1
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Gao S, Chen X, Tian G, Fu Y, Qin M, Wang Z. Preparation of light-colored bio-based particles by isocyanate-modified lignins and its application for tetracycline adsorption. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127107. [PMID: 37769771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for the preparation of lignin derivatives-light-colored bio-based particles (LC-BP) via the modification of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) is presented in this work. In the mixed EtOH/H2O system, the change of solvent polarity induced the self-assembly of the lignosulfonate (LS) with the hydrophobic chromophores encapsulated inside the particles. The color of LS was reduced by the polymerization between the isocyanate groups (-N=C=O) of HDI and hydroxy groups of LS. Compared with the typical lignin-based adsorbent preparation process in the past, this is a simple, direct, and efficient preparation method and the synthetic LC-BP has good chemical stability and resistance to heat, acid and alkali. This effectively solves the problem that LS has high water solubility and is difficult to use directly for wastewater treatment. To investigate the properties, the synthetic LC-BP was characterized by SEM, specific surface area, L*a*b* (CIELAB) color space, FT-IR, XPS, and TGA. The results showed that the LC-BP exhibited obvious advantages in color reduction with a low CIE-L* value. The LC-BP exhibits a scale-like intercalation structure, which makes it a promising candidate for adsorbing tetracycline (TC) from wastewater. The conditions of pH, adsorbent dosages, adsorption time, and initial TC concentration were investigated, and the adsorption performance of LC-BP for TC was significantly better than that of conventional polyurethane particles (PP). The adsorption fitted the Langmuir model and there were hydrogen bonding, π-π conjugated binding, and electrostatic attraction during the absorption process. The adsorption capacity was up to 53.1 mg/g, and the removal rate was 67 %. The utilization of LC-BP, a low-cost, effective, and renewable resource derived from natural biomass, holds immense practical and economic potential in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, Shandong, China.
| | - Guoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Yingjuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Menghua Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Zhaojiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, Shandong, China.
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2
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Zuo Z, Liu B, Essawy H, Huang Z, Tang J, Miao Z, Chen F, Zhang J. Preparation and Characterization of Biomass Tannin-Based Flexible Foam Insoles for Athletes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3480. [PMID: 37631537 PMCID: PMC10458651 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of bio-based foams implies an increase in the use of renewable biological resources to reduce the rapid consumption of petroleum-derived resources. Both tannins and furfuryl alcohol are derived from forestry resources and are, therefore, considered attractive precursors for the preparation of tannin-furanic foams. In addition, toughening modification of tannin-furanic foams using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) results in a more flexible network-like structure, which imparts excellent flexibility to the foams, whose relative properties are even close to those of polyurethane foams, which are the most used for fabrication of insoles for athletes. In addition, the addition of PVOH does not affect the thermal insulation properties of the foams by testing the thermal conductivity, resilience, and elongation at break, while reducing the brittleness of the samples and improving the mechanical properties. Also, the observation of the morphology of the foam shows that the compatibility between PVOH and tannin-furanic resin is good, and the cured foam does not show fragmentation and collapse, while the bubble pore structure is uniform. The developed flexible foam derived from biomass resources endows the foam with good thermal insulation properties and high mechanical properties, and the samples exhibit suitable physical parameters to be used as flexible insoles for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Zuo
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Bowen Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hisham Essawy
- Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Tang
- Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhe Miao
- Yunnan Arts University, Kunming 650000, China;
| | - Fei Chen
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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3
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Rodrigues JS, de Freitas ADSM, Maciel CC, Guizani C, Rigo D, Ferreira M, Hummel M, Balakshin M, Botaro VR. Selected Kraft lignin fractions as precursor for carbon foam: Structure-performance correlation and electrochemical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124460. [PMID: 37076061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels brings to the fore the need to search for energy efficient strategies. The conversion of lignin into advanced functional carbon-based materials is considered one of the most promising solutions for environmental protection and the use of renewable resources. This study analyzed the structure-performance correlation of carbon foams (CF) when lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins produced with different fractions of kraft lignin (KL) were employed as carbon source, and polyurethane foam (PU) as sacrificial mold. The lignin fractions employed were KL, fraction of KL insoluble in ethyl acetate (LFIns) and fraction of KL soluble in ethyl acetate (LFSol). The produced CFs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, 2D HSQC Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that when LFSol was employed as a partial substitute for phenol in LPF resin synthesis, the final performance of the produced CF was infinitely higher. The improved solubility parameters of LFSol along with the higher S/G ratio and β-O-4/α-OH content after fractionation were the key to produce CF with better carbon yields (54 %). The electrochemical measurements showed that LFSol presented the highest current density (2.11 × 10-4 mA.cm-2) and the lowest value of resistance to charge transfer (0.26 KΩ) in relation to the other samples, indicating that the process of electron transfer was faster in the sensor produced with LFSol. LFSol's potential for application as an electrochemical sensor was tested as a proof of concept and demonstrated excellent selectivity for the detection of hydroquinone in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica S Rodrigues
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil.
| | - Amanda De S M de Freitas
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 12231-280 São José do Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Maciel
- Science and Technology Institute of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Chamseddine Guizani
- Biorefining Chemistry Team, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Davide Rigo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Marystela Ferreira
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil; Science and Technology Institute of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Botaro
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
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4
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Ramires Araujo T, Bresolin D, de Oliveira D, Sayer C, Henrique Hermes de Araújo P, Vladimir de Oliveira J. Conventional lignin functionalization for polyurethane applications and a future vision in the use of enzymes as an alternative method. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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The Impact of Isocyanate Index and Filler Functionalities on the Performance of Flexible Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245558. [PMID: 36559925 PMCID: PMC9781178 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and performance of polyurethane (PU) foams are strongly driven by the stoichiometry of the polyaddition reaction, quantitatively described by the isocyanate index. It determines the balance between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups in the reacting system and is affected by the introduction of additional functionalities originated, e.g., from applied fillers. Nevertheless, this issue is hardly taken into account in research works. Herein, the structure and performance of PU/ground tire rubber (GTR) composites differing in their isocyanate index (from 0.8 to 1.2) and prepared with and without considering the GTR functionalities in formulation development were investigated. Incorporating GTR into the PU matrix led to a reduction in average cell diameter (from 2 to 30% depending on the isocyanate index) compared to unfilled foams. However, formulation adjustments did not show a significant impact on cellular structure. The only decrease in open cell content was noted, from 10% for the 0.9 index to 40% for 1.2. Such changes were related to the increasing strength of the PU cellular structure able to maintain inside the increasing amount of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, considering hydroxyl values of GTR noticeably affected the thermomechanical performance of composites. The shift of glass transition temperature (Tg), even by 10 °C for 1.2 isocyanate index, enhanced the performance of materials, which was expressed in an 8-62% drop in the composite performance factor, pointing to the enhanced reinforcing effect resulting from filler incorporation. The stiffening of foams, related to the variations in PU segmental structure, also caused minor changes in the course of thermal degradation of PU/GTR composites due to the inferior thermal stability of hard segments. The obtained results provide important insights into the development of formulations of PU composites filled with materials containing reactive functional groups able to disrupt the stoichiometric balance of the polyaddition reaction.
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6
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Maillard D, Osso E, Faye A, Li H, Ton‐That M, Stoeffler K. Influence of lignin's
pH
on polyurethane flexible foam formation and how to control it. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Maillard
- Polymer Bioproducts Research Team, Automotive and Surface Transportation research Center National Research Council of Canada Boucherville Canada
| | - Esthel Osso
- Polymer Bioproducts Research Team, Automotive and Surface Transportation research Center National Research Council of Canada Boucherville Canada
| | - Adrien Faye
- Polymer Bioproducts Research Team, Automotive and Surface Transportation research Center National Research Council of Canada Boucherville Canada
| | - Hongbo Li
- Polymer Bioproducts Research Team, Automotive and Surface Transportation research Center National Research Council of Canada Boucherville Canada
| | - Minh‐Tan Ton‐That
- Polymer Bioproducts Research Team, Automotive and Surface Transportation research Center National Research Council of Canada Boucherville Canada
| | - Karen Stoeffler
- Polymer Bioproducts Research Team, Automotive and Surface Transportation research Center National Research Council of Canada Boucherville Canada
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7
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Jeong J, Kim WS, Lee MW, Goh M. Liquefaction of Lignin Using Chemical Decomposition and Its Application to Polyurethane Foam. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10745-10751. [PMID: 34056228 PMCID: PMC8153736 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To utilize the chemical application of lignin (LN), a decomposition reaction was carried out to cleave chemical bonds. Indeed, a liquefaction process is essential for the chemical use of lignin to achieve a uniform reaction and maximize the chemical utility of lignin. To this end, hydroxyl radicals were adopted as a powerful oxidation agent, and FT-IR results confirmed the cleavage of the ether linkages. Additionally, the water solubility of LN significantly increased after decomposition, and dissolution levels up to 0.5 g·mL-1 were obtained. Using these high solubility properties in water, NMR and DLS analyses were performed. In particular, an average particle diameter of 300 ± 240 nm was found, corresponding to the size of polydisperse l-LN. By controlling size uniformity and using high water-solubility levels, polyurethane foams were manufactured using l-LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Jeong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Kim
- Fibrous
Ceramics & Aerospace Materials Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Wook Lee
- Institute
of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology, Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eub, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic
of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lignin as a Partial Polyol Replacement in Polyurethane Flexible Foam. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082302. [PMID: 33921156 PMCID: PMC8071504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was focused on evaluating the suitability of a wide range of lignins, a natural polymer isolated from different plant sources and chemical extractions, in replacing 20 wt.% of petroleum-based polyol in the formulation of PU flexible foams. The main goal was to investigate the effect of unmodified lignin incorporation on the foam’s structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. The hydroxyl contents of the commercial lignins were measured using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy, molar mass distributions with gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The results showed that incorporating 20 wt.% lignin increased tensile, compression, tear propagation strengths, thermal stability, and the support factor of the developed PU flexible foams. Additionally, statistical analysis of the results showed that foam properties such as density and compression force deflection were positively correlated with lignin’s total hydroxyl content. Studying correlations between lignin properties and the performance of the developed lignin-based PU foams showed that lignins with low hydroxyl content, high flexibility (low Tg), and high solubility in the co-polyol are better candidates for partially substituting petroleum-based polyols in the formulation of flexible PU foams intended for the automotive applications.
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9
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Hussain Shaik A, Jain R, Manchikanti S, Krishnamoorthy K, Kumar Bal D, Rahaman A, Agashe S, Rehaan Chandan M. Reinstating Structural Stability of Castor Oil based Flexible Polyurethane Foam using Glycerol. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Rajan Jain
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Sindhu Manchikanti
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Karthik Krishnamoorthy
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Bal
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Ariful Rahaman
- Manufacturing Engineering Department, School of Mechanical EngineeringVellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Snehalata Agashe
- Indian Polyurethane Association Technical Centre, Pune Maharashtra 411088 India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research GroupSchool of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
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10
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Cassales A, Ramos LA, Frollini E. Synthesis of bio-based polyurethanes from Kraft lignin and castor oil with simultaneous film formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Alinejad M, Henry C, Nikafshar S, Gondaliya A, Bagheri S, Chen N, Singh SK, Hodge DB, Nejad M. Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1202. [PMID: 31323816 PMCID: PMC6680961 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a wide range of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presents an opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into these products. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyol replacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure, diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approaches for lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discuss the potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating lignin in polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolve those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alinejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christián Henry
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Saeid Nikafshar
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Akash Gondaliya
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sajad Bagheri
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nusheng Chen
- Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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12
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Frothed black liquor as a renewable cost effective precursor to low-density lignin and carbon foams. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Thermosetting Polymers from Lignin Model Compounds and Depolymerized Lignins. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:32. [PMID: 29992468 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant source of renewable ready-made aromatic chemicals for making sustainable polymers. However, the structural heterogeneity, high polydispersity, limited chemical functionality and solubility of most technical lignins makes them challenging to use in developing new bio-based polymers. Recently, greater focus has been given to developing polymers from low molecular weight lignin-based building blocks such as lignin monomers or lignin-derived bio-oils that can be obtained by chemical depolymerization of lignins. Lignin monomers or bio-oils have additional hydroxyl functionality, are more homogeneous and can lead to higher levels of lignin substitution for non-renewables in polymer formulations. These potential polymer feed stocks, however, present their own challenges in terms of production (i.e., yields and separation), pre-polymerization reactions and processability. This review provides an overview of recent developments on polymeric materials produced from lignin-based model compounds and depolymerized lignin bio-oils with a focus on thermosetting materials. Particular emphasis is given to epoxy resins, polyurethanes and phenol-formaldehyde resins as this is where the research shows the greatest overlap between the model compounds and bio-oils. The common goal of the research is the development of new economically viable strategies for using lignin as a replacement for petroleum-derived chemicals in aromatic-based polymers.
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14
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Synthesis and characterization of lignin-poly(acrylamide)-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Tian S, Wen J, Fan H, Chen Y, Yan J. A thermochromic luminous polyurethane based on long persistent luminescent phosphors and thermochromic pigment. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A thermochromic luminous polyurethane, which can reversibly change its color and fluorescence emission with temperature, was prepared through incorporating long persistent luminescent phosphors and thermochromic pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqi Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Jiating Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Haojun Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Yi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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16
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Furtwengler P, Avérous L. Renewable polyols for advanced polyurethane foams from diverse biomass resources. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of renewable polyols, used for making polyurethane foams, from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM
- UMR CNRS 7515
- Université de Strasbourg
- Cedex 2
- France
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17
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Characterization of Biobased Polyurethane Foams Employing Lignin Fractionated from Microwave Liquefied Switchgrass. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/4207367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin samples fractionated from microwave liquefied switchgrass were applied in the preparation of semirigid polyurethane (PU) foams without purification. The objective of this study was to elucidate the influence of lignin in the PU matrix on the morphological, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the PU foams. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that lignin with 5 and 10% content in the PU foams did not influence the cell shape and size. The foam cell size became larger by increasing the lignin content to 15%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that chemical interactions occurred between the lignin hydroxyl and isocyanate revealing that lignin was well dispersed in the matrix materials. The apparent density of the foam with 10% lignin increased by 14.2% compared to the control, while the foam with 15% lignin had a decreased apparent density. The effect of lignin content on the mechanical properties was similar to that on apparent density. The lignin containing foams were much more thermally stable than the control foam as evidenced by having higher initial decomposition temperature and maximum decomposition rate temperature from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) profiles.
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18
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Lignin-Based Polyurethane (PU) Resins and Foams. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54959-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lora JH. Lignin: A Platform for Renewable Aromatic Polymeric Materials. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53704-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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