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Chong JH, Chuah CTH, Lee CG. Revolutionising Cardio-Oncology Care with Precision Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2052. [PMID: 40076674 PMCID: PMC11900203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26052052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the worldwide leading cause of mortality among survivors of cancer due in part to the cardiotoxicity of anticancer therapies. This paper explores the progress in precision cardio-oncology, particularly in genetic testing and therapeutics, and its impact on cardiovascular diseases in clinical and laboratory settings. These advancements enable clinicians to better assess risk, diagnose conditions, and deliver personalised, cost-effective therapeutics. Through case studies of cancer-therapy-related cardiac dysfunction, clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, and polygenic risk scoring, we demonstrate the benefits of incorporating precision genomics in individualised care in cardio-oncology. Furthermore, leveraging real-world genomic data in clinical settings can advance our understanding of long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs, which play important regulatory roles in cardio-oncology. Additionally, employing human-induced pluripotent stem cells to stratify risk and guide prevention strategies represents a promising avenue for modelling precision cardio-oncology. While these advancements showcase the significant progress in genetic approaches, they also raise substantial ethical, legal, and societal concerns. Regulatory oversight of genetic and genomic technologies should therefore evolve suitably to keep up with rapid advancements in technology and analysis. Provider education is crucial for the appropriate use of new genetic and genomic applications, including on the existing protection available for patients regarding genetic information. This can provide confidence for diverse study groups to advance genetic studies looking to develop a comprehensive understanding and effective clinical applications for heterogeneous populations. In clinical settings, the implementation of genetic and genomic applications within electronic medical records can offer point-of-care clinical decision support, thus providing timely information to guide clinical management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua Chong
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Dr, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Charles T. H. Chuah
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Blvd, Singapore 168583, Singapore
- Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Caroline G. Lee
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, C/O MD7, Level 2, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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2
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Molla G, Bitew M. Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine: Synergy with Multi-Omics Data Generation, Main Hurdles, and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2750. [PMID: 39767657 PMCID: PMC11673561 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The field of personalized medicine is undergoing a transformative shift through the integration of multi-omics data, which mainly encompasses genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This synergy allows for a comprehensive understanding of individual health by analyzing genetic, molecular, and biochemical profiles. The generation and integration of multi-omics data enable more precise and tailored therapeutic strategies, improving the efficacy of treatments and reducing adverse effects. However, several challenges hinder the full realization of personalized medicine. Key hurdles include the complexity of data integration across different omics layers, the need for advanced computational tools, and the high cost of comprehensive data generation. Additionally, issues related to data privacy, standardization, and the need for robust validation in diverse populations remain significant obstacles. Looking ahead, the future of personalized medicine promises advancements in technology and methodologies that will address these challenges. Emerging innovations in data analytics, machine learning, and high-throughput sequencing are expected to enhance the integration of multi-omics data, making personalized medicine more accessible and effective. Collaborative efforts among researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders are crucial to overcoming these hurdles and fully harnessing the potential of multi-omics for individualized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Molla
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga P.O. Box 1020, Ethiopia
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute (BETin), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5954, Ethiopia;
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute (BETin), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5954, Ethiopia;
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3
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Leppin A, Nielsen JB. Readiness to Accept Genetic Testing for Personalized Medicine: Survey Findings on the Role of Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Health Vulnerabilities, Perceived Genetic Risk and Personality Factors. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111836. [PMID: 36579571 PMCID: PMC9699615 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies from various countries have shown that majorities would accept genetic testing for personalization of treatment, but little is known about differences among population subgroups. The present study investigated whether readiness to accept a hypothetical cost-free offer of genetic testing to personalize treatment depends on socio-demographic characteristics, health-related vulnerabilities, personal dispositions, and prior awareness about personalized medicine. The study was based on a cross-sectional survey design. Out of a representative initial sample of 50-80-year-old Danish citizens (n = 15,072), n = 6807 returned a fully answered web-based questionnaire. Socio-demographic data were added from a national registry. Data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. A large majority of respondents (78.3%) expressed their readiness to be tested. Rates were higher in men, younger persons, and those with higher income. Additionally, ex-smokers and obese persons as well as those less satisfied with their health and respondents who perceived a personal genetic risk were more interested, as were those with higher internal health control, higher extraversion, higher emotional stability, and those who had not heard about this option before. Further research should investigate the specific concerns among population subgroups which need being addressed by systematic communication efforts in a clinical but also a broader public health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Leppin
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 6705 Esbjerg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Jesper Bo Nielsen
- Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Varughese LA, Bhupathiraju M, Hoffecker G, Terek S, Harr M, Hakonarson H, Cambareri C, Marini J, Landgraf J, Chen J, Kanter G, Lau-Min KS, Massa RC, Damjanov N, Reddy NJ, Oyer RA, Teitelbaum UR, Tuteja S. Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Gastrointestinal Cancers (IMPACT-GI): Study Protocol for a Pragmatic Implementation Trial for Establishing DPYD and UGT1A1 Screening to Guide Chemotherapy Dosing. Front Oncol 2022; 12:859846. [PMID: 35865463 PMCID: PMC9295185 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.859846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluoropyrimidines (fluorouracil [5-FU], capecitabine) and irinotecan are commonly prescribed chemotherapy agents for gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing for germline DPYD and UGT1A1 variants associated with reduced enzyme activity holds the potential to identify patients at high risk for severe chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Slow adoption of PGx testing in routine clinical care is due to implementation barriers, including long test turnaround times, lack of integration in the electronic health record (EHR), and ambiguity in test cost coverage. We sought to establish PGx testing in our health system following the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework as a guide. Our implementation study aims to address barriers to PGx testing. Methods The Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Gastrointestinal Cancers (IMPACT-GI) study is a non-randomized, pragmatic, open-label implementation study at three sites within a major academic health system. Eligible patients with a GI malignancy indicated for treatment with 5-FU, capecitabine, or irinotecan will undergo PGx testing prior to chemotherapy initiation. Specimens will be sent to an academic clinical laboratory followed by return of results in the EHR with appropriate clinical decision support for the care team. We hypothesize that the availability of a rapid turnaround PGx test with specific dosing recommendations will increase PGx test utilization to guide pharmacotherapy decisions and improve patient safety outcomes. Primary implementation endpoints are feasibility, fidelity, and penetrance. Exploratory analyses for clinical effectiveness of genotyping will include assessing grade ≥3 treatment-related toxicity using available clinical data, patient-reported outcomes, and quality of life measures. Conclusion We describe the formative work conducted to prepare our health system for DPYD and UGT1A1 testing. Our prospective implementation study will evaluate the clinical implementation of this testing program and create the infrastructure necessary to ensure sustainability of PGx testing in our health system. The results of this study may help other institutions interested in implementing PGx testing in oncology care. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04736472, identifier [NCT04736472].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Varughese
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Madhuri Bhupathiraju
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Glenda Hoffecker
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shannon Terek
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret Harr
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christine Cambareri
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Marini
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Landgraf
- Information Services Applications, Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Genevieve Kanter
- Division of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kelsey S. Lau-Min
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan C. Massa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nevena Damjanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nandi J. Reddy
- Ann B. Barshinger Cancer Institute, Lancaster General Health, Penn Medicine, Lancaster, PA, United States
| | - Randall A. Oyer
- Ann B. Barshinger Cancer Institute, Lancaster General Health, Penn Medicine, Lancaster, PA, United States
| | - Ursina R. Teitelbaum
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sony Tuteja
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sony Tuteja,
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Maruf AA, Bousman CA. Approaches and hurdles of implementing pharmacogenetic testing in the psychiatric clinic. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2022; 1:e26. [PMID: 38868642 PMCID: PMC11114389 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing has emerged as a tool for predicting a person's ability to process and react to drugs. Despite the growing evidence-base, enthusiasm, and successful efforts to implement PGx testing in psychiatry, a consensus on how best to implement PGx testing into practice has not been established and numerous hurdles to widespread adoption remain to be overcome. In this article, we summarize the most used approaches and commonly encountered hurdles when implementing PGx testing into routine psychiatric care. We also highlight effective strategies that have been used to overcome hurdles. These strategies include the development of user-friendly clinical workflows for test ordering, use, and communication of results, establishment of test standardization and reimbursement policies, and development of tailored curriculums for educating health-care providers and the public. Although knowledge and awareness of these approaches and strategies to overcome hurdles alone may not be sufficient for successful implementation, they are necessary to ensure the effective spread, scale, and sustainability of PGx testing in psychiatry and other areas of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Maruf
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Centre on AgingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Chad A. Bousman
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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6
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Mowbray C, Turner J, Gai J, Jacobs S. Comfort with Pharmacogenetic Testing Amongst Pediatric Oncology Providers and Their Patients. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY NURSING 2022; 39:168-177. [PMID: 35467433 PMCID: PMC9462430 DOI: 10.1177/10434542211055999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing, a component of personalized medicine, aims to ensure treatment efficacy while reducing side effects and symptoms. Before this testing becomes routine in the pediatric oncology population, nurses need to understand the knowledge and concerns of providers, patients, and family members with regard to the timing, extent, interpretation, and incorporation of PGx testing. Methods: As part of a comprehensive PGx study (larger study) for children diagnosed with cancer, we surveyed providers and caregivers of children with cancer about their knowledge of and comfort with PGx testing. Caregivers who declined to participate in the larger PGx study were also asked to participate in the survey. Chi-square tests and a two-sample t-test were used to compare variables. Results: One hundred and two participants from the larger PGx study and 12 families who refused (response rate of 77% and 54%, respectively) as well as 29 providers (88%) completed surveys. Families not on the study were less interested in and comfortable with PGx results. Both groups were concerned about health or life insurance discrimination and payment. Providers would like support in ordering PGx testing and interpreting PGx. Discussion: Providers remain wary of most PGx testing, uncomfortable with interpreting and applying the results. Families are interested in the possibilities of personalized prescribing while worried about who has access to their child's genetic information. Further education on relevant tests for providers, including nurses, and the testing process for families, including details on privacy and sharing of genetic information, appear necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Mowbray
- Center of Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National
Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Catriona Mowbray, PhD, BSN, RN, CPHON,
Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Hospital, 111
Michigan Ave NW, 3.5 Main rm 157, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Joyce Turner
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National
Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Gai
- Division of Biostatistics and Study Methodology, Children's National
Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shana Jacobs
- Center of Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National
Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Allen JD, Pittenger AL, Bishop JR. A Scoping Review of Attitudes and Experiences with Pharmacogenomic Testing among Patients and the General Public: Implications for Patient Counseling. J Pers Med 2022; 12:425. [PMID: 35330430 PMCID: PMC8953117 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pharmacogenomic (PGx) tests is increasing, but there are not standard approaches to counseling patients on their implications or results. To inform approaches for patient counseling, we conducted a scoping review of published literature on patient experiences with PGx testing and performed a thematic analysis of qualitative and quantitative reports. A structured scoping review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute guidance. The search identified 37 articles (involving n = 6252 participants) published between 2010 and 2021 from a diverse range of populations and using a variety of study methodologies. Thematic analysis identified five themes (reasons for testing/perceived benefit, understanding of results, psychological response, impact of testing on patient/provider relationship, concerns about testing/perceived harm) and 22 subthemes. These results provide valuable context and potential areas of focus during patient counseling on PGx. Many of the knowledge gaps, misunderstandings, and concerns that participants identified could be mitigated by pre- and post-test counseling. More research is needed on patients' PGx literacy needs, along with the development of a standardized, open-source patient education curriculum and the development of validated PGx literacy assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah D. Allen
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Medigenics Consulting, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Amy L. Pittenger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Systems, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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8
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Roosan D, Chok J, Baskys A, Roosan MR. PGxKnow: a pharmacogenomics educational HoloLens application of augmented reality and artificial intelligence. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:235-245. [PMID: 35083917 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop and assess an augmented reality tool for pharmacogenomics (PGx) education based on artificial intelligence. Materials & methods: A HoloLens application was developed using feedback from three clinical PGx-trained pharmacists. 15 Participants independently reviewed the application and assessed usability using the system usability scale (SUS). Results & conclusion: Eighteen different frames were developed. Each video module was 2-3 min for the education. The application included textual information and 3D structures of PGx concepts. The mean SUS score for 15 participants (11 pharmacy students and four pharmacists) was 83, with a standard deviation of 6.6. Results suggest that PGxKnow has the potential to bridge the gap in PGx education, further widespread utilization of PGx and boost its impact on precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Roosan
- Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E 2nd street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Jay Chok
- Associate Professor, Claremont Colleges, School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Andrius Baskys
- Professor, College of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E 2nd street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Moom R Roosan
- Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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9
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Subasri M, Barrett D, Sibalija J, Bitacola L, Kim RB. Pharmacogenomic-based personalized medicine: Multistakeholder perspectives on implementational drivers and barriers in the Canadian healthcare system. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2231-2241. [PMID: 34080317 PMCID: PMC8604218 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx)-based personalized medicine (PM) is increasingly utilized to guide treatment decisions for many drug-disease combinations. Notably, London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC) has pioneered a PGx program that has become a staple for London-based specialists. Although implementational studies have been conducted in other jurisdictions, the Canadian healthcare system is understudied. Herein, the multistakeholder perspectives on implementational drivers and barriers are elucidated. Using a mixed-method qualitative model, key stakeholders, and patients from LHSC's PGx-based PM clinic were interviewed and surveyed, respectively. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed in a stepwise process of customer profiling, value mapping, and business model canvasing. Value for LHSC located specialist users of PGx was driven by the quick turnaround time, independence of the PGx clinic, and the quality of information. Engagement of external specialists was only limited by access and awareness, whereas other healthcare nonusers were limited by education and applicability. The major determinant of successful adoption at novel sites were institutional champions. Patients valued and approved of the service, expressed a general willingness to pay, but often traveled far to receive genotyping. This paper discusses the critical pillars of education, awareness, advocacy, and efficiency required to address implementation barriers to healthcare service innovation in Canada. Further adoption of PGx practices into Canadian hospitals is an important factor for advancing system-level changes in care delivery, patient experiences, and outcomes. The findings in this paper can help inform efforts to advance clinical PGx practices, but also the potential adoption and implementation of other innovative healthcare service solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathushan Subasri
- Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Barrett
- Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jovana Sibalija
- Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Richard B Kim
- Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Stancil SL, Berrios C, Abdel-Rahman S. Adolescent perceptions of pharmacogenetic testing. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:335-343. [PMID: 33849282 PMCID: PMC8173518 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the expansion of pharmacogenetics (PGx), the views of pediatric patients remain unknown. This study explores adolescents' understanding and perceptions of PGx testing. Methods: Adolescents who had PGx testing were interviewed and their electronic health records were reviewed. Results: Adolescents accurately described reason for testing and most felt the results impacted their current and future care. None perceived risks to securing future employment or insurance. All felt PGx would benefit their peers. Conclusion: Adolescents understand the reasons for PGx and perceive testing to be useful, low risk and applicable to peers. Findings from this study advocate for the inclusion of adolescents in shared decision-making regarding testing and for active engagement in the discussion of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani L Stancil
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, MO 64108, USA
| | - Courtney Berrios
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Susan Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, MO 64108, USA
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11
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Wake DT, Bell GC, Gregornik DB, Ho TT, Dunnenberger HM. Synthesis of major pharmacogenomics pretest counseling themes: a multisite comparison. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:165-176. [PMID: 33461326 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The accessibility of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing has grown substantially over the last decade and with it has arisen a demand for patients to be counseled on the use of these tests. While guidelines exist for the use of PGx results; objective determinants for who should receive PGx testing remain incomplete. PGx clinical services have been created to meet these screening and education needs and significant variability exists between these programs. This article describes the practices of four PGx clinics during pretest counseling sessions. A description of the major tenets of the benefits, limitations and risks of testing are compiled. Additional tools are provided to serve as a foundation for those wishing to begin or expand their own counseling service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyson T Wake
- Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Gillian C Bell
- Genetics & Personalized Medicine Department, Mission Health, Asheville, NC 28803, USA
| | - David B Gregornik
- Pharmacogenomics Program, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Teresa T Ho
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics & Clinical Research, University of South Florida Taneja College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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12
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Roosan D, Hwang A, Roosan MR. Pharmacogenomics cascade testing (PhaCT): a novel approach for preemptive pharmacogenomics testing to optimize medication therapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:1-7. [PMID: 32843688 PMCID: PMC7840503 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-00182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx) has come a long way since the dawn of utilizing pharmacogenomic data in clinical patient care. However, the potential benefits of sharing PGx results have yet to be explored. In this paper, we explore the willingness of patients to share PGx results, as well as the inclusion of family medication history in identifying potential family members for pharmacogenomics cascade testing (PhaCT). The genetic similarities in families allow for identifying potential gene variants prior to official preemptive testing. Once a candidate patient is determined, PhaCT can be initiated. PhaCT recognizes that further cascade testing throughout a family can serve to improve precision medicine. In order to make PhaCT feasible, we propose a novel shareable HIPAA-compliant informatics platform that will enable patients to manage not only their own test results and medications but also those of their family members. The informatics platform will be an external genomics system with capabilities to integrate with patients' electronic health records. Patients will be given the tools to provide information to and work with clinicians in identifying family members for PhaCT through this platform. Offering patients the tools to share PGx results with their family members for preemptive testing could be the key to empowering patients. Clinicians can utilize PhaCT to potentially improve medication adherence, which may consequently help to distribute the burden of health management between patients, family members, providers, and payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Roosan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
| | - Angela Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Moom R Roosan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Malsagova KA, Butkova TV, Kopylov AT, Izotov AA, Potoldykova NV, Enikeev DV, Grigoryan V, Tarasov A, Stepanov AA, Kaysheva AL. Pharmacogenetic Testing: A Tool for Personalized Drug Therapy Optimization. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1240. [PMID: 33352764 PMCID: PMC7765968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a study of how the genome background is associated with drug resistance and how therapy strategy can be modified for a certain person to achieve benefit. The pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing becomes of great opportunity for physicians to make the proper decision regarding each non-trivial patient that does not respond to therapy. Although pharmacogenomics has become of growing interest to the healthcare market during the past five to ten years the exact mechanisms linking the genetic polymorphisms and observable responses to drug therapy are not always clear. Therefore, the success of PGx testing depends on the physician's ability to understand the obtained results in a standardized way for each particular patient. The review aims to lead the reader through the general conception of PGx and related issues of PGx testing efficiency, personal data security, and health safety at a current clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Malsagova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.A.S.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Tatyana V. Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.A.S.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Arthur T. Kopylov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.A.S.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.A.S.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Natalia V. Potoldykova
- Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.P.); (D.V.E.); (V.G.)
| | - Dmitry V. Enikeev
- Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.P.); (D.V.E.); (V.G.)
| | - Vagarshak Grigoryan
- Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.P.); (D.V.E.); (V.G.)
| | - Alexander Tarasov
- Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.A.S.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Anna L. Kaysheva
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.T.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.A.S.); (A.L.K.)
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14
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Liu M, Vnencak-Jones CL, Roland BP, Gatto CL, Mathe JL, Just SL, Peterson JF, Van Driest SL, Weitkamp AO. A Tutorial for Pharmacogenomics Implementation Through End-to-End Clinical Decision Support Based on Ten Years of Experience from PREDICT. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:101-115. [PMID: 33048353 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vanderbilt University Medical Center implemented pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing with the Pharmacogenomic Resource for Enhanced Decisions in Care and Treatment (PREDICT) initiative in 2010. This tutorial reviews the laboratory considerations, technical infrastructure, and programmatic support required to deliver panel-based PGx testing across a large health system with examples and experiences from the first decade of the PREDICT initiative. From the time of inception, automated clinical decision support (CDS) has been a critical capability for delivering PGx results to the point-of-care. Key features of the CDS include human-readable interpretations and clinical guidance that is anticipatory, actionable, and adaptable to changes in the scientific literature. Implementing CDS requires that structured results from the laboratory be encoded in standards-based messages that are securely ingested by electronic health records. Translating results to guidance also requires an informatics infrastructure with multiple components: (1) to manage the interpretation of raw genomic data to "star allele" results to expected phenotype, (2) to define the rules that associate a phenotype with recommended changes to clinical care, and (3) to manage and update the knowledge base. Knowledge base management is key to processing new results with the latest guidelines, and to ensure that historical genomic results can be reinterpreted with revised CDS. We recommend that these components be deployed with institutional authorization, programmatic support, and clinician education to govern the CDS content and policies around delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cindy L Vnencak-Jones
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bartholomew P Roland
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheryl L Gatto
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Janos L Mathe
- Health IT Decision Support and Knowledge Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shari L Just
- Health IT Decision Support and Knowledge Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Josh F Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sara L Van Driest
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Asli O Weitkamp
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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15
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Muflih SM, Bashir HN, Khader YS, Karasneh RA. The impact of health literacy on self-medication: a cross-sectional outpatient study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 44:84-91. [PMID: 33164078 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research project aims to measure and evaluate the impact of health literacy on self-medication and to achieve a better understating of patients' behaviors. METHODS A cross-sectional approach was conducted and participants were recruited outpatient clinics through convenience sampling. Health literacy was measured by Single Item Literacy Screener. RESULTS A total of 194 participants agreed to participate (63.9% were females). The results showed that more than half (57.2%) had adequate health literacy. Almost 30% of the participants were over the age of 50. The prevalence of self-medication was 74.2%. Nearly, two-thirds of the total participants reported self-administration of antibiotics. There was a significant relationship between the overall health literacy level and practice of self-medication. CONCLUSIONS Improving the health literacy level of the public can reduce inappropriate self-medication, especially the self-medication with antibiotics, which represented a high prevalence situation in our sample. Appropriate reading skills are important for accessing health information, using health care services, and achieving desirable health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaib M Muflih
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hadeel N Bashir
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Reema A Karasneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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16
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Bright D, Worley M, Porter BL. Patient perceptions of pharmacogenomic testing in the community pharmacy setting. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:744-749. [PMID: 32741696 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to optimize community pharmacist roles and patient outcomes, a better understanding of patient perceptions of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing may be helpful for successful integration into community pharmacy practice. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify patient perceptions related to PGx testing in the community pharmacy setting. METHODS Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with adults ≥18 years of age to gather their perceptions of PGx testing. Interview participants were taking either an antiplatelet agent or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor listed in Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines and were patients at one of two community pharmacies in West Michigan. Interview questions were designed to follow the Theory of Planned Behavior and to take into account existing literature on patient perceptions of PGx. Interviews were recorded, transcribed by a third party transcription service, coded by a team of three researchers to identify themes, and analyzed using nVivo qualitative analysis software. RESULTS A total of 19 interviews were conducted over a period of 16 days in June 2016. Upon preliminary evaluation, four themes related to patient perceptions of PGx testing were consistently observed across multiple interviews: 1) trust, 2) experience, 3) risk/benefit, and 4) clarity. CONCLUSIONS Semi-structured patient interviews revealed four themes related to PGx testing in the community pharmacy setting. These themes may influence the desire to pursue PGx testing. Future research may seek to identify how community pharmacists can communicate with patients about PGx in the context of these themes to empower patients to make positive health care decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, 220 Ferris Dr. Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA.
| | - Marcia Worley
- The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, USA; Division of Outcomes and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmacy, A214 Parks Hall, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Brianne L Porter
- The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, USA; Division of Pharmacy Education and Innovation, A208 Parks Hall, 500 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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17
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Stegelmeier J, Nartker C, Barnes C, Rayo H, Hoover R, Boyle J, O’Connor S, Barrott J. Rural Community Perceptions and Interests in Pharmacogenomics. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E159. [PMID: 32516951 PMCID: PMC7348789 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics testing is a rapidly expanding field with increasing importance to individualized patient care. However, it remains unclear whether the general public in rural areas would be willing to engage in this service. The objective of this survey was to determine rural community-dwelling members' perceptions of pharmacogenomics. A questionnaire was developed consisting of five Likert-style questions on knowledge and perceptions of pharmacogenomics, a single multiple-choice question on cost of testing, and a free-response question. Two cohorts received the same questionnaire: attendees at a university-sponsored health fair and patients presenting to two independent community pharmacies in southeastern Idaho. While both showed positive reception to the implementation and value of pharmacogenomics, those at the health fair were more in favor of pharmacogenomics, suggesting a need for greater outreach and education to the general public. The findings suggest that interest of rural community-dwelling individuals may be amenable to the expansion of pharmacogenomics testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jared Barrott
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave., Pocatello, ID 83201, USA; (J.S.); (C.N.); (C.B.); (H.R.); (R.H.); (J.B.); (S.O.)
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18
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a powerful tool that can predict increased risks of adverse effects and sub-therapeutic response to medications. This article establishes the core principles necessary for a primary care provider to meaningfully and prudently use PGx testing. Key topics include in which patients PGx testing should be considered, how PGx tests are ordered, how the results are translated into clinical recommendations, and what further advancements are likely in the near future. This will provide clinicians with a foundational knowledge of PGx that can allow incorporation of this tool into their practice or support further personal investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyson T Wake
- Pharmacogenomics, Mark R. Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nadim Ilbawi
- Department of Family Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 6810 North McCormick Boulevard, Lincolnwood, IL 60712, USA
| | - Henry Mark Dunnenberger
- Pharmacogenomics, Mark R. Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Medical Genetics, Mark R. Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 1000 Central Street Suite 610, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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19
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Pendergrass SA, Crist RC, Jones LK, Hoch JR, Berrettini WH. The importance of buprenorphine research in the opioid crisis. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:626-632. [PMID: 30617273 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the urgency to treat patients more effectively for opioid use disorder in the midst of the opioid epidemic, a key area for precision medicine is to improve individualized medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. The expansion of medication-assisted treatment is a key to reducing illicit opioid use, preventing opioid overdose deaths, and reducing the comorbidities and societal impacts of opioid use disorder. The most common medication for opioid use disorder will soon be buprenorphine. Research to date shows the successful impact of buprenorphine treatment, including the pharmacogenomics of buprenorphine response and treatment efficacy. Buprenorphine is also a promising treatment for depression and anxiety, and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). However, the rates of success with medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, particularly at the beginning of treatment, still show many individuals relapsing to illicit opioid use. With the scope of the opioid crisis, there is an urgent need for expansion of buprenorphine treatment research to provide critical information for improving outcomes of opioid use disorder. Implementing the best strategies for opioid use disorder treatment is of dire urgency and will save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Pendergrass
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Department, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA.
| | - Richard C Crist
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laney K Jones
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Precision Health Center, Geisinger, Forty Fort, PA, USA
| | - Jason R Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Neurosciences Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
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20
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Vassy JL, Stone A, Callaghan JT, Mendes M, Meyer LJ, Pratt VM, Przygodzki RM, Scheuner MT, Wang-Rodriguez J, Schichman SA. Pharmacogenetic testing in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA): policy recommendations from the VHA Clinical Pharmacogenetics Subcommittee. Genet Med 2019; 21:382-390. [PMID: 29858578 PMCID: PMC6274593 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Clinical Pharmacogenetics Subcommittee is charged with making recommendations about whether specific pharmacogenetic tests should be used in healthcare at VHA facilities. We describe a process to inform VHA pharmacogenetic testing policy. METHODS After developing consensus definitions of clinical validity and utility, the Subcommittee identified salient drug-gene pairs with potential clinical application in VHA. Members met monthly to discuss each drug-gene pair, the evidence of clinical utility for the associated pharmacogenetic test, and any VHA-specific testing considerations. The Subcommittee classified each test as strongly recommended, recommended, or not routinely recommended before drug initiation. RESULTS Of 30 drug-gene pair tests reviewed, the Subcommittee classified 4 (13%) as strongly recommended, including HLA-B*15:02 for carbamazepine-associated Stevens-Johnston syndrome and G6PD for rasburicase-associated hemolytic anemia; 12 (40%) as recommended, including CYP2D6 for codeine toxicity; and 14 (47%) as not routinely recommended, such as CYP2C19 for clopidogrel dosing. CONCLUSION Only half of drug-gene pairs with high clinical validity received Subcommittee support for policy promoting their widespread use across VHA. The Subcommittee generally found insufficient evidence of clinical utility or available, effective alternative strategies for the remainders. Continual evidence review and rigorous outcomes research will help promote the translation of pharmacogenetic discovery to healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Vassy
- Section of General Internal Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Annjanette Stone
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - John T Callaghan
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Laurence J Meyer
- Office of Specialty Care Services, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Victoria M Pratt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ronald M Przygodzki
- Office of Research & Development, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maren T Scheuner
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Wang-Rodriguez
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven A Schichman
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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21
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Assessment of provider-perceived barriers to clinical use of pharmacogenomics during participation in an institutional implementation study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2019; 29:31-38. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Vassy JL, Brunette CA, Majahalme N, Advani S, MacMullen L, Hau C, Zimolzak AJ, Miller SJ. The Integrating Pharmacogenetics in Clinical Care (I-PICC) Study: Protocol for a point-of-care randomized controlled trial of statin pharmacogenetics in primary care. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 75:40-50. [PMID: 30367991 PMCID: PMC8119226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the SLCO1B1 rs4149056 variant and statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) is well validated, but the clinical utility of its implementation in patient care is unknown. DESIGN The Integrating Pharmacogenetics in Clinical Care (I-PICC) Study is a pseudo-cluster randomized controlled trial of SLCO1B1 genotyping among statin-naïve primary care and women's health patients across the Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System. Eligible patients of enrolled primary care providers are aged 40-75 and have elevated risk of cardiovascular disease by American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines. Patients give consent by telephone in advance of an upcoming appointment, but they are enrolled only if and when their provider co-signs an order for SLCO1B1 testing, performed on a blood sample already collected in clinical care. Enrolled patients are randomly allocated to have their providers receive results through the electronic health record at baseline (PGx + arm) versus after 12 months (PGx- arm). The primary outcome is the change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after one year. Secondary outcomes are concordance with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for simvastatin prescribing, concordance with ACC/AHA guidelines for statin use, and incidence of SAMS. With 408 patients, the study has >80% power to exclude a between-group LDL-C difference of 10 mg/dL (non-inferiority design) and to detect between-group differences of 15% in CPIC guideline concordance (superiority design). CONCLUSION The outcomes of the I-PICC Study will inform the clinical utility of preemptive SLCO1B1 testing in the routine practice of medicine, including its proposed benefits and unforeseen risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Vassy
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Hau
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Zimolzak
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Gap between the US and Japan in coverage of pharmacogenomic biomarkers by health insurance programs: More coverage is needed in Japan. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:243-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Vassy JL, Chun S, Advani S, Ludin SA, Smith JG, Alligood EC. Impact of SLCO1B1 Pharmacogenetic Testing on Patient and Healthcare Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 106:360-373. [PMID: 30137643 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Demonstrated improvements in patient outcomes will facilitate the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic testing. Using the association between solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) and statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMSs) as a model, we conducted a systematic review of patient outcomes after delivery of SLCO1B1 results. Using PubMed and Embase searches through December 19, 2017, we identified 37 eligible records reporting preliminary or final outcomes, including six studies delivering only SLCO1B1 results and five large healthcare system-based implementation projects of multipharmacogene panels. Two small trials have demonstrated at least short-term improvements in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after SLCO1B1 testing among previously statin intolerant patients. Evidence from large implementation projects suggests that SLCO1B1 results may change prescribing patterns for some high-risk patients. No study has reported improvements in SAMSs or cardiovascular events or tracked the economic outcomes of SLCO1B1 testing. Ongoing studies should collect and report outcomes relevant to pharmacogenetics stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Vassy
- Veterans Affairs (VA) VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sojeong Chun
- Veterans Affairs (VA) VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjay Advani
- Veterans Affairs (VA) VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sophie A Ludin
- Veterans Affairs (VA) VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jason G Smith
- Veterans Affairs (VA) VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elaine C Alligood
- Veterans Affairs (VA) VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Baskys A. Application of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice: problems and solutions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:109-113. [PMID: 29922908 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses difficulties of pharmacogenomic data integration into clinical practice. It emphasizes the need for developing simple and easy to use bioinformatics tools to help prescribers to rapidly access and use genetic data in clinical decision-making at the point of encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Baskys
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA. .,Memory Disorders Clinic, Riverside Psychiatric Medical Group, Riverside, CA, USA. .,World Association of Genomic Medicine, A Coruña, Spain.
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Abstract
The field of oncology has been permeated with the use of pharmacogenomics. There have been a few studies on oncology nurses' attitudes surrounding this topic. A study conducted in 2015 revealed six themes: consistency, effectiveness, cost, disparity, genetic counseling needs and need for further education. Further information obtained while conducting a pilot study for continuing education related to pharmacogenomics have revealed novel perspectives surrounding pharmacogenomics among oncology nurses. The previous six themes were substantiated. Additionally, four new themes were identified: change in scope of practice, standardized communication, access to up-to-date information and advocacy. Further validation of the prior six themes and the addition of the new themes reveal the continual impact of pharmacogenomics on nursing practice. The main theme that resounding among the majority of the nurses was the need for further education. This validates the development of educational programs that focus on pharmacogenomics within oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal H Dodson
- School of Nursing, College of Health & Human Services, The University of North Carolina at Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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27
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Jones LK, Kulchak Rahm A, Gionfriddo MR, Williams JL, Fan AL, Pulk RA, Wright EA, Williams MS. Developing Pharmacogenomic Reports: Insights from Patients and Clinicians. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:289-295. [PMID: 29316365 PMCID: PMC5944570 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, for a variety of indications, patients have their genomes sequenced and actionable results returned. A subset of returned results is pharmacogenomic (PGx) variants involved in the metabolism or action of medications. Although the impact of these variants on health is well-documented, little research exists on how to communicate these findings to patients and clinicians. We conducted semistructured interviews with end users to understand how best to communicate PGx results. Overall, patients and clinicians had similar opinions regarding report content, delivery, and application. Unique concerns specific to each stakeholder group were also expressed. Patients wanted an easy-to-understand individualized report that clinicians utilized to guide their care. Clinicians wanted reports that were easy-to-use, actionable, and integrated into their workflow. Implementation of these reports in a clinical setting will allow for broader user feedback and iterative improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Audrey L. Fan
- GeisingerDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
- Genome MedicalSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Lemke AA, Hulick PJ, Wake DT, Wang C, Sereika AW, Yu KD, Glaser NS, Dunnenberger HM. Patient perspectives following pharmacogenomics results disclosure in an integrated health system. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:321-331. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess patient perceptions and utilization of pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing in an integrated community health system. Methods: Fifty-seven patients completed an online survey assessing their experiences with PGx testing offered through two methods: a designated PGx clinic or direct access in-home testing. Results: The majority of participants perceived PGx testing as helpful in their healthcare and reported understanding their results. Some had concerns about privacy and discrimination; most lacked familiarity with the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. There were no significant differences in views between participants tested through either model. Conclusion: Participants reported value in both methods of PGx testing. Patient experiences, understanding and result utilization will play an important role in informing future development and implementation of PGx programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lemke
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Dyson T Wake
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Biostatistics & Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 146, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Annette W Sereika
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Kristen Dilzell Yu
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nicole S Glaser
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Rattay T, Symonds RP, Shokuhi S, Talbot CJ, Schnur JB. The Patient Perspective on Radiogenomics Testing for Breast Radiation Toxicity. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2018; 30:151-157. [PMID: 29287972 PMCID: PMC5821695 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In the field of radiogenomics, several potential predictive genetic markers have been identified that are associated with individual susceptibility to radiation toxicity. Predictive models of radiation toxicity incorporating radiogenomics and other biomarkers are being developed as part of the ongoing multicentre REQUITE trial. The purpose of this study was to explore patient attitudes towards future predictive radiogenomics testing for breast radiation toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with breast cancer patients taking part in the REQUITE study at one centre. We used inductive thematic analysis to generate common themes. RESULTS We identified three emerging themes describing attitudes and feelings towards a predictive radiogenomics test for breast radiation toxicity: theme 1 - willingness to undergo a test (subthemes - information, trusted expert); theme 2 - implications of a test (subthemes - preparation and planning, anxiety without recourse); theme 3 - impact on treatment decision-making (subthemes - prioritising cancer cure, preserving breast integrity, patient preferences). CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study indicate that patients support and have confidence in the validity of a radiogenomics test for breast radiation toxicity, but they would prefer the result be provided to healthcare professionals. Except in cases of significant chronic symptoms and pain or significant end-organ damage, participants in this study rarely felt that advance knowledge of their personal risk of breast radiation toxicity would influence their treatment decision-making. These findings provide a number of insights that will allow us to anticipate how patients are likely to engage with predictive radiogenomics testing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rattay
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - R P Symonds
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S Shokuhi
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - C J Talbot
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J B Schnur
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Behavioral Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pharmacogenetics is an important component of precision medicine. Even within the genomic era, several challenges lie ahead in the road towards clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics in the clinic. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding pharmacogenetics of cardiovascular drugs, focusing on those with the most evidence supporting clinical implementation- clopidogrel, warfarin and simvastatin. RECENT FINDINGS There is limited translation of pharmacogenetics into clinical practice primarily due to the absence of outcomes data from prospective, randomized, genotype-directed clinical trials. There are several ongoing randomized controlled trials that will provide some answers as to the clinical utility of genotype-directed strategies. Several academic medical centers have pushed towards clinical implementation where the clinical validity data are strong. Their experiences will inform operational requirements of a clinical pharmacogenetics testing including the timing of testing, incorporation of test results into the electronic health record, reimbursement and ethical issues. SUMMARY Pharmacogenetics of clopidogrel, warfarin and simvastatin are three examples where pharmacogenetics testing may provide added clinical value. Continued accumulation of evidence surrounding clinical utility of pharmacogenetics markers is imperative as this will inform reimbursement policy and drive adoption of pharamcogenetics into routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Tuteja
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Nita Limdi
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute
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31
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Lemke AA, Hutten Selkirk CG, Glaser NS, Sereika AW, Wake DT, Hulick PJ, Dunnenberger HM. Primary care physician experiences with integrated pharmacogenomic testing in a community health system. Per Med 2017; 14:389-400. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To explore primary care physicians’ views of the utility and delivery of direct access to pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing in a community health system. Methods: This descriptive study assessed the perspectives of 15 healthcare providers utilizing qualitative individual interviews. Results: Three main themes emerged: perceived value and utility of PGx testing; challenges to implementation in practice; and provider as well as patient needs. Conclusion: While providers in this study viewed benefits of PGx testing as avoiding side effects, titrating doses more quickly, improving shared decision-making and providing psychological reassurance, challenges will need to be addressed such as privacy concerns, cost, insurance coverage and understanding the complexity of PGx test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lemke
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Christina G Hutten Selkirk
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nicole S Glaser
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Annette W Sereika
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Dyson T Wake
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Caraballo PJ, Bielinski SJ, St. Sauver JL, Weinshilboum RM. Electronic Medical Record-Integrated Pharmacogenomics and Related Clinical Decision Support Concepts. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:254-264. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PJ Caraballo
- Division of General Internal Medicine; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
- Office of Information and Knowledge Management; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - SJ Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - JL St. Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
- Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - RM Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics & Medicine, Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
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St Sauver JL, Bielinski SJ, Olson JE, Bell EJ, Mc Gree ME, Jacobson DJ, McCormick JB, Caraballo PJ, Takahashi PY, Roger VL, Rohrer Vitek CR. Integrating Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Practice: Promise vs Reality. Am J Med 2016; 129:1093-1099.e1. [PMID: 27155109 PMCID: PMC5600492 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available regarding primary care clinicians' response to pharmacogenomic clinical decision support (PGx-CDS) alerts integrated in the electronic health record. METHODS In February 2015, 159 clinicians in the Mayo Clinic primary care practice were sent e-mail surveys to understand their perspectives on the implementation and use of pharmacogenomic testing in their clinical practice. Surveys assessed how the clinicians felt about pharmacogenomics and whether they thought electronic PGx-CDS alerts were useful. Information was abstracted on the number of CDS alerts the clinicians received between October 2013 and the date their survey was returned. CDS alerts were grouped into 2 categories: the alert recommended caution using the prescription, or the alert recommended an alternate prescription. Finally, data were abstracted regarding whether the clinician changed their prescription in response to the alert recommendation. RESULTS The survey response rate was 57% (n = 90). Overall, 52% of the clinicians did not expect to use or did not know whether they would use pharmacogenomic information in their future prescribing practices. Additionally, 53% of the clinicians felt that the alerts were confusing, irritating, frustrating, or that it was difficult to find additional information. Finally, only 30% of the clinicians that received a CDS alert changed their prescription to an alternative medication. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a lack of clinician comfort with integration of pharmacogenomic data into primary care. Further efforts to refine PGx-CDS alerts to make them as useful and user-friendly as possible are needed to improve clinician satisfaction with these new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L St Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
| | - Suzette J Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Janet E Olson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Elizabeth J Bell
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Michaela E Mc Gree
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Debra J Jacobson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jennifer B McCormick
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Pedro J Caraballo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Paul Y Takahashi
- Department of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Veronique L Roger
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
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Haga SB, Mills R, Moaddeb J, Allen Lapointe N, Cho A, Ginsburg GS. Patient experiences with pharmacogenetic testing in a primary care setting. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1629-1636. [PMID: 27648637 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate patient experiences with pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing. METHODS Patients were offered PGx testing through a study on pharmacist-assisted delivery of PGx testing and invited to complete pre- and post-testing surveys about their experience. RESULTS Of 63 patients tested, 17 completed the baseline survey (27%). Interest in testing was mostly impacted by desire to inform selection of best treatment (n = 13). Seven of 12 patients that completed the follow-up survey indicated that their provider discussed the test result with them. Five patients understood their test result very or somewhat well. All would be likely to have PGx testing again. CONCLUSION Patients perceived PGx testing to be useful, though more effort may be needed to improve patient-provider communication of test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jivan Moaddeb
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Alex Cho
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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35
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Arwood MJ, Chumnumwat S, Cavallari LH, Nutescu EA, Duarte JD. Implementing Pharmacogenomics at Your Institution: Establishment and Overcoming Implementation Challenges. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:233-245. [PMID: 27214750 PMCID: PMC5121089 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M J Arwood
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - S Chumnumwat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Rajathevi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - E A Nutescu
- Personalized Medicine Program, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes, and Policy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomic Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J D Duarte
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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36
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Dorfman EH, Brown Trinidad S, Morales CT, Howlett K, Burke W, Woodahl EL. Pharmacogenomics in diverse practice settings: implementation beyond major metropolitan areas. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:227-37. [PMID: 25712186 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The limited formal study of the clinical feasibility of implementing pharmacogenomic tests has thus far focused on providers at large medical centers in urban areas. Our research focuses on small metropolitan, rural and tribal practice settings. MATERIALS & METHODS We interviewed 17 healthcare providers in western Montana regarding pharmacogenomic testing. RESULTS Participants were optimistic about the potential of pharmacogenomic tests, but noted unique barriers in small and rural settings including cost, adherence, patient acceptability and testing timeframe. Participants in tribal settings identified heightened sensitivity to genetics and need for community leadership approval as additional considerations. CONCLUSION Implementation differences in small metropolitan, rural and tribal communities may affect pharmacogenomic test adoption and utilization, potentially impacting many patients. Original submitted 3 September 2014; Revision submitted 3 December 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Dorfman
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Trinidad SB, Coffin TB, Fullerton SM, Ralston J, Jarvik GP, Larson EB. "Getting off the Bus Closer to Your Destination": Patients' Views about Pharmacogenetic Testing. Perm J 2015; 19:21-7. [PMID: 26057686 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/15-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors conducted focus groups with patients prescribed antidepressants (pilot session plus 2 focus groups, n = 27); patients prescribed carbamazepine (2 focus groups, n = 17); and healthy patients (2 focus groups, n = 17). Although participants understood the potential advantages of pharmacogenetic testing, many felt that the risks (discrimination, stigmatization, physician overreliance on genomic results, and denial of certain medications) may outweigh the benefits. These concerns were shared across groups but were more strongly expressed among participants with chronic mental health diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Brown Trinidad
- Research Scientist in Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Washington in Seattle.
| | - Tara B Coffin
- Doctoral Candidate in the Institute for Public Health Genetics at the University of Washington in Seattle.
| | - Stephanie M Fullerton
- Associate Professor in Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Washington in Seattle.
| | - James Ralston
- Associate Investigator at the Group Health Research Institute in Seattle, WA.
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Professor and Head of the Division of Medical Genetics at the University of Washington in Seattle.
| | - Eric B Larson
- Executive Director and Senior Investigator at the Group Health Research Institute in Seattle, WA.
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Lin E, Lane HY. Genome-wide association studies in pharmacogenomics of antidepressants. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:555-566. [PMID: 25916525 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. Doctors must prescribe antidepressants based on educated guesses due to the fact that it is unmanageable to predict the effectiveness of any particular antidepressant in an individual patient. With the recent advent of scientific research, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) is extensively employed to analyze hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms by high-throughput genotyping technologies. In addition to the candidate-gene approach, the GWAS approach has recently been utilized to investigate the determinants of antidepressant response to therapy. In this study, we reviewed GWAS studies, their limitations and future directions with respect to the pharmacogenomics of antidepressants in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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39
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Pharmacogenomics: Current State-of-the-Art. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:430-43. [PMID: 24865298 PMCID: PMC4094941 DOI: 10.3390/genes5020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The completion of the human genome project 10 years ago was met with great optimism for improving drug therapy through personalized medicine approaches, with the anticipation that an era of genotype-guided patient prescribing was imminent. To some extent this has come to pass and a number of key pharmacogenomics markers of inter-individual drug response, for both safety and efficacy, have been identified and subsequently been adopted in clinical practice as pre-treatment genetic tests. However, the universal application of genetics in treatment guidance is still a long way off. This review will highlight important pharmacogenomic discoveries which have been facilitated by the human genome project and other milestone projects such as the International HapMap and 1000 genomes, and by the continued development of genotyping and sequencing technologies, including rapid point of care pre-treatment genetic testing. However, there are still many challenges to implementation for the many other reported biomarkers which continue to languish within the discovery phase. As technology advances over the next 10 years, and the costs fall, the field will see larger genetic data sets, including affordable whole genome sequences, which will, it is hoped, improve patient outcomes through better diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
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40
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Knisely MR, Carpenter JS, Von Ah D. Pharmacogenomics in the nursing literature: an integrative review. Nurs Outlook 2014; 62:285-96. [PMID: 24863878 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly growing component of personalized health care, and nurses must be competent to deliver genomic-focused nursing care. METHODS We conducted an integrative review of pharmacogenomics in the nursing literature. A comprehensive search of the nursing literature was conducted using the key words pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. A total of 47 unique articles were included. RESULTS Articles represented mainly narrative reviews, with limited discussions of the implications for nursing practice, education, or research. As such, they provide limited direction for advancing either clinical practice or scientific inquiry. CONCLUSIONS This review serves as a call to action for more systematic and empirical publications addressing pharmacogenomics in nursing practice, education, and research. Nurses must be involved in and contribute to interdisciplinary conversations and burgeoning clinical practice initiatives related to pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diane Von Ah
- School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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