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Ballai G, Kotnik T, Finšgar M, Pintar A, Kónya Z, Sápi A, Kovačič S. Highly Porous Polymer Beads Coated with Nanometer-Thick Metal Oxide Films for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Bisphenol A. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:20089-20098. [PMID: 38026613 PMCID: PMC10653210 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly porous metal oxide-polymer nanocomposites are attracting considerable interest due to their unique structural and functional features. A porous polymer matrix brings properties such as high porosity and permeability, while the metal oxide phase adds functionality. For the metal oxide phase to perform its function, it must be fully accessible, and this is possible only at the pore surface, but functioning surfaces require controlled engineering, which remains a challenge. Here, highly porous nanocomposite beads based on thin metal oxide nanocoatings and polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) are demonstrated. By leveraging the unique properties of polyHIPEs, i.e., a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network of macropores, and high-precision of the atomic-layer-deposition technique (ALD), we were able to homogeneously coat the entire surface of the pores in polyHIPE beads with TiO2-, ZnO-, and Al2O3-based nanocoatings. Parameters such as nanocoating thickness, growth per cycle (GPC), and metal oxide (MO) composition were systematically controlled by varying the number of deposition cycles and dosing time under specific process conditions. The combination of polyHIPE structure and ALD technique proved advantageous, as MO-nanocoatings with thicknesses between 11 ± 3 and 40 ± 9 nm for TiO2 or 31 ± 6 and 74 ± 28 nm for ZnO and Al2O3, respectively, were successfully fabricated. It has been shown that the number of ALD cycles affects both the thickness and crystallinity of the MO nanocoatings. Finally, the potential of ALD-derived TiO2-polyHIPE beads in photocatalytic oxidation of an aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) solution was demonstrated. The beads exhibited about five times higher activity than nanocomposite beads prepared by the conventional (Pickering) method. Such ALD-derived polyHIPE nanocomposites could find wide application in nanotechnology, sensor development, or catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Ballai
- Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomaž Kotnik
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University
of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Albin Pintar
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE
Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Sápi
- Interdisciplinary
Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sebastijan Kovačič
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Furmidge R, Jackson CE, Velázquez de la Paz MF, Workman VL, Green NH, Reilly GC, Hearnden V, Claeyssens F. Surfactant-free gelatin-stabilised biodegradable polymerised high internal phase emulsions with macroporous structures. Front Chem 2023; 11:1236944. [PMID: 37681209 PMCID: PMC10481965 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1236944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating is a well-established method for the generation of polymeric materials with high porosity (>74%) and degree of interconnectivity. The porosity and pore size can be altered by adjusting parameters during emulsification, which affects the properties of the resulting porous structure. However, there remain challenges for the fabrication of polyHIPEs, including typically small pore sizes (∼20-50 μm) and the use of surfactants, which can limit their use in biological applications. Here, we present the use of gelatin, a natural polymer, during the formation of polyHIPE structures, through the use of two biodegradable polymers, polycaprolactone-methacrylate (PCL-M) and polyglycerol sebacate-methacrylate (PGS-M). When gelatin is used as the internal phase, it is capable of stabilising emulsions without the need for an additional surfactant. Furthermore, by changing the concentration of gelatin within the internal phase, the pore size of the resulting polyHIPE can be tuned. 5% gelatin solution resulted in the largest mean pore size, increasing from 53 μm to 80 μm and 28 μm to 94 µm for PCL-M and PGS-M respectively. In addition, the inclusion of gelatin further increased the mechanical properties of the polyHIPEs and increased the period an emulsion could be stored before polymerisation. Our results demonstrate the potential to use gelatin for the fabrication of surfactant-free polyHIPEs with macroporous structures, with potential applications in tissue engineering, environmental and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Furmidge
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin E. Jackson
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - María Fernanda Velázquez de la Paz
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L. Workman
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola H. Green
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Hearnden
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Foudazi R, Zowada R, Manas-Zloczower I, Feke DL. Porous Hydrogels: Present Challenges and Future Opportunities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2092-2111. [PMID: 36719086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this feature article, we critically review the physical properties of porous hydrogels and their production methods. Our main focus is nondense hydrogels that have physical pores besides the space available between adjacent cross-links in the polymer network. After reviewing theories on the kinetics of swelling, equilibrium swelling, the structure-stiffness relationship, and solute diffusion in dense hydrogels, we propose future directions to develop models for porous hydrogels. The aim is to show how porous hydrogels can be designed and produced for studies leading to the modeling of physical properties. Additionally, different methods that are used for making hydrogels with physically incorporated pores are briefly reviewed while discussing the potentials, challenges, and future directions for each method. Among kinetic methods, we discuss bubble generation approaches including reactions, gas injection, phase separation, electrospinning, and freeze-drying. Templating approaches discussed are solid-phase, self-assembled amphiphiles, emulsion, and foam methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Foudazi
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma73069, United States
| | - Ryan Zowada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico88003, United States
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Hierarchical Macroporous PolyDCPD Composites from Surface-Modified Calcite-Stabilized High Internal Phase Emulsions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15010228. [PMID: 36616580 PMCID: PMC9824432 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) were prepared using mixtures of surface-modified calcite (mCalcite) and a non-ionic surfactant. Twelve different emulsion formulations were created using an experimental design methodology. Three distinctive levels of the internal phase ratio, the amount of mCalcite loading, and the surfactant were used to prepare the HIPEs. Accordingly, macroporous polyDCPD composites were synthesized by performing ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) on the HIPEs. The variations in the morphological and physical properties of the composites were investigated in terms of experimental parameters. In the end, five different model equations were derived with a confidence level of 95%. The main and binary interaction effects of the experimental parameters on the responses, such as the average cavity size, interconnecting pore size, specific surface area, foam density, and compression modulus, were demonstrated. The synergistic interaction between the amount of surfactant, the amount of mCalcite loading, and the internal phase ratio appeared to have a dominant role in the average cavity diameter. The solo effect of the internal phase ratio on the interconnecting pore size, foam density, and compression modulus was confirmed. In addition, it was demonstrated that the specific surface area of the composites was mainly changed depending on the amount of mCalcite loading.
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Zhang W, Ge W, Li M, Li S, Jiang M, Zhang X, He G. Short review on liquid membrane technology and their applications in biochemical engineering. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Lee SH, An JH, Kim YJ, Lee SJ. Electrically conductive foams via high internal phase emulsions with polypyrrole-modified carbon nanotubes: Morphology, properties, and rheology. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Sajad S, Moghbeli MR. Preparation of highly open-porous functionalized PolyHIPE monoliths via emulsion templating for catalyst surface immobilization and thiophene chemical oxidation. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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A facile synthesis of cationic and super-hydrophobic polyHIPEs as precursors to carbon foam and adsorbents for removal of non-aqueous-phase dye. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Chang S, Chen X, Liu S, Wang C. Novel gel-like Pickering emulsions stabilized solely by hydrophobic starch nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:703-708. [PMID: 32087225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of gel-like Pickering emulsions stabilized by edible particles has attracted significant interest in the food colloid field. This work reported that starch nanocrystals (SNCs), modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), could introduced as a natural stabilizer for gel-like Pickering emulsions. The formation, microstructure and stability of Pickering emulsions were characterized by visual observations and optical microscopy. The results indicated that surface modification improved the hydrophobicity and aqueous re-dispersibility of SNCs, as well as the emulsification performance of them. The stable gel-like Pickering emulsions were formed at different oil volume fractions (range from 40% to 74%), increasing the degree of substitution (DS: from 0.010 to 0.018) led to gel-like emulsion stronger stiffness. These findings offer a promising opportunity to develop a kind of novel edible gel-like Pickering emulsions stabilized by OS-SNCs for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Functionalized cellulose nanocrytals (fCNCs) reinforced PolyHIPEs: Tailoring morphological, mechanical and thermal properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Kavousi F, Nikfarjam N. Highly interconnected macroporous structures made from starch nanoparticle-stabilized medium internal phase emulsion polymerization for use in cell culture. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Zhang T, Sanguramath RA, Israel S, Silverstein MS. Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Sima Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael S. Silverstein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Jalalian M, Jiang Q, Bismarck A. Air Templated Macroporous Epoxy Foams with Silica Particles as Property-Defining Additive. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2019; 1:335-343. [PMID: 30923797 PMCID: PMC6433170 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.8b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous foams were successfully produced by mechanically beating air into liquid epoxy resin, surfactant, and silica particle mixtures and used as templates to produce macroporous polymers. The air bubbles introduced into the epoxy formulations served as templates for the pores of the cured epoxy foams. The addition of silica particles into the resin mixture resulted in an increased viscosity of the formulation, thus enhancing the stability of the liquid epoxy froths, which could then be thermally cured at 60 °C. Increasing the silica loading in the formulation resulted in an increase of the foam density and decrease of the average pore size of the epoxy foams. The epoxy foams containing silica exhibited a hierarchical pore structure, where large pores were surrounded by smaller pores, and enhanced stiffness as compared to the control epoxy foams with a monomodal pore size distribution.
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Wakita K, Imura T. High Internal Phase Emulsion Gels Stabilized by Natural Casein peptides. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1579-1584. [PMID: 30429446 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface and interfacial properties of casein-hydrolyzed peptides were evaluated using measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, surface viscosity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM). In this study, high internal oil phase emulsion (HIPE) gels were successfully prepared, using the surface and interfacial properties of casein peptides. The casein peptides exhibited surface and interfacial activities. The estimated critical micelle concentration (CMC) and γCMC values were 3.0 mg/mL and 47.8 mN/m, and the average size of casein peptide micelles was 13.2 ± 1.7 nm. The surface shear viscosity of an aqueous casein peptide solution at 10 mg/mL was 1603 µPa ms, which is fifteen times larger than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, 106 µPa ms). The larger surface viscosity of casein peptide adsorbed layer could stabilize emulsions and prevent flocculation and coalescence. High internal oil phase gel emulsions were then prepared by slowly adding oil and polyisobutene into an aqueous casein peptide solution/glycerol mixture with different compositions. Based on the pseudo ternary 15 wt% aqueous casein peptide solution/polyisobutene/glycerol phase diagram, the HIPE containing the maximum 88.1 wt% (91.5 vol%) of oil is obtained by the addition of 0.36 wt% of casein peptides. The use of only a small amount of protein-hydrolyzed peptides instead of the commonly used synthetic surfactants for HIPE preparation has great advantages for the widespread application of HIPE technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Wakita
- Oleo & Speciality Chemicals Research LAB., NOF Corporation
| | - Tomohiro Imura
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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16
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Influence of titania on the morphological and mechanical properties of 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate based polyHIPE composites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Stubenrauch C, Menner A, Bismarck A, Drenckhan W. Emulsions- und Schaumtemplatierung - vielversprechende Methoden zur Herstellung maßgeschneiderter poröser Polymere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Angelika Menner
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institut für Materialchemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institut für Materialchemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Wien; Österreich
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College; London Großbritannien
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18
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Stubenrauch C, Menner A, Bismarck A, Drenckhan W. Emulsion and Foam Templating-Promising Routes to Tailor-Made Porous Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10024-10032. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Angelika Menner
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry & Research; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry & Research; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College; London UK
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Desire CT, Khodabandeh A, Schiller TL, Wilson R, Arrua RD, Bon SA, Hilder EF. Preparation of highly interconnected hydrophilic polymers from emulsion templates with improved mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Wang S, Li J, Qi M, Gao X, Wang WJ. Toward Maximizing the Mechanical Property of Interconnected Macroporous Polystyrenes Made from High Internal Phase Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14295-14303. [PMID: 29206047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous materials polymerized from high internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) possess well-defined interconnected porous structures and tunable device shapes. This provides interesting property characteristics well-suited for a variety of applications. However, such materials also demonstrate poor mechanical performances, which limit their potential use. As will be demonstrated, this results from the high surfactant content required by PolyHIPEs. Herein, a new approach is introduced for designing a highly efficient polymeric surfactant, which generates interconnected pores in PolyHIPEs through designing an incompatible surfactant and skeleton material. The surfactant also possesses a hyperbranched topology, which combines the strong amphipathy of small molecular surfactants and the nanosphere structure of Pickering emulsifiers to provide an excellent colloidal stability to HIPEs. A hyperbranched polyethylene having pendant sodium sulfonate groups (HBPE-SO3Na) was thus designed and synthesized via chain walking copolymerization of ethylene and 2-trimethylsilyloxyethyl acrylate followed by sulfonation. Stable HIPEs of styrene/divinylbenzene and water at a weight ratio of 1 to 5 were obtained with using HBPE-SO3Na. The polymerization of HIPEs produced interconnected macroporous polystyrenes (PSs) at a substantially lower surfactant content, for example, 0.5 wt % HBPE-SO3Na. The compressive Young's moduli of PolyHIPEs reached 104-111 MPa with 0.5-2 wt % HBPE-SO3Na, which is the first reported case of a PS-based PolyHIPE achieving its theoretical modulus. The PolyHIPE was used to support Au nanoparticles and embed in a column for oxidation of dimethylphenylsilane. A complete conversion of dimethylphenylsilanol was achieved with low column back pressure in a 50 h continuous reaction with no degradation of PolyHIPE integrity and mechanical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxu Li
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mengfei Qi
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
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Yüce E, Mert EH, Şen S, Saygı S, San N. Properties and applications of nanoclay reinforced open-porous polymer composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yüce
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - E. Hilal Mert
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - Sinan Şen
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - Semih Saygı
- Department of Chemistry; Yildiz Technical University; Davutpasa Campus Istanbul 34220 Turkey
| | - Nevim San
- Department of Chemistry; Yildiz Technical University; Davutpasa Campus Istanbul 34220 Turkey
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22
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Sears N, Dhavalikar P, Whitely M, Cosgriff-Hernandez E. Fabrication of biomimetic bone grafts with multi-material 3D printing. Biofabrication 2017; 9:025020. [PMID: 28530207 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion deposition is a versatile method for the 3D printing of biomaterials such as hydrogels, ceramics, and suspensions. Recently, a new class of emulsion inks were developed that can be used to create tunable, hierarchically porous materials with a cure-on-dispense method. Propylene fumarate dimethacrylate (PFDMA) was selected to fabricate bone grafts using this technology due to its established biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and good compressive properties. Scaffolds fabricated from PFDMA emulsion inks displayed compressive modulus and yield strength of approximately 15 and 1 MPa, respectively. A decrease in infill (from 100% to 70%) resulted in a six-fold increase in permeability; however, there was also a corollary decrease in mechanical properties. In order to generate scaffolds with increased permeability without sacrificing mechanical strength, a biomimetic approach to scaffold design was used to reinforce the highly porous emulsion inks with a dense cortical shell of thermoplastic polyester. Herein, we present an open source method for printing multi-material bone grafts based on PFDMA polyHIPEs with hierarchical porosity and reinforced with a dense shell of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) or poly(lactic acid) (PLA). A multi-modal printing setup was first developed that combined paste extrusion and high temperature thermoplastic extrusion with high positional accuracy in dual deposition. Scaffolds printed with a PCL shell displayed compressive modulus and yield strength of approximately 30 and 3 MPa, respectively. Scaffolds printed with a PLA shell showed compressive modulus and yield strength of approximately 100 and 10 MPa, respectively. By combining this new paste extrusion of emulsion inks with traditional thermoplastic extrusion printing, we have created scaffolds with superior strength that promote cell viability and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells. The development of this technique shows great promise for the fabrication of a myriad of other complex tissue engineered scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, 77843-3120, United States of America
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Elsing J, Stefanov T, Gilchrist MD, Stubenrauch C. Monodisperse polystyrene foams via polymerization of foamed emulsions: structure and mechanical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5477-5485. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06612g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study on how to control the pore size of polystyrene foams generated from foamed emulsion templates and their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Elsing
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - T. Stefanov
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - M. D. Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - C. Stubenrauch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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25
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Macro- and near-mesoporous monoliths by medium internal phase emulsion polymerization: A systematic study. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Jiang Q, Menner A, Bismarck A. Robust macroporous polymers: Using polyurethane diacrylate as property defining crosslinker. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Toledo L, Urbano BF. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-based porous hydrogel: Influence of surfactant and SiO 2 nanoparticles on the morphology, swelling and thermal properties. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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29
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Zhang T, Xu Z, Wu Y, Guo Q. Assembled Block Copolymer Stabilized High Internal Phase Emulsion Hydrogels for Enhancing Oil Safety. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Polymers
Research Group, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked
Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- Polymers
Research Group, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked
Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Qipeng Guo
- Polymers
Research Group, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked
Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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30
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Xu H, Zheng X, Huang Y, Wang H, Du Q. Interconnected Porous Polymers with Tunable Pore Throat Size Prepared via Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:38-45. [PMID: 26673546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interconnected macroporous polymers were prepared by copolymerizing methyl acrylate (MA) via Pickering high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templates with modified silica particles. The pore structure of the obtained polymer foams was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Gas permeability was characterized to evaluate the interconnectivity of macroporous polymers. The polymerization shrinkage of continuous phase tends to form open pores while the solid particles surrounding the droplets act as barriers to produce closed pores. These two conflicting factors are crucial in determining the interconnectivity of macroporous polymers. Thus, poly-Pickering HIPEs with high permeability and well-defined pore structure can be achieved by tuning the MA content, the internal phase fraction, and the content of modified silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xianhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiangguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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31
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Jing G, Yu H, Wang L, Shan J, Huang J, Zain-ul-Abdin, Zhao Y, Chen Y. Synthesis and properties of polystyrene-based polyHIPEs reinforced with quadruple hydrogen bond functionality. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Tebboth M, Kogelbauer A, Bismarck A. Effectiveness of Emulsion-Templated Macroporous Polymer Micromixers Characterized by the Bourne Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tebboth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Kogelbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Wang WC, Pan YX, Shi K, Peng C, Ji XL. Hierarchical porous polymer beads prepared by polymerization-induced phase separation and emulsion-template in a microfluidic device. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Çira F, Berber E, Şen S, Mert EH. Preparation of polyHIPE/clay composites by using a reactive intercalant. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Funda Çira
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - Elif Berber
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - Sinan Şen
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
| | - E. Hilal Mert
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova 77100 Turkey
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35
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36
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Wu R, Menner A, Bismarck A. Macroporous polymers made from medium internal phase emulsion templates: Effect of emulsion formulation on the pore structure of polyMIPEs. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Wong LLC, Villafranca PMB, Menner A, Bismarck A. Hierarchical polymerized high internal phase emulsions synthesized from surfactant-stabilized emulsion templates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5952-5961. [PMID: 23617331 DOI: 10.1021/la3047643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In building construction, structural elements, such as lattice girders, are positioned specifically to support the mainframe of a building. This arrangement provides additional structural hierarchy, facilitating the transfer of load to its foundation while keeping the building weight down. We applied the same concept when synthesizing hierarchical open-celled macroporous polymers from high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templates stabilized by varying concentrations of a polymeric non-ionic surfactant from 0.75 to 20 w/vol %. These hierarchical poly(merized)HIPEs have multimodally distributed pores, which are efficiently arranged to enhance the load transfer mechanism in the polymer foam. As a result, hierarchical polyHIPEs produced from HIPEs stabilized by 5 vol % surfactant showed a 93% improvement in Young's moduli compared to conventional polyHIPEs produced from HIPEs stabilized by 20 vol % of surfactant with the same porosity of 84%. The finite element method (FEM) was used to determine the effect of pore hierarchy on the mechanical performance of porous polymers under small periodic compressions. Results from the FEM showed a clear improvement in Young's moduli for simulated hierarchical porous geometries. This methodology could be further adapted as a predictive tool to determine the influence of hierarchy on the mechanical properties of a range of porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling L C Wong
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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38
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39
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Wu D, Xu F, Sun B, Fu R, He H, Matyjaszewski K. Design and Preparation of Porous Polymers. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3959-4015. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200440z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1339] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingcai Wu
- Materials Science Institute,
Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's
Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- Materials Science Institute,
Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's
Republic of China
| | - Bin Sun
- Materials Science Institute,
Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's
Republic of China
| | - Ruowen Fu
- Materials Science Institute,
Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's
Republic of China
| | - Hongkun He
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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40
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Kovačič S, Jeřábek K, Krajnc P, Slugovc C. Ring opening metathesispolymerisation of emulsion templated dicyclopentadiene giving open porous materials with excellent mechanical properties. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00518b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Li J, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Han B, Yang G. High-internal-ionic liquid-phase emulsions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:994-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc15922h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Chen Y, Ballard N, Gayet F, Bon SAF. High internal phase emulsion gels (HIPE-gels) from polymer dispersions reinforced with quadruple hydrogen bond functionality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:1117-9. [PMID: 22159305 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient route to organogels templated by high internal phase emulsions has been developed. Key is the use of a waterborne polymer latex loaded with a multiple hydrogen bond (MHB) functionality that becomes disentangled and transfers across the oil-water interface forming a gel network in the oil phase via hydrogen bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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43
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Wong JCH, Tervoort E, Busato S, Gauckler LJ, Ermanni P. Controlling phase distributions in macroporous composite materials through particle-stabilized foams. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3254-3260. [PMID: 21401065 DOI: 10.1021/la200224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous foams stabilized by ceramic and thermoplastic polymeric particles provide a general method for producing novel porous materials because their extraordinary stability against disproportionation and drainage allows them to be dried and sintered into solid materials. Here, we report the different microstructures that can be obtained from liquid foams stabilized by binary mixtures of particles when the interfacial energies between the particles and the air-liquid interfaces are manipulated to promote either preferential or competitive self-assembly of the particles at the foam interface. Modification of the interfacial energies was accomplished through surface modification of the particles or by decreasing the surface tension of the aqueous phase. Materials derived from liquid foams stabilized by poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and alumina (Al(2)O(3)) particles are investigated. However, as is shown, the method can be extended to other polymeric and ceramic particles and provides the possibility to manufacture a wide range of porous composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C H Wong
- Centre of Structure Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 27, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Li T, Liu H, Zeng L, Yang S, Li Z, Zhang J, Zhou X. Macroporous magnetic poly(styrene–divinylbenzene) nanocomposites prepared via magnetite nanoparticles-stabilized high internal phase emulsions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Kovačič S, Krajnc P, Slugovc C. Inherently reactive polyHIPE material from dicyclopentadiene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7504-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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