1
|
Sidgwick GP, Weston R, Mahmoud AM, Schiro A, Serracino-Inglott F, Tandel SM, Skeoch S, Bruce IN, Jones AM, Alexander MY, Wilkinson FL. Novel Glycomimetics Protect against Glycated Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Vascular Calcification In Vitro via Attenuation of the RAGE/ERK/CREB Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:312. [PMID: 38391925 PMCID: PMC10887290 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) can act as a co-receptor on the cell surface and alterations in this process underpin many pathological conditions. We have previously described the usefulness of mimics of HS (glycomimetics) in protection against β-glycerophosphate-induced vascular calcification and in the restoration of the functional capacity of diabetic endothelial colony-forming cells in vitro. This study aims to investigate whether our novel glycomimetic compounds can attenuate glycated low-density lipoprotein (g-LDL)-induced calcification by inhibiting RAGE signalling within the context of critical limb ischemia (CLI). We used an established osteogenic in vitro vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) model. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin and glycation levels were all significantly increased in CLI serum compared to healthy controls, while the vascular calcification marker osteocalcin (OCN) was down-regulated in CLI patients vs. controls. Incubation with both CLI serum and g-LDL (10 µg/mL) significantly increased VSMC calcification vs. controls after 21 days, with CLI serum-induced calcification apparent after only 10 days. Glycomimetics (C2 and C3) significantly inhibited g-LDL and CLI serum-induced mineralisation, as shown by a reduction in alizarin red (AR) staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Furthermore, secretion of the osteogenic marker OCN was significantly reduced in VSMCs incubated with CLI serum in the presence of glycomimetics. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was significantly increased in g-LDL-treated cells vs. untreated controls, which was attenuated with glycomimetics. Blocking CREB activation with a pharmacological inhibitor 666-15 replicated the protective effects of glycomimetics, evidenced by elevated AR staining. In silico molecular docking simulations revealed the binding affinity of the glycomimetics C2 and C3 with the V domain of RAGE. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that novel glycomimetics, C2 and C3 have potent anti-calcification properties in vitro, inhibiting both g-LDL and CLI serum-induced VSMC mineralisation via the inhibition of LDLR, RAGE, CREB and subsequent expression of the downstream osteogenic markers, ALP and OCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Sidgwick
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Ria Weston
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Andrew Schiro
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Vascular Unit, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ferdinand Serracino-Inglott
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Vascular Unit, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Shikha M. Tandel
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Sarah Skeoch
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.S.); (I.N.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath BA1 1RL, UK
| | - Ian N. Bruce
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.S.); (I.N.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M. Yvonne Alexander
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Fiona L. Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vallée A. Arterial Stiffness and the Canonical WNT/β-catenin Pathway. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022; 24:499-507. [PMID: 35727523 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arterial stiffness (AS) was mainly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a hypertensive patient. Some risk factors contribute to the development of AS, such as aging, high blood pressure, vascular calcification, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is implicated in numerous signaling and regulating pathways, including embryogenesis, cell proliferation, migration and polarity, apoptosis, and organogenesis. The activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with the development of these risk factors. RECENT FINDINGS Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is measured to determine AS, and in peripheral artery disease patients, PWV is higher than controls. An augmentation in PWV by 1 m/s has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular events by 14%. AS measured by PWV is characterized by the deregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway by the inactivation of its two inhibitors, i.e., DKK1 and sclerostin. Thus, this review focuses on the role of the WNT/β-catenin pathway which contributes to the development of arterial stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Epidemiology - Data - Biostatistics, Delegation of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu S, Chen M, Ying Y, Wu Q, Huang Z, Ni W, Wang X, Xu H, Bennett S, Xiao J, Xu J. Versatile subtypes of pericytes and their roles in spinal cord injury repair, bone development and repair. Bone Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35296645 PMCID: PMC8927336 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration is a challenging topic in tissue repair. As one of the important components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), pericytes play an essential role in the maintenance of the vascular network of the spinal cord. To date, subtypes of pericytes have been identified by various markers, namely the PDGFR-β, Desmin, CD146, and NG2, each of which is involved with spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In addition, pericytes may act as a stem cell source that is important for bone development and regeneration, whilst specific subtypes of pericyte could facilitate bone fracture and defect repair. One of the major challenges of pericyte biology is to determine the specific markers that would clearly distinguish the different subtypes of pericytes, and to develop efficient approaches to isolate and propagate pericytes. In this review, we discuss the biology and roles of pericytes, their markers for identification, and cell differentiation capacity with a focus on the potential application in the treatment of SCI and bone diseases in orthopedics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang C, Eleftheriadou M, Kelaini S, Morrison T, González MV, Caines R, Edwards N, Yacoub A, Edgar K, Moez A, Ivetic A, Zampetaki A, Zeng L, Wilkinson FL, Lois N, Stitt AW, Grieve DJ, Margariti A. Targeting QKI-7 in vivo restores endothelial cell function in diabetes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3812. [PMID: 32732889 PMCID: PMC7393072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction plays a key role in diabetic complications. This study discovers significant upregulation of Quaking-7 (QKI-7) in iPS cell-derived ECs when exposed to hyperglycemia, and in human iPS-ECs from diabetic patients. QKI-7 is also highly expressed in human coronary arterial ECs from diabetic donors, and on blood vessels from diabetic critical limb ischemia patients undergoing a lower-limb amputation. QKI-7 expression is tightly controlled by RNA splicing factors CUG-BP and hnRNPM through direct binding. QKI-7 upregulation is correlated with disrupted cell barrier, compromised angiogenesis and enhanced monocyte adhesion. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and mRNA-decay assays reveal that QKI-7 binds and promotes mRNA degradation of downstream targets CD144, Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), and TNF-α-stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6). When hindlimb ischemia is induced in diabetic mice and QKI-7 is knocked-down in vivo in ECs, reperfusion and blood flow recovery are markedly promoted. Manipulation of QKI-7 represents a promising strategy for the treatment of diabetic vascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Yang
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Sophia Kelaini
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Thomas Morrison
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Marta Vilà González
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Rachel Caines
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nicola Edwards
- Centre for Bioscience in the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - Andrew Yacoub
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kevin Edgar
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Arya Moez
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aleksandar Ivetic
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Fiona L Wilkinson
- Centre for Bioscience in the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - Noemi Lois
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Alan W Stitt
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vallée A, Vallée JN, Lecarpentier Y. Metabolic reprogramming in atherosclerosis: Opposed interplay between the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:36-46. [PMID: 31153873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and age-related disease, is a complex mechanism presenting a dysregulation of vessel structures. During this process, the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is increased whereas PPARγ is downregulated. The two systems act in an opposite manner. This paper reviews the opposing interplay of these systems and their metabolic-reprogramming pathway in atherosclerosis. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway enhances the transcription of targets involved in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular calcification. This complex mechanism, which is partly controlled by the WNT/β-catenin pathway, presents several metabolic dysfunctions. This phenomenon, called aerobic glycolysis (or the Warburg effect), consists of a shift in ATP production from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, leading to the overproduction of intracellular lactate. This mechanism is partially due to the injury of mitochondrial respiration and an increase in the glycolytic pathway. In contrast, PPARγ agonists downregulate the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Therefore, the development of therapeutic targets, such as PPARγ agonists, for the treatment of atherosclerosis could be an interesting and innovative way of counteracting the canonical WNT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France; Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 rue Saint-fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Avolio E, Madeddu P. Discovering cardiac pericyte biology: From physiopathological mechanisms to potential therapeutic applications in ischemic heart disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:53-63. [PMID: 27268036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular pericytes and the more recently discovered adventitial pericyte-like progenitor cells are a subpopulation of vascular stem cells closely associated with small and large blood vessels respectively. These populations of perivascular cells are remarkably abundant in the heart. Pericytes control important physiological processes such as angiogenesis, blood flow and vascular permeability. In the heart, this pleiotropic activity makes pericytes extremely interesting for applications in regenerative medicine. On the other hand, dysfunction of pericytes could participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, such as arterial hypertension, fibro-calcific cardiovascular remodeling, myocardial edema and post-ischemic coronary no-reflow. On a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical studies in small animal models of myocardial infarction have demonstrated the healing potential of pericytes transplantation, which has been ascribed to direct vascular incorporation and paracrine pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic activities. These promising findings open the door to the clinical use of pericytes for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Avolio
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7 Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, BS2 8HW Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7 Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, BS2 8HW Bristol, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schiro A, Wilkinson FL, Weston R, Smyth JV, Serracino-Inglott F, Alexander MY. Elevated levels of endothelial-derived microparticles, and serum CXCL9 and SCGF-β are associated with unstable asymptomatic carotid plaques. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16658. [PMID: 26564003 PMCID: PMC4643236 DOI: 10.1038/srep16658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are released from dysfunctional endothelial cells. We hypothesised that patients with unstable carotid plaque have higher levels of circulating microparticles compared to patients with stable plaques, and may correlate with serum markers of plaque instability and inflammation. Circulating EMPs, platelet MPs (PMPs) and inflammatory markers were measured in healthy controls and patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. EMP/PMPs were quantified using flow cytometry. Bioplex assays profiled systemic inflammatory and bone-related proteins. Immunohistological analysis detailed the contribution of differentially-regulated systemic markers to plaque pathology. Alizarin red staining showed calcification. EMPs and PMPs were significantly higher in patients with carotid stenosis (≥70%) compared to controls, with no differences between asymptomatic vs symptomatic patients. Asymptomatic patients with unstable plaques exhibited higher levels of EMPs, CXCL9 and SCGF-β compared to those with stable plaques. CXCL9, and SCGF-β were detected within all plaques, suggesting a contribution to both localised and systemic inflammation. Osteopontin and osteoprotegerin were significantly elevated in the symptomatic vs asymptomatic group, while osteocalcin was higher in asymptomatic patients with stable plaque. All plaques exhibited calcification, which was significantly greater in asymptomatic patients. This may impact on plaque stability. These data could be important in identifying patients at most benefit from intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schiro
- Regional Vascular and Endovascular Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK, M13 9NT
| | - Fiona L Wilkinson
- Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, UK, M1 5GD
| | - Ria Weston
- Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, UK, M1 5GD
| | - J Vincent Smyth
- Regional Vascular and Endovascular Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL
| | - Ferdinand Serracino-Inglott
- Regional Vascular and Endovascular Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK, M13 9NT.,Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, UK, M1 5GD
| | - M Yvonne Alexander
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK, M13 9NT.,Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, UK, M1 5GD
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ivanova EA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Intimal pericytes as the second line of immune defence in atherosclerosis. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:583-93. [PMID: 26516412 PMCID: PMC4620069 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. The initiation and growth of atherosclerotic plaques is accompanied by recruitment of inflammatory and precursor cells from the bloodstream and their differentiation towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes. This process is orchestrated by the production of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Human arterial intima consists of structurally distinct leaflets, with a proteoglycan-rich layer lying immediately below the endothelial lining. Recent studies reveal the important role of stellate pericyte-like cells (intimal pericytes) populating the proteoglycan-rich layer in the development of atherosclerosis. During the pathologic process, intimal pericytes may participate in the recruitment of inflammatory cells by producing signalling molecules and play a role in the antigen presentation. Intimal pericytes are also involved in lipid accumulation and the formation of foam cells. This review focuses on the role of pericyte-like cells in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feng J, Rajeswaran T, He S, Wilkinson FL, Serracino-Inglott F, Azzawi M, Parikh V, Miraftab M, Alexander MY. Investigation of the composition of arterial plaques based on arterial waveforms and material properties. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:993-996. [PMID: 26736431 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is mainly caused by a narrowing of the carotid artery from a build-up of plaque. The risk of plaque rupture and subsequent stroke is dependent on plaque composition. Advances in imaging modalities offer a non-invasive means to assess the health of blood vessels and detect damage. However, the current diagnosis fails to identify patients with soft lipid plaque that are more susceptible to fissure, resulting in stroke. The aim of this study was to use waveform analysis to identify plaque composition and the risk of rupture. We have investigated pressure and flow by combining an artificial blood flow circuit with tubing containing different materials, to simulate plaques in a blood vessel. We used fat and bone to model lipid and calcification respectively to determine if the composition of plaques can be identified by arterial waveforms. We demonstrate that the arterial plaque models with different percentages of calcification and fat, results in significantly different arterial waveforms. These findings imply that arterial waveform analysis has the potential for further development to identify the vulnerable plaques prone to rupture. These findings could have implications for improved patient prognosis by speed of detection and a more appropriate treatment strategy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Immortalized multipotent pericytes derived from the vasa vasorum in the injured vasculature. A cellular tool for studies of vascular remodeling and regeneration. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1340-54. [PMID: 25329003 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adventitial microvessels, vasa vasorum in the vessel walls, have an active role in the vascular remodeling, although its mechanisms are still unclear. It has been reported that microvascular pericytes (PCs) possess mesenchymal plasticity. Therefore, microvessels would serve as a systemic reservoir of stem cells and contribute to the tissues remodeling. However, most aspects of the biology of multipotent PCs (mPCs), in particular of pathological microvessels are still obscure because of the lack of appropriate methods to detect and isolate these cells. In order to examine the characteristics of mPCs, we established immortalized cells residing in adventitial capillary growing at the injured vascular walls. We recently developed in vivo angiogenesis to observe adventitial microvessels using collagen-coated tube (CCT), which also can be used as an adventitial microvessel-rich tissue. By using the CCT, CD146- or NG2-positive cells were isolated from the adventitial microvessels in the injured arteries of mice harboring a temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen gene. Several capillary-derived endothelial cells (cECs) and PCs (cPCs) cell lines were established. cECs and cPCs maintain a number of key endothelial and PC features. Co-incubation of cPCs with cECs formed capillary-like structure in Matrigel. Three out of six cPC lines, termed capillary mPCs demonstrated both mesenchymal stem cell- and neuronal stem cell-like phenotypes, differentiating effectively into adipocytes, osteoblasts, as well as schwann cells. mPCs differentiated to ECs and PCs, and formed capillary-like structure on their own. Transplanted DsRed-expressing mPCs were resident in the capillary and muscle fibers and promoted angiogenesis and myogenesis in damaged skeletal muscle. Adventitial mPCs possess transdifferentiation potential with unique phenotypes, including the reconstitution of capillary-like structures. Their phenotype would contribute to the pathological angiogenesis associated with vascular remodeling. These cell lines also provide a reproducible cellular tool for high-throughput studies on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and regeneration as well.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ndip A, Wilkinson FL, Jude EB, Boulton AJM, Alexander MY. RANKL-OPG and RAGE modulation in vascular calcification and diabetes: novel targets for therapy. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2251-60. [PMID: 25112376 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and early vascular ageing. This takes the form of atherosclerosis, with progressive vascular calcification being a major complication in the pathogenesis of this disease. Current research and drug targets in diabetes have hitherto focused on atherosclerosis, but vascular calcification is now recognised as an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. An emerging regulatory pathway for vascular calcification in diabetes involves the receptor activator for nuclear factor κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Important novel biomarkers of calcification are related to levels of glycation and inflammation in diabetes. Several therapeutic strategies could have advantageous effects on the vasculature in patients with diabetes, including targeting the RANKL and receptor for AGE (RAGE) signalling pathways, since there has been little success-at least in macrovascular outcomes-with conventional glucose-lowering therapy. There is substantial and relevant clinical and basic science evidence to suggest that modulating RANKL-RANK-OPG signalling, RAGE signalling and the associated proinflammatory milieu alters the natural course of cardiovascular complications and outcomes in people with diabetes. However, further research is critically needed to understand the precise mechanisms underpinning these pathways, in order to translate the anti-calcification strategies into patient benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agbor Ndip
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Chistiakov DA. The complexity of cell composition of the intima of large arteries: focus on pericyte-like cells. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:438-51. [PMID: 25016615 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, which are also known as Rouget cells or perivascular cells, are considered to represent a likely distinct pool of vascular cells that are extremely branched and located mostly in the periphery of the vascular system. The family of pericytes is a heterogeneous cell population that includes pericytes and pericyte-like cells. Accumulated data indicate that networks of pericyte-like cells exist in normal non-atherosclerotic intima, and that pericyte-like cells can be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions from the very early stages of disease. The pathogenic role of arterial pericytes and pericyte-like cells also might be important in advanced and complicated atherosclerotic lesions via realizing mechanisms of vascular remodelling, ectopic ossification, intraplaque neovascularization, and probably thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guerrero F, Herencia C, Almadén Y, Martínez-Moreno JM, Montes de Oca A, Rodriguez-Ortiz ME, Diaz-Tocados JM, Canalejo A, Florio M, López I, Richards WG, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E, Muñoz-Castañeda JR. TGF-β prevents phosphate-induced osteogenesis through inhibition of BMP and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89179. [PMID: 24586576 PMCID: PMC3937350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). High phosphate induces a phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into osteogenic-like cells. This study was aimed to evaluate signaling pathways involved during VSMC differentiation of MSC in presence or not of high phosphate. RESULTS Our results showed that TGF-β induced nuclear translocation of Smad3 as well as the expression of vascular smooth muscle markers, such as smooth muscle alpha actin, SM22α, myocardin, and smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain. The addition of high phosphate to MSC promoted nuclear translocation of Smad1/5/8 and the activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin in addition to an increase in BMP-2 expression, calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. The administration of TGF-β to MSC treated with high phosphate abolished all these effects by inhibiting canonical Wnt, BMP and TGF-β pathways. A similar outcome was observed in high phosphate-treated cells after the inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling with Dkk-1. Conversely, addition of both Wnt/β-catenin activators CHIR98014 and lithium chloride enhanced the effect of high phosphate on BMP-2, calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS Full VSMC differentiation induced by TGF-β may not be achieved when extracellular phosphate levels are high. Moreover, TGF-β prevents high phosphate-induced osteogenesis by decreasing the nuclear translocation of Smad 1/5/8 and avoiding the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Guerrero
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Herencia
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Almadén
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit. IMIBIC/Reina Sofía University Hospital/University of Córdoba, and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julio M. Martínez-Moreno
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Addy Montes de Oca
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Juan M. Diaz-Tocados
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Canalejo
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud Pública, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Mónica Florio
- Metabolic Disorders Department, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Ignacio López
- Department of Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - William G. Richards
- Metabolic Disorders Department, Amgen, Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Juan R. Muñoz-Castañeda
- Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC). Hospital Reina Sofía. Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tigges U, Komatsu M, Stallcup WB. Adventitial pericyte progenitor/mesenchymal stem cells participate in the restenotic response to arterial injury. J Vasc Res 2012; 50:134-44. [PMID: 23258211 DOI: 10.1159/000345524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis is a major complication of coronary angioplasty, at least partly due to the fact that the origin and identity of contributing cell types are not well understood. In this study, we have investigated whether pericyte-like cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the adventitia contribute to restenosis. We demonstrate that while cells expressing the pericyte markers NG2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, and CD146 are rare in the adventitia of uninjured mouse femoral arteries, following injury their numbers strongly increase. Some of these adventitial pericyte-like cells acquire a more MSC-like phenotype (CD90+ and CD29+ are up-regulated) and also appear in the restenotic neointima. Via bone marrow transplantation and ex vivo artery culture approaches, we demonstrate that the pericyte-like MSCs of the injured femoral artery are not derived from the bone marrow, but originate in the adventitia itself mainly via the proliferation of resident pericyte-like cells. In summary, we have identified a population of resident adventitial pericyte-like cells or MSCs that contribute to restenosis following arterial injury. These cells are different from myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and other progenitor populations that have been shown to participate in the restenotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tigges
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. utigges @ gmail.com
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marinou K, Christodoulides C, Antoniades C, Koutsilieris M. Wnt signaling in cardiovascular physiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:628-36. [PMID: 22902904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways play a key role in cardiac development, angiogenesis, and cardiac hypertrophy; emerging evidence suggests that they are also involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Specifically, an important role for Wnts has been described in the regulation of endothelial inflammation, vascular calcification, and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Wnt signaling also induces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and is crucial for the regulation of vascular smooth-muscle cell (VSMC) behavior. We discuss how the Wnt pathways are implicated in vascular biology and outline the role of Wnt signaling in atherosclerosis. Dissecting Wnt pathways involved in atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease may provide crucial insights into novel mechanisms with therapeutic potential for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Marinou
- Department of Physiology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ndip A, Williams A, Jude EB, Serracino-Inglott F, Richardson S, Smyth JV, Boulton AJM, Alexander MY. The RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway mediates medial arterial calcification in diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy. Diabetes 2011; 60:2187-96. [PMID: 21659498 PMCID: PMC3142088 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway (RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling) is implicated in the osteolysis associated with diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN); however, the links with medial arterial calcification (MAC) seen in people with CN are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of RANKL/OPG in MAC in patients with CN. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Bio-plex multiarray technology were used to quantify a range of cytokines, including RANKL and OPG in sera from 10 patients with diabetes, 12 patients with CN, and 5 healthy volunteers. Human tibial artery segments were immunohistochemically stained with Alizarin red and human RANKL antibody. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were also explanted from arterial segments for in vitro studies. RESULTS We demonstrate colocalization and upregulation of RANKL expression in areas displaying MAC. Systemic levels of RANKL, OPG, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) were elevated in those with CN compared with diabetic patients and healthy control subjects. Human VSMCs cultured in CN serum showed accelerated osteoblastic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralization (alizarin red staining) compared with cells treated with diabetic or control serum (P < 0.05). Coincubation with OPG, the decoy receptor for RANKL, attenuated osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs and was independent of a high calcium-phosphate milieu. The accelerated mineralization induced by RANKL and CN serum correlated with nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, a process abrogated by OPG. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide direct evidence that RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling is modulated in patients with CN and plays a role in vascular calcification. This study highlights this pathway as a potential target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agbor Ndip
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
A comparative study of carotid atherosclerotic plaque microvessel density and angiogenic growth factor expression in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39:388-95. [PMID: 20122857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A challenge facing clinicians is identifying patients with asymptomatic carotid disease at risk of plaque instability. We hypothesise that locally released angiogenic growth factors contribute to plaque instability. METHODS Carotid endarterectomy specimens from eight symptomatic and eight asymptomatic patients were interrogated for microvessel density and angiogenic growth factor expression histologically using immunofluorescence, and biochemically using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-RT-PCR). Bio-Plex suspension array was used to assess circulating biomarkers in venous blood from the same patients and six healthy age-matched controls. RESULTS Immunofluorescence demonstrated significantly greater neovessel density in symptomatic plaques (P=0.010) with elevated expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (P=0.001) and its receptor MET (P=0.011) than in asymptomatic plaques. The q-RT-PCR demonstrated up-regulation of Endoglin (CD105), HGF (P=0.001) and MET (P=0.011) in the plaques of symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. Bio-Plex suspension array demonstrated elevated HGF (P=0.002) serum levels in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients and healthy controls, and decreased platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (P=0.036) serum levels in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSION Plaque instability may be mediated by HGF-induced formation of new microvessels, and decreased vessel stability resulting from decreased PDGF. Suspension array technology has the potential to identify circulating biomarkers that correlate with plaque rupture risk.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hoshino T, Chow LA, Hsu JJ, Perlowski AA, Abedin M, Tobis J, Tintut Y, Mal AK, Klug WS, Demer LL. Mechanical stress analysis of a rigid inclusion in distensible material: a model of atherosclerotic calcification and plaque vulnerability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H802-10. [PMID: 19542489 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00318.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of atherosclerotic calcification in plaque rupture remains controversial. In previous analyses using finite element model analysis, circumferential stress was reduced by the inclusion of a calcium deposit in a representative human anatomical configuration. However, a recent report, also using finite element analysis, suggests that microscopic calcium deposits increase plaque stress. We used mathematical models to predict the effects of rigid and liquid inclusions (modeling a calcium deposit and a lipid necrotic core, respectively) in a distensible material (artery wall) on mechanical failure under uniaxial and biaxial loading in a range of configurations. Without inclusions, stress levels were low and uniform. In the analytical model, peak stresses were elevated at the edges of a rigid inclusion. In the finite element model, peak stresses were elevated at the edges of both inclusions, with minimal sensitivity to the wall distensibility and the size and shape of the inclusion. Presence of both a rigid and a soft inclusion enlarged the region of increased wall stress compared with either alone. In some configurations, the rigid inclusion reduced peak stress at the edge of the soft inclusion but simultaneously increased peak stress at the edge of the rigid inclusion and increased the size of the region affected. These findings suggest that the presence of a calcium deposit creates local increases in failure stress, and, depending on relative position to any neighboring lipid pools, it may increase peak stress and the plaque area at risk of mechanical failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hoshino
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
McCullough PA, Chinnaiyan KM, Agrawal V, Danielewicz E, Abela GS. Amplification of atherosclerotic calcification and Mönckeberg's sclerosis: a spectrum of the same disease process. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008; 15:396-412. [PMID: 18805386 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autopsy studies have shown the near universal presence of fatty streaks and fibroatheromas in the general population from which chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients arise. The vast majority of CKD patients have multiple conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis, once present, can predominantly manifest as medial calcification, which has been previously termed Mönckeberg's sclerosis. This term has also been used in rare cases to describe vascular calcinosis not related to CKD. This clarification is critical to advance the field in terms of pathological diagnosis and treatment of CKD bone and mineral disorder. Factors that appear to promote the osteoblastic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells and enhance deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals include phosphorus activation of the Pit-1 receptor, bone morphogenic proteins 2 and 4, leptin, endogenous 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D, vascular calcification activating factor, and measures of oxidative stress. These entities work to accelerate the atherosclerotic process in CKD patients and may be future targets for diagnosis and treatment. Although conventional atherosclerotic risk factors should be optimally managed, it should be noted that trials of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors have failed to attenuate the rate of progressive vascular calcification as measured by computed tomography scans.
Collapse
|
21
|
McCullough PA, Agrawal V, Danielewicz E, Abela GS. Accelerated atherosclerotic calcification and Monckeberg's sclerosis: a continuum of advanced vascular pathology in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:1585-98. [PMID: 18667741 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01930408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autopsy studies have demonstrated the near universal presence of fatty streaks and fibroatheromas in the general population from which patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) arise. The vast majority of patients with CKD have multiple conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Vascular atherosclerotic calcification develops in most patients as they transition from the general population to significant CKD as part of cholesterol crystallization within atherosclerotic lesions. Once present, however, atherosclerotic medial calcification can become prominent and has been previously identified as Mönckeberg's sclerosis. A unifying concept supported by the preponderance of pathologic evidence contends that Mönckeberg's sclerosis is a manifestation of accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with CKD. The term has also been used in rare cases to describe vascular calcinosis not related to CKD. This clarification is critical to advance the field in terms of pathologic diagnosis and treatment of CKD bone and mineral disorder. Factors that seem to promote the osteoblastic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells and enhance deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals include phosphorus activation of the Pit-1 receptor, bone morphogenic proteins 2 and 4, leptin, endogenous 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, vascular calcification activating factor, and measures of oxidative stress. These entities work to accelerate the atherosclerotic process in patients with CKD and may be future targets for diagnosis and treatment because randomized trials with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors have failed to attenuate the rate of progressive vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A McCullough
- Division of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, 4949 Coolidge, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bobryshev YV, Killingsworth MC, Lord RSA. Spatial distribution of osteoblast-specific transcription factor Cbfa1 and bone formation in atherosclerotic arteries. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 333:225-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
23
|
Spinetti G, Kraenkel N, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Diabetes and vessel wall remodelling: from mechanistic insights to regenerative therapies. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 78:265-73. [PMID: 18281374 PMCID: PMC2821012 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, extensive research has focused on arterial remodelling in both physiological and pathological ageing. The concept now describes the growth as well as the rearrangement of cellular components and extracellular matrix, resulting in either reduction or increase in vessel lumen. In diabetes, remodelling extends to capillaries, microvascular beds, and arteries of different calibre. This process is paralleled by accelerated atherosclerosis and accounts for an increased incidence of ischaemic complications. The incapacity of pre-existing and de novo formed collaterals to bypass atherosclerotic occlusions, combined with a decline in tissue capillary density, is responsible for the delayed recovery from ischaemia and ultimately leads to organ failure. The mechanisms of vascular remodelling are incompletely understood, but metabolic and mechanical factors seem to play an important role. Hyperglycaemia represents the main factor responsible for the fast progression of atherosclerosis as well as microangiopathy. However, intensive blood glucose control alone is insufficient to reduce the risk of macrovascular complications. Pharmacological control of oxidative stress and stimulation of nitric oxide release have proved to exert beneficial effects on vascular remodelling in experimental diabetic models. New approaches of regenerative medicine using vascular progenitor cells for the treatment of ischaemic disease have been shown to be safe and are now being tested for efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Covas DT, Panepucci RA, Fontes AM, Silva WA, Orellana MD, Freitas MCC, Neder L, Santos ARD, Peres LC, Jamur MC, Zago MA. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from diverse human tissues share functional properties and gene-expression profile with CD146+ perivascular cells and fibroblasts. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:642-54. [PMID: 18295964 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) with pericytes and fibroblasts has not been established thus far, although they share many markers of primitive marrow stromal cells and the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potentials. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared MSCs from adult or fetal tissues, MSC differentiated in vitro, fibroblasts and cultures of retinal pericytes obtained either by separation with anti-CD146 or adhesion. The characterizations included morphological, immunophenotypic, gene-expression profile, and differentiation potential. RESULTS Osteogenic, adipocytic, and chondrocytic differentiation was demonstrated for MSC, retinal perivascular cells, and fibroblasts. Cell morphology and the phenotypes defined by 22 markers were very similar. Analysis of the global gene expression obtained by serial analysis of gene expression for 17 libraries and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of 39 selected genes from 31 different cell cultures, revealed similarities among MSC, retinal perivascular cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Despite this overall similarity, there was a heterogeneous expression of genes related to angiogenesis, in MSC derived from veins, artery, perivascular cells, and fibroblasts. Evaluation of typical pericyte and MSC transcripts, such as NG2, CD146, CD271, and CD140B on CD146 selected perivascular cells and MSC by real-time polymerase chain reaction confirm the relationship between these two cell types. Furthermore, the inverse correlation between fibroblast-specific protein-1 and CD146 transcripts observed on pericytes, MSC, and fibroblasts highlight their potential use as markers of this differentiation pathway. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that human MSC and pericytes are similar cells located in the wall of the vasculature, where they function as cell sources for repair and tissue maintenance, whereas fibroblasts are more differentiated cells with more restricted differentiation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimas T Covas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kirton JP, Crofts NJ, George SJ, Brennan K, Canfield AE. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling stimulates chondrogenic and inhibits adipogenic differentiation of pericytes: potential relevance to vascular disease? Circ Res 2007; 101:581-9. [PMID: 17673669 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.156372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant differentiation of pericytes along the adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages may contribute to the development and progression of several vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and calcific vasculopathies. However, the mechanisms controlling pericyte differentiation and, in particular, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation are poorly defined. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates cell differentiation during embryonic and postnatal development, and there is increasing evidence that it is involved in vascular pathology. Therefore, this study tested the hypothesis that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates the chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation of pericytes. We demonstrate that pericytes express several Wnt receptors, including LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6, and Frizzled 1 to 4 and 7, 8, and 10, and that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is stimulated by both Wnt3a and LiCl. Furthermore, induction of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by LiCl enhances chondrogenesis in pericyte pellet cultures in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta3, as demonstrated by increased Sox-9 expression and glycosaminoglycan accumulation into the matrix. In contrast, transduction of pericytes with a recombinant adenovirus encoding dominant-negative T-cell factor-4 (RAd/dnTCF), which blocks Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, inhibited chondrogenesis, leading to reduced Sox-9 and type II collagen expression and less glycosaminoglycan accumulation. Together, these data demonstrate that transforming growth factor-beta3 induces the chondrogenic differentiation of pericytes by inducing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and T-cell factor-induced gene transcription. Induction of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling also attenuates adipogenic differentiation of pericytes in both pellet and monolayer cultures, as demonstrated by decreased staining with oil red O and reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 expression. This effect was negated by transduction of pericytes with RAd/dnTCF. Together, these results demonstrate that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling inhibits adipogenic and enhances chondrogenic differentiation of pericytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Kirton
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|