Santos DM, Correa DS, Medeiros ES, Oliveira JE, Mattoso LHC. Advances in Functional Polymer Nanofibers: From Spinning Fabrication Techniques to Recent Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45673-45701. [PMID: 32937068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Functional polymeric micro-/nanofibers have emerged as promising materials for the construction of structures potentially useful in biomedical fields. Among all kinds of technologies to produce polymer fibers, spinning methods have gained considerable attention. Herein, we provide a recent review on advances in the design of micro- and nanofibrous platforms via spinning techniques for biomedical applications. Specifically, we emphasize electrospinning, solution blow spinning, centrifugal spinning, and microfluidic spinning approaches. We first introduce the fundamentals of these spinning methods and then highlight the potential biomedical applications of such micro- and nanostructured fibers for drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and sensing/biosensing. Finally, we outline the current challenges and future perspectives of spinning techniques for the practical applications of polymer fibers in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Dos Santos
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliton S Medeiros
- Materials and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering (DEMAT), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, 58.051-900, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Juliano E Oliveira
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz H C Mattoso
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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