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Zhang Y, Lu J, Chang T, Tang X, Wang Q, Pan D, Wang J, Nan H, Zhang W, Liu L, Qi B. A bibliometric review of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (licorice) research: Insights and future directions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117409. [PMID: 37972909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a Chinese herb known as licorice, is frequently incorporated in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations, due to its significant medicinal value and sweet taste. Despite licorice's merits, no systematic scientometric study has yet been conducted to analyze licorice research trends over the past 25 years. AIM OF THE STUDY We conducted this study with the aim to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of research advances in the application of licorice as a TCM ingredient and to offer valuable insights to guide future endeavors in this research field. METHODS We selected licorice-related research papers published between 1997 and 2021 from the Web of Science Core Collection then conducted a scientometric analysis using VOSviewer and CiteSpace software tools. RESULTS A total of 4883 licorice-related publications, including 4511 research papers, 372 review papers, and their cited references, were included in the analysis. Most of these articles were authored by researchers in China (36.8%), including major contributors Wang Ying, Ye Min, and Zhang Yu. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology (impact factor = 5.4) hosted the greatest number of papers (145 articles). Keyword cluster analysis revealed three keyword categories indicating that current licorice research is focused on licorice quality control and identification of licorice active ingredients and associated pharmacological mechanisms. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive overview of licorice-related research trends over the past 25 years as based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of published licorice-related articles. The results of this multi-level analysis of licorice research related to TCM formulations, chemical compositions, and pharmacological effects should provide valuable reference data and insights to guide future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Tianying Chang
- EBM Office, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Daian Pan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Bin Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Álvarez-Almazán S, Solís-Domínguez LC, Duperou-Luna P, Fuerte-Gómez T, González-Andrade M, Aranda-Barradas ME, Palacios-Espinosa JF, Pérez-Villanueva J, Matadamas-Martínez F, Miranda-Castro SP, Mercado-Márquez C, Cortés-Benítez F. Anti-Diabetic Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives FC-114 and FC-122: Scale-Up, In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12812. [PMID: 37628991 PMCID: PMC10454726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common diseases and the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. Individuals with T2D are at risk for several health complications that reduce their life expectancy and quality of life. Although several drugs for treating T2D are currently available, many of them have reported side effects ranging from mild to severe. In this work, we present the synthesis in a gram-scale as well as the in silico and in vitro activity of two semisynthetic glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives (namely FC-114 and FC-122) against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase enzymes. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity assay on Human Foreskin fibroblast and the in vivo acute oral toxicity was also conducted. The anti-diabetic activity was determined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after oral administration with FC-114 or FC-122. Results showed that both GA derivatives have potent PTP1B inhibitory activity being FC-122, a dual PTP1B/α-glucosidase inhibitor that could increase insulin sensitivity and reduce intestinal glucose absorption. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and enzymatic kinetics studies revealed the inhibition mechanism of FC-122 against α-glucosidase. Both GA derivatives were safe and showed better anti-diabetic activity in vivo than the reference drug acarbose. Moreover, FC-114 improves insulin levels while decreasing LDL and total cholesterol levels without decreasing HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Álvarez-Almazán
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campus 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (S.Á.-A.); (L.C.S.-D.); (T.F.-G.); (M.E.A.-B.); (S.P.M.-C.)
| | - Luz Cassandra Solís-Domínguez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campus 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (S.Á.-A.); (L.C.S.-D.); (T.F.-G.); (M.E.A.-B.); (S.P.M.-C.)
| | - Paulina Duperou-Luna
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Isolation of Bioactive Substances, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco (UAM–X), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (P.D.-L.); (J.F.P.-E.); (J.P.-V.); (F.M.-M.)
| | - Teresa Fuerte-Gómez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campus 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (S.Á.-A.); (L.C.S.-D.); (T.F.-G.); (M.E.A.-B.); (S.P.M.-C.)
| | - Martin González-Andrade
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Molecular Modelling, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - María E. Aranda-Barradas
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campus 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (S.Á.-A.); (L.C.S.-D.); (T.F.-G.); (M.E.A.-B.); (S.P.M.-C.)
| | - Juan Francisco Palacios-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Isolation of Bioactive Substances, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco (UAM–X), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (P.D.-L.); (J.F.P.-E.); (J.P.-V.); (F.M.-M.)
| | - Jaime Pérez-Villanueva
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Isolation of Bioactive Substances, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco (UAM–X), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (P.D.-L.); (J.F.P.-E.); (J.P.-V.); (F.M.-M.)
| | - Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Isolation of Bioactive Substances, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco (UAM–X), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (P.D.-L.); (J.F.P.-E.); (J.P.-V.); (F.M.-M.)
| | - Susana Patricia Miranda-Castro
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campus 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (S.Á.-A.); (L.C.S.-D.); (T.F.-G.); (M.E.A.-B.); (S.P.M.-C.)
| | - Crisóforo Mercado-Márquez
- Isolation and Animal Facility Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán 28, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Cortés-Benítez
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Isolation of Bioactive Substances, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Xochimilco (UAM–X), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (P.D.-L.); (J.F.P.-E.); (J.P.-V.); (F.M.-M.)
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Liu Y, Sheng R, Fan J, Guo R. A Mini-Review on Structure-Activity Relationships of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives with Diverse Bioactivities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2024-2066. [PMID: 35081889 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220126093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, consisting of six isoprene units, are a kind of natural active substance. At present, numerous pentacyclic triterpene have been observed and classified into four subgroups of oleanane, ursane, lupane, and xylene on the basis of the carbon skeleton. Among them, oleanane is the most popular due to its rich backbone and diverse bioactivities. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene isolated from licorice roots, possesses diverse bioactivities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitor, hepatoprotective and so on. It has received more attention in medicinal chemistry due to the advantages of easy-to-access and rich bioactivity. Thus, numerous novel lead compounds were synthesized using GA as a scaffold. Herein, we summarize the structure-activity relationship and synthetic methodologies of GA derivatives from 2010 to 2020 as well as the most active GA derivatives. Finally, we anticipate that this review can benefit future research on structural modifications of GA to enhance bioactivity and provide an example for developing pentacyclic triterpene-based novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Junting Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ruihua Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
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Indole- and Pyrazole-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as PTP1B Inhibitors: Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144375. [PMID: 34299651 PMCID: PMC8308021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating insulin and leptin levels using a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor is an attractive strategy to treat diabetes and obesity. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a triterpenoid, may weakly inhibit this enzyme. Nonetheless, semisynthetic derivatives of GA have not been developed as PTP1B inhibitors to date. Herein we describe the synthesis and evaluation of two series of indole- and N-phenylpyrazole-GA derivatives (4a-f and 5a-f). We measured their inhibitory activity and enzyme kinetics against PTP1B using p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) assay. GA derivatives bearing substituted indoles or N-phenylpyrazoles fused to their A-ring showed a 50% inhibitory concentration for PTP1B in a range from 2.5 to 10.1 µM. The trifluoromethyl derivative of indole-GA (4f) exhibited non-competitive inhibition of PTP1B as well as higher potency (IC50 = 2.5 µM) than that of positive controls ursolic acid (IC50 = 5.6 µM), claramine (IC50 = 13.7 µM) and suramin (IC50 = 4.1 µM). Finally, docking and molecular dynamics simulations provided the theoretical basis for the favorable activity of the designed compounds.
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Chen J, Wei F, Ma SC. Application of analytical chemistry in the quality evaluation of Glycyrrhiza Spp. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1531293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
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Sharma R, Guru SK, Jain SK, Pathania AS, Vishwakarma RA, Bhushan S, Bharate SB. 3-(2,6-Dichloro-benzyloxy)-11-oxo-olean-12-ene-29-oic acid, a semisynthetic derivative of glycyrrhetic acid: synthesis, antiproliferative, apoptotic and anti-angiogenesis activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of the semisynthetic analogs of glycyrrhetic acid are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Santosh K. Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Shreyans K. Jain
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Anup Singh Pathania
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
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7
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Gao C, Dai FJ, Cui HW, Peng SH, He Y, Wang X, Yi ZF, Qiu WW. Synthesis of novel heterocyclic ring-fused 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives with antitumor and antimetastatic activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:223-33. [PMID: 24612785 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of the most important triterpenoic acids shows many pharmacological effects, especially antitumor activity. GA triggers apoptosis in various tumor cell lines. However, the antitumor activity of GA is weak, thus the synthesis of new synthetic analogs with enhanced potency is needed. By introducing various five-member fused heterocyclic rings at C-2 and C-3 positions, 18 novel GA derivatives were obtained. These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the growth of eight different tumor cell lines using a SRB assay. The most active compound 37 showed IC50 between 5.19 and 11.72 μm, which was about 11-fold more potent than the lead compound GA. An apoptotic effect of GA and 37 was determined using flow cytometry and trypan blue exclusion assays. We also demonstrated here for the first time that GA and the synthetic derivatives exhibited inhibitory effect on migration of the tested tumor cells, especially 37 which was about 20-fold more potent than GA on antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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A “natural” approach: Synthesis and cytoxicity of monodesmosidic glycyrrhetinic acid glycosides. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 72:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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A simultaneous analysis method for Caihu-Dayuan-Yin using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:579-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Shu X, Tang Y, Jiang C, Shang E, Qian D, Ding A, Fan X. QUANTITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR NINE MAIN BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF SAN-AO DECOCTION, ITS HERB PAIRS, AND THREE SINGLE HERBS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.683917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Shu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yuping Tang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Chenxue Jiang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Erxing Shang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Dawei Qian
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Anwei Ding
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xinsheng Fan
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , P.R. China
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Csuk R, Schwarz S, Siewert B, Kluge R, Ströhl D. Synthesis and antitumor activity of ring A modified glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5356-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Csuk R, Schwarz S, Siewert B, Kluge R, Ströhl D. Conversions at C-30 of Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Their Impact on Antitumor Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 345:223-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Intensified extraction of ionized natural products by ion pair centrifugal partition extraction. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5254-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Csuk R, Schwarz S, Kluge R, Ströhl D. Improvement of the Cytotoxicity and Tumor Selectivity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid by Derivatization with Bifunctional Aminoacids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:505-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and biological activity of some antitumor active derivatives from glycyrrhetinic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5718-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Montoro P, Maldini M, Russo M, Postorino S, Piacente S, Pizza C. Metabolic profiling of roots of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) from different geographical areas by ESI/MS/MS and determination of major metabolites by LC-ESI/MS and LC-ESI/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:535-44. [PMID: 21041055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) has been applied to the full characterization of saponins and phenolics in hydroalcoholic extracts of roots of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Relative quantitative analyses of the samples with respect to the phenolic constituents and to a group of saponins related to glycyrrhizic acid were performed using LC-ESI/MS. For the saponin constituents, full scan LC-MS/MS fragmentation of the protonated (positive ion mode) or deprotonated (negative ion mode) molecular species generated diagnostic fragment ions that provided information concerning the triterpene skeleton and the number and nature of the substituents. On the basis of the specific fragmentation of glycyrrhizic acid, an LC-MS/MS method was developed in order to quantify the analyte in the liquorice root samples. Chinese G. glabra roots contained the highest levels of glycyrrhizic acid, followed by those from Italy (Calabria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Montoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Zhang Q, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine Gan-Cao (licorice). J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:1954-69. [PMID: 18703197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gan-Cao, or licorice, is a popular Chinese herbal medicine derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. The main bioactive constituents of licorice are triterpene saponins and various types of flavonoids. The contents of these compounds may vary in different licorice batches and thus affect the therapeutic effects. In order to ensure its efficacy and safety, sensitive and accurate methods for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of saponins and flavonoids are of significance for the comprehensive quality control of licorice. This review describes the progress in chemical analysis of licorice and its preparations since 2000. Newly established methods are summarized, including spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), capillary electrophoresis, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), electrochemistry, and immunoassay. The sensitivity, selectivity and powerful separation capability of HPLC and CE allows the simultaneous detection of multiple compounds in licorice. LC/MS provides characteristic fragmentations for the rapid structural identification of licorice saponins and flavonoids. The combination of HPLC and LC/MS is currently the most powerful technique for the quality control of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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The determination of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. (Zhi Gan Cao) root and the dried aqueous extract by LC–DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sabbioni C, Ferranti A, Bugamelli F, Forti GC, Raggi MA. Simultaneous HPLC analysis, with isocratic elution, of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots and confectionery products. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:25-31. [PMID: 16454473 PMCID: PMC7167644 DOI: 10.1002/pca.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (1), the main active principle of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) roots, is extensively used in herbal medicines, in pharmaceutical preparations and confectionery products. A feasible and reliable method which allows the simultaneous analysis of 1 and its aglycone, 18beta-glycyrrhetic acid (2), by means of an isocratic HPLC procedure is described. The system uses a C8 column as the stationary phase, and a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol, water and glacial acetic acid as the mobile phase. Good linearity was found in the concentration ranges 1-50 and 0.05-2.50 microg/mL for 1 and 2, respectively. A simple and rapid sample pre-treatment, based on the extraction of the two analytes with a mixture of water and ethanol, was developed for the examination of liquorice confectionery products and root samples. The HPLC method was shown to be appropriate, in terms of precision and feasibility, for the quality control of the analytes in these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Sabbioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ferranti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugamelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cantelli Forti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Augusta Raggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Huang SP, Wu MS, Shun CT, Wang HP, Hsieh CY, Kuo ML, Lin JT. Cyclooxygenase-2 increases hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor to promote angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:229-41. [PMID: 15864753 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-004-8177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme important in inflammation and which is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. This study investigated its role in angiogenesis of gastric carcinoma (GC). Immunohistochemical examination of surgical specimens showed a positive correlation among COX-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and vasculature in GC. After transfection with a COX-2-expressing vector, the AGS GC cell line showed increases in both proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These in vitro angiogenic effects on HUVECs were reduced either by blocking VEGF or NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor. To elucidate the mechanism by which COX-2 increases angiogenesis, we established a COX-2-expressing clone, AGS/COX-2, and its vector control clone, AGS/pcDNA3, and verified their functions by determining prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Among 6 angiogenesis-associated factors, VEGF was considerably expressed in AGS/COX-2. After reducing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein by antisense HIF-1alpha transfection, VEGF production was reduced in AGS/COX-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We found that HIF-1alpha increased concomitantly with VEGF after exogenous PGE2 stimulation to wild-type AGS cells, but this effect was blocked by SC19220, a PGE2 receptor antagonist. In addition, pretreatment with NS-398 to reduce PGE2 also effectively suppressed HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and achieved a similar inhibitory effect on VEGF production as did antisense HIF-1alpha transfection. Our work supports the COX-2/PGE2/HIF-1alpha/VEGF pathway possibly contributing to tumor angiogenesis in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pei Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Huang SP, Wu MS, Shun CT, Wang HP, Lin MT, Kuo ML, Lin JT. Interleukin-6 increases vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2005; 11:517-27. [PMID: 15153787 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine associated with the disease status of gastric carcinoma (GC). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent tumor angiogenic factor in GC. In this study, we attempted to clarify whether IL-6 can regulate VEGF and angiogenesis in GC. GC samples from 54 surgical specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical examination of IL-6, VEGF, and tumor microvessels, and results showed that IL-6 was positively correlated with VEGF expression and tumor vasculature. We determined VEGF expression in four GC cell lines by ELISA, revealing that GC cells can produce significant amount of VEGF with increasing dose and duration of IL-6 stimulation. Next, a luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to determine the signaling pathway driving the VEGF promoter by IL-6, which showed that the JAK/STAT pathway is involved in the stimulation of VEGF gene expression. The effects of IL-6 on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo were evaluated by HUVEC studies and the Matrigel plug assay, respectively. Results showed that IL-6 effectively promoted HUVEC proliferation and tube formation in vitro and Matrigel plug vascularization in vivo, primarily by inducing VEGF in GC. This study provides evidence that the multifunctional cytokine, IL-6, may induce VEGF expression which increases angiogenesis in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pei Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2001; 12:389-396. [PMID: 11793818 DOI: 10.1002/pca.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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