1
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Bécsy-Jakab VE, Savoy A, Saulnier BK, Singh SK, Hodge DB. Extraction, recovery, and characterization of lignin from industrial corn stover lignin cake. Bioresour Technol 2024; 399:130610. [PMID: 38508284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Lignin utilization in value-added co-products is an important component of enabling cellulosic biorefinery economics. However, aqueous dilute acid pretreatments yield lignins with limited applications due to significant modification during pretreatment, low solubility in many solvents, and high content of impurities (ash, insoluble polysaccharides). This work addresses these challenges and investigates the extraction and recovery of lignins from lignin-rich insoluble residue following dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover using three extraction approaches: ethanol organosolv, NaOH, and an ionic liquid. The recovered lignins exhibited recovery yields ranging from 30% for the ionic liquid, 44% for the most severe acid ethanol organosolv condition tested, and up to 86% for the most severe NaOH extraction condition. Finally, the fractional solubilities of different recovered lignins were assessed in a range of solvents and these solubilities were used to estimate distributions of Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters using a novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Villő Enikő Bécsy-Jakab
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Anthony Savoy
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Brian K Saulnier
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA; Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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2
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Saulnier BK, Siahkamari M, Singh SK, Nejad M, Hodge DB. Effect of Dilute Acid Pretreatment and Lignin Extraction Conditions on Lignin Properties and Suitability as a Phenol Replacement in Phenol-Formaldehyde Wood Adhesives. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:592-602. [PMID: 36562625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Corn stover was subjected to dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment to assess the impact of pretreatment conditions on lignin extractability, properties, and utility as a phenol replacement in wood phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. It was identified that both formic acid and NaOH could extract and recover 60-70% of the lignin remaining after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis under the mildest pretreatment conditions while simultaneously achieving reasonable enzymatic hydrolysis yields (>60%). The availability of reaction sites for the incorporation of lignins into the PF polymer matrix (i.e., unsubstituted phenolic hydroxyl groups) was shown to be strongly impacted by the pretreatment time and the recovery. Finally, a lignin-based wood adhesive was formulated by replacing 100% of the phenol with formic-acid-extracted lignin, which exhibited a dry shear strength exceeding a conventional PF adhesive. These findings suggest that both pretreatment and lignin extraction conditions can be tailored to yield lignins with properties targeted for this co-product application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Saulnier
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Mohsen Siahkamari
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
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3
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Yuan Z, Bals BD, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Technoeconomic evaluation of recent process improvements in production of sugar and high-value lignin co-products via two-stage Cu-catalyzed alkaline-oxidative pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2022; 15:45. [PMID: 35509012 PMCID: PMC9069716 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lignocellulose-to-biofuel biorefinery process that enables multiple product streams is recognized as a promising strategy to improve the economics of this biorefinery and to accelerate technology commercialization. We recently identified an innovative pretreatment technology that enables of the production of sugars at high yields while simultaneously generating a high-quality lignin stream that has been demonstrated as both a promising renewable polyol replacement for polyurethane applications and is highly susceptible to depolymerization into monomers. This technology comprises a two-stage pretreatment approach that includes an alkaline pre-extraction followed by a metal-catalyzed alkaline-oxidative pretreatment. Our recent work demonstrated that H2O2 and O2 act synergistically as co-oxidants during the alkaline-oxidative pretreatment and could significantly reduce the pretreatment chemical input while maintaining high sugar yields (~ 95% glucose and ~ 100% xylose of initial sugar composition), high lignin yields (~ 75% of initial lignin), and improvements in lignin usage. RESULTS This study considers the economic impact of these advances and provides strategies that could lead to additional economic improvements for future commercialization. The results of the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) demonstrated that adding O2 as a co-oxidant at 50 psig for the alkaline-oxidative pretreatment and reducing the raw material input reduced the minimum fuel selling price from $1.08/L to $0.85/L, assuming recoverable lignin is used as a polyol replacement. If additional lignin can be recovered and sold as more valuable monomers, the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) can be further reduced to $0.73/L. CONCLUSIONS The present work demonstrated that high sugar and lignin yields combined with low raw material inputs and increasing the value of lignin could greatly increase the economic viability of a poplar-based biorefinery. Continued research on integrating sugar production with lignin valorization is thus warranted to confirm this economic potential as the technology matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bryan D Bals
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI, 48910, USA.
| | - Eric L Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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4
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Tindall GW, Temples SC, Cooper M, Bécsy-Jakab VE, Hodge DB, Nejad M, Thies MC. Liquefying Lignins: Determining Phase-Transition Temperatures in the Presence of Aqueous Organic Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham W. Tindall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909, United States
| | - Spencer C. Temples
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909, United States
| | - Mikhala Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909, United States
| | - Villő Enikő Bécsy-Jakab
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mark C. Thies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0909, United States
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5
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Liu ZH, Hao N, Wang YY, Dou C, Lin F, Shen R, Bura R, Hodge DB, Dale BE, Ragauskas AJ, Yang B, Yuan JS. Transforming biorefinery designs with 'Plug-In Processes of Lignin' to enable economic waste valorization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3912. [PMID: 34162838 PMCID: PMC8222318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological lignin valorization has emerged as a major solution for sustainable and cost-effective biorefineries. However, current biorefineries yield lignin with inadequate fractionation for bioconversion, yet substantial changes of these biorefinery designs to focus on lignin could jeopardize carbohydrate efficiency and increase capital costs. We resolve the dilemma by designing 'plug-in processes of lignin' with the integration of leading pretreatment technologies. Substantial improvement of lignin bioconversion and synergistic enhancement of carbohydrate processing are achieved by solubilizing lignin via lowering molecular weight and increasing hydrophilic groups, addressing the dilemma of lignin- or carbohydrate-first scenarios. The plug-in processes of lignin could enable minimum polyhydroxyalkanoate selling price at as low as $6.18/kg. The results highlight the potential to achieve commercial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a co-product of cellulosic ethanol. Here, we show that the plug-in processes of lignin could transform biorefinery design toward sustainability by promoting carbon efficiency and optimizing the total capital cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Naijia Hao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yun-Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Chang Dou
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Furong Lin
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rongchun Shen
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Renata Bura
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Bruce E Dale
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Crowe JD, Hao P, Pattathil S, Pan H, Ding SY, Hodge DB, Jensen JK. Xylan Is Critical for Proper Bundling and Alignment of Cellulose Microfibrils in Plant Secondary Cell Walls. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:737690. [PMID: 34630488 PMCID: PMC8495263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass represents an abundant and increasingly important natural resource and it mainly consists of a number of cell types that have undergone extensive secondary cell wall (SCW) formation. These cell types are abundant in the stems of Arabidopsis, a well-studied model system for hardwood, the wood of eudicot plants. The main constituents of hardwood include cellulose, lignin, and xylan, the latter in the form of glucuronoxylan (GX). The binding of GX to cellulose in the eudicot SCW represents one of the best-understood molecular interactions within plant cell walls. The evenly spaced acetylation and 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substitutions of the xylan polymer backbone facilitates binding in a linear two-fold screw conformation to the hydrophilic side of cellulose and signifies a high level of molecular specificity. However, the wider implications of GX-cellulose interactions for cellulose network formation and SCW architecture have remained less explored. In this study, we seek to expand our knowledge on this by characterizing the cellulose microfibril organization in three well-characterized GX mutants. The selected mutants display a range of GX deficiency from mild to severe, with findings indicating even the weakest mutant having significant perturbations of the cellulose network, as visualized by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show by image analysis that microfibril width is increased by as much as three times in the severe mutants compared to the wild type and that the degree of directional dispersion of the fibrils is approximately doubled in all the three mutants. Further, we find that these changes correlate with both altered nanomechanical properties of the SCW, as observed by AFM, and with increases in enzymatic hydrolysis. Results from this study indicate the critical role that normal GX composition has on cellulose bundle formation and cellulose organization as a whole within the SCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Henry Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jacob Krüger Jensen
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jacob Krüger Jensen
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7
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Phongpreecha T, Christy KF, Singh SK, Hao P, Hodge DB. Effect of catalyst and reaction conditions on aromatic monomer yields, product distribution, and sugar yields during lignin hydrogenolysis of silver birch wood. Bioresour Technol 2020; 316:123907. [PMID: 32739581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of catalyst choice and reaction conditions during catalytic hydrogenolysis of silver birch biomass are assessed for their effect on aromatic monomer yields and selectivities, lignin removal, and sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis. At a reaction temperature of 220 °C with no supplemental H2, it was demonstrated that both Co/C and Ni/C exhibited aromatic monomer yields of >50%, which were close to the theoretical maximum expected for the lignin based on total β-O-4 content and exhibited high selectivities for 4-propylguaiacol and 4-propylsyringol. Pd/C exhibited a significantly different set of products, and using a model lignin dimer, showed a product profile that shifted upon inclusion of supplemental H2, suggesting that the generation of surface hydrogen is critical for this catalyst system. Lignin removal during hydrogenolysis could be correlated to glucose yields and inclusion of lignin depolymerizing catalysts significantly improves lignin removal and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kendall F Christy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, United States
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, United States
| | - David B Hodge
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, United States; Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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8
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Saulnier BK, Phongpreecha T, Singh SK, Hodge DB. Impact of dilute acid pretreatment conditions on p-coumarate removal in diverse maize lines. Bioresour Technol 2020; 314:123750. [PMID: 32622284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prior work has identified that lignins recovered from dilute acid-pretreated corn stover exhibit superior performance in phenol-formaldehyde resins used in wood adhesive applications when compared to diverse process-modified lignins derived from other sources. This improved performance is hypothesized to be due to the higher content of unsubstituted phenolic groups specifically p-coumarate lignin esters. In this work, a diverse set of corn stover samples are employed that exhibit diversity in p-coumarate content and total lignin content to explore the relationship between dilute acid pretreatment conditions, p-coumarate ester hydrolysis, xylan solubilization, and the resulting glucose enzymatic hydrolysis yields. The goal of this study is to identify pretreatment conditions that preserve a significant fraction of the p-coumarate esters while simultaneously achieving high enzymatic hydrolysis yields. Kinetic parameters for p-coumarate ester hydrolysis were quantified and pretreatment-biomass combinations were identified that result in glucose hydrolysis yields of more than 90% while retaining nearly 50 mg p-coumarate/g lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Saulnier
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | | | - Sandip K Singh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden.
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9
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Crowe JD, Li M, Williams DL, Smith AD, Liu T, Hodge DB. Alkaline and Alkaline-Oxidative Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Herbaceous Biomass for Growth of Oleaginous Microbes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 1995:173-182. [PMID: 31148129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes methods for generation of hydrolysates amenable to conversion to microbial lipids from herbaceous lignocellulosic biomass utilizing either mild alkali pretreatment with NaOH or alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment with NaOH and H2O2. This pretreatment is followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the plant cell wall polysaccharides to yield hydrolysates. These hydrolysates are composed primarily of the monosaccharides glucose and xylose as well as acetate and phenolic monomers that may all serve as a source of renewable carbon to produce microbial lipids. Application of these mild pretreatment conditions minimizes the generation of inhibitors, enabling microbial cultivations to often be performed without the need for detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Muyang Li
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Alex D Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MN, USA. .,Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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10
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Yuan Z, Singh SK, Bals B, Hodge DB, Hegg EL. Integrated Two-Stage Alkaline–Oxidative Pretreatment of Hybrid Poplar. Part 2: Impact of Cu-Catalyzed Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment Conditions on Process Performance and Economics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sandip Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, 306 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Bryan Bals
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, Michigan 48910, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, 306 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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11
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Alinejad M, Henry C, Nikafshar S, Gondaliya A, Bagheri S, Chen N, Singh SK, Hodge DB, Nejad M. Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1202. [PMID: 31323816 PMCID: PMC6680961 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a wide range of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presents an opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into these products. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyol replacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure, diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approaches for lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discuss the potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating lignin in polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolve those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alinejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christián Henry
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Saeid Nikafshar
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Akash Gondaliya
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sajad Bagheri
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nusheng Chen
- Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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12
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Singh SK, Savoy AW, Yuan Z, Luo H, Stahl SS, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Integrated Two-Stage Alkaline-Oxidative Pretreatment of Hybrid Poplar. Part 1: Impact of Alkaline Pre-Extraction Conditions on Process Performance and Lignin Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K. Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Anthony W. Savoy
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | | | - Hao Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - David B. Hodge
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
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13
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Bhalla A, Cai CM, Xu F, Singh SK, Bansal N, Phongpreecha T, Dutta T, Foster CE, Kumar R, Simmons BA, Singh S, Wyman CE, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Performance of three delignifying pretreatments on hardwoods: hydrolysis yields, comprehensive mass balances, and lignin properties. Biotechnol Biofuels 2019; 12:213. [PMID: 31516552 PMCID: PMC6732840 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work, three pretreatments under investigation at the DOE Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs) were subjected to a side-by-side comparison to assess their performance on model bioenergy hardwoods (a eucalyptus and a hybrid poplar). These include co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF), pretreatment with an ionic liquid using potentially biomass-derived components (cholinium lysinate or [Ch][Lys]), and two-stage Cu-catalyzed alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (Cu-AHP). For each of the feedstocks, the pretreatments were assessed for their impact on lignin and xylan solubilization and enzymatic hydrolysis yields as a function of enzyme loading. Lignins recovered from the pretreatments were characterized for polysaccharide content, molar mass distributions, β-aryl ether content, and response to depolymerization by thioacidolysis. RESULTS All three pretreatments resulted in significant solubilization of lignin and xylan, with the CELF pretreatment solubilizing the majority of both biopolymer categories. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields were shown to exhibit a strong, positive correlation with the lignin solubilized for the low enzyme loadings. The pretreatment-derived solubles in the [Ch][Lys]-pretreated biomass were presumed to contribute to inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis in the eucalyptus as a substantial fraction of the pretreatment liquor was carried forward into hydrolysis for this pretreatment. The pretreatment-solubilized lignins exhibited significant differences in polysaccharide content, molar mass distributions, aromatic monomer yield by thioacidolysis, and β-aryl ether content. Key trends include a substantially higher polysaccharide content in the lignins recovered from the [Ch][Lys] pretreatment and high β-aryl ether contents and aromatic monomer yields from the Cu-AHP pretreatment. For all lignins, the 13C NMR-determined β-aryl ether content was shown to be correlated with the monomer yield with a second-order functionality. CONCLUSIONS Overall, it was demonstrated that the three pretreatments highlighted in this study demonstrated uniquely different functionalities in reducing biomass recalcitrance and achieving higher enzymatic hydrolysis yields for the hybrid poplar while yielding a lignin-rich stream that may be suitable for valorization. Furthermore, modification of lignin during pretreatment, particularly cleavage of β-aryl ether bonds, is shown to be detrimental to subsequent depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sandip K. Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Tanmoy Dutta
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Cliff E. Foster
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David B. Hodge
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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14
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Mahan KM, Le RK, Wells T, Anderson S, Yuan JS, Stoklosa RJ, Bhalla A, Hodge DB, Ragauskas AJ. Production of single cell protein from agro-waste using Rhodococcus opacus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:795-801. [PMID: 29915996 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Livestock and fish farming are rapidly growing industries facing the simultaneous pressure of increasing production demands and limited protein required to produce feed. Bacteria that can convert low-value non-food waste streams into singe cell protein (SCP) present an intriguing route for rapid protein production. The oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus serves as a model organism for understanding microbial lipid production. SCP production has not been explored using an organism from this genus. In the present research, R. opacus strains DSM 1069 and PD630 were fed three agro-waste streams: (1) orange pulp, juice, and peel; (2) lemon pulp, juice, and peel; and (3) corn stover effluent, to determine if these low-cost substrates would be suitable for producing a value-added product, SCP for aquafarming or livestock feed. Both strains used agro-waste carbon sources as a growth substrate to produce protein-rich cell biomass suggesting that that R. opacus can be used to produce SCP using agro-wastes as low-cost substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Mahan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Rosemary K Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Tyrone Wells
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Seth Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 21230 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ryan J Stoklosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA. .,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. .,Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center of Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969, MS 9671, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA.
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15
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Bhalla A, Fasahati P, Particka CA, Assad AE, Stoklosa RJ, Bansal N, Semaan R, Saffron CM, Hodge DB, Hegg EL. Integrated experimental and technoeconomic evaluation of two-stage Cu-catalyzed alkaline-oxidative pretreatment of hybrid poplar. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:143. [PMID: 29796084 PMCID: PMC5956811 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When applied to recalcitrant lignocellulosic feedstocks, multi-stage pretreatments can provide more processing flexibility to optimize or balance process outcomes such as increasing delignification, preserving hemicellulose, and maximizing enzymatic hydrolysis yields. We previously reported that adding an alkaline pre-extraction step to a copper-catalyzed alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Cu-AHP) pretreatment process resulted in improved sugar yields, but the process still utilized relatively high chemical inputs (catalyst and H2O2) and enzyme loadings. We hypothesized that by increasing the temperature of the alkaline pre-extraction step in water or ethanol, we could reduce the inputs required during Cu-AHP pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis without significant loss in sugar yield. We also performed technoeconomic analysis to determine if ethanol or water was the more cost-effective solvent during alkaline pre-extraction and if the expense associated with increasing the temperature was economically justified. RESULTS After Cu-AHP pretreatment of 120 °C NaOH-H2O pre-extracted and 120 °C NaOH-EtOH pre-extracted biomass, approximately 1.4-fold more total lignin was solubilized (78% and 74%, respectively) compared to the 30 °C NaOH-H2O pre-extraction (55%) carried out in a previous study. Consequently, increasing the temperature of the alkaline pre-extraction step to 120 °C in both ethanol and water allowed us to decrease bipyridine and H2O2 during Cu-AHP and enzymes during hydrolysis with only a small reduction in sugar yields compared to 30 °C alkaline pre-extraction. Technoeconomic analysis indicated that 120 °C NaOH-H2O pre-extraction has the lowest installed ($246 million) and raw material ($175 million) costs compared to the other process configurations. CONCLUSIONS We found that by increasing the temperature of the alkaline pre-extraction step, we could successfully lower the inputs for pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Based on sugar yields as well as capital, feedstock, and operating costs, 120 °C NaOH-H2O pre-extraction was superior to both 120 °C NaOH-EtOH and 30 °C NaOH-H2O pre-extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Peyman Fasahati
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 216 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Present Address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3111 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Chrislyn A. Particka
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Aline E. Assad
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Present Address: Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, UNICAMP, Cândido Rondon, 501, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875 Brasil
| | - Ryan J. Stoklosa
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Present Address: Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Rachel Semaan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Christopher M. Saffron
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 216 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David B. Hodge
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 216 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 98187 Luleå, Sweden
- Present Address: Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, PO Box 173920, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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16
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Williams DL, Crowe JD, Ong RG, Hodge DB. Water sorption in pretreated grasses as a predictor of enzymatic hydrolysis yields. Bioresour Technol 2017; 245:242-249. [PMID: 28892697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the impact of two alkaline pretreatments, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) delignification performed over a range of conditions on the properties of corn stover and switchgrass. Changes in feedstock properties resulting from pretreatment were subsequently compared to enzymatic hydrolysis yields to examine the relationship between enzymatic hydrolysis and cell wall properties. The pretreatments function to increase enzymatic hydrolysis yields through different mechanisms; AFEX pretreatment through lignin relocalization and some xylan solubilization and AHP primarily through lignin solubilization. An important outcome of this work demonstrated that while changes in lignin content in AHP-delignified biomass could be clearly correlated to improved response to hydrolysis, compositional changes alone in AFEX-pretreated biomass could not explain differences in hydrolysis yields. We determined the water retention value, which characterizes the association of water with the cell wall of the pretreated biomass, can be used to predict hydrolysis yields for all pretreated biomass within this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jacob D Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca G Ong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Division of Chemical Engineering. Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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17
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Crowe JD, Zarger RA, Hodge DB. Relating Nanoscale Accessibility within Plant Cell Walls to Improved Enzyme Hydrolysis Yields in Corn Stover Subjected to Diverse Pretreatments. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8652-8662. [PMID: 28876068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous chemical modification and physical reorganization of plant cell walls via alkaline hydrogen peroxide or liquid hot water pretreatment can alter cell wall structural properties impacting nanoscale porosity. Nanoscale porosity was characterized using solute exclusion to assess accessible pore volumes, water retention value as a proxy for accessible water-cell walls surface area, and solute-induced cell wall swelling to measure cell wall rigidity. Key findings concluded that delignification by alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment decreased cell wall rigidity and that the subsequent cell wall swelling resulted increased nanoscale porosity and improved enzyme binding and hydrolysis compared to limited swelling and increased accessible surface areas observed in liquid hot water pretreated biomass. The volume accessible to a 90 Å dextran probe within the cell wall was found to be correlated to both enzyme binding and glucose hydrolysis yields, indicating cell wall porosity is a key contributor to effective hydrolysis yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David B Hodge
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå 97187, Sweden
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18
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Klett AS, Payne AM, Phongpreecha T, Hodge DB, Thies MC. Benign Fractionation of Lignin with CO2-Expanded Solvents of Acetic Acid + Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Klett
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - A. Mark Payne
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mark C. Thies
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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19
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Stoklosa RJ, Del Pilar Orjuela A, da Costa Sousa L, Uppugundla N, Williams DL, Dale BE, Hodge DB, Balan V. Techno-economic comparison of centralized versus decentralized biorefineries for two alkaline pretreatment processes. Bioresour Technol 2017; 226:9-17. [PMID: 27951509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, corn stover subjected to ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™)1 pretreatment or alkaline pre-extraction followed by hydrogen peroxide post-treatment (AHP pretreatment) were compared for their enzymatic hydrolysis yields over a range of solids loadings, enzymes loadings, and enzyme combinations. Process techno-economic models were compared for cellulosic ethanol production for a biorefinery that handles 2000tons per day of corn stover employing a centralized biorefinery approach with AHP or a de-centralized AFEX pretreatment followed by biomass densification feeding a centralized biorefinery. A techno-economic analysis (TEA) of these scenarios shows that the AFEX process resulted in the highest capital investment but also has the lowest minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) at $2.09/gal, primarily due to good energy integration and an efficient ammonia recovery system. The economics of AHP could be made more competitive if oxidant loadings were reduced and the alkali and sugar losses were also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stoklosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Andrea Del Pilar Orjuela
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Nirmal Uppugundla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Daniel L Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Bruce E Dale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA; Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
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20
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Le RK, Wells Jr. T, Das P, Meng X, Stoklosa RJ, Bhalla A, Hodge DB, Yuan JS, Ragauskas AJ. Conversion of corn stover alkaline pre-treatment waste streams into biodiesel via Rhodococci. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioconversion of second-generation cellulosic ethanol waste streams into biodiesel via oleaginous bacteria, Rhodococcus, is a novel optimization strategy for biorefineries with substantial potential for rapid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary K. Le
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Bioscience Division
| | - Tyrone Wells Jr.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Bioscience Division
| | - Parthapratim Das
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Bioscience Division
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Bioscience Division
| | - Ryan J. Stoklosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- Department of Biochemistry
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
| | - Joshua S. Yuan
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Bioscience Division
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Crowe JD, Feringa N, Pattathil S, Merritt B, Foster C, Dines D, Ong RG, Hodge DB. Identification of developmental stage and anatomical fraction contributions to cell wall recalcitrance in switchgrass. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:184. [PMID: 28725264 PMCID: PMC5512841 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity within herbaceous biomass can present important challenges for processing feedstocks to cellulosic biofuels. Alterations to cell wall composition and organization during plant growth represent major contributions to heterogeneity within a single species or cultivar. To address this challenge, the focus of this study was to characterize the relationship between composition and properties of the plant cell wall and cell wall response to deconstruction by NaOH pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for anatomical fractions (stem internodes, leaf sheaths, and leaf blades) within switchgrass at various tissue maturities as assessed by differing internode. RESULTS Substantial differences in both cell wall composition and response to deconstruction were observed as a function of anatomical fraction and tissue maturity. Notably, lignin content increased with tissue maturity concurrently with decreasing ferulate content across all three anatomical fractions. Stem internodes exhibited the highest lignin content as well as the lowest hydrolysis yields, which were inversely correlated to lignin content. Confocal microscopy was used to demonstrate that removal of cell wall aromatics (i.e., lignins and hydroxycinnamates) by NaOH pretreatment was non-uniform across diverse cell types. Non-cellulosic polysaccharides were linked to differences in cell wall response to deconstruction in lower lignin fractions. Specifically, leaf sheath and leaf blade were found to have higher contents of substituted glucuronoarabinoxylans and pectic polysaccharides. Glycome profiling demonstrated that xylan and pectic polysaccharide extractability varied with stem internode maturity, with more mature internodes requiring harsher chemical extractions to remove comparable glycan abundances relative to less mature internodes. While enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on extractives-free biomass, extractible sugars (i.e., starch and sucrose) comprised a significant portion of total dry weight particularly in stem internodes, and may provide an opportunity for recovery during processing. CONCLUSIONS Cell wall structural differences within a single plant can play a significant role in feedstock properties and have the potential to be exploited for improving biomass processability during a biorefining process. The results from this work demonstrate that cell wall lignin content, while generally exhibiting a negative correlation with enzymatic hydrolysis yields, is not the sole contributor to cell wall recalcitrance across diverse anatomical fractions within switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Nicholas Feringa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Brian Merritt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Cliff Foster
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Dayna Dines
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Rebecca G. Ong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Bhalla A, Bansal N, Stoklosa RJ, Fountain M, Ralph J, Hodge DB, Hegg EL. Effective alkaline metal-catalyzed oxidative delignification of hybrid poplar. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:34. [PMID: 26862348 PMCID: PMC4746924 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to improve copper-catalyzed alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Cu-AHP) pretreatment of hybrid poplar were investigated. These improvements included a combination of increasing hydrolysis yields, while simultaneously decreasing process inputs through (i) more efficient utilization of H2O2 and (ii) the addition of an alkaline extraction step prior to the metal-catalyzed AHP pretreatment. We hypothesized that utilizing this improved process could substantially lower the chemical inputs needed during pretreatment. RESULTS Hybrid poplar was pretreated utilizing a modified process in which an alkaline extraction step was incorporated prior to the Cu-AHP treatment step and H2O2 was added batch-wise over the course of 10 h. Our results revealed that the alkaline pre-extraction step improved both lignin and xylan solubilization, which ultimately led to improved glucose (86 %) and xylose (95 %) yields following enzymatic hydrolysis. An increase in the lignin solubilization was also observed with fed-batch H2O2 addition relative to batch-only addition, which again resulted in increased glucose and xylose yields (77 and 93 % versus 63 and 74 %, respectively). Importantly, combining these strategies led to significantly improved sugar yields (96 % glucose and 94 % xylose) following enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, we found that we could substantially lower the chemical inputs (enzyme, H2O2, and catalyst), while still maintaining high product yields utilizing the improved Cu-AHP process. This pretreatment also provided a relatively pure lignin stream consisting of ≥90 % Klason lignin and only 3 % xylan and 2 % ash following precipitation. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (2D HSQC) NMR and size-exclusion chromatography demonstrated that the solubilized lignin was high molecular weight (Mw ≈ 22,000 Da) and only slightly oxidized relative to lignin from untreated poplar. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the fed-batch, two-stage Cu-AHP pretreatment process was effective in pretreating hybrid poplar for its conversion into fermentable sugars. Results showed sugar yields near the theoretical maximum were achieved from enzymatically hydrolyzed hybrid poplar by incorporating an alkaline extraction step prior to pretreatment and by efficiently utilizing H2O2 during the Cu-AHP process. Significantly, this study reports high sugar yields from woody biomass treated with an AHP pretreatment under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Ryan J. Stoklosa
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Mackenzie Fountain
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - John Ralph
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - David B. Hodge
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Austin S, Kontur WS, Ulbrich A, Oshlag Z, Zhang W, Higbee A, Zhang Y, Coon JJ, Hodge DB, Donohue TJ, Noguera DR. Metabolism of Multiple Aromatic Compounds in Corn Stover Hydrolysate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:8914-22. [PMID: 26121369 PMCID: PMC5031247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates hold great potential as a feedstock for microbial biofuel production, due to their high concentration of fermentable sugars. Present at lower concentrations are a suite of aromatic compounds that can inhibit fermentation by biofuel-producing microbes. We have developed a microbial-mediated strategy for removing these aromatic compounds, using the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. When grown photoheterotrophically in an anaerobic environment, R. palustris removes most of the aromatics from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treated corn stover hydrolysate (ACSH), while leaving the sugars mostly intact. We show that R. palustris can metabolize a host of aromatic substrates in ACSH that have either been previously described as unable to support growth, such as methoxylated aromatics, and those that have not yet been tested, such as aromatic amides. Removing the aromatics from ACSH with R. palustris, allowed growth of a second microbe that could not grow in the untreated ACSH. By using defined mutants, we show that most of these aromatic compounds are metabolized by the benzoyl-CoA pathway. We also show that loss of enzymes in the benzoyl-CoA pathway prevents total degradation of the aromatics in the hydrolysate, and instead allows for biological transformation of this suite of aromatics into selected aromatic compounds potentially recoverable as an additional bioproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Austin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wayne S. Kontur
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Arne Ulbrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary Oshlag
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alan Higbee
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Timothy J. Donohue
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel R. Noguera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Li M, Heckwolf M, Crowe JD, Williams DL, Magee TD, Kaeppler SM, de Leon N, Hodge DB. Cell-wall properties contributing to improved deconstruction by alkaline pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis in diverse maize (Zea mays L.) lines. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:4305-15. [PMID: 25871649 PMCID: PMC4493778 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays) diversity panel consisting of 26 maize lines exhibiting a wide range of cell-wall properties and responses to hydrolysis by cellulolytic enzymes was employed to investigate the relationship between cell-wall properties, cell-wall responses to mild NaOH pre-treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis yields. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose in the untreated maize was found to be positively correlated with the water retention value, which is a measure of cell-wall susceptibility to swelling. It was also positively correlated with the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl ratio and negatively correlated with the initial cell-wall lignin, xylan, acetate, and p-coumaric acid (pCA) content, as well as pCA released from the cell wall by pre-treatment. The hydrolysis yield following pre-treatment exhibited statistically significant negative correlations to the lignin content after pre-treatment and positive correlations to the solubilized ferulic acid and pCA. Several unanticipated results were observed, including a positive correlation between initial lignin and acetate content, lack of correlation between acetate content and initial xylan content, and negative correlation between each of these three variables to the hydrolysis yields for untreated maize. Another surprising result was that pCA release was negatively correlated with hydrolysis yields for untreated maize and, along with ferulic acid release, was positively correlated with the pre-treated maize hydrolysis yields. This indicates that these properties that may negatively contribute to the recalcitrance in untreated cell walls may positively contribute to their deconstruction by alkaline pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Li
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Marlies Heckwolf
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Jacob D Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel L Williams
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Timothy D Magee
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shawn M Kaeppler
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
| | - Natalia de Leon
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden 97187
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Scott F, Li M, Williams DL, Conejeros R, Hodge DB, Aroca G. Corn stover semi-mechanistic enzymatic hydrolysis model with tight parameter confidence intervals for model-based process design and optimization. Bioresour Technol 2015; 177:255-265. [PMID: 25496946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty associated to the estimated values of the parameters in a model is a key piece of information for decision makers and model users. However, this information is typically not reported or the confidence intervals are too large to be useful. A semi-mechanistic model for the enzymatic saccharification of dilute acid pretreated corn stover is proposed in this work, the model is a modification of an existing one providing a statistically significant improved fit towards a set of experimental data that includes varying initial solid loadings (10-25% w/w) and the use of the pretreatment liquor and washed solids with or without supplementation of key inhibitors. A subset of 8 out of 17 parameters was identified, showing sufficiently tight confidence intervals to be used in uncertainty propagation and model analysis, without requiring interval truncation via expert judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Scott
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147, Valparaíso, Chile; Bioenercel S.A. Barrio Universitario s/n, Ideaincuba building, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Muyang Li
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel L Williams
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Raúl Conejeros
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147, Valparaíso, Chile; Bioenercel S.A. Barrio Universitario s/n, Ideaincuba building, Concepción, Chile
| | - David B Hodge
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA; Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Germán Aroca
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147, Valparaíso, Chile; Bioenercel S.A. Barrio Universitario s/n, Ideaincuba building, Concepción, Chile
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Kudahettige-Nilsson RL, Helmerius J, Nilsson RT, Sjöblom M, Hodge DB, Rova U. Biobutanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum using xylose recovered from birch Kraft black liquor. Bioresour Technol 2015; 176:71-79. [PMID: 25460986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation was studied using acid-hydrolyzed xylan recovered from hardwood Kraft black liquor by CO2 acidification as the only carbon source. Detoxification of hydrolyzate using activated carbon was conducted to evaluate the impact of inhibitor removal and fermentation. Xylose hydrolysis yields as high as 18.4% were demonstrated at the highest severity hydrolysis condition. Detoxification using active carbon was effective for removal of both phenolics (76-81%) and HMF (38-52%). Batch fermentation of the hydrolyzate and semi-defined P2 media resulted in a total solvent yield of 0.12-0.13g/g and 0.34g/g, corresponding to a butanol concentration of 1.8-2.1g/L and 7.3g/L respectively. This work is the first study of a process for the production of a biologically-derived biofuel from hemicelluloses solubilized during Kraft pulping and demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing xylan recovered directly from industrial Kraft pulping liquors as a feedstock for biological production of biofuels such as butanol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Helmerius
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Robert T Nilsson
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sjöblom
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - David B Hodge
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, USA; Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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27
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Li Z, Bansal N, Azarpira A, Bhalla A, Chen CH, Ralph J, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Chemical and structural changes associated with Cu-catalyzed alkaline-oxidative delignification of hybrid poplar. Biotechnol Biofuels 2015; 8:123. [PMID: 26300970 PMCID: PMC4546027 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment catalyzed by Cu(II) 2,2'-bipyridine complexes has previously been determined to substantially improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of woody plants including hybrid poplar as a consequence of moderate delignification. In the present work, cell wall morphological and lignin structural changes were characterized for this pretreatment approach to gain insights into pretreatment outcomes and, specifically, to identify the extent and nature of lignin modification. RESULTS Through TEM imaging, this catalytic oxidation process was shown to disrupt cell wall layers in hybrid poplar. Cu-containing nanoparticles, primarily in the Cu(I) oxidation state, co-localized with the disrupted regions, providing indirect evidence of catalytic activity whereby soluble Cu(II) complexes are reduced and precipitated during pretreatment. The concentration of alkali-soluble polymeric and oligomeric lignin was substantially higher for the Cu-catalyzed oxidative pretreatment. This alkali-soluble lignin content increased with time during the catalytic oxidation process, although the molecular weight distributions were unaltered. Yields of aromatic monomers (including phenolic acids and aldehydes) were found to be less than 0.2 % (wt/wt) on lignin. Oxidation of the benzylic alcohol in the lignin side-chain was evident in NMR spectra of the solubilized lignin, whereas minimal changes were observed for the pretreatment-insoluble lignin. CONCLUSIONS These results provide indirect evidence for catalytic activity within the cell wall. The low yields of lignin-derived aromatic monomers, together with the detailed characterization of the pretreatment-soluble and pretreatment-insoluble lignins, indicate that the majority of both lignin pools remained relatively unmodified. As such, the lignins resulting from this process retain features closely resembling native lignins and may, therefore, be amenable to subsequent valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglun Li
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Ali Azarpira
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Charles H Chen
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John Ralph
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Eric L Hegg
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - David B Hodge
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- />Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, WI USA
- />Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Tomek KJ, Saldarriaga CRC, Velasquez FPC, Liu T, Hodge DB, Whitehead TA. Removal and upgrading of lignocellulosic fermentation inhibitors by in situ biocatalysis and liquid-liquid extraction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:627-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Tomek
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | | | | | - Tongjun Liu
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- School of Food and Bioengineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering; Luleå University of Technology; Luleå 97187 Sweden
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Timothy A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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Liu T, Williams DL, Pattathil S, Li M, Hahn MG, Hodge DB. Coupling alkaline pre-extraction with alkaline-oxidative post-treatment of corn stover to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentability. Biotechnol Biofuels 2014; 7:48. [PMID: 24693882 PMCID: PMC3997815 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A two-stage chemical pretreatment of corn stover is investigated comprising an NaOH pre-extraction followed by an alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) post-treatment. We propose that conventional one-stage AHP pretreatment can be improved using alkaline pre-extraction, which requires significantly less H2O2 and NaOH. To better understand the potential of this approach, this study investigates several components of this process including alkaline pre-extraction, alkaline and alkaline-oxidative post-treatment, fermentation, and the composition of alkali extracts. RESULTS Mild NaOH pre-extraction of corn stover uses less than 0.1 g NaOH per g corn stover at 80°C. The resulting substrates were highly digestible by cellulolytic enzymes at relatively low enzyme loadings and had a strong susceptibility to drying-induced hydrolysis yield losses. Alkaline pre-extraction was highly selective for lignin removal over xylan removal; xylan removal was relatively minimal (~20%). During alkaline pre-extraction, up to 0.10 g of alkali was consumed per g of corn stover. AHP post-treatment at low oxidant loading (25 mg H2O2 per g pre-extracted biomass) increased glucose hydrolysis yields by 5%, which approached near-theoretical yields. ELISA screening of alkali pre-extraction liquors and the AHP post-treatment liquors demonstrated that xyloglucan and β-glucans likely remained tightly bound in the biomass whereas the majority of the soluble polymeric xylans were glucurono (arabino) xylans and potentially homoxylans. Pectic polysaccharides were depleted in the AHP post-treatment liquor relative to the alkaline pre-extraction liquor. Because the already-low inhibitor content was further decreased in the alkaline pre-extraction, the hydrolysates generated by this two-stage pretreatment were highly fermentable by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that were metabolically engineered and evolved for xylose fermentation. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that this two-stage pretreatment process is well suited for converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars and biofuels, such as ethanol. This approach achieved high enzymatic sugars yields from pretreated corn stover using substantially lower oxidant loadings than have been reported previously in the literature. This pretreatment approach allows for many possible process configurations involving novel alkali recovery approaches and novel uses of alkaline pre-extraction liquors. Further work is required to identify the most economical configuration, including process designs using techno-economic analysis and investigating processing strategies that economize water use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Liu
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, 250353 Jinan, China
| | - Daniel L Williams
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, 30602 Athens, GA, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Muyang Li
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Agriculture Engineering, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, 30602 Athens, GA, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 30602 Athens, GA, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Agriculture Engineering, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Gowtham YK, Miller KP, Hodge DB, Henson JM, Harcum SW. Novel two-stage fermentation process for bioethanol production usingSaccharomyces pastorianus. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:300-10. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogender Kumar Gowtham
- Dept. of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center; Clemson SC 29634
| | | | - David B. Hodge
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
- Dept. of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
- Dept. of Civil; Environmental and Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå University of Technology; Luleå 97752 Sweden
| | | | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Dept. of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center; Clemson SC 29634
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Li M, Pattathil S, Hahn MG, Hodge DB. Identification of features associated with plant cell wall recalcitrance to pretreatment by alkaline hydrogen peroxide in diverse bioenergy feedstocks using glycome profiling. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycome profiling was used to provide insight into the structural basis for how a mild alkaline-oxidative pretreatment may impact the composition and structural organization of the cell walls taxonomically diverse plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Li
- Department of Biosystems and Agriculture Engineering
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC)
- Michigan State University
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center
- The University of Georgia
- Athens, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center
- The University of Georgia
- Athens, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Biosystems and Agriculture Engineering
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC)
- Michigan State University
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Li Z, Chen CH, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Rapid and effective oxidative pretreatment of woody biomass at mild reaction conditions and low oxidant loadings. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:119. [PMID: 23971902 PMCID: PMC3765420 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One route for producing cellulosic biofuels is by the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars generated from a pretreatment that can be effectively coupled with an enzymatic hydrolysis of the plant cell wall. While woody biomass exhibits a number of positive agronomic and logistical attributes, these feedstocks are significantly more recalcitrant to chemical pretreatments than herbaceous feedstocks, requiring higher chemical and energy inputs to achieve high sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis. We previously discovered that alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment catalyzed by copper(II) 2,2΄-bipyridine complexes significantly improves subsequent enzymatic glucose and xylose release from hybrid poplar heartwood and sapwood relative to uncatalyzed AHP pretreatment at modest reaction conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In the present work, the reaction conditions for this catalyzed AHP pretreatment were investigated in more detail with the aim of better characterizing the relationship between pretreatment conditions and subsequent enzymatic sugar release. RESULTS We found that for a wide range of pretreatment conditions, the catalyzed pretreatment resulted in significantly higher glucose and xylose enzymatic hydrolysis yields (as high as 80% for both glucose and xylose) relative to uncatalyzed pretreatment (up to 40% for glucose and 50% for xylose). We identified that the extent of improvement in glucan and xylan yield using this catalyzed pretreatment approach was a function of pretreatment conditions that included H2O2 loading on biomass, catalyst concentration, solids concentration, and pretreatment duration. Based on these results, several important improvements in pretreatment and hydrolysis conditions were identified that may have a positive economic impact for a process employing a catalyzed oxidative pretreatment. These improvements include identifying that: (1) substantially lower H2O2 loadings can be used that may result in up to a 50-65% decrease in H2O2 application (from 100 mg H2O2/g biomass to 35-50 mg/g) with only minor losses in glucose and xylose yield, (2) a 60% decrease in the catalyst concentration from 5.0 mM to 2.0 mM (corresponding to a catalyst loading of 25 μmol/g biomass to 10 μmol/g biomass) can be achieved without a subsequent loss in glucose yield, (3) an order of magnitude improvement in the time required for pretreatment (minutes versus hours or days) can be realized using the catalyzed pretreatment approach, and (4) enzyme dosage can be reduced to less than 30 mg protein/g glucan and potentially further with only minor losses in glucose and xylose yields. In addition, we established that the reaction rate is improved in both catalyzed and uncatalyzed AHP pretreatment by increased solids concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This work explored the relationship between reaction conditions impacting a catalyzed oxidative pretreatment of woody biomass and identified that significant decreases in the H2O2, catalyst, and enzyme loading on the biomass as well as decreases in the pretreatment time could be realized with only minor losses in the subsequent sugar released enzymatically. Together these changes would have positive implications for the economics of a process based on this pretreatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Charles H Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Eric L Hegg
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Li Z, Chen CH, Liu T, Mathrubootham V, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Catalysis with CuII(bpy) improves alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stoklosa RJ, Hodge DB. Extraction, Recovery, and Characterization of Hardwood and Grass Hemicelluloses for Integration into Biorefining Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301260w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå,
Sweden
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Li M, Foster C, Kelkar S, Pu Y, Holmes D, Ragauskas A, Saffron CM, Hodge DB. Structural characterization of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated grasses exhibiting diverse lignin phenotypes. Biotechnol Biofuels 2012; 5:38. [PMID: 22672858 PMCID: PMC3443053 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For cellulosic biofuels processes, suitable characterization of the lignin remaining within the cell wall and correlation of quantified properties of lignin to cell wall polysaccharide enzymatic deconstruction is underrepresented in the literature. This is particularly true for grasses which represent a number of promising bioenergy feedstocks where quantification of grass lignins is particularly problematic due to the high fraction of p-hydroxycinnamates. The main focus of this work is to use grasses with a diverse range of lignin properties, and applying multiple lignin characterization platforms, attempt to correlate the differences in these lignin properties to the susceptibility to alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic deconstruction. RESULTS We were able to determine that the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to to glucose (i.e. digestibility) of four grasses with relatively diverse lignin phenotypes could be correlated to total lignin content and the content of p-hydroxycinnamates, while S/G ratios did not appear to contribute to the enzymatic digestibility or delignification. The lignins of the brown midrib corn stovers tested were significantly more condensed than a typical commercial corn stover and a significant finding was that pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide increases the fraction of lignins involved in condensed linkages from 88-95% to ~99% for all the corn stovers tested, which is much more than has been reported in the literature for other pretreatments. This indicates significant scission of β-O-4 bonds by pretreatment and/or induction of lignin condensation reactions. The S/G ratios in grasses determined by analytical pyrolysis are significantly lower than values obtained using either thioacidolysis or 2DHSQC NMR due to presumed interference by ferulates. CONCLUSIONS It was found that grass cell wall polysaccharide hydrolysis by cellulolytic enzymes for grasses exhibiting a diversity of lignin structures and compositions could be linked to quantifiable changes in the composition of the cell wall and properties of the lignin including apparent content of the p-hydroxycinnamates while the limitations of S/G estimation in grasses is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Li
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Cliff Foster
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Shantanu Kelkar
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- DOE BioEnergy Science Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Arthur Ragauskas
- DOE BioEnergy Science Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA
- Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M Saffron
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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Banerjee G, Car S, Liu T, Williams DL, Meza SL, Walton JD, Hodge DB. Scale-up and integration of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanolic fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:922-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Banerjee G, Car S, Scott-Craig JS, Hodge DB, Walton JD. Alkaline peroxide pretreatment of corn stover: effects of biomass, peroxide, and enzyme loading and composition on yields of glucose and xylose. Biotechnol Biofuels 2011; 4:16. [PMID: 21658263 PMCID: PMC3123552 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is a critical step in the conversion of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars. Although many pretreatment processes are currently under investigation, none of them are entirely satisfactory in regard to effectiveness, cost, or environmental impact. The use of hydrogen peroxide at pH 11.5 (alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP)) was shown by Gould and coworkers to be an effective pretreatment of grass stovers and other plant materials in the context of animal nutrition and ethanol production. Our earlier experiments indicated that AHP performed well when compared against two other alkaline pretreatments. Here, we explored several key parameters to test the potential of AHP for further improvement relevant to lignocellulosic ethanol production. RESULTS The effects of biomass loading, hydrogen peroxide loading, residence time, and pH control were tested in combination with subsequent digestion with a commercial enzyme preparation, optimized mixtures of four commercial enzymes, or optimized synthetic mixtures of pure enzymes. AHP pretreatment was performed at room temperature (23°C) and atmospheric pressure, and after AHP pretreatment the biomass was neutralized with HCl but not washed before enzyme digestion. Standard enzyme digestion conditions were 0.2% glucan loading, 15 mg protein/g glucan, and 48 h digestion at 50°C. Higher pretreatment biomass loadings (10% to 20%) gave higher monomeric glucose (Glc) and xylose (Xyl) yields than the 2% loading used in earlier studies. An H2O2 loading of 0.25 g/g biomass was almost as effective as 0.5 g/g, but 0.125 g/g was significantly less effective. Optimized mixtures of four commercial enzymes substantially increased post-AHP-pretreatment enzymatic hydrolysis yields at all H2O2 concentrations compared to any single commercial enzyme. At a pretreatment biomass loading of 10% and an H2O2 loading of 0.5 g/g biomass, an optimized commercial mixture at total protein loadings of 8 or 15 mg/g glucan gave monomeric Glc yields of 83% or 95%, respectively. Yields of Glc and Xyl after pretreatment at a low hydrogen peroxide loading (0.125 g H2O2/g biomass) could be improved by extending the pretreatment residence time to 48 h and readjusting the pH to 11.5 every 6 h during the pretreatment. A Glc yield of 77% was obtained using a pretreatment of 15% biomass loading, 0.125 g H2O2/g biomass, and 48 h with pH adjustment, followed by digestion with an optimized commercial enzyme mixture at an enzyme loading of 15 mg protein/g glucan. CONCLUSIONS Alkaline peroxide is an effective pretreatment for corn stover. Particular advantages are the use of reagents with low environmental impact and avoidance of special reaction chambers. Reasonable yields of monomeric Glc can be obtained at an H2O2 concentration one-quarter of that used in previous AHP research. Additional improvements in the AHP process, such as peroxide stabilization, peroxide recycling, and improved pH control, could lead to further improvements in AHP pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutami Banerjee
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Suzana Car
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John S Scott-Craig
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Helmerius J, von Walter JV, Rova U, Berglund KA, Hodge DB. Impact of hemicellulose pre-extraction for bioconversion on birch Kraft pulp properties. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101:5996-6005. [PMID: 20378336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The combination of hemicellulose extraction with chemical pulping processes is one approach to generate a sugar feedstock amenable to biochemical transformation to fuels and chemicals. Extractions of hemicellulose from silver birch (Betula pendula) wood chips using either water or Kraft white liquor (NaOH, Na(2)S, and Na(2)CO(3)) were performed under conditions compatible with Kraft pulping, using times ranging between 20 and 90 min, temperatures of 130-160 degrees C, and effective alkali (EA) charges of 0-7%. The chips from select extractions were subjected to subsequent Kraft pulping and the refined pulps were made into handsheets. Several metrics for handsheet strength properties were compared with a reference pulp made without an extraction step. This study demonstrated that white liquor can be utilized to extract xylan from birch wood chips prior to Kraft cooking without decreasing the pulp yield and paper strength properties, while simultaneously impregnating cooking alkali into the wood chips. However, for the alkaline conditions tested extractions above pH 10 resulted in low concentrations of xylan. Water extractions resulted in the highest final concentrations of xylan; yielding a liquor without the presence of toxic or inhibitory inorganics and minimal soluble aromatics that we demonstrate can be successfully enzymatically hydrolyzed to monomeric xylose and fermented to succinic acid. However, water extractions were found to negatively impact some pulp properties including decreases in compression strength, bursting strength, tensile strength, and tensile stiffness while exhibiting minimal impact on elongation and slight improvement in tearing strength index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Helmerius
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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Hodge DB, Karim MN, Schell DJ, McMillan JD. Soluble and insoluble solids contributions to high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:8940-8. [PMID: 18585030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rates and extents of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated corn stover (PCS) decline with increasing slurry concentration. However, mass transfer limitations are not apparent until insoluble solids concentrations approach 20% w/w, indicating that inhibition of enzyme hydrolysis at lower solids concentrations is primarily due to soluble components. Consequently, the inhibitory effects of pH-adjusted pretreatment liquor on the enzymatic hydrolysis of PCS were investigated. A response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to empirically model how hydrolysis performance varied as a function of enzyme loading (12-40 mg protein/g cellulose) and insoluble solids concentration (5-13%) in full-slurry hydrolyzates. Factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were also used to assess the contribution of the major classes of soluble components (acetic acid, phenolics, furans, sugars) to total inhibition. High sugar concentrations (130 g/L total initial background sugars) were shown to be the primary cause of performance inhibition, with acetic acid (15 g/L) only slightly inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and phenolic compounds (9 g/L total including vanillin, syringaldehyde, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and furans (8 g/L total of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF) with only a minor effect on reaction kinetics. It was also demonstrated that this enzyme inhibition in high-solids PCS slurries can be approximated using a synthetic hydrolyzate composed of pure sugars supplemented with a mixture of acetic acid, furans, and phenolic compounds, which indicates that generally all of the reaction rate-determining soluble compounds for this system can be approximated synthetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Hodge
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Process Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 971 87, Sweden.
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Hodge DB, Karim MN, Schell DJ, McMillan JD. Model-Based Fed-Batch for High-Solids Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 152:88-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
This work presents the development of an unstructured kinetic model incorporating the differing degrees of product, substrate, and pH inhibition on the kinetic rates of ethanol fermentation by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis CP4:pZB5 for growth on two substrates. Product inhibition was observed to start affecting the specific growth rate at an ethanol concentration of 20 g/L and the specific productivity at about 35-40 g/L. Specific growth rate was also shown to be more sensitive to inhibition by lowered pH as well. A model for the inhibition of two competing substrates' cellular uptake via membrane transport is proposed. Inhibition functions and model parameters were determined by fitting experimental data to the model. The model was utilized in a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm to control the product concentration during fed-batch fermentation to offset the inhibitory effects of product inhibition. Using the optimal feeding policy determined online, the volumetric productivity of ethanol was improved 16.6% relative to the equivalent batch operation when the final ethanol concentration was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical and Bioresource Engineering, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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