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Dacheux MA, Norman DD, Tigyi GJ, Lee SC. Emerging roles of lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 5 (LPAR5) in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108414. [PMID: 37061203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that regulates a variety of cellular functions such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, calcium mobilization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and neurite retraction. The biological actions of LPA are mediated by at least six G protein-coupled receptors known as LPAR1-6. Given that LPAR1-3 were among the first LPARs identified, the majority of research efforts have focused on understanding their biology. This review provides an in-depth discussion of LPAR5, which has recently emerged as a key player in regulating normal intestinal homeostasis and modulating pathological conditions such as pain, itch, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. We also present a chronological overview of the efforts made to develop compounds that target LPAR5 for use as tool compounds to probe or validate LPAR5 biology and therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A Dacheux
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Gábor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America.
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2
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Deng Q, Natesan R, Cidre-Aranaz F, Arif S, Liu Y, Rasool RU, Wang P, Mitchell-Velasquez E, Das CK, Vinca E, Cramer Z, Grohar PJ, Chou M, Kumar-Sinha C, Weber K, Eisinger-Mathason TK, Grillet N, Grünewald T, Asangani IA. Oncofusion-driven de novo enhancer assembly promotes malignancy in Ewing sarcoma via aberrant expression of the stereociliary protein LOXHD1. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110971. [PMID: 35705030 PMCID: PMC9716578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly aggressive tumor of bone and soft tissues that mostly affects children and adolescents. The pathognomonic oncofusion EWSR1::FLI1 transcription factor drives EwS by orchestrating an oncogenic transcription program through de novo enhancers. By integrative analysis of thousands of transcriptomes representing pan-cancer cell lines, primary cancers, metastasis, and normal tissues, we identify a 32-gene signature (ESS32 [Ewing Sarcoma Specific 32]) that stratifies EwS from pan-cancer. Among the ESS32, LOXHD1, encoding a stereociliary protein, is the most highly expressed gene through an alternative transcription start site. Deletion or silencing of EWSR1::FLI1 bound upstream de novo enhancer results in loss of the LOXHD1 short isoform, altering EWSR1::FLI1 and HIF1α pathway genes and resulting in decreased proliferation/invasion of EwS cells. These observations implicate LOXHD1 as a biomarker and a determinant of EwS metastasis and suggest new avenues for developing LOXHD1-targeted drugs or cellular therapies for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Ramakrishnan Natesan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Max-Eder Research Group of Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany,Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shehbeel Arif
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reyaz ur Rasool
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erick Mitchell-Velasquez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chandan Kanta Das
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Endrit Vinca
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Margaret Chou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristy Weber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T.S. Karin Eisinger-Mathason
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Grillet
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group of Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany,Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irfan A. Asangani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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3
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Yaginuma S, Kawana H, Aoki J. Current Knowledge on Mammalian Phospholipase A1, Brief History, Structures, Biochemical and Pathophysiological Roles. Molecules 2022; 27:2487. [PMID: 35458682 PMCID: PMC9031518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that cleaves an ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, producing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. PLA1 activities have been detected both extracellularly and intracellularly, which are well conserved in higher eukaryotes, including fish and mammals. All extracellular PLA1s belong to the lipase family. In addition to PLA1 activity, most mammalian extracellular PLA1s exhibit lipase activity to hydrolyze triacylglycerol, cleaving the fatty acid and contributing to its absorption into the intestinal tract and tissues. Some extracellular PLA1s exhibit PLA1 activities specific to phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylserine (PS) and serve to produce lysophospholipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS). A high level of PLA1 activity has been detected in the cytosol fractions, where PA-PLA1/DDHD1/iPLA1 was responsible for the activity. Many homologs of PA-PLA1 and PLA2 have been shown to exhibit PLA1 activity. Although much has been learned about the pathophysiological roles of PLA1 molecules through studies of knockout mice and human genetic diseases, many questions regarding their biochemical properties, including their genuine in vivo substrate, remain elusive.
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4
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Lin TY, Park JA, Long A, Guo HF, Cheung NKV. Novel potent anti-STEAP1 bispecific antibody to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003114. [PMID: 34497115 PMCID: PMC8438958 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) is still poor despite high-dose chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Immunotherapies hold promise, but cancer antigen-targeting immunotherapies have largely failed to induce effective T cell receptor-mediated antitumor response. However, T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) have yet to be adequately explored. METHODS Rehumanized STEAP1-IgG was used to build T-BsAb (named BC261) using the 2+2 IgG-[L]-scFv platform carrying the anti-CD3 huOKT3 scFv as the second specificity. Its binding epitope mapping, species cross-reactivity, tumor cell line staining, and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated thoroughly. Its potency in driving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was quantified using bioluminescence, correlated with in vivo antitumor response against cell line-derived or patient-derived xenografts (CDXs or PDXs) and compared with anti-STEAP1 T-BsAbs built on representative antibody platforms. RESULTS BC261 binding epitope was mapped to its second extracellular domain of STEAP1 shared among canine and primate orthologs. BC261 induced potent cytotoxicity against panels of EFT, prostate cancer, and canine osteosarcoma cell lines despite their low antigen density. BC261 drove significantly more TILs into tumors (30-fold) and exerted superior antitumor effects compared with the other standard BsAb platforms. The antitumor efficacy of BC261 was consistent against EFT and prostate cancer CDXs and PDXs. CONCLUSIONS BC261 was highly efficient in driving T cell infiltration and tumor ablation. Either as stand-alone therapeutics or for ex vivo armed T cells, this novel anti-STEAP1 T-BsAb BC261 has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yi Lin
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeong A Park
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan Long
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong-Fen Guo
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Wang WL, Gokgoz N, Samman B, Andrulis IL, Wunder JS, Demicco EG. RNA expression profiling reveals PRAME, a potential immunotherapy target, is frequently expressed in solitary fibrous tumors. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:951-960. [PMID: 33009490 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumors are a type of translocation-associated sarcoma with up to 30% rates of metastasis and poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Other translocation-associated sarcomas have been shown to display elevated expression of various cancer-testis antigens which may render them susceptible to immunotherapy strategies such as cancer vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapy. After an RNA sequencing assay brought the cancer-testis antigen Preferentially Expressed Antigen In Melanoma (PRAME) to our attention as possibly being upregulated in aggressive TERT promoter-mutated solitary fibrous tumors, we used tissue microarrays to asses PRAME expression in a large series of previously characterized solitary fibrous tumors, with correlation to various clinicopathologic features, as well as with tumor-infiltrating macrophages and the associated signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα)-CD47 regulatory checkpoint. We found that PRAME was expressed in 165/180 solitary fibrous tumors, with high expression seen in 58%, irrespective of TERT promoter status. Elevated PRAME expression was more frequent in primary intrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors and correlated with older age at primary diagnosis. Elevated PRAME was also associated with features suggestive of immune evasion, including lower numbers of antigen-presenting CD163+ and CD68+ macrophages, and expression of the "don't eat me" receptor CD47 on tumor cells. Taken together, these features suggest that strategies targeting PRAME with or without concomitant SIRPα-CD47 axis inhibition may represent a potential future therapeutic option in aggressive solitary fibrous tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lien Wang
- Departments of Pathology & Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bana Samman
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth G Demicco
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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6
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Heymann MF, Schiavone K, Heymann D. Bone sarcomas in the immunotherapy era. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:1955-1972. [PMID: 31975481 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are primary bone tumours found mainly in children and adolescents, as osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, and in adults in their 40s as chondrosarcoma. The last four decades the development of therapeutic approaches was based on drug combinations have shown no real improvement in overall survival. Recently oncoimmunology has allowed a better understand of the crucial role played by the immune system in the oncologic process. This led to clinical trials with the aim of reprogramming the immune system to facilitate cancer cell recognition. Immune infiltrates of bone sarcomas have been characterized and their molecular profiling identified as immune therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, the clinical responses in trials remain anecdotal but highlight the necessity to improve the characterization of tumour micro-environment to unlock the immunotherapeutic response, especially in their paediatric forms. Bone sarcomas have entered the immunotherapy era and here we overview the recent developments in immunotherapies in these sarcomas. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The molecular pharmacology of bone and cancer-related bone diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.9/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France.,"Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine", Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,INSERM, European Associated Laboratory "Sarcoma Research Unit", Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kristina Schiavone
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France.,"Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine", Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France.,"Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine", Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,INSERM, European Associated Laboratory "Sarcoma Research Unit", Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Deng Y, Xie Q, Zhang G, Li S, Wu Z, Ma Z, He X, Gao Y, Wang Y, Kang X, Wang J. Slow skeletal muscle troponin T, titin and myosin light chain 3 are candidate prognostic biomarkers for Ewing's sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6431-6442. [PMID: 31807166 PMCID: PMC6876326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Although great efforts have been made to understand the pathogenesis and development of ES, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to identify new key genes as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, targeted therapy or prognosis of ES. mRNA expression profile chip data sets GSE17674, GSE17679 and GSE45544 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the R software limma package, and functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the enrichplot package and GSEA software. The NetworkAnalyst online tool, as well as Cytoscape and its plug-ins cytoHubba and NetworkAnalyzer, were used to construct a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) and conduct module analysis to screen key (hub) genes. LABSO COX regression and overall survival (OS) analysis of the Hub genes were performed. A total of 211 DEGs were obtained by integrating and analyzing the three data sets. The functions and pathways of the DEGs were mainly associated with the regulation of small-molecule metabolic processes, cofactor-binding, amino acid, proteasome and ribosome biosynthesis in eukaryotes, as well as the Rac1, cell cycle and P53 signaling pathways. A total of one important module and 20 hub genes were screened from the PPI network using the Maximum Correlation Criteria algorithm of cytoHubba. LASSO COX regression results revealed that titin (TTN), fast skeletal muscle troponin T, skeletal muscle actin α-actin, nebulin, troponin C type 2 (fast), myosin light-chain 3 (MYL3), slow skeletal muscle troponin T (TNNT1), myosin-binding protein C1 slow-type, tropomyosin 3 and myosin heavy-chain 7 were associated with prognosis in patients with ES. The Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that high mRNA expression levels of TNNT1 (P<0.001), TTN (P=0.049), titin-cap (P=0.04), tropomodulin 1 (P=0.011), troponin I2 fast skeletal type (P=0.021) and MYL3 (P=0.017) were associated with poor OS in patients with ES. In conclusion, the DEGs identified in the present study may be key genes in the pathogenesis of ES, three of which, namely TNNT1, TTN and MYL3, may be potential prognostic biomarkers for ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zuolong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zhanjun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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8
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Wei R, Dean DC, Thanindratarn P, Hornicek FJ, Guo W, Duan Z. Cancer testis antigens in sarcoma: Expression, function and immunotherapeutic application. Cancer Lett 2019; 479:54-60. [PMID: 31634526 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a group of heterogeneous malignancies of mesenchymal origin. Patient outcomes remain especially grim for those with recurrent or metastatic disease, and current therapeutic strategies have not significantly improved outcomes over the past few decades. This has led to a number of studies assessing novel therapies. Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are tumor-associated antigens with physiologic expression in the testis and various malignancies, including sarcomas. Genes encoding CTAs include MAGE, NY-ESO-1, PRAME, TRAG-3/CSAGE, and SSX. The importance and function of CTAs in tumorigenesis have gained recognition in recent years. They are also proving as robust diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Therapeutically, antigens derived from CTAs are highly recognizable by T lymphocytes and therefore capable of generating a potent antitumor immune response. CTAs are, therefore, promising targets for novel immunotherapies. Here we review the emerging works on expression, function, and immunotherapeutic application of CTAs in sarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Pichaya Thanindratarn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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9
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Casey DL, Lin TY, Cheung NKV. Exploiting Signaling Pathways and Immune Targets Beyond the Standard of Care for Ewing Sarcoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:537. [PMID: 31275859 PMCID: PMC6593481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) family of tumors includes bone and soft tissue tumors that are often characterized by a specific translocation between chromosome 11 and 22, resulting in the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene. With the advent of multi-modality treatment including cytotoxic chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy, the prognosis for patients with ES has substantially improved. However, a therapeutic plateau is now reached for both localized and metastatic disease over the last two decades. Burdened by the toxicity limits associated with the current frontline systemic therapy, there is an urgent need for novel targeted therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the current treatment paradigm of ES, and explore preclinical evidence and emerging treatments directed at tumor signaling pathways and immune targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Casey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tsung-Yi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Baldauf MC, Gerke JS, Kirschner A, Blaeschke F, Effenberger M, Schober K, Rubio RA, Kanaseki T, Kiran MM, Dallmayer M, Musa J, Akpolat N, Akatli AN, Rosman FC, Özen Ö, Sugita S, Hasegawa T, Sugimura H, Baumhoer D, Knott MML, Sannino G, Marchetto A, Li J, Busch DH, Feuchtinger T, Ohmura S, Orth MF, Thiel U, Kirchner T, Grünewald TGP. Systematic identification of cancer-specific MHC-binding peptides with RAVEN. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1481558. [PMID: 30228952 PMCID: PMC6140548 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1481558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy can revolutionize anti-cancer therapy if specific targets are available. Immunogenic peptides encoded by cancer-specific genes (CSGs) may enable targeted immunotherapy, even of oligo-mutated cancers, which lack neo-antigens generated by protein-coding missense mutations. Here, we describe an algorithm and user-friendly software named RAVEN (Rich Analysis of Variable gene Expressions in Numerous tissues) that automatizes the systematic and fast identification of CSG-encoded peptides highly affine to Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) starting from transcriptome data. We applied RAVEN to a dataset assembled from 2,678 simultaneously normalized gene expression microarrays comprising 50 tumor entities, with a focus on oligo-mutated pediatric cancers, and 71 normal tissue types. RAVEN performed a transcriptome-wide scan in each cancer entity for gender-specific CSGs, and identified several established CSGs, but also many novel candidates potentially suitable for targeting multiple cancer types. The specific expression of the most promising CSGs was validated in cancer cell lines and in a comprehensive tissue-microarray. Subsequently, RAVEN identified likely immunogenic CSG-encoded peptides by predicting their affinity to MHCs and excluded sequence identity to abundantly expressed proteins by interrogating the UniProt protein-database. The predicted affinity of selected peptides was validated in T2-cell peptide-binding assays in which many showed binding-kinetics like a very immunogenic influenza control peptide. Collectively, we provide an exquisitely curated catalogue of cancer-specific and highly MHC-affine peptides across 50 cancer types, and a freely available software (https://github.com/JSGerke/RAVENsoftware) to easily apply our algorithm to any gene expression dataset. We anticipate that our peptide libraries and software constitute a rich resource to advance anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Baldauf
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia S Gerke
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschner
- Children's Cancer Research Center, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Blaeschke
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner'sches Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Effenberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Rebeca Alba Rubio
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Merve M Kiran
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marlene Dallmayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Musa
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nurset Akpolat
- Department of Pathology, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ayse N Akatli
- Department of Pathology, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Fernando C Rosman
- Department for Pathology, Hospital Municipal Jesus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Özlem Özen
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Başkent University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shintaro Sugita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumor Reference Center, Institute of Pathology of the University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian M L Knott
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Sannino
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aruna Marchetto
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner'sches Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shunya Ohmura
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin F Orth
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Thiel
- Children's Cancer Research Center, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Faculty of Medicine, Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive and metastatic tumor in children and young adults caused by a chromosomal fusion between the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene and the transcription factor FLI1 gene. ES is managed with standard treatments, including chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. Although the 5-year survival rate for primary ES has improved, the survival rate for ES patients with metastases or recurrence remains low. Several novel molecular targets in ES have recently been identified and investigated in preclinical and clinical settings, and targeting the function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the fusion protein EWS-FLI1 and mTOR has shown promise. There has also been increasing interest in the immune responses of ES patients. Immunotherapies using T cells, NK cells, cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have been considered for ES, especially for recurrent patients. Because understanding the pathogenesis of ES is extremely important for the development of novel treatments, this review focuses on the mechanisms and functions of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in ES. It is anticipated that integrating the knowledge obtained from basic research and translational and clinical studies will lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.,Department of VIP, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
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12
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Nathenson MJ, Conley AP, Sausville E. Immunotherapy: A New (and Old) Approach to Treatment of Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas. Oncologist 2017; 23:71-83. [PMID: 28935774 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue and bone sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous form of cancer. With standard of care treatment options including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the long-term survival is still low for high-risk soft tissue sarcoma patients. New treatment strategies are needed. Immunotherapy offers a new potential treatment paradigm with great promise. Immunotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas dates back to Dr. Coley's first use of toxins in the late 1800s. A variety of strategies of immunotherapy have been tried in soft tissue and bone sarcomas, including various vaccines and cytokines, with limited success. Results of these early clinical trials with vaccines and cytokines were disappointing, but there are reasons to be optimistic. Recent advances, particularly with the use of adoptive T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have led to a resurgence of this field for all cancer patients. Clinical trials utilizing adoptive T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors in soft tissue and bone sarcomas are under way. This paper reviews the current state of evidence for the use of immunotherapy, as well as current immunotherapy strategies (vaccines, adopative T-cell therapy, and immune checkpoint blockade), in soft tissue and bone sarcomas. By understanding the tumor microenviroment of sarcomas and how it relates to their immunoresponsiveness, better immunotherapy clinical trials can be designed, hopefully with improved outcomes for soft tissue and bone sarcoma patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Immunotherapy is a promising treatment paradigm that is gaining acceptance for the management of several cancers, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. There is a long history of immunotherapy in the treatment of soft tissue and bone sarcomas, although with little success. It is important to understand past failures to develop future immunotherapy treatment strategies with an improved possibility of success. This article reviews the history of and current state of immunotherapy research in the treatment of soft tissue and bone sarcomas, with particular regard to vaccine trials, adoptive T-cell therapy, and immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Nathenson
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony P Conley
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Edward Sausville
- Department of Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) transgenic Ewing sarcoma cells can induce tumor specific T and NK cell responses and reduce tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, the efficiency of this stimulation is not high enough to inhibit tumor growth completely. In addition to recognition of the cognate antigen, optimal T-cell stimulation requires signals from so-called co-stimulatory molecules. Several members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily have been identified as co-stimulatory molecules that can augment antitumor immune responses. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand (OX40L = CD252; also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand family member 4) is one example of such receptor/ligand pair with co-stimulatory function. In the present investigation, we generated OX40L transgenic Ewing sarcoma cells and tested their immunostimulatory activity in vitro. OX40L transgenic Ewing sarcoma cells showed preserved expression of Ewing sarcoma-associated (anti)gens including lipase member I, cyclin D1 (CCND1), cytochrome P450 family member 26B1 (CYP26B1), and the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1-friend leukemia virus integration 1 (EWSR1-FLI1) oncogene. OX40L-expressing tumor cells showed a trend for enhanced immune stimulation against Ewing sarcoma cells in combination with IL-2 and stimulation of CD137. Our data suggest that inclusion of the OX40/OX40L pathway of co-stimulation might improve immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Reuter
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Caspar D Kühnöl
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Jürgen Föll
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany ; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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14
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Krishnadas DK, Shusterman S, Bai F, Diller L, Sullivan JE, Cheerva AC, George RE, Lucas KG. A phase I trial combining decitabine/dendritic cell vaccine targeting MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO-1 for children with relapsed or therapy-refractory neuroblastoma and sarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1251-60. [PMID: 26105625 PMCID: PMC11028635 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy was studied in a multi-institutional phase 1/2 study by combining decitabine (DAC) followed by an autologous dendritic cell (DC)/MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine in children with relapsed/refractory solid tumors. Patients aged 2.5-15 years with relapsed neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma were eligible to receive DAC followed by DC pulsed with overlapping peptides derived from full-length MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO-1. The primary endpoints were to assess the feasibility and tolerability of this regimen. Each of four cycles consisted of week 1: DAC 10 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days and weeks 2 and 3: DC vaccine once weekly. Fifteen patients were enrolled in the study, of which 10 were evaluable. Generation of DC was highly feasible for all enrolled patients. The treatment regimen was generally well tolerated, with the major toxicity being DAC-related myelosuppression in 5/10 patients. Six of nine patients developed a response to MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 or NY-ESO-1 peptides post-vaccine. Due to limitations in number of cells available for analysis, controls infected with a virus encoding relevant genes have not been performed. Objective responses were documented in 1/10 patients who had a complete response. Of the two patients who had no evidence of disease at the time of treatment, one remains disease-free 2 years post-therapy, while the other experienced a relapse 10 months post-therapy. The chemoimmunotherapy approach using DAC/DC-CT vaccine is feasible, well tolerated and results in antitumor activity in some patients. Future trials to maximize the likelihood of T cell responses post-vaccine are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa K. Krishnadas
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville, 571 South Floyd Street, Suite 445, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Suzanne Shusterman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Dana 640E, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Fanqi Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville, 571 South Floyd Street, Suite 445, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Lisa Diller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Dana 640E, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Janice E. Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville, 571 South Floyd Street, Suite 445, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Alexandra C. Cheerva
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville, 571 South Floyd Street, Suite 445, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Rani E. George
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Dana 640E, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Kenneth G. Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, University of Louisville, 571 South Floyd Street, Suite 445, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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15
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer of bone and soft tissues defined by a specific chromosomal rearrangement. Preclinical development of immunological treatment strategies includes expansion of T cells with native or grafted T-cell receptor specificities for Ewing sarcoma-associated intracellular antigens, and T-cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptors targeting surface antigens. In vitro preactivated NK cells may also have activity in this cancer. Major challenges are the heterogeneity of antigen expression in individual Ewing sarcomas, and the coexpression of most candidate targets on normal cells. Moreover, homing of therapeutic effector cells to both primary and metastatic tumor sites and adequate function within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment will have to be ensured to allow for effective immune targeting of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors, LPA1-6, are integral parts of signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation, migration and survival. These signaling pathways are of therapeutic interest for the treatment of multiple types of cancer and to reduce cancer metastasis and side effects. Validated therapeutic potential of key receptors, as well as recent structure-activity relationships yielding compounds with low nanomolar potencies are exciting recent advances in the field. Some compounds have proven efficacious in vivo against tumor proliferation and metastasis, bone cancer pain and the pulmonary fibrosis that can result as a side effect of pulmonary cancer radiation treatment. However, recent studies have identified that LPA contributes through multiple pathways to the development of chemotherapeutic resistance suggesting new applications for LPA antagonists in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the roles of LPA signaling in cancer pathophysiology and recent progress in the design and evaluation of LPA agonists and antagonists.
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17
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is one of the simplest glycerophospholipids with one fatty acid chain and a phosphate group as a polar head. Although LPA had been viewed just as a metabolic intermediate in de novo lipid synthetic pathways, it has recently been paid much attention as a lipid mediator. LPA exerts many kinds of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and smooth muscle contraction, through cognate G protein-coupled receptors. Because lipids are not coded by the genome directly, it is difficult to know their patho- and physiological roles. However, recent studies have identified several key factors mediating the biological roles of LPA, such as receptors and producing enzymes. In addition, studies of transgenic and gene knockout animals for these LPA-related genes, have revealed the biological significance of LPA. In this review we will summarize recent advances in the studies of LPA production and its roles in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizu Aikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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18
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Willier S, Butt E, Grunewald TGP. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling in cell migration and cancer invasion: a focussed review and analysis of LPA receptor gene expression on the basis of more than 1700 cancer microarrays. Biol Cell 2013; 105:317-33. [PMID: 23611148 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ubiquitously present signalling molecule involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. LPA acts as an autocrine and/or paracrine signalling molecule via different G-protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPARs) that trigger a broad range of intracellular signalling cascades, especially the RHOA pathway. Mounting evidence suggests a crucial role of the LPA/LPAR-axis in cancer cell metastasis and promising studies are underway to investigate the therapeutic potential of LPAR-antagonists. This review summarises current knowledge on how LPA promotes cytoskeletal remodelling to enhance the migratory and invasive properties of cells, which may ultimately contribute to cancer metastasis. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive transcriptome analyses of published microarrays of more than 350 normal tissues and more than 1700 malignant tissues to define the expression signatures of LPARs and the LPA-generating enzymes autotaxin (ATX) and lipase member 1 (LIPI). These analyses demonstrate that ATX is highly expressed in a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas, whereas LIPI is almost exclusively overexpressed in highly aggressive Ewing's sarcomas, which underscores the potential contribution of LPA in metastatic disease. In addition, these analyses show that different cancer entities display distinct expression signatures of LPARs that distinguish them from one another. Finally, we discuss current approaches to specifically target the LPA/LPAR circuits in experimental cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semjon Willier
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Abstract
The prognosis of patients suffering from tumors of the Ewing family (EFT) is still poor. Immunotherapy strategies are pursued and EFT-specific antigens have to be identified as targets for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Due to the lack of expression of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) in normal tissues, these antigens are partially able to induce immune responses in cancer patients. Therefore, they are promising targets for immunotherapy. EFT are characterized by chromosomal rearrangements involving members of the TET (translocated in liposarcoma, Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1, TATA box binding protein-associated factor 15) family of RNA binding proteins and members of the E-26 (ETS) family of transcription factors. The resulting onco-fusion proteins are highly specific for EFT and downstream targets of TET-ETS represent candidate tumor specific antigens. In order to identify new EFT-associated CTA, we analyzed microarray-data sets from EFT and normal tissues from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The impact of TET-ETS on expression of CTA was analyzed using GEO data sets from transgenic mesenchymal stem cells. One CTA with high specificity for EFT is lipase I (LIPI, membrane-associated phospholipase A1-β). CTL specific for LIPI-derived peptides LDYTDAKFV and NLLKHGASL were able to lyse HLA-A2 positive EFT cells in vitro which confirms the possible role of LIPI and other CTA for EFT-immunotherapy.
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20
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Winkler C, Steingrube DS, Altermann W, Schlaf G, Max D, Kewitz S, Emmer A, Kornhuber M, Banning-Eichenseer U, Staege MS. Hodgkin's lymphoma RNA-transfected dendritic cells induce cancer/testis antigen-specific immune responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1769-79. [PMID: 22419371 PMCID: PMC11029013 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can kill Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cells, and CTL have been used for the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive HL. For patients with EBV-negative HL, this strategy cannot be employed and alternative target structures have to be defined. In order to establish a system for the stimulation of HL-reactive T cells, we used dendritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting cells for autologous T cells and transfected these DC with RNA from established HL cell lines. After stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with RNA-transfected DC, we analyzed the reactivity of primed PBMC by interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunospot. Our results suggest the presence of antigens with expression in HL cell lines and recognition of these antigens in combination with DC-derived human leukocyte antigen molecules. By the analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus microarray data sets from HL cell lines and primary HL samples in comparison with testis and other normal tissues, we identified HL-associated cancer testis antigens (CTA) including the preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME). After stimulation of PBMC with RNA-transfected DC, we detected PRAME-reactive T cells. PRAME and other HL-associated CTA might be targets for HL-specific immune therapy or for the monitoring of HL-directed immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hodgkin Disease/immunology
- Hodgkin Disease/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/immunology
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Testis/immunology
- Testis/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Altermann
- HLA-Laboratory, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gerald Schlaf
- HLA-Laboratory, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Daniela Max
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kewitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Malte Kornhuber
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ursula Banning-Eichenseer
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Sebastian Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
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21
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Surdez D, Benetkiewicz M, Perrin V, Han Z, Pierron G, Ballet S, Lamoureux F, Rédini F, Decouvelaere A, Daudigeos-dubus E, Geoerger B, de Pinieux G, Delattre O, Tirode F. Targeting the EWSR1-FLI1 Oncogene-Induced Protein Kinase PKC-β Abolishes Ewing Sarcoma Growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4494-503. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer has shown increasing success and there is ample evidence to expect that progress gleaned in immune targeting of adult cancers can be translated to pediatric oncology. This manuscript reviews principles that guide selection of targets for immunotherapy of cancer, emphasizing the similarities and distinctions between oncogene-inhibition targets and immune targets. It follows with a detailed review of molecules expressed by pediatric tumors that are already under study as immune targets or are good candidates for future studies of immune targeting. Distinctions are made between cell surface antigens that can be targeted in an MHC independent manner using antibodies, antibody derivatives, or chimeric antigen receptors versus intracellular antigens which must be targeted with MHC restricted T cell therapies. Among the most advanced immune targets for childhood cancer are CD19 and CD22 on hematologic malignancies, GD2 on solid tumors, and NY-ESO-1 expressed by a majority of synovial sarcomas, but several other molecules reviewed here also have properties which suggest that they too could serve as effective targets for immunotherapy of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimas J Orentas
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Abstract
Much of our knowledge regarding cancer immunotherapy has been derived from sarcoma models. However, translation of preclinical findings to bedside success has been limited in this disease, though several intriguing clinical studies hint at the potential efficacy of this treatment modality. The rarity and heterogeneity of tumors of mesenchymal origin continues to be a challenge from a therapeutic standpoint. Nonetheless, sarcomas remain attractive targets for immunotherapy, as they can be characterized by specific epitopes, either from their mesenchymal origins or specific alterations in gene products. To date, standard vaccine trials have proven disappointing, likely due to mechanisms by which tumors equilibrate with and ultimately escape immune surveillance. More sophisticated approaches will likely require multimodal techniques, both by enhancing immunity, but also geared towards overcoming innate mechanisms of immunosuppression that favor tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Launce G. Gouw
- Departments of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mail: sunil.sharmahciutah.edu (S.S.)
| | - Kevin B. Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mails: (K.B.J.); (R.L.R.)
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Departments of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mail: sunil.sharmahciutah.edu (S.S.)
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mails: (K.B.J.); (R.L.R.)
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Hesse M, Willscher E, Schmiedel BJ, Posch S, Golbik RP, Staege MS. Sequence and expression of the chicken membrane-associated phospholipases A1 alpha (LIPH) and beta (LIPI). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:761-9. [PMID: 21559832 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer/testis antigens (CTA) are a heterogeneous group of antigens that are expressed preferentially in tumor cells and testis. Based on this definition the human membrane-associated phospholipase A1 beta (lipase family member I, LIPI) has been identified as CTA. The high homology of LIPI and the membrane-associated phospholipase A1 alpha (lipase family member H, LIPH) suggests that both genes are derived from a common ancestor by gene duplication. In contrast to human LIPI, human LIPH is expressed in several tissues. LIPI sequences have only been identified in mammals. Here, we describe the identification of LIPI in non-mammalian vertebrates. Based on the conserved genomic organization of LIPI and LIPH we identified sequences for both lipases in birds and fishes. In all vertebrates the LIPI locus is neighbored by a member of the RNA binding motif (RBM) family, RBM11. By sequencing of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products we determined the sequences of LIPI and LIPH messenger RNA from broilers. We found that the sequence homology between LIPI and LIPH is much higher in non-mammalian species than in mammals. In addition, we found broad expression of LIPI in broilers, resembling the expression profile of LIPH. Our data suggest that LIPI is a CTA only in mammalian species and that the unique sequence features of the mammalian LIPI/RBM11 locus have evolved together with the CTA-like expression pattern of LIPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Hesse
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Cancer Research Centre, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst Grube Str. 40, 06097, Halle, Germany
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25
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Batruch I, Lecker I, Kagedan D, Smith CR, Mullen BJ, Grober E, Lo KC, Diamandis EP, Jarvi KA. Proteomic Analysis of Seminal Plasma from Normal Volunteers and Post-Vasectomy Patients Identifies over 2000 Proteins and Candidate Biomarkers of the Urogenital System. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:941-53. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100745u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Batruch
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Irene Lecker
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Daniel Kagedan
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Christopher R. Smith
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Brendan J. Mullen
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Ethan Grober
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Kirk C. Lo
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Eleftherios P. Diamandis
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
| | - Keith A. Jarvi
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, ∥Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and ⊥Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L5
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Schmiedel BJ, Hutter C, Hesse M, Staege MS. Expression of multiple membrane-associated phospholipase A1 beta transcript variants and lysophosphatidic acid receptors in Ewing tumor cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4619-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huang M, Lucas K. Current therapeutic approaches in metastatic and recurrent ewing sarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:863210. [PMID: 21151650 DOI: 10.1155/2011/863210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common type of primary bone malignancy in children and young adults. Survival rates for localized ES have improved to upwards of 70% with aggressive chemotherapy and local control. On the other hand, there has been little improvement in survival rates for patients with metastatic or recurrent ES. Herein we review the different current therapeutic approaches available, including the different upfront and salvage chemotherapy regimens, the role for stem cell transplantation, and potential use of immunotherapy.
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28
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Li J, Neumann I, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Down-regulation of achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1) in neuroblastoma cells induces up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1515-21. [PMID: 20842449 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial solid pediatric tumor. The prognosis of patients with NB has been improved during the last decades. However, treatment results for patients with advanced tumor stages are still unsatisfying. NB cells are characterized by a high tendency for spontaneous or induced differentiation. During differentiation, down-regulation of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1) has been observed but the consequences of ASCL1 down-regulation have not been elucidated. We used RNA interference to knock-down ASCL1 in NB cells. DNA microarray analysis was used for the identification of ASCL1-regulated genes. Furthermore, conventional and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for validation of ASCL1-regulated genes. Down-regulation of ASCL1 influenced the expression of several genes. After down-regulation of ASCL1, we observed very high expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a factor that is known to be induced during differentiation of NB cells. RT-PCR indicated up-regulation of multiple IGF2 transcript variants after ASCL1 knock-down. Our data suggest that the ASCL1-pathway is responsible for the up-regulation of IGF2 during NB differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst Grube Str 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
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29
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Riggi N, Suvà ML, De Vito C, Provero P, Stehle JC, Baumer K, Cironi L, Janiszewska M, Petricevic T, Suvà D, Tercier S, Joseph JM, Guillou L, Stamenkovic I. EWS-FLI-1 modulates miRNA145 and SOX2 expression to initiate mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming toward Ewing sarcoma cancer stem cells. Genes Dev 2010; 24:916-32. [PMID: 20382729 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1899710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) display plasticity and self-renewal properties reminiscent of normal tissue stem cells, but the events responsible for their emergence remain obscure. We recently identified CSCs in Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) and showed that they retain mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) plasticity. In the present study, we addressed the mechanisms that underlie ESFT CSC development. We show that the EWS-FLI-1 fusion gene, associated with 85%-90% of ESFTs and believed to initiate their pathogenesis, induces expression of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) genes OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in human pediatric MSCs (hpMSCs) but not in their adult counterparts. Moreover, under appropriate culture conditions, hpMSCs expressing EWS-FLI-1 generate a cell subpopulation displaying ESFT CSC features in vitro. We further demonstrate that induction of the ESFT CSC phenotype is the result of the combined effect of EWS-FLI-1 on its target gene expression and repression of microRNA-145 (miRNA145) promoter activity. Finally, we provide evidence that EWS-FLI-1 and miRNA-145 function in a mutually repressive feedback loop and identify their common target gene, SOX2, in addition to miRNA145 itself, as key players in ESFT cell differentiation and tumorigenicity. Our observations provide insight for the first time into the mechanisms whereby a single oncogene can reprogram primary cells to display a CSC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids. Based on protein structures and sequences, lipases can be classified into different protein families. The majority of conventional mammalian lipases are members of the protein super-families of serine esterases and alpha-beta hydrolases. Differential expression of lipases and related alpha-beta hydrolases in tumor cells has been observed. The physiological or patho-physiological functions of these tumor related enzymes are largely unknown. However, lipases are not only involved in energy metabolism but also in the metabolism of bioactive molecules, e.g. phosphatidic acid or arachidonic acid, suggesting that tumor-specifically expressed lipases might be interesting targets for the development of future treatment strategies. Moreover, independent of the patho-physiological function, tumor associated lipases can serve as targets for immunological treatment strategies. In addition, lipases with exclusive expression in single tumor entities can serve as potential diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Staege
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Manuela Hesse
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Daniela Max
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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31
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Max D, Hesse M, Volkmer I, Staege MS. High expression of the evolutionarily conserved α/β hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) in Ewing tumors. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2383-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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