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The multiple paths towards MET receptor addiction in cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:3200-3215. [PMID: 29551767 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are currently used with success on a small proportion of patients displaying clear oncogene activation. Lung cancers with a mutated EGFR provide a good illustration. The efficacy of targeted treatments relies on oncogene addiction, a situation in which the growth or survival of the cancer cells depends on a single deregulated oncogene. MET, a member of the RTK family, is a promising target because it displays many deregulations in a broad panel of cancers. Although clinical trials having evaluated MET inhibitors in large populations have yielded disappointing results, many recent case reports suggest that MET inhibition may be effective in a subset of patients with unambiguous MET activation and thus, most probably, oncogene addiction. Interestingly, preclinical studies have revealed a particularity of MET addiction: it can arise through several mechanisms, and the mechanism involved can differ according to the cancer type. The present review describes the different mechanisms of MET addiction and their consequences for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Although in each cancer type MET addiction affects a restricted number of patients, pooling of these patients across all cancer types yields a targetable population liable to benefit from addiction-targeting therapies.
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Pyo JS, Kang G, Cho H. Clinicopathological Significance and Diagnostic Accuracy of c-MET Expression by Immunohistochemistry in Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. J Gastric Cancer 2016; 16:141-151. [PMID: 27752391 PMCID: PMC5065943 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2016.16.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinicopathological significance and diagnostic accuracy of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for determining the mesenchymal epidermal transition (c-MET) expression in patients with gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The present meta-analysis investigated the correlation between c-MET expression as determined by IHC and the clinicopathological parameters in 8,395 GC patients from 37 studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria. In addition, a concordance analysis was performed between c-MET expression as determined by IHC and c-MET amplification, and the diagnostic test accuracy was reviewed. RESULTS The estimated rate of c-MET overexpression was 0.403 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.327~0.484) and it was significantly correlated with male patients, poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, higher TNM stage, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity in IHC analysis. There was a significant correlation between c-MET expression and worse overall survival rate (hazard ratio, 1.588; 95% CI, 1.266~1.992). The concordance rates between c-MET expression and c-MET amplification were 0.967 (95% CI, 0.916~0.987) and 0.270 (95% CI, 0.173~0.395) for cases with non-overexpressed and overexpressed c-MET, respectively. In the diagnostic test accuracy review, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.56 (95% CI, 0.50~0.63) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77~0.81), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The c-MET overexpression as determined by IHC was significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and positive IHC status for HER2 in patients with GC. In addition, the c-MET expression status could be useful in the screening of c-MET amplification in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Activating MET kinase rearrangements in melanoma and Spitz tumours. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7174. [PMID: 26013381 PMCID: PMC4446791 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic gene fusions have been identified in many cancers and many serve as biomarkers or targets for therapy. Here we identify six different melanocytic tumors with genomic rearrangements of MET fusing the kinase domain of MET in-frame to six different N-terminal partners. These tumors lack activating mutations in other established melanoma oncogenes. We functionally characterize two of the identified fusion proteins (TRIM4-MET and ZKSCAN1-MET) and find that they constitutively activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) pathways. The MET inhibitors cabozantinib (FDA-approved for progressive medullary thyroid cancer) and PF-04217903 block their activity at nanomolar concentrations. MET fusion kinases thus provide a potential therapeutic target for a rare subset of melanoma for which currently no targeted therapeutic options currently exist.
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Said R, Hong DS, Warneke CL, Lee JJ, Wheler JJ, Janku F, Naing A, Falchook GS, Fu S, Piha-Paul S, Tsimberidou AM, Kurzrock R. P53 mutations in advanced cancers: clinical characteristics, outcomes, and correlation between progression-free survival and bevacizumab-containing therapy. Oncotarget 2014; 4:705-14. [PMID: 23670029 PMCID: PMC3742831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the p53 gene are amongst the most frequent aberrations seen in human cancer. Our objective was to characterize the clinical characteristics associated with p53 mutation in patients with advanced cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the clinical features and response to standard systemic therapy of 145 patients with documented tumor p53 mutational status (mutant-type [mtp53] vs. wild-type [wtp53]) referred to the Clinical Center for Targeted Therapy. Results Sixty-six (45.5%) patients had mtp53. Mutations in p53 occurred more frequently in older patients (p= 0.015) and in Caucasians (p=0.024). The incidence of liver metastases was 69.2% vs. 43%, p=0.002 in mtp53 and wtp53, respectively. PTEN loss by immunohistochemistry was found more frequently in mtp53-bearing tumors compared to wtp53 (33.3% vs. 10%, p=0.007). The best progression-free survival (PFS) on standard systemic therapy was significantly longer with bevacizumab-containing regimens as compared to non-bevacizumab containing regimen in patients with mtp53 (median 11.0 [95% CI 5.9-16.0], n=22 vs. 4.0 months [95% CI 3.6-5.7], n=35, p<0.0001) but not those with wtp53 (median 5.0 [95% CI 2.0-7.6] vs. 6.0 [95% CI 4.0-7.5] months, p=0.318. The median overall survival from diagnosis in patients with mtp53 and wtp53 was 7.4 [95% CI 6.3-9.8] vs. 11.8 [95% CI 2.9-21.5] years, respectively (p=0.365). Conclusion Patients with mtp53 tumors were older at diagnosis, had more incidence of liver metastasis, and more frequent PTEN loss. The best PFS on standard systemic therapy was significantly longer with bevacizumab-containing regimens in patients with mutant p53 tumors but not in those with wtp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Said
- Phase I Clinical Trials Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Ha SY, Lee J, Kang SY, Do IG, Ahn S, Park JO, Kang WK, Choi MG, Sohn TS, Bae JM, Kim S, Kim M, Kim S, Park CK, Ignatius Ou SH, Kim KM. MET overexpression assessed by new interpretation method predicts gene amplification and poor survival in advanced gastric carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1632-41. [PMID: 23807774 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of better selection criteria for identifying sub-populations that may benefit from treatment is a key aspect of the development and success of targeted therapy. To investigate methods for assessing MET overexpression in gastric cancer, we conducted immunohistochemistry using a new anti-Total MET monoclonal antibody in a single-institution cohort of 495 patients. As antibody is directed against a membranous and/or cytoplasmic epitope, two interpretation methods were used: (1) membranous and cytoplasmic and (2) membranous alone. In selected 120 cases, copy number gain and mRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Further in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of MET gene amplification. Among the 495 gastric cancers, simultaneous membranous and cytoplasmic overexpression of MET was found in 108 cases (21.8%) and membranous alone overexpression was observed in 40 cases (8.1%). The highest correlation was observed in membranous and cytoplasmic staining of MET: MET expression scores correlated significantly with high MET mRNA levels (r=0.465, P<0.0001), increased copy number gain (r=0.393, P=0.000002) and amplification of MET gene. Moreover, patients with MET overexpression showed shorter overall survival (HR, 1.781; 95% CI, 1.324-2.395; P<0.001) and disease-free survival (HR, 1.765; 95% CI, 1.227-2.541; P=0.002) compared with patients without MET overexpression. However, membranous overexpression of MET did not highly correlate with mRNA level (r=0.274, P=0.002), copy number gain or survival (P>0.05). We developed highly correlating interpretation methods of MET immunohistochemistry in gastric carcinomas. MET overexpression is an independent prognostic factor and could be a potential target and predictor of benefit for targeted therapy with MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Y Ha
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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del Pino M, Bleeker MCG, Quint WG, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM, Steenbergen RDM. Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1354-63. [PMID: 22684225 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the development of verrucous carcinoma, a well-differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma with difficult differential diagnosis, is controversial in the literature. In this study, we analysed verrucous carcinoma from different origins for the presence and activity of a broad spectrum of HPV types, and carefully reviewed the histopathological features. A random series of 27 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of verrucous carcinoma was taken, representing the head and neck region (n=6), anogenital area (n=16) and extragenital skin region (n=5). After review of the histological slides, all samples were subjected to different polymerase chain reaction-based HPV detection techniques, together detecting a total of 83 HPV types, including both mucosal and cutaneous types. Histological revision was carefully performed. Lesions with keratinised papillae, blunt stromal invaginations and minimal cytological atypia were considered verrucous carcinoma. Condylomatous lesions with viral changes were defined as giant condyloma. Verrucous lesions that did not meet those criteria were classified as verrucous hyperplasia. Tumours with stromal infiltration were considered as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Histological revision revealed that 13 out of 27 cases were verrucous carcinoma (one showing a double infection with HPV 35 and 45), 5 invasive squamous cell carcinomas, 5 verrucous hyperplasia (one with a double infection with HPV 4 and 8), 1 pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and 3 giant condylomas. All three giant condylomas were low-risk HPV positive (HPV 6 and 11) and showed active mRNA transcription. None of the HPV-positive samples tested positive for diffuse p16(INK4A) staining. In conclusion, our results do not support a causal role of HPV in the development of verrucous carcinoma. Testing for LR-HPV, particularly HPV 6 and 11, may help in the differential diagnosis of lesions suspicious of verrucous carcinoma as those testing positive for LR-HPV most likely represent giant condylomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta del Pino
- Unit of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The clinicopathologic association of c-MET overexpression in Iranian gastric carcinomas; an immunohistochemical study of tissue microarrays. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:57. [PMID: 22640970 PMCID: PMC3408322 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background c-MET is an oncogene protein that plays important role in gastric carcinogenesis and has been introduced as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of c-MET overexpression and its relationship with clinicopathological variables in gastric cancer of Iranian population using tissue microarray. Methods In a cross sectional study, representative paraffin blocks of 130 patients with gastric carcinoma treated by curative gastrectomy during a 2 years period of 2008–2009 in two university hospitals in Tehran-Iran were collected in tissue microarray and c-MET expression was studied by immunohistochemical staining. Results Finally 124 cases were evaluated, constituted of 99 male and 25 female with the average age of 61.5 years. In 71% (88/124) of tumors, c-MET high expression was found. c-MET high expression was more associated with intestinal than diffuse tumor type (P = 0.04), deeper tumor invasion, pT3 and pT4 versus pT1 and pT2 (P = 0.014), neural invasion (P = 0.002) and advanced TNM staging, stage 3 and 4 versus stage 1 and2 (P = 0.044). The c-MET high expression was not associated with age, sex, tumor location, differentiation grade and distant metastasis, but relative associations with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.065) and vascular invasion (P = 0.078) were observed. Conclusions c-MET oncogene protein was frequently overexpressed in Iranian gastric carcinomas and it was related to clinicopathological characteristics such as tumor type, depth of invasion, neural invasion and TNM staging. It can also support the idea that c-MET is a potential marker for target therapy in Iranian gastric cancer. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9744598757151429
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Jones-Bolin S, Ruggeri B. Orthotopic models of human gastric carcinoma in nude mice: applications for study of tumor growth and progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 14:Unit 14.4. [PMID: 21948163 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1404s37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) remains a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide with the 5-year survival rate in the U.S. at -5% to 15% with existing therapies. This tumor is aggressive and has often metastasized to distant sites (liver, lung, and adjacent intestine) by the time of diagnosis. Treatment options (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy) are limited and the disease carries a grave prognosis for most patients (50% 5-year survival for distal GC; 10% 5-year survival for proximal GC). An orthotopic model of human GC in nude mice provides an excellent way to evaluate the pathogenesis of tumor growth and metastasis in order to develop effective therapies, as well as to better understand the underlying biology of gastric tumor growth and metastasis. The protocol described in this unit details the development and characterization of an orthotopic model of human GC in athymic nude mice with diffuse lymphatic and hepatic metastatic spread. This model closely mimics the course of the human disease.
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Guo T, Lee SS, Ng WH, Zhu Y, Gan CS, Zhu J, Wang H, Huang S, Sze SK, Kon OL. Global molecular dysfunctions in gastric cancer revealed by an integrated analysis of the phosphoproteome and transcriptome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1983-2002. [PMID: 20953656 PMCID: PMC11114721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We integrated LC-MS/MS-based and protein antibody array-based proteomics with genomics approaches to investigate the phosphoproteome and transcriptome of gastric cancer cell lines and endoscopic gastric biopsies from normal subjects and patients with benign gastritis or gastric cancer. More than 3,000 non-redundant phosphorylation sites in over 1,200 proteins were identified in gastric cancer cells. We correlated phosphoproteome data with transcriptome data sets and reported the expression of 41 protein kinases, 5 phosphatases and 65 phosphorylated mitochondrial proteins in gastric cancer cells. Transcriptional expression levels of 190 phosphorylated proteins were >2-fold higher in gastric cancer cells compared to normal stomach tissue. Pathway analysis demonstrated over-presentation of DNA damage response pathway and underscored critical roles of phosphorylated p53 in gastric cancer. This is the first study to comprehensively report the gastric cancer phosphoproteome. Integrative analysis of the phosphoproteome and transcriptome provided an expansive view of molecular signaling pathways in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Guo
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Sze Sing Lee
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Wai Har Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Chee Sian Gan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiang Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
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Adjei AA, Schwartz B, Garmey E. Early clinical development of ARQ 197, a selective, non-ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting MET tyrosine kinase for the treatment of advanced cancers. Oncologist 2011; 16:788-99. [PMID: 21632449 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET (MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor) in many cancers, and its participation in multiple signal transduction pathways involved in malignant tumor growth, suggest a wide therapeutic potential for MET inhibition in human cancer. Here we describe the discovery and early clinical development of ARQ 197, a novel, selective, non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of MET. Phase I studies demonstrate that ARQ 197 has a predictable pharmacokinetics and favorable safety profile, making it a potentially ideal partner for combination with cytotoxic chemotherapies and targeted anticancer agents. Results from phase I and phase II trials demonstrate preliminary evidence of anticancer activity. New data from a global phase II randomized trial comparing a combination of ARQ 197 plus erlotinib with erlotinib/placebo, in endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor-naïve patients with locally advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, demonstrate improvement in progression-free and overall survival with combined therapy. Results were especially pronounced for patients with non-squamous lung cancer histologies, and in particular molecularly defined subgroups including KRAS mutations. These and other data from ARQ 197 clinical trials in hepatocellular, germ-cell, pancreatic (in combination with gemcitabine), and colorectal (in combination with cetuximab and irinotecan) cancers further highlight the potential role of ARQ 197 in existing and emerging anticancer therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Adjei
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Dong W, Chen X, Xie J, Sun P, Wu Y. Epigenetic inactivation and tumor suppressor activity of HAI-2/SPINT2 in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1526-34. [PMID: 20063316 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI-2/SPINT2) encodes Kunitz-type protease inhibitor that regulates HGF activity. Inspection of the human HAI-2/SPINT2 locus uncovered a large and dense CpG island within the 5' region of this gene. Analysis of cultured human gastric tumor lines indicated that HAI-2/SPINT2 expression is either undetectable or in low abundance in several lines; however, enhanced gene expression was measured in cells cultured on the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Bisulfite DNA sequencing confirmed the densely methylated HAI-2/SPINT2 promoter region. Forced expression of HAI-2/SPINT2 induced cell apoptosis, suppressed anchorage independent growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. We investigated HAI-2/SPINT2 aberrant methylation in patients with gastric cancer. The HAI-2/SPINT2 methylation was found preferentially in cancerous tissues (30 of 40, 75%) compared with nontumor tissues (no methylation was detected), indicating that this aberrant characteristic is common in gastric malignancies. In conclusion, epigenetic inactivation of HAI-2/SPINT2 is a common event contributing to gastric carcinogenesis and may be a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Guo T, Zhu Y, Gan CS, Lee SS, Zhu J, Wang H, Li X, Christensen J, Huang S, Kon OL, Sze SK. Quantitative proteomics discloses MET expression in mitochondria as a direct target of MET kinase inhibitor in cancer cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2629-41. [PMID: 20713453 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells with MET overexpression are paradoxically more sensitive to MET inhibition than cells with baseline MET expression. The underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we have traced early responses of SNU5, a MET-overexpressing gastric cancer cell line, exposed to sublethal concentration of PHA-665752, a selective MET inhibitor, using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. More than 1900 proteins were quantified, of which >800 proteins were quantified with at least five peptides. Proteins whose expression was perturbed by PHA-665752 included oxidoreductases, transfer/carrier proteins, and signaling proteins. Strikingly, 38% of proteins whose expression was confidently assessed to be perturbed by MET inhibition were mitochondrial proteins. Upon MET inhibition by a sublethal concentration of PHA-665752, mitochondrial membrane potential increased and mitochondrial permeability transition pore was inhibited concomitant with widespread changes in mitochondrial protein expression. We also showed the presence of highly activated MET in mitochondria, and striking suppression of MET activation by 50 nm PHA-665752. Taken together, our data indicate that mitochondria are a direct target of MET kinase inhibition, in addition to plasma membrane MET. Effects on activated MET in the mitochondria of cancer cells that are sensitive to MET inhibition might constitute a novel and critical noncanonical mechanism for the efficacy of MET-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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Comparison of chromosomal aberrations between primary tumors and their synchronous lymph-node metastases in intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 205:105-11. [PMID: 19041191 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymph-node metastasis is a main factor causing poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC). In order to determine the genes involved in lymph-node metastasis, we compared primary tumors with their synchronous lymph-node metastases for DNA sequence copy number aberrations (DSCNAs) in 20 patients diagnosed as having intestinal-type GC using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The results showed that some DSCNAs (gains at 8q, 13q, 5p, 7 and X, and losses at 1p, 17p, 19, 21q and 22q) were frequently found in both primary tumors and their metastases. However, metastases often contained DSCNAs that were not found in corresponding primary tumors, and gain at 20q12-13 and losses at 21qcen-21, 4q and 14q22-ter were significantly more frequently observed in metastatic lesions than in their primary tumors (10:2, 9:0, 6:0, and 7:0 between metastases and corresponding primary tumors, respectively). Our data indicate that gain at 20q12-13 and losses at 21qcen-21, 4q, and 14q22-ter are involved in lymph-node metastases, and that these chromosomal regions may contain the genes related to lymph-node metastases in intestinal-type GC.
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Identification of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine-based inhibitors of Met kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1945-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Heideman DAM, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Delis-van Diemen P, Nindl I, Leijte JA, Bonfrer JMG, Horenblas S, Meijer CJLM, Snijders PJF. Human papillomavirus-16 is the predominant type etiologically involved in penile squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:4550-6. [PMID: 17925550 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.12.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are suggested to be involved in the development of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but comprehensive studies to define the association are limited. Therefore, we performed molecular and serologic analyses for a broad spectrum of HPV types on a large series of 83 penile SCCs, and we compared serological findings to those of age-matched male controls (N = 83). METHODS Penile SCCs were subjected to detection and typing assays for mucosal and cutaneous HPVs and to subsequent, type-specific viral load and viral gene expression assays. Sera of patients and of controls were analyzed for type-specific mucosal and cutaneous HPV L1, E6, and/or E7 antibodies using bead-based, multiplex serology. RESULTS HPV DNA of mucosal and/or cutaneous types was found in 46 of 83 (55%) penile SCCs. HPV16 was the predominant type, appearing in 24 (52%) of 46 of penile SCCs. The majority of HPV16 DNA-positive SCCs (18 of 24; 75%) demonstrated E6 transcriptional activity and a high viral load. Additionally, HPV16 molecular findings were strongly associated with HPV16 L1-, E6-, and E7-antibody seropositivity. Furthermore, serologic case-control analyses demonstrated that, in addition to the association of HPV16 with penile SCC, seropositivity against any HPV type was significantly more common in patients compared with in controls. HPV18 and HPV6 seropositivity were associated with HPV16-negative SCCs but were not correlated to molecular findings. CONCLUSION HPV16 is the main HPV type etiologically involved in the development of penile SCC. Although individuals who develop penile SCC show a greater prior exposure to a broad spectrum of HPV types, insufficient evidence was found to claim a role for HPV types other than HPV16 in penile carcinogenesis.
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Di Martino E, Wild CP, Rotimi O, Darnton JS, Olliver RJ, Hardie LJ. IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-10 (CYR61) up-regulation during the development of Barrett's oesophagus and associated oesophageal adenocarcinoma: potential biomarkers of disease risk. Biomarkers 2007; 11:547-61. [PMID: 17056474 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600896791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dys-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system increases the risk of a number of malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of members of the IGF binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and their possible use as markers of disease risk. Expression of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, and IGFBP-10/CYR61 was assessed using Real-Time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry in oesophageal tissues from Barrett's oesophagus (BE) patients with and without associated EAC, and in control subjects. IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, and IGFBP-10/CYR61 mRNA levels were up-regulated in Barrett's (n=17) and tumour tissue of EAC patients (n=18) compared with normal tissue of control subjects without BE or EAC (n=18) (p<0.001). Over-expression of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-10/CYR61 proteins was observed in Barrett's, dysplastic and tumour tissue of EAC cases (n=47 for IGFBP-10; n=39 for IGFBP-3) compared with adjacent normal epithelium (p<0.050). Notably, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, and IGFBP-10/CYR61 expression in Barrett's tissue of EAC cases (n=17) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than in Barrett's tissue of BE patients with no sign of progression to cancer (n=15). Overall, the results suggest that members of the IGFBP superfamily are up-regulated during oesophageal carcinogenesis and merit further investigation as markers of EAC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Di Martino
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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17
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Heideman DAM, Overmeer RM, van Beusechem VW, Lamers WH, Hakvoort TBM, Snijders PJF, Craanen ME, Offerhaus GJA, Meijer CJLM, Gerritsen WR. Inhibition of angiogenesis and HGF-cMET-elicited malignant processes in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells using adenoviral vector-mediated NK4 gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 12:954-62. [PMID: 15905856 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
NK4 is an hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-antagonist and a broad angiogenesis inhibitor. NK4 gene therapy has confirmed antitumor efficacy on cancers with intact HGF-cMET signaling pathway. However, the feasibility to treat tumors in which the effect of the HGF-cMET signaling pathway is less unambiguous or may even be inhibitory on carcinogenesis, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with NK4 needs further assessment. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of adenoviral vector-mediated expression of NK4 on the biological behavior of a series of HCC cell lines in vitro and on HepG2 xenografts in vivo. In vitro, transduction of HCC cell lines with the replication-deficient recombinant adenoviral vector AdCMV.NK4 resulted in significant inhibition of proliferation over and above the antimitogenic effects of HGF. In addition, HGF-induced scattering and invasion through matrigel were inhibited effectively. Moreover, transduced HCC cells produced sufficient amounts of NK4 protein to achieve bystander effects involving reduced migration of nontransduced tumor cells and reduced proliferation of endothelial cells. Finally, treatment of established HepG2 xenografts with AdCMV.NK4 resulted in significant tumor growth delay and significant reduction of intratumoral microvessel density. In conclusion, NK4 gene therapy is a promising strategy to treat HCC based on the pleiotropic functions of NK4 interfering with tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle A M Heideman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Sattler M, Ma PC, Salgia R. Therapeutic targeting of the receptor tyrosine kinase Met. Cancer Treat Res 2006; 119:121-38. [PMID: 15164876 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-7847-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Marsman WA, Birjmohun RS, van Rees BP, Caspers E, Johan G, Offerhaus A, Bosma PJ, Jan J, van Lanschot B. Loss of Heterozygosity and Immunohistochemistry of Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:8479-85. [PMID: 15623628 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia are two tumors that have many features in common. They have similar prognoses, treatment modalities, and patterns of dissemination. The etiology is different, with gastroesophageal reflux disease playing a major role for esophageal adenocarcinoma, in contrast to adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. In the present study, we investigated several genetic and immunohistochemical features of adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-two resection specimens of either adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia were carefully selected. The genetic analysis included loss of heterozygosity of several tumor suppressor genes known to be involved in esophagogastric carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical studies included the analysis of p53, c-Met, c-erbB-2, beta-catenin, and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, a mutation analysis of the Tcf1 gene was done by direct sequencing. RESULTS Patients with cardiac carcinoma had a significantly worse tumor stage and poorer differentiation on histology. Loss of heterozygosity analysis did not reveal significant differences between esophageal adenocarcinoma and cardiac adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly more nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, compared with patients with cardiac carcinoma. No mutation was found in the Tcf1 gene in either tumor type. CONCLUSIONS Although adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia have many features in common, we have found some evidence that they might form two different entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Marsman
- Department of Experimental Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Kimura Y, Noguchi T, Kawahara K, Kashima K, Daa T, Yokoyama S. Genetic alterations in 102 primary gastric cancers by comparative genomic hybridization: gain of 20q and loss of 18q are associated with tumor progression. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:1328-37. [PMID: 15154013 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Molecular events in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer remain, however, largely undefined. We investigated changes in DNA copy number in 102 gastric cancers by CGH. We found changes in DNA copy number in all cases, with frequent (> or =30% of patients) gains at 20q, 8q, 20p, 7q, 17q, 5p, and 13q. Frequent (> or =20%) losses were found at 19p, 18q, 5q, 21q, 4p, 4q, 15q, and 17p. The mean number of total alterations was significantly lower in grade 3 and scirrhous-type carcinomas (10.81 in grade 3 vs 13.98 in grade 1 and grade 2, 9.31 in scirrhous-type vs 13.18 in medullary- and intermediate-type). The mean number of losses and total alterations were higher in tumors at pT2, pT3 and pT4 (4.68 and 12.77 in pT2, pT3, and pT4 vs 2.55 and 9.22 in pT1). The mean number of losses was higher in carcinomas with lymph node metastasis (4.83). The mean number of gains and total alterations were higher in carcinomas with venous invasion (8.44 and 13.28). Several chromosomal alterations were linked in a statistically significant manner to specific clinicopathological parameters. Gain of 17q, 20p, and 20q and loss of 4p were associated with the pattern of the cancer-stroma relationship; loss of 18q was associated with pT category; gain of 5p was associated with pN category; loss of 4q and loss of 21q were associated with lymphatic invasion; gain of 7p and loss of 4q and 18q were associated with venous invasion; and loss of 18q was associated with pathological stage. These data suggest that gain of 20q and loss of 18q might play an important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer. Moreover, some genes on 20q and 18q might be target genes of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kimura
- Department of Oncological Science (Pathology), Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593 , Japan.
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21
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Wong SCC, Lo ESF, Lee KC, Chan JKC, Hsiao WLW. Prognostic and diagnostic significance of beta-catenin nuclear immunostaining in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1401-8. [PMID: 14977843 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0157-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the prognostic and diagnostic significance of beta-catenin nuclear immunostaining in 60 specimens of normal colorectal tissue; 180 specimens of colorectal polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas; and 40 specimens from patients with the simultaneous occurrence of polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas. Additional specimens from 59 patients with colorectal carcinoma and 14 patients with adenoma who subsequently developed carcinoma were examined for possible survival study. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the occurrence of nuclear beta-catenin correlated with the sequential stages in colorectal carcinogenesis, in which positive staining was observed in 0% of normal tissues, 8% of polyps, 92% of adenomas, and 100% of carcinomas. High immunohistochemical scores in colorectal carcinoma were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Adenomas associated with synchronous or metachronous carcinomas showed significantly higher levels of nuclear beta-catenin compared with adenomas without associated carcinomas. Nuclear translocation of beta-catenin was rare or absent in other types of cytokeratin 20 positive adenocarcinomas examined (99 cases). Thus, it was positive in only 7% of colonic mucinous adenocarcinomas, 3% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 8% of ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, and 0% of gastric adenocarcinomas. However, 100% of primary and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas were positive for nuclear staining for beta-catenin. Thus, nuclear staining for beta-catenin may serve as an additional parameter to help distinguish colorectal adenocarcinomas from adenocarcinomas of other tissue sites. Collectively, the present large-scale study has clearly addressed the clinical significance of beta-catenin nuclear translocation with respect to tumor progression, survival, and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Biomedical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Yao YL, Xu B, Song YG, Zhang WD. c-met and c-Jun expression during acute gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1711-1714. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i11.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish an ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions model in rats and to investigate the effect of c-met and c-Jun protein on healing of acute gastric mucosal lesions.
METHODS Animal models of acute gastric mucosal lesions were established by intragastric instillation of 1 mL ethanol in the rats. On day 0, 4, 8, the rats were sacrificed respectively. Rats without any treatment served as control. The expressions of c-met and c-Jun were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS Gastric mucosal lesion indexes (LIs) were significantly lower after 4, and 8 days with acute gastric mucosal lesions (32±7, 18±3) than LI of acute gastric mucosal lesion model rats (75±11) (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining revealed higher positive staining of c-Jun after 8 days with acute gastric mucosal lesions (87.5%) than those of normal control rats (12.5%), and higher positive staining of c-met after 8 days with acute gastric mucosal lesions (62.5%) than those of normal control (0) and acute gastric mucosal lesions model rats (0) (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION The expression of c-met and c-Jun could accelerate the healing of acute gastric mucosal lesions, which is important for the healing of acute gastric mucosal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Yao
- Institute of Digestive Disease of PLA, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Overseas Chinese, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Gang Song
- Institute of Digestive Disease of PLA, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wan-Dai Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease of PLA, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
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23
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Anderson MR, Jankowski JAZ. The role of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition in treating gastrointestinal malignancy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:577-92. [PMID: 12665414 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors are proteins that transduce the signal from many growth factor and cytokine ligands to produce intracellular responses. As such they can activate multiple signalling cascade pathways and influence cell division, migration and survival. Many show upregulation in certain malignancies, including those of the gastrointestinal tract, and are thought to play key roles in carcinogenesis. This makes them attractive targets for drug therapy and in recent years many inhibitors have been developed. This review discusses the current situation regarding the development of inhibitors with particular reference to the erbB family, the insulin-like growth factor receptor, the Met receptor, the receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor and the Kit receptor. The evidence will be related back to cancers of the gut lumen. Clinical effectiveness in this area seems to lie in using a combinatorial approach that inhibits multiple key signalling points, and the reasons for this will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Anderson
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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